Agriculture Economy and Community Development Report

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ECOSORN Project
Economic and Social Relaunch of Northwest Provinces in Cambodia
Report on Agriculture Economy and
Community Development of Irrigation System
Banteay Meanchey-Lot 2
By Sorn Somoline
Phnom Penh Cambodia
06 June, 2007
PRD (Water and Environment) Consulting Group

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy
1. Data
2. Socio economic context
2.1. Population
2.2. Income and Poverty
2.3. Employment
2.4. Access to water and sanitation
2.5. Health
2.6. Land holdings
2.7. Literacy
2.8. Physical infrastructure
2.9. Summary
3. Agriculture Economy
3.1. Farming Practice
3.2. Agriculture Extension Services
3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing
3.4. Farm Economy
Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs

1. Existing of Farmer Water User Community
2. Community Training Plan
2.1. Project Background
2.2. Training Objectives
2.3. General Approach and Methodology
2.4. Detailed Tasks and Activities
2.5. Implementation Schedule
3. Implementation Activities
3.1. Establish working group
3.2 Capacity building
3.3 Establish FWUCs
3.4 Consultation meeting on Statute of FWUC
3.5 Register of FWUCs
Annex 1: FWUCs Name list and structure for irrigation scheme
Annex 2: FWUCs Statute for irrigation scheme

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2
Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy
1. Data
Data and information is available from
• Government reports, official publications by various ministries, consultant reports,
and other relevant available literature
• Previous studies carried out by ECOSORN Project;
• Secondary data from a variety of sources including the National Institute of Statistics
and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF), commune databases
and various projects; and
• Surveys conducted under the present study in January-May 2007.
2. Socio-economic context
The total area of the project is around 1,782 hectare that cover in 4 district are: Phnom Sronk, Preah
Netr Preah, Thma Puok and Svay Chek.
2.1. Population and population growth rates

The estimated household for the target area around 4,758 which is projected to grow at an average
annual rate of around 2.5% (compared with the national rate of 2.5%).The average household size is 5
person per household and with population density around 113 persons per square kilometre.
2.2. Income and poverty

Banteay Meanchey is the poor provinces in Cambodia. It is estimated that around 34% of the household
are below the poverty line (WFP, 2004). Mean total per capita household daily per capita consumption
is 3,071 Riel. Average gross household cash income among households surveyed in Phnom Srok district
is US$615 per year (or US$123 per person); in Svay Chek district is US$520 (US$ 104 per person)
compared to average national GDP per capita in 2004 of around US$363 (ADB, 2006).
The Source of cash income generated from actual sales of livestock, paddy and poultry. Livestock –
although not often sold or traded – are clearly an important store of value, providing some form of
security to households in times of need.
1
Commune
Production T/HH Paoy Char Ponley Rohal Tean Kam Kumru Phkoam Svay Chek
Net rice balance for consumption-T/HH 1.17 1.85 2.27 4.82 0.18 1.02 0.15
Total paddy production all types and seasons
2004 T/HH 2.51 3.48 3.9 7.29 1.13 2.34 1.02
Net paddy available for food consumption
(87%) after allow for post harvest losses and
seed (13%)-T 2.18 3.03 3.39 6.34 0.98 2.03 0.89
Paddy available for food convert to white rice
avail for food at 64% for paddy T 1.9 2.63 2.95 5.51 0.85 1.77 0.77
Rice minimum food requirement for
consumption at 0.143T rice/person-T 0.73 0.79 0.68 0.7 0.67 0.75 0.63
2.3. Employment
Over 62% of the populations of Banteay Meanchey are engaged in agriculture as the primary source of
employment (WFP, 2004).
Table 01.2.3 Employment and Labor Force Indicators in Bantheay Meanchey 2004
Banteay
Employment and Labor Force Indicator Meanchey National
Province
Literacy Rate > 15 years % total population 68 67
Literacy Rate > 15 years % females 60 60
% of the labor force in the primary sector incl.
62 60
Agriculture
% of the labor force in the secondary sector/ Industry 9 13
% of the labor force in the tertiary sector/ Services 28 25
% of the labor force economically active <=10 days/ mth 27 29
Source: CSES 2004 Kanol analysis (NIS).
Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon with around 30-40% of households in the study area
having at least one member employed in either market towns along the Thai border or Thai
farm/factories for up to 8 months of the year. They earn up to US$60 per month, providing an important
source of supplementary cash income to households. The labour force in the secondary sector (industry)
is 9%, tertiary sector or service is 28% and 27% of labour force economically active.
2.4. Access to water and sanitation

