INT classroom

BETH HALES
I will be talking and guiding you through
all the inventors that made film and video
possible from the early 1800s and
onwards. In this first section I will be
telling you about the very early
discoveries of film making, these will
have been very basic, but played a big
role in film industry.

MAGIC LANTERN
A magic lanteern is an invention that
projected an image onto a wall or screen.
They would have multiple images on a strip
of wood and could switch between each
image, very basic but a huge discovery
back in 1800s. This also led into the
discovery of the Thaumotrope

INT :Shows picture of Magic Lantern

THAUMOTROPE
The thaumotrope came soon after the Magic
lantern. The Thaumotrope was an invention
which turned two pictures into an
animation. This was invented in 1825 and
was a fantastic invention and was a key to
the discovery of movement within pictures.
The Thaumotrope consists of a circular
disk and on each side you draw for example
a bird and a cage and you attach two
pieces of string either side of the
circular disc. You then twist it so that
it looks like the bird is in the cage.
Going one step further there was a new
invention after this. It was the
Praxinoscope.

INT: show demonstration

PRAXINOSCOPE
This is also much like a Thaumotrope
except it is a little more advanced.
Praxinoscope was also invented in 1825
following the discovery of the
Thaumotrope. A Praxinoscope was a mirrored
projector. it would consist of a round
piece of paper split into 8
th
s and you
would draw a series of images doing an
activity. For example a bouncing ball, so
when you spin the mirror the images look
again like a moving animation. Moving on
about 20 years the Zoetrope was introduced
to the industry.

INT: Show picture
ZOETROPE
The zoetrope was invented in 1867, this
invention was a little like a Praxinoscope
except a lot more advanced. The zoetrope
was an invention whch made static pictures
look like a moving motion much like the
praxinoscope. The zoetrope constists of a
cylinder with slits in the outside edge,
in the inner edge there is a strip of
images in a sequence. As the cylinder
spins the images start to move.

INT: Show demonstration
BETH HALES
All these inventions were a key part of
the discovery of any type of film making
as without them there would be no further
uncovering of what images could do. These
type of images would have either be
painted or drawn onto sheets that could
either be project or painted on to moving
objects to show some kind of animation. We
will now be looking into the inventors of
the outstanding motion images and early
films. We will be starting with Joseph
Nicphore Nipce.

INT: Show picture of him

JOSEPH NICPHORE NIPCE
Joseph Nicphore Nipce was the man who
captured the very first photograph in
1826. This was a huge revolution to the
media world, as it was the first time
people could see an image on paper that
they could see with the eye. This picture
led to many other famous inventors
creations, one being the very famous
Eadweard Muybridge.

INT: Show picture of first image



EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE
Eadweard Muybridge was a keen film/motion
picture creator. He captured the famous
The horse in motion animation .But
without the invention of the first image
by Joseph Nicphone Nipce he wouldnt
have been able to do this, so Muybridge
was very much influenced by him. He did
this in 1878, so a few years after the
first image was taken. He made this motion
image by lining 12 cameras up with trip
wires, so when the horse ran past, it
would trigger the trip wire and take the
image. The end result was that he had 12
images that he put together and played at
a fast speed created a moving horse
running. This was amazing to people as
they had not seen a real life image moving
only drawn pictures as demonstrated in the
early 1800s. This motion picture
encouraged a whole new world of imagery
and film making.So much so that the
Lumire Brothers came into the filming
industry.

INT: Show video.
This is my example of Eadweard Muybridge
INT: Show my example.


LUMIRE BROTHERS
The Lumire Brothers Auguste and Louis
were the two men who made the first film.
The films produced by the Lumires' camera
were usually about 50 seconds long. They
were taken in one shot, with the camera
kept fixed on a tripod, looking the same
way all the time. The first one which was
ever to shown to an audience was an image
of the workers leaving their factory in
Lyon. The first public viewing was 28
th

December 1895. However without the
influence of Eadweard Muybridge they could
have not made this happen. But without the
Lumire Brothers, George Mlis would have
never have been able to make the first
real movie/Film.

INT: Show the video

GEORGE MLIS
George Melis was the creator of The Trip
To The Moon Film. It is a 1905 silent
French film inspired by all the influenced
already mentioned. The Film looks at a
group of astromoners going in a rocket to
the moon. The film is about 17 minutes
long and there is roughly 12-14 frames per
second. The most memorably moment Is when
the rocket lands in the moons eye. It is
one of the most well-known image in the
film industry. This film was the big break
for film industry as it was a lot longer
than the Lemiere films and also had a lot
more advanced with the props and the
actors were a lot better and generally
this film was more interesting than people
leaving a factor. Although what Melies did
was amazing, D.W Griffiths took in one
step further.

