Research Experiences in

Development and Deployment of

CO
2
Storage Field Tests
Neeraj Gupta, Ph.D.
Senior Research Leader
gupta@battelle.org 614-424-3820



RECS Program, June 2014
Our Founding Mission
Established by steel industrialist,
Gordon Battelle
Non-profit, charitable trust formed in
1925 in Columbus, Ohio
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Bring business and scientific interests
together as forces for positive change
Gordon Battelles last will and testament
A History of Innovation
inspiring new industries; revolutionizing products


Battelle opens
for business
Battelle founded by the
Will of Gordon Battelle

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enters the market

Develops fuel for Nautilus
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and Material Sciences
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manage PNNL
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What Matters Most Tomorrow
inspiring new industries; revolutionizing products


Tomorrows
Solutions
Alternative
energy and smart grid
technologies
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management
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diagnostics & therapeutics
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Security
Subsurface Resource Management
Site
Characterization
Reservoir
Analysis and
Modeling
Data
Management
Monitoring
Assessment
and Monitoring
Technology
Solutions
Sustainability
Regulatory
and
Outreach
Battelle CO
2
Storage and
Subsurface R&D Program
Case Studies of Success

AEP Mountaineer
Site characterization, design
Permitting, construction
Operations
Post-injection monitoring
DOE Regional Partnerships
Regional Mapping
Policy & Regulation
Small-Scale Tests
Large-Scale Test
Ohio River Valley
Characterization

FutureGen 2.0
Recent and ongoing projects related to
subsurface resource management
Simulation framework for
regional CO
2
geologic storage
in the ARCHES province
Brine disposal potential in the
Appalachian Basin
Assessment of improved oil
recovery potential for small oil/
gas producers in Ohio
Regional geologic
characterization of CO
2

storage potential in Ohio
Simplified modeling for CO
2

geologic sequestration
Assessment of wellbore
integrity in CCUS operations
0
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File: hebron_2p2i_2_even_h2ofillups_pinit_wfbhf_hetr_phigh6_300psibhp.irf
User: RAVIGANESHP
Date: 3/4/2014
Scale: 1:8670
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Axis Units: ft
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523
Permeability I (md) 2041-01-01 K layer: 1
One of seven DOE-funded
regional partnerships to develop
infrastructure for wide-scale CO
2
sequestration deployment
Characterization phase
(2003-2005) and validation phase
(2005-2010) completed
Development phase (2010-2017)
focusing on CO
2
utilization and
storage in carbonate reefs
! Late-stage EOR reef
! Operational EOR reef
! Newly targeted reef
Battelle leads the Midwest Regional
Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP)
8
DOE/NETL Cooperative Agreement # DE-FC26-0NT42589
The MRCSP assesses viability of carbon
sequestration
Established in 2003 by
Battelle with DOE-
NETL funds Currently
in Phase III
Led by Battelle, there
are 40 organizations
from non-profit,
government, and
commercial entities
Mission The premier
resource for CO
2
storage and utilization
expertise in the region
MRCSP region: Many CO
2
emission
sources with dependence on coal
CO
2
storage/utilization
technologies key to
affordable energy
supplies
Environmental/climate
issues and shale gas,
are leading to energy
supply transition

Coal continues to be
dominant fuel source
MRCSP 10 Years of achievements and
more to come!
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Phase III
Large Scale Field Validation
Site Selection, Permitting, Site Characterization, Site Preparation,
and Baseline Monitoring
MI Injection Operations
(Multiple Reefs)
Post Injection
Monitoring
Phase II
Small Scale Validation
OH Site MI Saline MI EOR Fields
Phase I
Characterization
MRCSP Geologic Test Sites
Michigan Basin: DTE and Core Energy gas and oil
operations, Gaylord, Michigan
Permitting: EPA Region 5, Class V, Granted Jan 2007.
Target: Bass Islands Dolomite, ~3500 ft
Status: Injected 10,000 tonnes 2008. Additional 50,000 tonnes
injected February-July 2009

Appalachian Basin: FirstEnergys RE Burger Power
Plant, Shadyside, Ohio
Permitting: Ohio EPA, Class V, Granted Sep 2008
Target: Oriskany, Salina, and Clinton, 6500-8000 ft
Status: Injection testing completed, reporting underway

Cincinnati Arch -- Mount Simon: Dukes East Bend
Power Station, Rabbit Hash, Kentucky
Permitting: EPA Region 4, Class V, Granted Feb 2009.
Target: Mt. Simon Sandstone, 3,500 ft
Status: Drilling Jun 2009, Injection completed Sep 2009

Large Scale (1 million tonnes of CO
2
) Phase III Site
Candidate site under evaluation
Cincinnati Arch Site
East Bend Station, Duke Energy
3000
4000
3000 2000
Eau Claire
Shale
Mt. Simon
Copper
Ridge
Middle Run
1,000 tonnes of CO
2
injected in
September 2009.

