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Gender
04 Mainstreaming
04 Gender Mainstreaming
Water and Sanitation Trust Fund impact study series
HS/012/11E
ISBN (Series): 978-92-1-132035-0
ISBN (Volume): 978-92-1-132307-8
HS/012/11E
ISBN (Series): 978-92-1-132035-0
ISBN (Volume): 978-92-1-132307-8
Disclaimer
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expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the
legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers of boundaries.
Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human
Settlements Programme, the United Nations, or its Member States.
Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated.
Photos © UN-HABITAT
Acknowledgements
Author: Lotta Nycander, Piers Cross,
Torbjon Damhaug
Editors: Dominic O’Reilly and James Ohayo
Design and Layout: Andrew Ondoo
Document Four / iii
Acronyms and
Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank GWA Gender and Water Alliance
AECID Integrated Acahualinca GWA Gender and Water Alliance
Informal Settlement HH Household
Development
HVBWSH Human Values Based Water,
AfDB African Development Bank Sanitation and Hygiene
AMCOW African Ministers’ Council IEE Initial Environment Examination
on Water
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste
AP Action Plans Management
CAT Community Action Teams IUSP Integrated Urban Sanitation
(LAO PDR) Programme
CBO Community Based Organization JMC Jabalpur Municipal Corporation
CHH Child-Headed Households KENSUP Kenya Slum Upgrading
CMWSS Community Managed Water Programme
Supply Scheme LED Local Economic Development
COWAN Country Women Association LF Logical Framework
of Nigeria
LFHD Legislature’s Forum for Human
CTLS Community Total Led
Development (India)
Sanitation
CWASC LVWATSAN Lake Victoria Regional Water
Community Water and
and Sanitation Initiative
Sanitation Committee
LWU LAO Women Union
DFID Department For International
Development (UK) MC Micro credit
DP Development Partners MDG Millennium Development Goal
ENPHO Environment and Public MEK-WATSAN The Mekong Region Water
Health Organisation and Sanitation Initiative
FHH Female-Headed Households MOE Ministry of Education
FP Focal Point MPWT Ministry of Public Works and
GEAP Transportation (Lao PDR)
Gender Equality Action
Plan and the Gender MRC Mekong River Commission
Mainstreaming Strategy MSE Micro and Small Enterprises
Framework
MSF Multi-Stakeholder Forum
GFP Gender Focal Point
MTSIP UN-HABITAT’s Medium-Term
GM Gender Mainstreaming Institutional Plan - 2008-2013
GMSF Gender Mainstreaming NCRWSSSP Northern and Central Regions
Strategy Framework Water Supply and Sanitation
GPRS Growth and Poverty Sector Project
Reduction Strategy NEPAD New Partnerships for Africa’s
(GPRS II) (2006 – 2009) Development
GRET Groupe de Recherche et NGO Non-Governmental
d’Echanges Technologiques Organization
(Lao PDR)
NGPES National Growth and Poverty
GRID Gender Resource Information Eradication Strategy
and Development Center
NORAD Norwegian Agency for
(Lao PDR)
Development Cooperation
iv / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations iii 4.6 Nepal 44
Executive summary vi 4.7 Nicaragua 48
Key Conclusions and Recommendations vi 4.8 Nigeria 49
4.9 Vietnam 52
Specific Conclusions and Recommendations vii
Conclusions and recommendations 55
Background xi
5.1 Overall Conclusion and Recommendation 55
1.1 Context of the study xi
5.2 Specific Conclusions and Recommendations 56
1.2 Objective of this study xiii
A. Pro-Poor and Gender Related Strategies 56
1.3 Approach xiii B. Wsib’s Logical Frameworks
1.3.1 Selection of countries for the review xiii (general and in relation to gender specifics) 56
1.3.2 Key issues for this study xiii C. Data gathering and project reporting 57
1.3.3 Gathering of information xiv D. Building Capacity and appreciation through Gender Training 57
1.3.4 Limitation to the study xv E. Gender Focal Points 58
1.4 Thematic context and challenges xv F. Use of training materials/guidelines 58
1.4.1 Development Challenges in the Water G. Activities related to Women Empowerment 59
and Sanitation Sector xv H. More emphasis on improved sanitation 59
I. Economic Activities and Micro Finance related to watsan 60
Findings – global level xvii J. Mdg Monitoring 60
K. Sustainability 60
2.1 Un-habitat ‘s Water and Sanitation Initiatives xvii
2.1.1 Water and Sanitation for Cities Programmes xvii Lessons learned 62
2.1.2 Mekong region Water and Sanitation Initiative 1
2.1.3 Lake Victoria region Water and Sanitation Initiative 2
Annexes 64
2.2 Strategic Plans and Logical Frameworks 2
2.2.1 Medium Term Strategic Investment Plan 3 Annex i. Persons Met, Consulted & Interviewed 64
2.2.2 Results Based Management Framework Kenya mission, october and november 2009 64
and Logical Framework 3 Lao PDR, Mission: 8-11 November 2009 65
2.2.3 The trust fund logical framework 4 Nepal Mission 66
2.2.4 Gender specific strategies and frameworks 4 Other Contacts
(Interviews And E-Mail Correspondence) 70
Summary assessment of achievements Annex II. Issues Guiding Stakeholder
and impact at country level 9 Discussions and Interviews 71
Executive Summary
The micro-credit (revolving) schemes set up As regards sustainability this has been
in most countries under WAC to speed up viewed as benefits likely to continue after
the attainment of the sector MDGs have WSIB-supported initiatives and donor
been directed to the construction of toilets funding has been withdrawn. Ownership
at household level. In some countries, of pro-poor governance and gender
the “selling” of the idea of poor people strategies is instrumental for benefits to be
borrowing money for a non-productive sustainable in the WATSAN sector – which
purpose has met quite some challenges - applies not only to government (at all
as this does not generate any income per levels) but also private sector and NGOs.
se to repay the loans. The planned activity
in, for example, LVWATSAN in Kenya to
x / Kenya
genderCountry
mainstreaming
Impact Study
Impact Study
Background
W
orld leaders, in a meeting at programme is thus improving access to
the United Nations Millennium safe water and helping provide adequate
Summit in 2000, committed sanitation to millions of low-income urban
themselves to attaining the Millennium dwellers and measuring that impact.
Development Goal (MDG) 7, target
10, which aims to reduce by half the In October 2002, UN-HABITAT established
proportion of people without sustainable a Water and Sanitation Trust Fund,
access to safe drinking water by 2015. In here called WSTF or Trust Fund, to help
2002, the World Summit on Sustainable create an enabling environment for
Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg the achievement of the UN-HABITAT’s
added another target: to halve by 2015 water and sanitation programmes and
the proportion of people who do not have related MDG targets. WSTF supports the
access to basic sanitation. Water and Sanitation for Cities (WAC)
Programmes in Asia Africa and the Latin
The development objective of UN- America and the Caribbean Regions and
HABITAT’s Water and Sanitation two regional initiatives, namely the Lake
programme is to contribute to the Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative and
achievement of these goals related to the Mekong Region Water and Sanitation
water and sanitation in human settlements Initiative.
with particular focus on the urban
poor in order to facilitate an equitable
social, economic and environmental
xii / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
The purpose was to bring in new the purpose to assist the organization in
investment and ideas, expand service the establishment of a long-term impact
coverage for poor urban dwellers, and evaluation mechanism.
help build momentum for achieving
the MDGs. The Water Sanitation and This impact assessment has a dual focus:
Infrastructure Branch (WSIB) under the
• Assessment of WSTF supported
Human Settlements Financing Division
projects Nepal in Kenya
of UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, Kenya, is the
manager of the WSTF. • Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming
of WSTF supported projects, globally.
WSIB plans to undertake regular
assessments of the impact of its water and While the findings of the Kenya and Nepal
sanitation programmes during the coming Country Impact Assessment studies are
five years. In this connection, an Impact provided in two separate reports - this
Assessment study was commissioned report includes the findings of the latter,
in November 2009, being the first in a the Gender Mainstreaming Impact
series of regular impact assessments with Assessment.
Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Harar and Dire Dawa Water for Africa Cities
Kenya Homa Bay1 (Kisii, Bondo, Kibera WATSAN, Maji Lake Victoria Regional Water & Sanitation
Data) Initiative
AFRICA
Nan and Ngoi, Houn and Namor, Sanakham Water for Asian Cities (Northern and
and Keo-Oudom, Xamtay, Khoun, Khenthao and Central Regions Water Supply and
Namkeung. Sanitation Programme)
Lao PRD
Phiang, Vilabouly, Dansavanh, Paksan and Houya Mekong Region Water and Sanitation
Khoun Initiative
Nepal Katmandu City and Valley, Hetauda, Bharatpur Water for Asian Cities
Vietnam Gia Nghia, Cam Ranh, Tuy Hoa, Thap Cham, Song Water for Asian Cities
Cau and Ca Na
Initiative
Information and views for this study were • Lao PDR: 8-11 November for meetings
gathered through the following methods: in Vientiane
• Kenya: 12-20 November for meetings
Desk review in Nairobi, a three-day field visit to the
LV-WATSAN initiatives in Homa Bay
Available documentation has been and to attend a sholder meeting in
reviewed, which includes UN-HABITAT’s Kisumu
Gender Policy, and Gender Equality
Action Plan, other gender strategies and • Nepal: 21- 30 November for meetings
poverty assessments, project documents, and visiting UN-HABITAT’s sites in
cooperative agreements, annual plans Kathmandu, and a three days field visit
and progress reports, baseline survey and to Kathmandu Valley, Hetauda and
project evaluation reports and workshop Bharatpur.
reports of basic gender training (Annex
III: References). Interviews via telephone and
e-mail correspondence
Country missions and field visits In-depth interviews with stakeholders
and project staff in Ethiopia, Ghana,
The team of three consultants (for both
India, Kenya, Nicaragua, Nigeria,
studies) undertook missions to Kenya
Senegal and Vietnam (via telephone)
and Nepal, while the consultant for the
were held aided by a brief checklist
gender thematic study also made a brief
with key issues/questions (Annex
visit to Lao PDR (Annex I. Persons met,
II: Issues guiding discussions and
consulted & interviewed).
interviews). In the other countries for
which where telephone interviews were
not possible, correspondence via e-mail
enabled gathering of information and
documentation.
Document Four / xv
T
his chapter includes the 2.1.1 Water and Sanitation for
following sections: 2.1) An Cities Programmes
overview of selected Water and
Sanitation initiatives, and (2.2) A brief The Water for Cities Programme includes
assessment of how strategic planning regional initiatives in Africa and Asia:
and logical frameworks have, in
The Water for African Cities (WAC)
particular, incorporated gender concerns
programme is aimed at improving the
(gender mainstreaming) and women
provision of water and sanitation facilities
empowerment seen from a global
in African cities, with the support of
perspective.
development partners such as the
African Development Bank (AfDB). The
programme started in 1999 and is a major
2.1 UN-HABITAT ‘s Water regional water and sanitation initiative
endorsed by the African Ministers’ Council
and Sanitation on Water (AMCOW).
Initiatives It focuses on six areas: pro-poor
The activities under the below-mentioned governance and follow-up investment;
programmes combine policy dialogue and sanitation for the urban poor; urban
normative work with on-the-ground pilot catchment management; water demand
and demonstration initiatives, assisting management; water education in
countries to improve the management schools and communities and advocacy,
of water and sanitation in poor urban awareness-raising and information
areas especially in the slums and informal exchange. It is implemented in 18 cities
settlements.
Document Four / 1
in 15 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, half by 2015, and improving the living
Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, conditions of at least 100 million slum
Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, dwellers by 2020.
Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia
(Phase II 2003-20094). A third phase is The programme focuses on three key
currently being designed/developed, and areas: demand-responsive and demand-
it has been informed that it will have a management strategies to improve
stronger focus on sanitation than the efficiency of water use and give more
earlier phases. influence to those currently deprived of
water and sanitation; scaling-up sanitation
The training and capacity building provision city-wide through innovative
component of the programmes, delivered public-private-NGO partnerships, financing
through partnerships with regional mechanisms and appropriate technical
training institutions, has strengthened and choices and, finally, new pro-poor
improved efficiency in the management investments in urban water supply and
of utilities in the participating cities. sanitation with emphasis on serving the
Through its collaboration with the African urban poor with piped water and formal
Development Bank, among other partners, sanitation facilities.
the programme had (in 2008) contributed
USD 21.5 million to improving access to
more reliable and sustainable supplies of 2.1.2 Mekong Region Water
safe drinking water and basic sanitation and Sanitation Initiative
for about 400,000 people. Under the Water for Asian Cities
Programme, UN-HABITAT in 2005 also
In Asia, the Water for Asian Cities
developed another initiative, named
(WAsC) programme focuses on urban
Mekong Region Water and Sanitation
poverty alleviation through community-
Initiative (MEK-WATSAN), in response
based urban water services. Priority
to requests from several governments
attention is give to urban environmental
in the Greater Mekong5 Sub-region
sanitation and to improving urban water
(GMS). It focuses on attaining MDGs in
governance. The Asian Development
secondary towns in the four countries
Bank (ADB) is a major supporter of this
that share the Mekong river basin, namely
programme.
Cambodia, China (Yunnan Province), Lao
The countries in which the programme PDR, and Vietnam - through capacity
has initiated activities are Bangladesh, building, project design, planning
Cambodia, China, India, Lao PDR, Nepal, and implementation, and follow-up
Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and investments.
Kazakhstan. The objective is achieving
In 2008 it was reported that 13 town
MDG Goal 7 Targets 10 and 11 aimed at
initiatives were completed, or in the
reducing the number of people without
process of being completed. Project
water and basic sanitation facilities by
proposals, mostly with a strong
4 Phase I (1997-2002) was implemented in Abidjan,
Accra, Addis Ababa, Dakar, Johannesburg, Lusaka 5 The term Mekong Region, which is home to some 250
and Nairobi, was a direct follow-up of the Cape Town million people, generally refers to the geographical
Declaration, adopted by African Ministers in December area centered around the world’s 12 largest river,
1997. It addressed the urgent need for improved water the Mekong (http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.
management in African Cities. asp?catid=465).
2 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Pro-poor and gender issues are There are three outcomes, of which
integral to the framework and Outcome 1, and respective associated
frequently mentioned, and at various indicators, targets, means of verification
levels. However, the LF’s impact, outcome and assumptions that places pro-poor and
and output indicators are not SMART gender concerns in the forefront7, namely:
– which are essential characteristics when “Increased institutional capacity in partner
used as evaluating instruments and when countries for advocating/promoting and
compared with baseline/benchmark data. implementing pro-poor water and
Furthermore, the LF matrix has defined sanitation initiatives and policies with
“assumptions/risks” that are within the focus of gender equity, renewable
control of the programme/s and these energy and efficiency, and environmental
should be rephrased as being outside sustainability”.
of the programme’s control to qualify
as assumptions. The LF states: “..the overriding principle
for future interventions is to design new
Assessment: The LF/RBM Logical and realign existing programmes focused
Framework is detailed in essentially logical on consolidation and replication of
and user friendly as a management tool, successes within and across regions with
however, it needs improvement, such a modest incorporation of new initiatives
as defining SMART indicators for areas and geographical areas”.
such as gender and pro-poor outputs/
outcomes, and rephrasing assumptions. Assessment: Indicators are quantified but
not sufficiently SMART. For example, there
is no time indication.
2.2.3 The Trust Fund Logical
Framework
2.2.4 Gender Specific Strategies
The Trust Fund also has a separate logical and Frameworks
framework for the strategy period 2008-
2012 (WSTF Strategic Plan 2008-2012. It UN-HABITAT has placed much effort
takes into account the synergy between on developing gender specific
normative and operational activities and is strategies and frameworks and
intended to be “used as a guiding living assisted the participating WATSAN
framework, to be reviewed and aligned project countries’ various institutions
as different projects and programmes to follow its normative guidance.
progress.” (Strategic Plan for the UN-
The organisation has defined gender
HABITAT Water and Sanitation Trust Fund
mainstreaming as “the process of
2008-2012).
accessing the implications for women
and men of any planned action, including
legislation, policies and programmes, in
any area and at all levels.
Its strategy is to make the concerns It stated that the strategy is the
and experiences of women as well as organization’s “most comprehensive
men an integral part of the design, and ambitious strategy, to date, on
implementation, monitoring and incorporating gender issues into housing
evaluation of policies and programmes in and urban development and into the work
all political, economic and social spheres, needed to create better conditions for the
so that women and men benefit equally, world’s one billion slum dwellers”9.
and inequality is not perpetuated. The
ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to The GEAP was formulated to ensure
achieve gender equality. that UN-HABITAT-supported initiatives
promotes both men and women
The above definition makes it clear participating in the planning and provision
that “gender” is not related to the of urban services that cater for their
needs and roles of women only, basic needs, while managing the risks
but men and women - which would of urban pollution. It is regarded as
include boys and girls, youth and road map - covering each area of UN-
elderly. HABITAT’s Medium-Term Institutional
Plan (MTSIP) for 2008-201310. Under
its fourth focus action area (access
UN-HABITAT’s Gender
to environmentally-sound urban
Mainstreaming Unit
services), gender concerns relate to
UN-HABITAT initiated a Women and water and sanitation, among fuel
Habitat Programme already in 1992 which use, public transportation and urban
has developed into the current Gender pollution.