INT:Show clip from film
D.W GRIFFITHS
D.W Griffiths was the director and film
maker of the film The Birth of a Nation.
This film was created and published in
1915 so only 10 years after the 17 minute
film by the Lumire Brothers. The film is
a silent American drama. The film was
about the relationship between two
families in Civil war. The film was a huge
success but got later on criticised for
the use of white men playing black men. It
was a huge release as it was 190 minutes
long, this was a huge increase from the
Lumire brothers 17 minute long film. This
film inspired Lev Kuleshov who played
around with facial expressions and what
film could portray.

INT: Show clip from film

LEV KULESHOV
Lev Kuleshov edited a small video in 1929
which showed how the same facial
expression but with different pictures
presented can be perceived in a whole load
of different meanings. He first showed a
picture of the face and a bowl of food
suggesting that he was looking forward to
eating it, the second image was of a dead
girl in a coffin this image with the
facial expression showed that the man
looked guilty or happy she was dead, and
the third shot was a very attractive women
on a chaise long this might suggest that
the guy finds the women attractive and
might even be aroused by the women. Here
we can see that different images can
really change a humans perception on what
the meaning is behind the facial
expression the man has. Originally it was
shown to an audience who believed that
that facial expression was different each
time. This was a huge discovery and was
even studied by physiologists and is well-
known amongst film makers.

INT: show my example of Lev Kuleshov

NARRATOR
All these inventions, directors and
inventors have led to the films we see now
a day in the 20
th
century and although they
seem so simple to us now, they were huge
and outstanding discovery back in the
1800-1900. Without these inventions the
famous film makers and directors today
would not exist and the films we all love
today. So now we will be looking at
different shot types.

Shot types
So there are many different shot types
that we can used in film making.

A mid shot mainly focuses on the
character, it is filmed from the waist up
and shows body and costume.it also shows
some part of the subject in detail.

Extreme close up shows the intensity of
the subject and the tension drawn from the
scene. It is often used in horrors to show
the terror in someone's eyes. This is used
to bring out key details in a persons
Facial expressions and emotions

Over the shoulder shot is when the two
people in the scene are having a
conversation face to face. It is filmed
over one person shoulder and switched
throughout the conversation.

Over the shoulder shot is used to show
where the filming is taking place and so
the audience have an idea of the location.
It decides where the next scene is taking
place. Example- Friends, their apartment

A close up is often to see the detail in
someones face, this is used to show
emotion in a character as it emphasises on
the emotional state. This is often used in
horrors again

A point of view shot is used to show a
point of view from the subjects
perspective. This is used to feel the
emotion of the character and makes it
easier to relate to the audience

A two shot is when two people are in the
framed, often in the same style as a mid-
shot but with two people. This shot is
often used when there is a couple in the
scene of a three way conversation.

Wide shot can also be referred to as a
long shot. This shot is used to see the
surroundings and to focus on the
background. An wide shot has to have space
at the bottom and top.

An extreme long shot is to show setting.
It usually shows the whole picture. An
extreme long shot needs a subject in the
picture so the audience can see just how
extreme it is.

Eye level is another term for normal view
or realistic view. This is when the camera
is on the same eye level as the subject.
It is the most common camera angle used
for dialogue.

We use worms eye view to show that one of
the characters is a lot more dominant than
another character and therefore makes them
a lot more fearful and scary.

Birds eye view is from a high place above
ground. This kind of angle is used in
action movies so that it can follow the
whole action in it. This shot is to
include everything in the shot; it is also
used to show height and is used for
different spacial perspectives.

High Angle is when the camera is looking
down at the subject. This kind of angle is
to make the subject look weak, scared and
feeble. This is often used for smaller
characters such as children with parents

Low angle is used to look up at the
subject. This kind of angle is used to
make the more dominant character look more
powerful, intimidating and scary. This
kind of angle gives the person a kind of
power over the other person. This angle is
mostly used for villains.

A ground shot is when the camera is a
ground level, often looking at feet. This
kind of shot is used to build up a
character from the bottom to the top. This
can be seen in the Terminator.

A shot reverse shot is when the camera
changes over each subjects shoulder. This
is mostly used in a conversation between
two people.


Beth Hales
Now so we know we can use all these shots
but now we need to know how to put it all
together with seamless editing and there
are many ways of doing this.

Jump cuts
A jump cut is a way of passing the time in
a film. This is done by literally cutting
the scene and playing at a later time so
we see that time has passed. You can see
this clearly in the Movie Breathless
directed by Jean-Luc Godard. His use of
jump cuts was unusual because they were
all in the same frame as the person was
always in the car. A way to hide a jump
cut is to use a cut away; this is when you
add a clip to link the two jump cuts
together.

Match cuts
A transition often used to compare two
completely unrelated objects. This is when
you dissolve two objects that have a
similar shape, colour or movement. We can
see this clearly in the film A Space
Odyssey where the apes chuck the bone up
in the air and then it dissolves into a
space ship. Both objects are similar in
colour and shape and also both tend to be
near the bottom of the screen. This makes
a effective match cut into a completely
different scene.