Monitoring program primarily
included pressure and
temperature, along with shallow
groundwater and baseline VSP
Drilling Operation Summer 2009

650 MW coal-burning power
plant situated on1,800 acres
along the Ohio River
Duke Energy East Bend Station
Brine Injection Test #2 Step Test and
Constant Rate Test
SRO Gauge - Day 2
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14:11:24
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14:40:12
8/2/2009
15:09:00
8/2/2009
15:37:48
8/2/2009
16:06:36
8/2/2009
16:35:24
8/2/2009
17:04:12
Date and Time
P
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B
P
M
Bottom Pressure Flow Rate
Step-Rate
Data
Fall-Off Data
East Bend CO
2
Injection Bottomhole
Pressure and Temperature
Modeling - It was difficult to calibrate both brine and CO
2
injection with
same permeability field fracturing or relative k affects?
Well Closure
!"#$%$#& ()*+,*-). .!#)/ ,+
!"#$%$#&
Well preparauon/kllllng well March 29 -30
8un wlrellne logs (cemenL bond log
and gamma ray)
March 30
CemenL well March 31 -
Aprll 1
CuL caslng and weld sLeel plaLe Lo
caslng
Aprll 12
8emove gravel and regrade slLe, place
well marker
Aprll 14 - 21
Between March 29 and April
21, 2010 the well was plugged
and abandoned and the site
was restored to original grade
R. E. Burger Power Plant
Depth
(ft bgs)
0
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Injection Test
Well
Power Plant
Storage
Formation
Seismic Survey, July 2006
8000 Foot Test Well
RE Burger Power Plant (FirstEnergy)
Drill Rig
(Jan 2007)
Setting up for the CO
2
Injection Test (September 2008)
Injectivity testing phase started late September 2008 and
ended in November
Very limited injection was possible due to low permeability
Delivery
System
CO
2
Liquid Tanks
Injection Well (not visible)
Injection Operations and Monitoring
Setting up for the CO
2
Injection Test (September 2008)
Pressure/Flow Test of Oriskany SS
Attempt CO
2
injection while maintaining pressures <2,500 psi and flow rates
>20 ton/day (approximately 4.5 gpm)
Injection parameters could not be achieved after 8 hours of injection
Flow was reduced several times during injection testing.
Oriskany SS 10-31-08
0
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2

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Surface Injection Pressure Bottom-Hole Pressure CO2 Flowrate
Tubing/Casing
Filled
100 Tonnes/day = 22 GPM
Test Pressure Limit = 2,500 psi
Appalachian Basin timeline EPA Class
V option was key to success in Phase II
FirstEnergy and Battelle
meet in Akron to discuss
Burger as a test site
2
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Phase II proposal
submitted
Phase II begins
2
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Seismic survey
Drilling of deep well.
Wireline logs and partial
sidewall core samples
taken
Completion of well.
Additional logs and
remaining sidewall core
samples taken
Sidewall core
samples sent out for
analysis (to Core
Labs)
Core analysis
results received
UIC permit application
submitted to OEPA
Site selection
and screening
Site
Characterization
Source Planning and
Permitting
Injection
testing
Post
Injection
Decision to use
commercial CO
2

Injection tests
completed
Topical Report
Well Plugged
UIC permit
received
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
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Depth
(ft bgs)
Injection Test
Well
Antrim Gas Well
Monitoring Well
Niagara EOR Wells
CO Pipeline 2 Gas Processing Plant
Target
Storage
Formation
5000 Foot Deep Test Well
Drilled in November 2006
Injection Target:
Bass Islands Dolomite 3,500 ft
Michigan Basin, Gaylord, Michigan
Leveraged existing EOR infrastructure from DTE and Core Energy
Well Column
180 feet of core taken
Confining Layer:
Amherstburg Limestone
Injection
well head
600 T/d Compressor
Gas processing plant,
source of pure CO
2
10,000 tonnes of CO
2