Mainstreaming Unit. In 2002 a Gender
Policy was developed as a guide for The plan outlines the key tasks for the
management and staff to mainstream and organisation, as helping to establish better
promote a gender perspective including its governance and infrastructure on basic
collaboration with partner organisations. services, such as clean drinking water,
sanitation and transportation, for which
women have different priorities and needs
Gender Equality Action Plan for from men;
2008-2013
In 2008, in-house consultations began
regarding the development of a Gender
Equality Action Plan (GEAP) for 2008-
9 http://www.unchs.org/content.asp?cid=6504&catid=5
20138. GEAP was endorsed in 2009 by &typeid=6&subMenuId=0&AllContent=1
the Member States of the Governing 10 The incorporation of gender aspects within the water
and sanitation programmes draws heavily from MTSIP
Council overseeing UN-HABITAT’s work Gender Action Plan, Habitat Agenda Para 46 on gender
programme and budget. equality and women empowerment, UN-HABITAT
Gender Policy, ECOSOC resolution 1997/2 on gender
mainstreaming in all UN entities and UN HABITAT
Governing Council Resolutions (i) GC 19/16 on women’s
roles and rights in human settlements development and
slum upgrading of 9 May 2003, (ii) GC 20/5 on access
to basic services for all within the context of sustainable
8 This document is followed “Gender Equality for a human settlements, (iii) 20/7 on gender equality in
Better Urban Future, An overview of UN-HABITAT’S human settlements development Programmes and the
Gender Equality Action Plan (2008-2013), UN-HABITAT MDG 7, target 10 and 11 (Terms of Reference, UN-
2008. HABITAT, October 2009).
6 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
working with city planners to ensure The Water for Cities Programme has
women are engaged in the design, strived to establish gender balanced staff
management and evaluation of services; teams in which one staff member assumes
training municipalities and providers of the role of Gender Focal Point among
water and sanitation services on gender- other tasks, and often also has regional
responsive planning, budgeting and respon s. In Nepal, for instance, the
programming and developing women-led Gender Focal Point has made important
sanitation and microfinance programmes. inputs in Lao PDR and Vietnam regarding
gender training and strategies, which were
Due to women’s and girls’ specific to be followed by inputs in UN-HABITAT’s
needs in relation to water and programme in India.
sanitation mentioned above, however,
UN-HABITAT has adopted a dual focus
The role of the Gender and Water
regarding gender and has declared
that women empowerment is to be
Alliance
given particular attention which includes The UN-HABITAT has for a number of
supporting women’s participation in years collaborated closely with Gender
decision-making, implementation and and Water Alliance11 (GWA), whose
follow-up - in ways that are defined by contributions to the organisation’s efforts
the involved women themselves. The in this field have clearly been instrumental.
rationale for gender mainstreaming GWA, a not-for profit organisation and
in the sector is drawn from the global network established in conjunction
internationally agreed commitments on with the 2nd World Water Forum (WWF)
gender equality. Lessons learned from pilot in 2000, promotes women’s and men’s
and demonstration projects - in which equitable access to and management of
advocacy and awareness campaigns, safe and adequate water, for domestic
mainstreaming rights-based concepts supply, sanitation, food security and
and gender concerns, and promoting environmental sustainability.
participatory institutional mechanisms
have been implemented - have all UN-HABITAT and GWA jointly carried
gradually informed organisations’ water out Rapid Gender Assessments (RGA)
and sanitation policies and strategies. in WAC II and LVWATSAN project
countries in 2005. Based on the findings
that emerged, 14 gender training
Staff composition, staff training workshops in 17 cities of the WAC II
and Gender Focal Points programme were jointly organised,
UN-HABITAT Headquarters staff in Nairobi and seven Gender Training Workshops
has been exposed to gender training in Kenya Uganda, and Tanzania.
through workshops and there are plans
to involve staff further in training during
2010. However, according to one WSIB’s
Senior Manager, capacity-building on 11 GWA’s main objective is to achieve gender
gender mainstreaming for project staff mainstreaming in integrated water resources
management. The network has a total membership of
has been inadequate and more training is more than 1200 members mainly distributed in 110
required. countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. African
GWA members account for more than one third of the
total membership, approximately 450 members.
Document Four / 7
UN-HABITAT, and its WSIB, has made Key Thematic Priority Areas for
substantial contributions in introducing
WAC Phase II
specific gender training, strategies and
guiding frameworks. The following are As one result of the Expert Group Meeting
some “milestones”: in Mombasa, the following key thematic
priority areas for WAC Phase II were
The Mombasa Gender Workshop identified: pro-poor governance and
follow-up; sanitation for the urban poor;
In 2005, UN-HABITAT WATSAN urban catchment management; water
programme organised an Expert Group demand management; water education
Meeting (EGM) on gender mainstreaming in schools and communities; advocacy;
in Mombasa, Kenya under WAC II. awareness raising and information
The meeting was a critical step in the exchange. A synthesis report was
implementation of an overall Gender produced.
Mainstreaming Strategy Initiative (GMSI).
Participants interviewed have referred to
Navigating Gender in African Cities: Overview and analysis of poverty WSIB (developed based on the Mombasa
Synthesis Report of Rapid Gender and and gender status in selected Gender Workshop – under Water and
Pro-Poor Assessments in 17 African Cities cities as basis for project Sanitation for African Cities).
(2005). WATSAN capacity –building &
implementation.
Gender Mainstreaming Strategy Strategy that addresses imbalances WSIB (developed under the Water and
Framework (2006). and inequalities in the provision of Sanitation for Cities programmes).
water and sanitation services.
Gender Equality Action Plan for “Road map” for mainstreaming UN-HABITAT.
2008-2013 (full version); and Gender cross-cutting issues that explicitly
Equality for a Better Urban Future - an addresses the goal of realising
overview of gender equality and empowering
UN-HABITAT’S Gender Equality Action women (covering each area of UN-
Plan 2008-2013. HABITAT’s MTSIP 2008-20132).
Gender Mainstreaming Toolkit for A toolkit for that can assist sector WSIB (developed in relation to Water for
Water and Sanitation Actors - Gender stakeholders to incorporate/ African Cities & LVWATSAN programme).
mainstreaming in the Project Cycle and mainstream gender concerns in
within Institutions (draft). programmes, institutions.
12 For information about some key strategy documents developed - examples of normative work produced relating to
cross-cutting issues apart from those listed in Table 2 - see Annex III. References.
8 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Summary Assessment of
Achievements and Impact
at Country Level
T
his Chapter first summarises the created, particularly in urban areas, to
achievements, challenges/gaps facilitate pro-poor, gender sensitive water
and impact identified in the nine and sanitation investment. Enhanced
selected countries studied (sections 3.1 – participatory involvement of local
3.3). authorities and communities in WATSAN
activities. Increased access to safe
The four important “common drinking water and basic sanitation with
denominators” (100, 200, 300 and special emphasis for the urban poor in
400) in the LFA/RBM framework that participating countries.”
combine policy dialogue and normative
work with on-the-ground pilot and
demonstration initiatives are used as
a basic “activity platform area” for all 3.1 Normative Initiatives
country initiatives. It should be noted that Below is a Summary (Table 3) of identified
in connection with some country work, normative initiatives in the selected nine
a vast amount of information has been countries that relate to the development
received – and therefore only examples of pro-poor and gender sensitive
of achievements can be reported here – governance frameworks, including
while in other countries, less information policy options, norms, standards and
has been made available. management toolkits, for the urban
The expected outcomes for all four WATSAN sector:
sets of activity areas (as stated in the
Trust Fund’s Logframe) is: “Enabling
environment in human settlements
10
Table 3: Normative Activities (100 in RBM/LF)- Summary of Achievements, Challenges & Impact
Country Achievements Challenges/Gaps Identified impact
Ethiopia WAC: WUC Guidelines produced; Pro-poor urban governance Overall GM Strategy for Ethiopia Good normative work impacting significantly on
Addis A., Dire strongly promoted; gender strategies developed in the cities. not found. communities’ own action (esp. Dehoch, Harar city).
Dawa, Harar
Ghana WAC: GM Strategy, Committees almost 50% women; support to new GWLC work plan need to include Good work developed. GWCL’s & other implementers
Accra, Zabon Education Policy (for HVBWSHE). Encouraging GWLC to do more on gender-specific as outputs have willing to promote pro-poor/gender concerns in Steering
Songo pro-poor governance, and disseminate lessons in sector. “gender relevance”. Committee, but more commitment required.
India WAC: GM Strategy for Madhya Pradesh & Action Plan; State-wide No particular challenges reported Excellent normative work developed, notably gender
/ gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Bhopal, Indore, sector reform for community funding mechanisms & GM strategies (4 from India. budgeting. GM Strategy for MP & AP to be adopted by
Jabalpur, cities); Gender Budgeting advocated for; “Unheard Voices” exhibited Municipal Corporations. “Unheard Voices” disseminated
Gwalior, in New York. widely.
Kenya LVWATSAN: MSF with designated roles for involved stakeholders. Overall GM Strategy for Kenya Good work developed overall. Guidelines for Sanitation
Homa Bay GM Toolkit (draft, applicable for also other projects). Micro credit not found (apart from generic GM Micro Credit need follow-up & advise how to proceed
(Bondo, Kisii), guidelines. strategies, UN-HABITAT Nairobi). with revolving funds for economic activities. GM strategy
Kibera Kibera WATSAN – WAC: for Kenya should be developed.
