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value also use an apostrophe. • I cannot, for the life of me, understand why they
* Three months’ wages. fired him.
* In a moment’s time. • Yes, I did lock the door.
* Seven miles’ run. 5) To distinguish a nonrestrictive clause from the rest
e) Single and plural possessive compound nouns (a of the sentence, providing that it is not critical to the 1) Periods should always be used at the end of a
noun of two or more parts) are created by adding an meaning of the sentence. sentence.
apostrophe at the end of the compound word. • In December, my favorite time of the year, it is 2) Periods should be used after initials,
• Singular = father-in-law, singular possessive = very cold here. abbreviations and contracted words. E.g.
father-in-law’s. • My favorite time of the year is December. Mins.
* I really like my father-in-law’s car. 6) To distinguish an appositive (a word or phrase that Yrs.
• Plural = brother-in-law, plural possessive= defines another word or phrase). A.M.
brother-in-laws’. • My Mother, Kath, used to work here. However, if the sentence ends in an abbreviation
* My brother-in-laws’ singing voices are far • Hong Kong, a vibrant city, is very humid during only one period should be used.
nicer than mine.” the summer.
f) Making the last word in the series possessive can
• This guide is provided free of charge by Global
If the appositive is closely related to the word or phrase it Art Ltd.
depict joint ownership of something. Making both parts is defining then the comma is unnecessary.
possessive shows individual ownership. 3) Periods should be used instead of a question
• She is visiting her friend Charlotte.
• Joint ownership= I really like Sarah and Heath’s mark after an indirect question or a courteous
• My aunty Mary is 90 next week.
apartment. request.
7) To separate words that are intended as a direct
• Single ownership= Sarah’s and Heath’s level of address to an individual.
• He asked you where you have been.(indirect
fitness is far superior to mine. • The truth, Watson, is often hard to find. question).
• Sarah, where have you been? • Çan you please turn the music down. (courteous
2) Used in indefinite pronouns to show possession. 8) To separate a series of three or more words, phrases, or response)
The possessive case of indefinite pronouns is formed in clauses. 4) It is generally accepted practice in US English
the same way as the possessive case of nouns. For • My favorite foods are sandwiches, peanut butter, to place periods inside speech and quotation marks.
example, “Looking after the environment is everyone’s and chocolate. The rule applies if the last word is a single
responsibility.” “Somebody’s car is blocking the • I looked in the bathroom, kitchen, and bedroom but quotation, but does not apply if the last item
entrance to the hospital.” NB: The exception to this rule couldn’t find my keys. enclosed in quotation marks is just a letter or a
concerns the word it. When showing the possessive of the 9) To separate coordinate adjectives (the word “and” can number:
personal pronoun it, no apostrophe is used. “The dog lost be used between them) which modify the same noun.
its ball.”
• He said my driving was “terrible.”
• The dog is strong, fast and fit. • The treasure is marked on the spot with an “X”.
• The food arrived cold, undercooked and late.
3) Use the apostrophe with s to form the plural of 10) Before a coordinate conjunction which joins
numbers, letters, signs, and symbols. independent clauses of a compound sentence. Vappingo is an online editing, proofreading and
• The dancer scored straight 9’s. • Jim wanted to go to bed, but his wife was on the writing services provider. Vappingo has an
• 10’s of thousands of people were evacuated. telephone. advanced online system that allows access to
• I can’t tell if those of O’s or 0’s. • Make sure you are on time, or do not come at all. expert writing services using a state of the art
There are two exceptions to this: • He wanted to live in the city, while his girlfriend 24/7 self-service system. Low prices guaranteed.
a) If the plural is clear, then the apostrophe after preferred the countryside. Visit vappingo.com to see why we're the industry
upper case letters is not needed. Commas should not be used between two independent leaders.
• I got 3 as and 2 Bs. clauses unless a coordinate conjunction (but, while, A free printable version is available at
b) It is not necessary to use an apostrophe to create and, or, nor, yet etc) is included in the sentence, https://www.vappingo.com/vappingo-
the plurals of years, decades, or abbreviations. otherwise you will form a “comma splice”, which is pedia/grammar.php. Please feel free to redistribute
incorrect. with link.
• All sense of fashion disappeared in the 1990s.
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• UFOs are always shaped like saucers. • Karen is a mother, she works long hours.
• How many MBAs does it take to change a light
bulb?