injected in early 2008.
Additional 50,000
tonnes injected in
February-July period
of 2009.
Sandy dolo-grainstone
with visible X-bedding
Depth = 3461.2 feet
Permeability = 91 mD
Porosity = 17%
Karst collapse breccia
Depth = 3472.1 feet
Permeability = 52 mD
Porosity = 27%
Laminated and mud-cracked
Algal dolo-mudstone
Depth = 3488.4 feet
Permeability = 0.5 mD
Porosity = 12%
Michigan Basin Site Understanding
Carbonate Rocks
Core sample from Bass Islands Dolomite showing vertical heterogeneity
New well (State-Charlton 4-30) drilled for
injection.
Nearby well 3-30 used for monitoring.
Variety of well head instrumentation used.
Michigan Test Injection System
Cross-Well Seismic
Brine Chemistry and
Fluid Sampling
Wireline Monitoring
Acoustic Emissions
System Monitoring
Downhole Pressure
Surface Gas Meters
PFT Tracer Survey
MMV Program
Initial Injection
Sequential, downhole
temperature logs provide very
direct, understandable
evidence of vertical CO
2

distribution.

No change in temperature
change was observed in 3-30
monitoring well.
*note: pre- and injection logs
limited in depth by tubing.
Post-Injection Thermal Response
Michigan Basin State-Charlton 4-30 Injection Well
Downhole Temperature Logging
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
70 75 80 85 90 95
Temperature (deg F)
L
o
g

D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Salina
Bass Islands
Bois Blanc
Amherstburg
Detroit River Group
Dundee LS
Pre-injection Baseline
(2/6/08 Baker-Hughes)
During MIT
Injection Period
(2/12/08 SLB)
Post-injection
(7/10/08 SLB)
Crosswell Seismic Repeat Survey
After ~10,000 Tonnes Injection
The difference between the two surveys shows a velocity decrease in
the Amherstburg formation, approximately 300 ft above the perforated
injection interval
Amherstburg
Bass Islands
Bois Blanc
Repeat PNC Logging
Injection Well
Time-lapsed PNC logging
indicates CO
2
across the
perforations and across the
velocity decreases.
Over time, greater saturation
is seen across the
perforations (red)
No CO
2
is seen within the
Bois Blanc
Across from the upper velocity
decrease, gas again is
detected (not shown)
Repeat PNC Logging
Monitoring Well
Time-lapsed PNC
logging does not show
CO
2
making it to the
perforations in the
monitoring well, but does
show it higher along the
wellbore
Consistent with the
crosswell, fluid sampling
and pressure analyses.
Cement Evaluation
Cement bond log indicated a gap in
cement across from the upper velocity
decrease
Over time, the cement bond log indicated
an apparent change in the cement both
above and below the decrease
Cement samples were taken from two
locations in the well
The sample in the interval the CBL
indicated had poor quality cement
was carbonated cement
The lower sample in the interval the
CBL indicated had high quality
cement was non-altered, high quality
cement
A fluid sample taken from the interval with
the velocity decrease was analyzed to be
over 99% CO
2
.
STOMPCO2 simulations were calibrated to test data to improve model
capabilities and demonstrate confidence in reservoir models.
Preliminary Modeling
Based on Regional Data
Site Drilling
& Testing
Site Specific
Modeling