Lao PDR MEK-WATSAN & WAC: GM Strategy with action plans & budgets: Gender disaggregated data Excellent normative work has influenced sector policies,
12 small WUCs: > than 30 % members; Assessment and Strategy in three gathering (in general) mentioned other UN agencies & ADB to incorporate community
district towns towns; Sector assessment & GM Strategy in policies (re. Water Law, by GRID (project GM partner) as focus & GM.
2009); MPWT incl. gender issues in plans, 1st time, 30% new jobs in greatly inadequate & assistance
community reserved for qualified women; Equal access to VEIs (pref. requested.
to proposal submitted by women).
Country Achievements Challenges/Gaps Identified impact
Nepal WAC: Implementers requested making Gender Action Plans in Overall GM Strategy not found. Very good work on poverty & gender mapping,
through GM workshops. appreciated and in use by concerned gov’t dep´t & skills
transferred to projects in Vietnam, Lao, India. Follow-up
on GM APs required.
Nicaragua WSTF support in LATAM & Caribb: Pro-poor or GM normative work UN-H staff Project expert finds Relevance & potential for Pro-poor & GM needs urgent
Managua not developed. Project’s small allocation for GM & SWM in 2009 GM “not easy” to introduce in clarification & follow-up by UN-HABITAT.
(USD 25,000) . Project. No funds used in 2009 &
no plans for 2010 as yet.
Nigeria WAC: Implementers insisting women participation in WUCs; WDM Complex socio-cultural situation Good efforts made and some good results. GM Strategy
Jos Strategy paper. & unstable political circumstances. should be developed.
Overall GM Strategy not found.
Vietnam WAC & MEK-WATSAN: Women’s Union to “draw up gender action Overall GM Strategy not found Good work developed influencing other agencies
8 towns plans”; WCDM Strategy developed. (through “One UN”). Too much responsibility for
M-WATSAN, 5 normative guiding (GM) to Women’s Union may
towns WAC counteract mainstreaming.
Document Four
/
11
12 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Table 4: Operational activities (200 in RBM/LF): Summary Achievements, Challenges & Impact
Ethiopia WAC: Advocacy/awareness-raising, Difficult socio-political circumstances. Gender Good work influenced attitude/behaviour, raised demands for
Addis A., Dire HVBWSH sanitation in com’s & girls initially “misunderstood” requiring much service; Water supply “saved” time for women & girls; More
Dawa, Harar schools; Rehab. & new public water campaigning efforts. Gender-disaggregated data sanitation & health awareness, less drop-out of school girls. Extra
taps & female-friendly toilet/shower not adequate; Lack of Gov’t funds & skills for O&M incomes to women for IGAs improving HHs situation.
complexes, waste bins & RWH (income (may affect sustainability).
to FHHs); Solid waste disposal facilities;
Support to Gara-Ule WatSan Assoc.
& SBPs.
Ghana WAC: Gender training workshop; Significant socio-cultural issues affecting attitudes/ Generally, results are satisfactory, efforts made to overcome
/ gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Accra, Sabon Gender assessment/baseline survey; behaviour reg. sanitation; HVBWSHE great difficulties, Ghana Water Aid played very positive role, promoting
Zongo Women managing standpipes and challenge due to new educ. Reforms; Dispute over pro-poor governance, GM & sanitation services; Massive awareness
public toilets; School Water Clubs for creation needed (all levels) jointly with infrastructure; Land issues to
land for construction of school toilets.
sanitation & hygiene; Micro-credit be solved before implementation.
for toilet construction to FHH (under
preparation).
India WAC: Poverty Pocket Situation No particular challenges reported from India. Good work accomplished with high efforts and results in influencing
Analysis; RGA (4 cities); GM awareness policy-makers/policies in the State of MP.
Bhopal, Indore,
targeting policy makers and Gov’t at
Jabalpur, Gwalior different levels; Capacity building for
women (O&M); 250 WATSAN SHGs
formed, 33 public toilets handed over
to SHGs; 3 CWASC managing water
supply in 3 cities; Micro credit & a
water connection funds scheme; IUSP
launched 2009 (aim: “zero-OD”).
Country Achievements Challenges & Gaps Identified impact
Kenya LVWATSAN: RGVA and GM workshops; Raising awareness among e.g. water companies MSF identifying & supporting target groups (e.g. FHHs & CHHs),
Homa Bay Micro-credit for sanitation; savings has been a major challenge. supporting SHGs & cross-cutting issues & voice of marginal groups;
(Bondo, Kisii), schemes (Bondo) for SHGs; Water VG participatory approaches. Some good results supporting
Kiosks managed by SHGs; LED training Micro-credit sanitation scheme (women SHGs) SHGs;monitoring pro-poor screening of micro-credit to be improved,
Kibera
planned; Latrines in (informal) pre- much delayed, but in progress; Water kiosks not LED (planned) training and water tanks (water kiosks) should be
schools benefitting HIV/AIDS orphans & yielded extra income yet. done.
volunteer teachers; Water supply rehab. Maji Data: UN-HABITAT must ensure pro-poor & gender data is
for men & women staff & in prisons Kibera WATSAN: No gender training carried out (as
catered for in the system.
(3 towns). in other WAC initiatives).
Lao PDR MEK-WATSAN & WAC: Gender disaggregated data inadequate in e.g. Very good ground work in cooperation with DPs, influencing sector
12 small district GM Training Workshop; & a GM progress reporting & evaluation report. Case policies. Good pro-poor & gender field approaches developed
towns (WAC) Strategy Workshop, Poverty assessments studies show men have started businesses as (GM Training Workshop described as “eye-opener”).
& GM exercises in 12 water utilities (to result of project but minimal benefit on reducing
develop GM Action Plans) with GRID; burden of women & children.
Awareness-raising activities (community
environment, health & sanitation).
WAC: Poverty analysis (12 district
towns - start in WAC phase I). CATs
formed; MC for WATSAN; attention to
women’s reproductive health needs
(relates to WATSAN); Consultation
with women before the infrastructure
works begin.
Document Four
/
15
16
Country
Country Achievements
Achievements Challenges
Challenges&&Gaps
Gaps Identified
Identifiedimpact
impact
Nepal
Nepal WAC:
WAC:Gender
Gender&&poverty
povertymapping;
mapping;33 GM Some
Someproject
projectactivities
activitiesseemed
seemednot
nottotobenefit
benefitpoor
poor Impressive
Impressivecommunity
communityworkworkresults
results&&high
higheffort
effortlevel
levelbut
butimpl.
impl.
GMworkshops
workshops in total;
in total;
DPsDPs
to make
to make
gender urban
urbanresidents;
residents; spread
spreadtoo
toowidely,
widely,needs
needsconsolidation;
consolidation;moremoreefforts
effortsneeded
neededfor for
gender
APs; Inclusive
APs; Inclusive
approachapproach
re. target
re. target
groups Stakeholders
Stakeholdersoften
oftenunderstand
understandgender
genderissues
issuesasas “understanding
“understandingofofgender”.
gender”.Unintended
Unintendedeffects
effectsofofsanitation
sanitation&&
groups
(e.g. ethnic
(e.g. ethnic
minorityminority
groups);
groups);
WATSAN “more
“morewomen
womenparticipation”
participation”––sometimes
sometimesadding
adding hygiene:
hygiene:Municipalities
Municipalitiesdeclaring
declaringOD-free
OD-freezones
zonesadding
addingvalue
valuetoto
WATSAN
improvements,
improvements,
RWH pilotRWHworkpilot
& micro-
work burdens
burdensononwomen.
women. work.
work.Field
Fieldstudies
studiesbybyMSc.
MSc.Students
Studentsgood
goodpractice
practicetotofollow
followininUN-
UN-
&credit
micro-credit
for women
for women
groups;groups;
IncomeIncome
and HABITAT’s
HABITAT’sprojects
projectsadding
addingtototransp.
transp.&&lessons
lessonslearned.
learned.
and
better
\ health
health
from
from water
waterbottling;
bottling;
ODOD free
free
promotion;
promotion;77project
projectevaluations’
evaluations’with
with
findings
findingsonongender
gendermainly
mainlypositive.
positive.
Nicaragua
Nicaragua WSTF
WSTFsupport
supportininLATAM
LATAM&&Caribbean
Caribbean Challenges
Challengestotoaddress
addressGM
GM- -ininthis
thisproject
projectexist
existatat UN-HABITAT
UN-HABITATand anditsitspartners
partnersshould
shouldurgently
urgentlyassist
assistthe
theProject
Project
Managua
Managua region : NoGM
region3:3No GMwork
workreported
reportedoror several
severallevels.
levels.Community
Communityneeds
needsnot notyet
yetaddressed
addressed ininfinding
findingways
waystotoaddress
addressGM,
GM,community
community&&poverty
povertygovernance
governance
planned
plannedfor for2010.