Safe water is defined by UNICEF as a supply of water through household connection, public standpipe,
protected dug well, protected spring or rainwater collection, with a minimum quantity of
20litres/person/day within one hour of people’s residences (UNICEF, 2002).
2
The study area population has poor access to safe water and sanitation facilities. It was estimated that
about 16.8% of the population had access to a safe water supply and around 14.7% had collect the water
150m far away from house. The main sources of drinking water for the population of Banteay
Meanchey are shown below. About 72% of Households not having access to a safe source of drinking
water at, or within 150 meters, of their house.
Main sources of drinking water in Banteay Meanchey
3%
6% 3% 15% Piped Water
Tube/Pipe Well
30%
Dug Well
Spring/River/Stream, Rain
Bought
43% Other
Source: (i) MRD, 2002 ; (ii) Institutional Development plan 2003-2012
Domestic water consumption within the target area is characterized by a large span between urban
households with piped water supply and rural households with shared or no water supply. The
distribution is the limiting factor in all areas that are not covered by public supplies directly to each
household.
The majority of the target area population harvests rainwater during the wet season which is stored in
large jars (200-300 litre). This is supplemented with water collected from nearby pond, well.
Water quality has not been reported as a problem but with growing populations of both humans and
livestock, and increasing applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, poor water
quality may become an issue, especially in the dry season.
2.5. Health
The health of people living in the target area is generally poor due to low levels of access to clean water
and sanitation. Children without access to safe water are more likely to suffer from underweight,
illnesses and mortality. Diarrhoea is common among children.
Almost half of all children in Banteay Mean Chey are malnourished (MRC, 2003). The MAFF (2005)
estimates per capita rice requirements to be 143 kg per year, equivalent to 744 kg of rice per household
per year in the study area. According to project survey data, rice yields are around 736 kg/ha, or 1.13
3
tonnes per household year. Among the communes of the province 86% of communes produce enough
rice to meet minimum food needs while 14% produce less than minimum food needs. In the study area
100% of household produce enough minimum rice balance for food.
2.6. Land holdings
Table 01.2.6 shows the percentage of rural households in Banteay Meanchey by agricultural land
holding size.
Rural households in Banteay Meanchey have limited access to agricultural land for crop production in
general. Further, there are also large differences in the quantity of agricultural land available to
individual rural households. Small land holdings and other factors limiting crop productivity limit food
ability for many rural households.
In 2004, 19% of rural households in Banteay Meanchey were landless and did not produce their own
staple food crops. A further 31% possessed les than 1.0 hectares of land. These small hold farming
households will typically only produce enough food from crop agriculture to meet a part of their staple
food needs.
Table 01.2.6 Agricultural Land Access in Banteay Meanchey in 2004
% of Rural HH % of Rural HH
Agricultural land per rural household
Banteay Meanchey National
No agricultural land (landless) 19% 15%
Less then 1.0 hectare (0.01- <1.0 ha) 31% 49%
1.0- < 3.0 hectares 41% 30%
>= 3.0 hectares 10% 6%
MAFF 2004 Statistics
Findings from ECOSORN Project data reveal that the average cultivated area per household is around
2.5 hectares in Poy Char commune . The cultivated area per household in Phkoam commune is 1.2
hectares and 3 hectare in Svay Chek commune.
The poor quality soils and lack of water limit the types and quantity of crops that can be grown and deny
farmers the opportunity to benefit from economies of scale. Generally, households devote most of their
cultivated area to wet season paddy.
4
Ampil canal
Tavong Phlov Chrov Bantoat Boah canal
canal
(Phkoam Commune)
(Tean Kan
(Poy Char Commune) Commune)
Total Household 1,138 832 332
Household benefit 1,013 145 120
Average Landholding/household 2.5 Ha 1.2 Ha 3 Ha
Benefit area 432 Ha 150 Ha 250.4 Ha
% of Household benefit 89% 17% 36%
Table02.2.6: Household & Irrigated Area that will benefit from the project
(Data source: ECOSORN and PRD Project data survey 2006)
2.7. Literacy
Education and training standards are extremely low by developing country standards. Literacy in
Banteay Meanchey is around 76% for men but much lower (60%) for women. Less than 25% of the
population complete primary school and the enrolment rates among children is 84%. Less than 10% are
educated to a secondary school level (MRC, 2003).Low levels of education limit the options available to
households to diversify their livelihoods away from subsistence farming, again making them extremely
vulnerable to factors affecting agricultural productivity.
2.8. Physical infrastructure

The physical infrastructure serving villages in the target area is relatively undeveloped and roads are
poorly maintained. Most of the roads and cart tracks become impassable during the wet season, isolating
many rural communities and limiting opportunities to market surplus agricultural produce.
2.9. Summary
The residents of target area are predominantly poor rice farmers. They engage in subsistence rice
cultivation during the wet season and typically find off-farm work during the dry season when water
shortages severely limit the feasibility of a second rice crop. However, low levels of education and
literacy; limit the off-farm opportunities available to most households. Rural households do not have
access to safe water supplies and consequently suffer poor health which also affects their agricultural
productivity. Livestock raising is an important source of wealth but livestock health depends on the
availability of sufficient water for drinking and fodder. Apart from water shortages during the dry
season, agricultural productivity is constrained by small landholdings and poor soil quality.
5
3. Agriculture Economy
3.1. Farming Practice