Calibration to
Monitoring Data
Model refined at every stage of the project.
Additional changes still needed to incorporate migration
in Bois Blanc zone.
Measured vs predicted
results from falloff test
Michigan Site - Simulation and Monitoring
Proactive Outreach was Key to
Successful Execution at Each Site
Small-Scale Test Lessons Learned
Regional heterogeneity of MRCSP region necessitates
mapping and multiple field tests
Injectivity different at each site.
Monitoring results led to redefinition of conceptual model
Proactive outreach and collaboration with host site teams
crucial for public acceptance
Different permitting requirements, even under same type of
permit (Class V experimental permits)
Complexity and cost for commercial scale-up can increase
due to stakeholder concerns, site access and storage
issues, rigorous permitting, larger area of investigation
The MRCSP Large-Scale Test is in depleted
oil fields in conjunction with CO
2
-EOR
Gas
Producing
Zone
Oil
Producing
Zone
Dover 33
34
MRCSP region has many large historic oil
and gas producing areas
~ 8,500 million metric
tons of CO
2
could be
stored within depleted
O&G fields (~10 years
worth of regional
emissions)*
Using CO
2
for EOR
could lead to the
production of an
additional 1.2 billion
barrels* of oil
However, EOR needs
to be proven in the
region
* Source: Estimates developed by the Geological Surveys within the MRCSP
Oil and gas fields map for region*
Core Energys EOR infrastructure used for
testing geologic storage of CO
2
Core Energy
Compressor
Core Energy
Existing Pipeline
Charlton 6
Charlton 30/31
Dover 33
Dover 35
Chester 5
Dover 36
Chester 2
Dover 33 is the
main test bed
Active reefs also
being monitored
Natural gas processing
provides the CO
2
36
Pre-EOR reef TBD
Pinnacle reefs formed
in a shallow shelf of an
ancient ocean.
Closed Carbonate Reservoirs
Surrounded by evaporite layers
General model of study area
Depositional System
Dover 36 Processing Facility
Highly depleted field - a test bed for
monitoring technologies
Dover 33
Monitoring options under testing at Dover 33 field
Vertical Seismic
Na
Ca K
90 10
90
80 20
80
70 30
70
60 40
60
50 50
50
40 60
40
30 70
30
20 80
20
10 90
10
Geochemistry
Wireline Logging
Microseismic
Reservoir Testing
InSAR
Gravity Survey
Total Test
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
Pressure (psi(a))
-16
-12
-8
-4
0
Gas Rate (M
M
scfd)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Time (h)
pdata
pmodel
qgas
pi (syn) 800.0 psi(a)
p*model 809.2 psi(a)
Cumwater 0.00 Mbbl
Cumgas -18.852 MMscf
kh 3750.00 md.ft
h 150.000 ft
k 25.0000 md
sd 5.000
Xe 1559.000 ft
Ye 2430.000 ft
Xw 779.500 ft
Yw 1215.000 ft
Pressure & Temperature
1460
1480
1500
1520
1540
1560
1580
1600
1620
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Days
Pressure (PSI)
Pressure1
Pressure2
Pressure3
Pressure4
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Days
Temperature (F)
Temp1
Temp2
Temp3
Temp4
Pressure Temperature
Pressure monitoring allows
validation of concepts regarding
system size and lateral sealing
Geologic modeling and monitoring is being
done in late-stage and active EOR reefs
40