2010. ininthis
thiswaste
wastemanagement
managementproject.
project. issues
issuesinin2010
2010- -ififnot
notthe
thereasons
reasonsshould
shouldbebestated.
stated.
Nigeria
Nigeria WAC:
WAC:Rapid
Rapidsanitation
sanitationprofile;
profile;Basic
Basic Difficult
Difficultsocio-cultural
socio-cultural&&political
politicalcircumstances
circumstances Good
Goodwork
workhas
hasbeen
beenaccomplished
accomplishedregarding
regardingGM
GM&&pro-poor
pro-poor
Gender
GenderAwareness
AwarenessWorkshop
Workshop&&aa affected
affectedpace
paceofofwork.
work. approaches:
approaches:“Tremendous
“Tremendouswakening
wakeningofofwomen
womenininJos”
Jos”reported.
reported.
/ gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Jos
Jos
Workshop
Workshoplaunching
launchingmicro-credit
micro-creditforfor AAsystem
systemfor
forgender-disaggregated
gender-disaggregateddata
dataseems
seemstoto (NGOs
(NGOshave
havebeen
beeninstrumental.)
instrumental.)
sanitation
sanitation&&MCMCscheme
schemefor fortoilets
toilets bebelacking.
lacking.
construction
constructiontaken
takenoff:
off:120
120Solidarity
Solidarity
Groups
Groupsformed
formed&&10%10%(of (of600)
600)toilets
toilets
constructed
constructedtotodate
date(demand
(demandhas has
increased);
increased);Water
Watersupply
supply&&house
house
connections
connectionsincreased;
increased;Water
WaterKiosks
Kiosks
constructed
constructedand
andare
arefunctional;
functional;
HVBWSHE
HVBWSHEininschools
schools&&communities.
communities.
Vietnam
Vietnam Rapid
Rapidpoverty
povertymapping
mapping&&gender
gender Project
Projectstarted
startedlate
late Very
Verygood
goodground
groundwork:
work:Poverty
Povertymapping
mapping&&gender
genderassessment
assessment
88towns
towns assessment
assessment(5,000
(5,000HHs)
HHs)&&gender
gender (2007),
(2007),related
relatedtoto“ADB
“ADBfunding
fundingprocedures”.
procedures”. skills
skillslearned
learnedfrom
fromNepal
NepalWAC.
WAC.“Women
“Womentaketakethe
thelead”
lead”inin
M-WATSAN,
M-WATSAN,55 specific
specificindicators
indicatorsdeveloped;
developed;Gender
Gender organizing
organizingmeetings
meetingswith
withcommunities,
communities,competitions
competitions&&public
public
TOT WorkshopononWRM
TOTWorkshop WRM(Dong
(DongHa)
Ha)&& Progress
ProgressReport
Report2008,
2008,describes
describes- -nonomention
mention campaigns
campaigns(particularly
(particularlyregarding
regardingsanitation).
sanitation).
towns
townsWAC
WAC about
aboutwomen,
women,FHH, FHH,gender
gender(!),
(!),only
onlyreference
referenceisis
GM
GMworkshops
workshopsinin55towns.
towns.
that
thatVWU
VWUisisresponsible.
responsible.VWU
VWUshould
shouldnot
notbebesolely
solely
MEK-WATSAN:
MEK-WATSAN:EightEighttowns
townsunder
under responsible
responsiblefor
forGM
GMactivities
activities––could
could“counteract
“counteract
improved
improvedservices;
services;Micro
Microcredit
creditscheme
scheme “GM.
“GM.
for
forwomen
womenfor
forboth
bothwater
watersupply
supply
connections
connections&&latrine
latrineconstruction.
construction.
WAC:
WAC:FiveFivetowns
townsininSouth
South&&Central
Central
Vietnam:
Vietnam:Water
Watertreatment
treatmentplants
plants&&
main
mainpipes
pipes(3(3ofof55towns
townscompleted
completed
bybyADB);
ADB);IECIECmaterials
materialsininlocal
local
language;
language;WCDMWCDMStrategy
Strategydeveloped;
developed;
Distribution
Distribution&&connection
connection(GoV’s
(GoV’stask);
task);
UN-HABITAT’s
UN-HABITAT’sfocus:focus:Sanitation
Sanitationwith
with
women
womenasas“change
“changeagents”;
agents”;Micro-
Micro-
credit
creditschemes
schemesfor forsanitation
sanitation&&IEC
IEC
activities.
activities.
Document Four / 17
Most of the programmes have It has been frequently pointed out, that
introduced some form of economic when UN-HABITAT managers address
and income generating activities gender vis-à-vis government and
and benefits for women and youth water utilities as being part of the
with . Nepal being an example as part priority areas, the work for focal points
of the WATSAN work. Examples of this and field managers has become easier and
are women from FHHs earning some progress is subsequently noted in the field.
income as caretakers of public toilet/
shower complexes (Nigeria), selling water Increased safe water supply nearer to
such as Kenyan and Nigerian water kiosks people’s homes, to their “doorsteps” or
that were handed over to SHG by the connections to houses are reported to
water companies and the water bottling have “saved” time for women and
activities in Nepal. Kenya’s LVWATSAN girls, time which mainly seems to
programme, was planning training events have been used for more economic
on Local Economic Development (LED) activities - with a few exceptions such as
on waste management, recycling and “more time to watch TV” (an evaluation
composting to benefit SHGs. Much should report, Nepal). Safe water supply is
be done in this field. reportedly already impacting on the health
situation in several countries.
UN-HABITAT, country projects and
stakeholders need to strengthen their Access to improved sanitation in
work on gathering, processing and public and private areas have certainly
disseminating information and data benefitted many people. Women,
which is gender disaggregated for, young girls and children in particular,
without this, evaluations cannot determine clearly benefit from latrines/toilets built
level of achievements in this field. nearer to their homes. Participatory
approaches such as Community- and
Many Cooperation Agreements School-Led Total Sanitation have assisted
mention gender and pro-poor issues Open Defecation-free areas/zones, as was
in vague or general terms, and some evident in Nepal. It was reported that in
do not budget for any gender-specific or Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, women also use
women supported activities in this area. the public toilet and shower facilities
This was one of the reasons that gender constructed near a busy market place.
awareness/training workshops involving Latrines in household backyards in peri-
signatories of CAs as participants, were urban areas in Homa Bay, Kenya, have
regarded so important. certainly increased the status and comfort
of the users. Sanitation improvements
Even after workshops have been held and in schools are said to have decreased
commitments made, progress may still the incidence of school drop out among
be slow, as reported in some countries. young girls in countries such as. Ghana
The reasons given are related to “gender but no figures have been made available
fatigue” and misunderstanding of gender to show that this was a result of the UN-
as a concept and/or not appreciating the HABITAT initiatives.
specific role gender plays in the sector.
Document Four / 19
Country Replicable model setting initiatives (300 in RBM/LF) Monitoring initiatives (400 in RBM/LF) -
Ethiopia Gara-Ule WatSan Association & support for Strategic Business Plan (Harar); Community
models such asmobile toilets supported and land provided by Government beyond the
CA with UN-HABITAT; WATSAN public facilities managed by SHG/women.
Ghana GES HVBWSHE initiatives & capacity-building in “pilot schools” & Teacher Training Ghana Government is undertaking Gender Budgeting and a Monitoring
College; support to educational reform incorporating HVBWSHE. Unit will be established in 2010 – not WATSAN sector specific yet.
India UN-HABITAT programme has catalyzed state-wide sector reform to put in place the
community-based funding mechanisms & GM strategies (of four cities); (Sector) Gender
Budgeting; “Unheard Voices”: Very good case study model for wider sector audiences.
/ gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Kenya LVWATSAN: Combination of water supply infrastructure works with “software” activities
involving users is excellent, should be made more known to other WATSAN players in LV
region & elsewhere; MSF; Water Kiosks; MC for toilet construction; planned LED.
KIBERA WATSAN: Youth group (women/men); Rotating labour contracts; Maji Data:
Gender-disaggregated data collection/dissemination.
Lao PDR Multiplier effects of UN-HABITAT’s work resulting from good models; and MEK-WATSAN WAC: Information/data on sanitation have been collected for sanitation
(Xieng Ngeun): Water utilities plan to expand community models to other “urban expansion and grant support schemes; MEK-WATSAN: Preparatory
villages” with own funds (to be followed up). monitoring of MDG Targets in 17 towns has started.
Nepal Poverty & Gender Mapping & skills; CTLS/SLTS & OD-free zones; Water bottling activities.
Nicaragua ---
Nigeria Jos South Local Government donated land for project construction work resulting from
good models; Investments made by gov’t to sector, WB committed USD 5 M to support
reforms; State gov’t allocating 38 per cent of the total programme budget.
Vietnam Multiplier effects generated resulting from good models: More support to the sector from
the World Bank; UN-HABITAT’s initiatives shared with WHO, UNICEF through “One UN”
sub-committee meetings.