Transitions
A transition is something that changes the
image on scene more subtly, and eases into
the next image. It is normally used to
change into different scenes for films;
this is to show an obvious change of the
two different bits of filming. One example
of a transition is to dip to black; these
transitions get the image of the current
scene and dip the page to black so we are
ready for a new scene. Another type of
transition is to fade in; this gently
blurs of the image of the current scene
and introduces us to the next one.

For us to edit a film is great but to add
music is even better, this will add more
emotion to a scene which will touch the
audience watching. One of the key points
of music is the timing and pacing.

Timing and Pacing
In this bit of the film (James Bond:
Quantum of Solace) the music at the
begging is quite mysterious and we wonder
what the first scene is going to be, then
we see the care and the sound effects of
the revving of the car and then we know
that this is going to be a car chase. The
music gains emphasis and then drops when
James Bond changes the gear on his car
then we only hear the car engine,
surroundings and gun shots. Then we hear
the background action music. This music is
quite a fast pace so that makes everything
in the scene become a lot more tense and
at a faster pace. The timing of the music
isnt really in time with the scene but
because it has a fast pacing it doesnt
matter too much as people will be more
focused on the action. The Pacing of the
music slows down when something extreme
happens for example when one of them
enemys car falls off the edge of the
hill. The musics pace also speeds us when
there is an obstacle in the way; this is
show when they come to get past a tractor.

The film Lost in Translation has quite a
different set of music to the previous
example. In this movie the ending scene
shows no music when the two both meet but
when the man starts to walk away, this
gradual fade in of music comes in. the
pacing of this music is quite slow, which
shows that we are meant to feel a sense of
sadness or empathise with the female
character. The timing of it also isnt
very well within different shots but I
think it works well as it kind of gets us
to focus more on the emotions of each of
the characters.


Cutting on the Beat
Cutting on the beat is when you cut your
video clips to the beat of the music. This
makes the sequence of videos more
enjoyable to watch and a lot less boring.
But not always the 'best' bet in terms of
telling the story. Look at the music as a
whole, not just a beat. Where does it
peak? Where is lull? What shots would suit
those sections best? You could do this
effectively on premier pro by zooming in
on the audio file and video files and
listen to the music stop the tab on where
the beat is you want to cut and either
lengthen or shorten your video clip to the
line of the beat and delete the ripple of
the next one.

Continuity editing
A shot reverse shot is when you use over
the shoulder shots over two people who are
having a conversation and switching
between each shot so the two cameras shows
clearly that they are having a
conversation. The 180 degree rule is when
you keep the camera on one side of the
action and do not change the sides. The
two characters looking at each other
always have to be on the same side they
started off in. you have to imagine a
semi-circle on the chosen line youve
chosen to film from.
The 180 degree rule is use in The Social
Networker by using a wide range of shot
within the section of dialogue. They used
shot reverse shots, long shots, mid shots
and over the shoulder shots all within the
line of action.

Seamless editing that was used was also
known as invisible editing. This meant
that the cuts between the shots were
matched to the action, this technique was
usually used by DW Griffiths, with the
seamless editing it makes you watch
something and not even realise that its
been edited.
A continuity error interrupts a seamless
editing because we can see that instead of
not noticing that the two shots have been
cut we have seen that because of the error
they have filmed it over two days or so.
This doesnt show seamless editing.

Parallel editing
Parallel editing (cross cutting) is the
technique of alternating two or more
scenes that often happen simultaneously
but in different locations. If the scenes
are simultaneous, they occasionally
culminate in a single place, where the
relevant parties confront each other.

The two different stories we are being
told in the godfather is that Michaels
at his nephews baptism and men murdering
his rivals.
He chose these two scenes mainly for the
contrast I think. In the baptise scene
everything is calm, peaceful and very
religious. As opposed to the other one
It is extremely violent and against God.
It also shows new life and death.

Multiple Perspectives
Different ways you could tell a story from
multiple points of view, is to simple have
a section of the film played from one
persons point of view then another
section from another person and so on.
Another way of doing this is split the
screen and play two different perspectives
and another would be to split the screen
into 3 and have the same story but from 3
different parts of the day.
500 Days of summer used split screen to
show reality and expectations. This use of
multiple perspectives was effective
because it gave us more of an idea of what
he wanted to happen and how different in
his head he was to reality.
In the Thomas Crown Affair split screen
was used quite different this one is used
to show a series of time events that fit
together in numerical order and fit
together as something running in time. I
think that the 500 Days of Summer is
better because it in the Thomas Crown
Affair I feel like there is a bit too
much going on rather than 500 Days of
Summer where scenarios like that are
easier to relate to because everyone has
an idea of what they would expect, so it
easy to understand and empathise with.