Lithofacies based geologic
framework model developed
to better represent internal
carbonate reef architecture
Different conceptual models of
reservoir geology and fluid phase
behavior are being investigated
A history-matched reservoir model is being
used to validate reservoir capacity/injectivity
41
Nearly 525,000 tonnes injected and
monitored since start of February 2013
~325,000 tCO
2
in active reefs (including recycled CO
2
)
~200,000 tCO
2
has been injected into late-stage reef (may inject as
much as 500,000 tonnes)
~ injection into the pre-EOR reef has not yet begun
42
Wells back to
Core Energy
Operations
Regional characterization of sources and
sinks is an important part of the program
State geological
surveys are helping to:

Create GIS maps
Develop
implementation plans
Identify potential off
shore areas along
the east coast
Identify opportunities to piggyback on drilling operations to
collect additional logging, coring, and/or seismic data
43
Client FutureGen Alliance/DOE
Battelles Role CO
2
storage design and cost,
characterization, modeling, permitting, monitoring
in collaboration with PNNL
Scale - ~1 MT/Year from oxy-combustion
Major Elements of FEED Assessment
! 4 CO
2
injection wells with instrumentation to monitor
and control injection
! 3 deep monitoring wells in reservoir
! 4 deep monitoring wells above reservoir
! A comprehensive subsurface monitoring
program for CO
2
plume and pressure
front tracking and leak detection
! Continuous P&T monitoring
! Fluid geochemical monitoring
! Microseismic Monitoring
! Time-lapse VSP
! 20 years of O&M
! Post injection monitoring
FutureGen2.0 Design and cost for
large-scale CO
2
storage
American Electric Power
(AEP) Mountaineer Plant
with 20 MW CO
2
capture and
storage Product Validation
Facility (PVF)
Operational 10/09 - 05/11
2 deep injection wells and
3 monitoring wells
Injection into Rose Run
(sandstone) and Copper
Ridge (dolomite) formations
AEP Mountaineer carbon capture and
storage project
AEP-1 (CR)
AEP-2 (RR)
Business Sensitive 45
46
CO
2
Booster Pump House
and Flow Metering
WMMS (Well Monitoring &
Maintenance System) Building
Well Field AEP-1, AEP-2, & MW-3
CO
2
Sequestration at Mountaineer Plant
~150,000 man-hours of safe drilling, completion, and
workover operations.
Approximately 37,000 tonnes CO
2
injected, with majority of injection
in the Copper Ridge zone, which showed very good injectivity
Multiple combinations of absolute permeability and relative permeability models
match the pressure data equally well, but predict different plume extent
!
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A calibrated reservoir model was used to
estimate post-injection CO
2
plume location
47
AEP Mountaineer Scale-up Assessment
Validating Pay Zones
Test well drilled in 2011 to evaluate geologic continuity in the area
Well logs, cores, and reservoir testing results consistent with PVF
injection tests, however, more regional characterization is needed
Preliminary design, monitoring program, costs, and schedule for
developed for all phases
Preliminary design estimates indicated that 2-3 wells in Copper Ridge
Dolomite may be sufficient for CSPII scale injection project,
Copper Ridge Dolomite Core 8370
Determining Injection Zones Through
Production Logging
49
Regional Characterization in Ohio
Strong Collaboration with Oil Industry
1
2
3
4
(1) Lee Family Trust
(2) McCoy
(3) Dager
(4) Ohio #1 CO2
(5) Devco
(6) Miley
(7) AEP #1
(8) McKelvey
(9) Raynor D #1
(10) #1 Jarrell
(11) Georgetown
Marine
(12) #1 Northstar
(13) Adams
(14) Silcor
(15) Frankovitch
(16) Burger
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
OCDO piggyback wells
Other wells in database
15
16
Jarrell #1 Raynor D #1 AEP #1 Miley J #1 Burger
FEGENCO #1
Frankovitch
Silcor Georgetown
Marine
Northstar
Adams
Projects funded by Ohio Coal Development Office and DOE Over 10
years; Jointly with Ohio Geological Survey
GM #1 - deepest well in Ohio
Mapping of Potential Porosity Fairways
Copper Ridge Porosity Zones
Basal Sandstone Facies
Developing CO
2
-EOR/storage in
Ohios depleted oil fields
Significant additional oil
recovery and CO
2
utilization
potential in Ohio
! East Canton oil field produced
on ~95 MMbbl (<10%) of
1.5 billion barrels OOIP
! Other plays include
Beekmantown, Rose Run,
Copper Ridge fields
Additional testing is needed to
determine CO
2
utilization
viability in such fields
CO
2
utilization may not occur
without oil & coal collaboration
Reservoir characterization Fluid property
characterization
Laboratory experiments
Reservoir simulation
Economic analyses
Field injectivity testing
53
A comprehensive research program is
being implemented for this project
Development of subsurface brine disposal
framework in the Northern Appalachian Basin
Applying MRCSP
knowledge to shale gas
environmental issues
2-year project funded by
DOE through RPSEA
Evaluate brine disposal
capacity, protocols
Assess safe injection
pressure
Economic issues
Knowledge sharing with
public
Copper Ridge
Dolomite Core 8370
Future need: addressing
multiple demands on
subsurface resources
Shale oil/gas production
Produced brines disposal
CO
2
utilization, and storage
(CCUS) mitigating
greenhouse gas emissions
Incremental oil recovery
Conventional oil/gas production
All these require integrated
long-term management and
clear policy on mineral rights,
liability, and permitting
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C
O2

Im
p
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P
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Example from Michigan Basin
Reservoir characterization " Production history analysis,
synthesis of core/log/fracture data, geologic framework model
Fluid property characterization " Phase behavior of oil-CO
2

mixtures, empirical fluid property prediction tools
Laboratory experiments " Slim-tube studies of oil-CO
2
interaction,
core floods for oil-CO
2
displacement mechanism
Reservoir simulation studies " 3-D evaluation of oil recovery and
CO
2
storage for various geologic/engineering factors
Economic analyses " infrastructure assessment, cost-benefit
analysis reflecting oil price, CO
2
cost, operating/capital costs
Field injectivity testing " Site selection and flood design (2 Clinton
+ 2 Knox reservoirs), CO
2
HuffnPuff operations, data analysis
56
Oil industry EOR workflows modified to
evaluate co-sequestration potential
MRCSP Membership -
Progress through Collaboration