Document Four / 21
Country-specific
Achievements,
Challenges and Impact
T
his Chapter includes a more However, rapid progress has been made
detailed account of the since the Ministry of Health adopted
developments and achievements in hygiene and sanitation promotion
each of the nine country initiatives, based as a national priority, and developed
on information received. a decentralised, multi stakeholder,
demand-focused approach and distinct
programmes for water, and sanitation and
hygiene.
4.1 Ethiopia
The Ethiopian Government has developed
Background specific gender policies directing all
government offices to incorporate gender
WAC Phase II took off in Ethiopia in 2006
concerns in its annual or mid-term plans
and includes water and sanitation activities
at both federal and regional level and
in the cities of Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa,
plans may not be accepted by the regional
and Harar16. Many studies have shown
government for funding unless gender
that the sanitation conditions in Ethiopia
and HIV/AIDS issues are appropriately
are poor.
taken into account.
16 A total of 13 cooperative agreements (CAs) have
been signed with nine governmental agencies and an
NGO. The sources of funding are the allocation by UN-
HABITAT of USD 1,168,318 and USD 392,705 from the
implementing partners, making a total allocation for the
project of USD 1,561,023 (Annual Report 2008). Addis
Ababa was the only city that participated in Water for
African Cities Phase I, implemented by the Addis Ababa
Water and Sewerage Authority and the Addis Ababa
Bureau of Education, between 1999-2002.
24 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
daily and the “use and pay toilets” provide Gender assessment studies were
services to 3,500 persons a day. carried out, with Harar Women Affairs
Office playing a key role in developing
The initiatives have influenced strategies addressing gender concerns.
the Government to finance the
construction of more mobile toilets The WATSAN committee has three
beyond its original commitment stated in women as members following guidelines
the CA, and women have been trained developed by Ministry of Water Resource
as care takers of public toilets providing for rural water supply through a Universal
a source of income. The construction of Access Plan. Pro-poor urban governance
toilets has also been enabled through is reportedly in place and the ‘Gera-Ule’
funds received from the World Bank, community is now managing basic water
the government and NGOs - reportedly supply.
influenced by the UN-HABITAT project.
Public toilets with showers have been
Under the HVWSHE component, the constructed, and waste bins supplied, in
project improved the sanitation conditions May 2009. The completed toilet facilities
in selected four “model schools” made include two building blocks with shower
to serve female students and staff. rooms (one for women and one for
As the UN-HABITAT funds were small, men) fitted with rainwater collection
the regional government, through the system that also serve as reservoirs of
Bureau of Education, committed over water from the network. The toilets and
Birr 83,000 (approximately USD 5,087) showers are managed through user
for the construction work. Solid waste pay system, managed by women. The
management has been introduced demands for shower servicers have grown,
through training and provision of and the community plans to expand the
equipment and is undertaken by youth complex using revenue.
groups, mainly women, who collect
waste from households charging fees. The The project has been instrumental
activity has prompted the government to in raising gender awareness and
support the work at a much larger scale. influencing the Dehoch community
in setting up a small-scale service
In Harar17 the project beneficiaries are provider association known as “Gara-
members of the Dehoch18 community, Ule WatSan Association” managing their
living in one of the oldest slum settlements own water and sanitation facilities. The
in the city, many who belong to the poor project also supports the association in
and most vulnerable residents with a high making a Strategic Business Plan, and
prevalence of HIV/AIDS and orphaned a Joint Action Plan has been drawn up
children. between Harari Housing Development
Agency and Dehoch community for
rehabilitation of housing for the poor.
17 The total project budget is USD 109, 290.00, with
a UN-HABITAT contribution of USD 93,890 and a
contribution of USD 15,400 by the Harar Water and
Sewerage Authority (HWSA) - the executing agency.
Other partners are the Harar Municipality, Bureau of
Education, Bureau of Women Affairs, Bureau of Health,
Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bureau
of Social Affairs, Local Administration and ERHA.
18 Dehoch derives from Amharic and means “the
poorest”.
26 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Conclusion
Good results were accomplished in raising 19 The implementing partners are Ghana Water Company
gender awareness and encouraging Ltd. (GWCL), Water Aid, Ghana Education Service and
Water Resources Commission. An MOU was signed in
voice of women and men from poor April 2006 between the Government of Ghana and UN-
HABITAT. The sources of funding are the Government
communities during, at times, difficult of Ghana contributing USD 284,600 and UN-HABITAT
with USD 1.611 million (Annual Report 2008).
Document Four / 27
In the four project cities of Madhya The Project CTA mentioned that there is
Pradesh, a number of projects for a need for gender disaggregated data
improving water and sanitation services system in the WATSAN sector and that
to the poor communities have been this had been discussed with UN-HABITAT,
implemented in collaboration with UN- Nairobi. No other comments regarding
Habitat, Municipal Corporations, District challenges related to implementation of
Urban Development Agency, WaterAid activities have been reported.
and Local Partner NGOs. So far more than
250 SHGs having adequate representation
of woman have been constituted in the
four project cities for facilitating water
and sanitation services to the poverty
pockets, 33 community toilets have been
handed over to such SHGs/Community
Document Four / 33
23 These are implemented in Mirera and Karagitat 24 These are LVWATSAN Regional Initiative, Kibera
settlements of Naivasha and Kibera, in Nairobi. WATSAN project and Maji Data project.
34 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Through issuing labour contracts, and a girls, therefore, have special interests
rotating contract system, new residents in improvements that may ease their
are engaged every two weeks in various work burdens and reduce time spent on
works with the purpose of benefitting as fetching water and costs incurred paying
many people as possible. for water from water vendors is also quite
well known. However, GWA expressed
Initiatives that benefit both men and that this awareness was, at the time of
women are micro finance and low cost the initial gender assessment undertaken
non-motorised transport interventions by UN-HABITAT in the region, not always
for water and sanitation service translated in women being represented
provision. When finalising this report, and empowered to participate in planning
it was informed that WSIB carried out and decision-making about water and
gender training for Kibera and Mavoko sanitation.
representatives in January 2010,
Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation
The following community groups have Initiatives (LVWATSAN), was launched in
been formed under the project The 2004 in association with the Governments
Soweto Youth Group (trained in waste of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda to
handling for income generation), seven address water and sanitation needs of
facility management groups (trained and the population, particularly the poor,
registered as an enterprise managing in the secondary urban centres around
the sanitation facilities) and four housing Lake Victoria. LVWATSAN is supporting
cooperatives. participating governments to achieve the
MDGs for water supply and sanitation,
Maji Data Initiative with emphasis on innovative solutions and
speedy delivery. UN-HABITAT’s project in
The Maji Data Initiative is implemented Homa Bay town is part of this regional
through Water Services Trust Fund of programme.
the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in
Nairobi in collaboration with GTZ. It aims
Achievements – some highlights
at documenting water and sanitation
coverage trends within the urban poor. Regarding pro-poor governance and
The assessment team has not been able gender mainstreaming approaches and
to verify how far the system will cater for strategies, the LVWATSAN is reported
sex-disaggregated data - which is believed to have followed in the footsteps
to be essential in such a database. of WAC. Regarding gender concerns in
the operational areas in Homa Bay, Kisii
and Bondo of LVWATSAN Initiative, the
LVWATSAN: Homa Bay
programme has made commendable
In Kenya, many stakeholders in the efforts to address gender issues in the
water sector have acknowledged the water and sanitation sector. Income-poor
significance of gender issues and it is women and group leaders have been
recognized that women and girls generally empowered with the support of UN-
bear the primary responsibility for water HABITAT’s Nairobi office, in particular the
collection in informal settlements in urban Gender Focal Point at WSIB.
and peri-urban areas. That women and
Document Four / 35
The MSF established in all three towns This issue of enabling them to attract more
(Homa Bay, Kisii and Bondo26), are funds was brought up and the following
umbrella organisations for representatives three suggestions were provided: to
of the local government, NGOs, register under the Attorney General’s
Community Based Organisations office, to make them into Trust Funds and
(CBOs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs) to establish them as a “wing” of the Local
and the Community Village Bank, Government. This last suggestions was
responsible for organizing micro credit made by the Kisii MSF representative.
to “Solidarity Groups”. The LVWATSAN
project has been able to make an The project has encouraged the
important difference to women’s water companies to hand over of the
participation in decision-making, as management of two Water Kiosks
their representation in MSF’s now to SHGs (both men and women are
is reported to be around 50% in all members). Water sold for 2 Ksh. (USD
the ten towns covered under the 0.02) per jerry can (20 litres). The initiative
LVWATSAN programme in the region. was based on the realization that low-
income households and poor residents in
The MSF plays an important role as the urban informal settlements purchase
“watchdog”, advocating for, among water from water vendors and generally
other issues, the need to support attempts pay much higher prices for water than the
to access water and sanitation and “better or off” and the quality is often low
including women self-help groups, youth as it is collected from Lake Victoria. At the
and vulnerable groups in decision–making time of the field visit, the activity had not
and changing attitudes and behaviour. yielded much extra income though – as
Thanks to them, traditional sectoral the activity was associated with power
boundaries have been crossed, related cuts and rationing of water.
to developments in housing, lands and
planning, health, urban development, Water kiosks handled by women groups
environment, education and gender. seem to have great potential as an
alternative to purchasing water of less
Long-term sustainability of the MSFs quality from vendors but SHGs need
and their recognition is an issue of support initially to keep up momentum.
concern. Discussions were held about Members brought up the need to install
possibilities to establish MSFs more firmly water tanks on top of the kiosks to
as players in the water sector structure, mitigate the problem and enable the
and following the recent Kenya Water women to sell water also during power
Sector Reform, in the post-project period. cuts even during evenings.
Presently they are registered under the
Ministry of Culture and Social Welfare.
Conclusion
The MSF in the LVWATSAN initiative,
is a good example of how public-
private partnership has developed,
bringing together the municipality, the
water companies, NGOs and civil society
organisations and its role has clearly made
a difference through forwarding ideas and
demands from stakeholders, encourageing
women’s voices and their involvement
in decision-making in the sector. Its role
as “watchdog” is vital and should be
sustained.
The work has generated interest for established with the government, the
continued cooperation with government, ADB (with joint implementation and good
ADB and UN agencies, as expressed by the quality of working relationships) as well
UN Resident Coordinator. as the encouragement received from the
international community (expressed by
The demand for UN-HABITAT’s the UN Resident Coordinator) activities to
community-based WATSAN model support community development/gender
(particularly under the MEK-WATSAN) has mainstreaming should be continued and
been put forward by the Government and scaled up.
the partners.
The need for more gender-disaggregated
Great appreciation has been expressed data in the water sector must be followed
by all stakeholders/partners discussed up by UN-HABITAT.
with, including the UN Resident
Coordinator’s office for the cooperation
and commitment to “follow through” on
mainstreaming gender in the overall work.
Subsequently, two gender workshops Micro-credit had been provided for toilet
were organised at municipality level with construction, and monthly fees for using
technical supported from UN-HABITAT community taps were collected in a fund
office in Kathmandu, handled by the and used to provide women groups with
Gender Focal Point (a third workshop was loans for income-generating activities –
planned at the time of the study visit). which in turn had increased confidence
among the involved women.
Poverty and gender maps have
been produced and are greatly In a peri-urban community in Siddhipur,
appreciated by organizations such as within the Kathmandu Valley35, women,
the Department of Urban Development children and the poorest categories of
and Building Construction (DUDBC) and households had gained significantly from
the municipality involved33. Technical the project, such as through pro-poor
knowledge and lessons learned in this area water pricing policy and administrative
have been picked up through methods arrangements for water tariff collection,
which include exchange visits and included provision of community taps, increase in
in other the UN-HABITAT’s initiatives in awareness of water and sanitation issues
Asia (India, Lao PDR and Vietnam. and women being encouraged to voice
their concerns. Women had received
Sanitation improvements have been training on garbage management,
made in urban poor communities students had gotten more time for their
in Hetauda Municipality34, studies and residents were willing to
complementing the efforts made contribute money for O&M through
through other urban environment and mobilization of child clubs, nature clubs
development projects and supported and traditional organizations such as
by ADB and GTZ, respectively. Guthi.
The project aimed to demonstrate
community-based WATSAN, build Also in Kathmandu Valley, a project36
the capacity of the Municipality and has demonstrated a system for bottling
local groups, improve environmental water in urban low-income communities.
sanitation and increase community The objectives were to address the
awareness. shortage of safe drinking water by setting
up a sustainable water distribution system
Among the impact documented are through treatment and bottling of water
women having saved time through from traditional water sources to the
access to water near their homes urban poor communities, and establish a
(community taps) enabling households model demonstration water treatment and
to be kept cleaner, and being able bottling system).
attend to income earning activities.
Challenges
The “Narrative Progress Report” for
Vietnam 2008, which describes both
what has been done and activities to be
undertaken, does not mention gender,
women or FHHs. The only reference made
to this area is that VWU is responsible.
Document Four / 55
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Conclusion Conclusion
The study found that WSIB has supported All urban areas targeted in the
the recruitment of women at higher programmes under review have, at the
levels, in government agencies and outset of interventions, had inadequate
institutions. Good efforts have been access to basic WATSAN services. With
made in many countries to empower regard to sanitation, this has been treated
women by encouraging their voice and as a matter of particular importance for
participation in decision-making bodies women and girls, and related to security,
such as WATSAN committees and Multi- health, privacy, and human dignity.
Stakeholder Forum at Municipality levels.
In many countries, the norm is to have Poor maintenance of facilities leads to
about 30% women members in such low utilization,especially by women and
committees but in India this may go to girls. The introduction of well maintained
50% as result of a new government policy. responsive community toilet models
with separate doors greatly influence
Less information has been received about sustainable management of the facilities,
empowerment of youth (male and female) thus encouraging utilization Lack of toilets
and their participation in various bodies and sanitation is one of the causes of
– with some exceptions, such as Kenya adolescent girls dropping out of school.
and Nepal, and in some countries it was
specifically reported that youth have not The programme has stressed the
shown interest in getting involved in importance of developing “gender
activities. sensitive models” for water, sanitation and
hygiene in the community and schools.
Social marketing has been an important
Recommendation activity in this regard to create demand for
More innovative ways should be found sanitation facilities as there are number of
to empower youth through, for instance, socio-cultural issues and norms that make
linking youth clubs on water, sanitation the task of improving sanitation a rather
and hygiene with income-generation and slow and difficult process, and more so
skills development and/or information and than the task of providing water.
communication technologies (ICT) and
education. This seems to be the case particularly
in the African countries. It has been
suggested by one WSIB project CTA, that
the third phase of Water for African Cities
would focus even more on improved
sanitation than earlier phases.
60 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Recommendation Recommendation
This assessment agrees that focusing even Regarding the ‘micro credit for sanitation
more on sanitation would be important as scheme’, it is recommended that UN-
it has immediate benefits for women and HABITAT, in cooperation with other
girls in particular at household levels and stakeholders, promotes strategies in
has direct relations to health and hygiene which micro-finance delivery is linked to
outcomes. It is important that prevalent productive activities in order to ensure
socio-cultural issues and obstacles are that low-income borrowers are able to
brought to light and taken into account in repay their loans. Regarding LED, linkages
planning for an increased focus. should also be made to organisations
that can assist WATSAN users in
developing informal economic activities
I. Economic activities and and environmental improvements in the
micro finance related to sector. This could include management
WATSAN support/training such as book-keeping
and accounting and the promotion of
Conclusion non-traditional skills for women and youth
in the sector.
Opportunities for both women and men
to gain incomes in relation to WATSAN
interventions have been supported in J. MDG Monitoring
country programmes, which is a very
good development. Women in particular, Conclusion
show great interest in informal economic-
oriented activities. Little information has been received
regarding monitoring activities toward the
For instance, women have assumed tasks sector MDGs, with one exception being
as caretakers of WATSAN facilities (toilets Lao PDR from where it was reported that
and water taps), water sellers managing the UN-HABITAT has started gathering
water kiosks, and waste collectors in some data to monitor MDG Targets 10 and 11,
countries. The micro-credit (revolving) in 17 UN-HABITAT operational areas, with
schemes, set up in most countries under the purpose to provide the basis for local
WAC to speed up the attainment of the action. The “One UN” initiative and the
sector MDGs, have been directed to the Chief Executives Board (CEB) press upon
construction of toilets at household level. all UN agencies, including the Bretton
In some countries, the “selling” of the Wood institutions, the need to coordinate
idea of poor people borrowing money their activities in this field and other areas.
for a non-productive purpose has met As it has been informed that a Survey is
quite some challenges as this does not being undertaken to follow up this issue
generate any income per se to repay – the original recommendation here has
the loans. The planned activity in, for been removed.
example LVWATSAN in Kenya, to involve
beneficiaries in training on areas such
as waste management as part of Local
Economic Development (LED) seems very
useful.
Document Four / 61
K. Sustainability Recommendation
In order to increase the likelihood
Conclusion of continued and sustained benefits
Ownership of pro-poor governance and regarding pro-poor governance
gender strategies is instrumental for and gender strategies, UN-HABITAT
benefits to be sustainable in the WATSAN should further strengthen its efforts in
sector – which applies not only to encouraging governments to “buy in”
government (at all levels) but also private and formulate policies that recognize
sector and NGOs. In some countries where the issues at hand and enables resources
WSIB/UN-HABITAT has operations, there is to be allocated and co-funding of
a likelihood that benefits may be sustained WATSAN in urban informal settlements.
even after its programmes/initiatives have This would include - but not be limited
ended, as the work has attracted interest to - encouraging youth programmes and
and attention from governments, and economic activities related to WATSAN
in some cases have influenced planning and gender auditing of organisations
and policies. There are also examples of working in the sector.
models replicated through other technical
cooperation programmes – as mentioned
under the overall conclusions.
62 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Lessons Learned
This study has pointed to a few important tracked” – although the urgent
lessons: need for change is obvious in many
countries in order provide the benefits
Gender assessments should, in the future, to those who need them most.
be part and parcel of overall programme
impact assessments as separating gender The gradual incorporation of gender
issues from overall achievements counters concerns in UN-HABITAT’s water and
the very notion of mainstreaming. Cross- sanitation has been a “learning by
cutting work and outputs should be seen doing” process. For instance, some
in the context of the overall achievements, lessons learned are that project planners
which include participation by all relevant should not make simplistic assumptions
stakeholders. regarding benefits of water and sanitation
initiatives. One example quoted is that
Building up appreciation for participatory the decrease in time that women and
approaches and gender mainstreaming young girls spend to collect water would
throughout water and sanitation initiatives automatically translate into them spending
takes time and effort, with the need to more time at home and giving more care
raise awareness and develop appropriate to children and family members; instead
training and skills. Appreciation for it has been found that women often use
gender concerns and producing the “extra time” to engage in income-
tangible outputs cannot be “fast generating and entrepreneurship activities.
Document Four / 63
The paradigm shift that was of the Lake Victoria Region Water and
intended by development organisations Sanitation Initiative. Current thinking
when departing from the women-in- on multi-stakeholder partnerships and
development approaches, which were the experiences and practices of other
promoted up to the mid1990s, and into development partners are also used to
gender analysis and gender planning illustrate some points. It is also noted that
approaches (and mainstreaming) seem different programmes, to a certain extent,
not to be understood by many have cross-fertilized each other also in
stakeholders in the WATSAN sector. respect of community and participatory
Therefore much more effort is required. approaches.
Annexes
Mr. Graham Alabaster Chief Water and Sanitation Branch I, HSFD UN-HABITAT
Mr. Andre Dzikus Chief Water and Sanitation Branch II, HSFD UN-HABITAT
Mr. Robert Goodwin Chief Lake Victoria Region Water and UN-HABITAT
Sanitation Initiative WSIB HSFD
Mr. Daniel Adom CTA, Water for African Cities, WSIB I, HSFD UN-HABITAT
Ms. Sahilu Tekalign Tsige Regional Technical Advisor, WSIB I HSFD UN-HABITAT
Mr. Avi Sarkar Chief Technical Advisor South East Asia UN-HABITAT
Region
Nepal mission
Roshan Raj Shrestha Chief Technical Advisor, South Asia UN-HABITAT Nepal
Region WAsC WSIB II, HSFD
Sudha Shrestha Acting CTA , WAsC Nepal WSIB UN-HABITAT Nepal
II, HSFD
Rajesh Manandhar WATSAN Coordinator WAsC Nepal
Anjali Manandhar Sherpa WATSAN Coordinator UN-HABITAT Nepal
Deepa Manandhar Admin/Finance Associate UN-HABITAT Nepal
Pawan Joshi Documentation Assistant UN-HABITAT Nepal
Prafulla M. S. Pradhan Habitat Programme Manager UN-HABITAT Nepal
Gerhard Ferrie Shelter Coordinator UN-HABITAT Nepal
Suman Prasad Sharma Joint Secretary WSS Division GoN
Ministry of Physical Planning and
Works (MPPW)
Suresh P. Acharya Joint Secretary, Ministry of Physical GoN
Planning and Works (MPPW)
Kamal Adhikari Sociologist, WSS Division Ministry GoN
of Physical Planning and Works
(MPPW)
Er. Birendra Man Shakya Chief, Water Quality Improvement Department of Water
& Monitoring Project. Supply and Sanitation
(DWSS)
Deep Basnyat Secretary, Ministry of Physical GoN
Planning and Works (MPPW)
Shiva Hari Sharma Project Director, Department of GoN
Urban Development & Building
Construction of the Urban &
Environmental Improvement
Project (UEIP)
Document Four / 67
Ram Deep Sah Sanitary Engineer Project Director Second Small Town Water
Supply and Sanitation
Project
Hetauda Municipality
Bharat Bdr. Dhungana Chief &Executive Officer Hetauda Municipality
Bharatpur
Kulprasad Lamichere Sanitation Facilitator Bharatpur
Roshan Raj Shrestha Chief Technical Advisor South Asia Region WAsC
WSIB II, HSFD
70 / gender mainstreaming Impact Study
Ghana Mr. Nii Boi Ayibotele, Project WAC Tel: 0244325080, Accra
Manager
A Gender Survey on Water and Sanitation in Selected Towns, Lao PDR, Reported By,
Gender Resource Information and Development Centre (GRID), Supported by
UN-HABITAT, Vientiane, November 2008.
A Guide for Human Values in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education (HVWSHE).
A Teachers Training Guide for Human Values in Water Sanitation and Hygiene Education
in Africa.
Base line information on Sanitation and Hygiene in Dire Dawa City - Draft Report by
Yehuwalashet Wubishet, October 2008, Sanitation and Beautification Agency of the
municipality of Dire Dawa City.
Final Evaluation Report, Integrated Approach to Improving Water and Sanitation Systems
and Increasing Agricultural Productivity in Selected Communities in Khokana, by Dhruba
Raj Gautam, Nepal (year 2009?).
Final report 2006 – 2009 (Ethiopia) Water for African Cities WAC II, Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia, Dire Dawa city administration.
Final Report Study on the poor, particularly women, and their participation in decision
making and community development at Sabon Zongo, Mrs. Evelyn Nsiah, Gender
Consultant, Ghana, February 2008.
Framework for Gender Mainstreaming, Water and Sanitation for Cities, UN-HABITAT.
Gender Mainstreaming Toolkit for Water and Sanitation Actors, Gender mainstreaming in
the Project Cycle and within Institutions, Water for African Cities, UN-HABITAT.
Impact Assessment Study for the Community-based Water and Sanitation Project Xieng
Ngeun Town, Xieng Ngeun District Luang Prabang Province June 2008 (Lao PDR), by Sally
Abbot, Consultant.
Kenya Country Impact Assessment, P. Cross, T. Damhaug and L. Nycander, January 2010
(Draft).
Meeting the Sanitation and Water Challenge in South-East Asia and the Pacific, Synthesis
Report on the Sanitation and Water Conference 2008, by Juliet Willetts James Wicken
and Andy Robinson.
Navigating Gender in African Cities: Synthesis Report of Rapid Gender and Pro-Poor
Assessments in 17 African Cities, UN-HABITAT, 2005.
Nepal Country Impact Assessment, P. Cross, T. Damhaug and L. Nycander, January 2010
(Draft).
Strategic Plan for the UN-HABITAT Water and Sanitation Trust Fund 2008-2012.
Strategy and Action Plan, Mainstreaming Gender, Water and Sanitation, UN-HABITAT.
Government of Madhya Pradesh, Urban Administration & Development Department,
Bhopal, Mahila Chetna Manch, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2006.
Strategy for Addressing HIV/AIDS in Programme Activities of the Water and Sanitation
Trust Fund.
The UN-HABITAT Water and Sanitation Trust Fund Annual Report 2008.
“Unheard Voices”, UN-HABITAT India, produced in cooperation with the Aga Khan
Foundation
Up-Dated Progress Report on ‘Small Scale Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation
Improvement Project’ for ‘Dehoch’ Community in Harar – Ethiopia.
Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals, report by UN-
HABITAT, 2003.
Footnotes
1 The focus of the gender assessment has been on Homa Bay secondary town (part of the Lake Victoria Regional Water
and Sanitation Initiative), which also is part of the overall Country Impact Assessment of Kenya. Information about Kisii
and Bondo was received (but to a lesser degree and these towns were not visited) in a stakeholders Meeting in Kisumu.
More information about the Kibera WARSAN project and the Maji Data initiative (part of WAC initiative) are reported on
in the Kenya Country Impact Assessment.
2 The incorporation of gender aspects within the water and sanitation programmes draws heavily from MTSIP Gender
Action Plan, Habitat Agenda Para 46 on gender equality and women empowerment, UN-HABITAT Gender Policy,
ECOSOC resolution 1997/2 on gender mainstreaming in all UN entities and UN HABITAT Governing Council Resolutions
(i) GC 19/16 on women’s roles and rights in human settlements development and slum upgrading of 9 May 2003, (ii) GC
20/5 on access to basic services for all within the context of sustainable human settlements, (iii) 20/7 on gender equality
in human settlements development Programmes and the MDG 7, target 10 and 11 (Terms of Reference, UN-HABITAT,
October 2009).
3 The project supported is: “Improving Capacity for Solid Waste Management in Managua”.
Document
Gender
04 Mainstreaming
04 Gender Mainstreaming
Water and Sanitation Trust Fund impact study series
HS/012/11E
ISBN (Series): 978-92-1-132035-0
ISBN (Volume): 978-92-1-132307-8