3.1.1. Crop Production
Table 01.3.1.1 shows statistic about rice production in Banteay Meanchey. Rice is the staple cereal food
crop of rural Cambodians.
Comparing wet season rice production with national averages, the mean rice area cultivated per rural
household was higher than the national level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was also higher than
the national level.
Comparing dry season rice production with national averages, the mean rice area cultivated per rural
household was much lower than the national level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was the same as
the national level.
Rice production is limited mainly to the wet season. Dry season rice production is undertaken in a very
limited area but produces higher yields. Dry season rice areas are restricted within the province to only
some communities, those with access to groundwater or dry season surface water resources (flood
recession, or irrigation). This limitation imposed through dependency on rain-fed crop cultivation is
clearly contributing to shortages in food availability.
Table 01.3.1.1 Rice Crop Production by Season in Banteay Meanchey in 2004
Banteay Mean National Banteay Mean National

Rice Production
Chey Wet Chey Dry
Indicator
Wet Season Season DrySeason Season
Area Cultivated- '000 ha. 194 2087 2 330
Area Harvested- '000 ha. 183 1851 2 318
Paddy Production '000 MT 325 2918 7 973
Yield-MT/ha. 1.8 1.6 3.1 3.1
Paddy % of total crop area
89% 81% 81% 84%
cultivated
Mean Area Cultivated/ Rural
1.5 0.9 .02 0.1
HH- ha.
6
Commune
Crop Production type (Household) Paoy Char Ponley Rohal Tean Kam Kumru Phkoam Svay Chek
Total number of crop producing households 2,134 2,055 1,266 727 1,460 1,877 1,676
Total number of wet rice producing
households 2,134 2,055 1,266 727 1,460 1,877 1,676
Total number of dry rice producing
households 30 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of crop landless household 0 0 425 425 0 0 0
Number of crop HH< 1Ha 80 90 1,006 1,006 25 337 920
Number crop HH 1-3 Ha 1,954 1,905 260 260 1,435 1,411 747
Number crop HH>3 Ha 100 60 0 0 0 129 0
Commune
Total crop production by type (Kg) Svay
Paoy Char Ponley Rohal Tean Kam Kumru Phkoam Chek
Total production of Early other than
IR, wet season (Kg) 0 0 171,000 843,600 500,940 989,000 379,500
Total production of IR, wet season
(Kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total production of Medium, wet
season (Kg) 1,575,000 4,044,800 164,900 1,688,400 660,000 2,035,800 1,081,600
Total production of upland, wet season
(Kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total production of Late maturing, wet
season (Kg) 3,744,000 3,105,900 5,313,000 2,765,000 484,500 1,363,000 252,000
Total production of Floating, wet
season (Kg) 0 0 945,000 0 0 0 0
Total production of Dry season 2004-
05 (kg) 37,500 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total production of Recession rice, dry
season 2004-05 (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics
Other Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production in 2004

A range of other annual field crops are typically grown in the provinces. These include food crops (such
as maize, cassava, water melon, vegetables) and non-food crops (such as sugar can). In addition a range
of perennial crops are grown including agricultural fruit trees and coffee. A food balance is not possible
for non-rice food crops as there are no nutritional guidelines for these other food types. In addition,
statistics do not indicate what proportion of these non-rice food crops are consumed versus being sold
for cash income.
In available MAFF statistics, non-rice crops are only partially enumerated estimates (limited range of
selected crops, one collective estimate for most vegetables, unclear whether home garden production is
included) and are enumerated in less detail than for rice. There is also a limited data on agricultural tree
and perennial crops (limited range of crops, trees estimated by area rather than number, no data on
production).
7
Considering these limitations, non-rice crop production accounts for 12% of the total cultivated area for
all crops, a relatively high proportion compared to the national average. This greater crop diversification
will mean that cropping systems will have greater production of vegetables and fruit, which are
important for nutrition. Non-rice crop production is undertaken in both the wet and dry seasons.
Table 02.3.1.1 Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production Overview in Banteay Meanchey in
2004
Non- Rice Wet Dry Both

Crop Indicator Season Season Seasons
% of total annual crop cultivated area
11 19 12
for non-rice field crops & vegetables
Mean ha./ rural household cultivated
0.2 <0.01 0.2
for annual non-rice field crops & vegetables
Mean ha./ rural HH agricultural fruit tree
- - 0.02
and other perennial crops
Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics
3.1.2. Crop Calendar
Wet Paddy
a) Long Term Rice 210 (days)
Activities Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Land preparing
Sawing seed,
Transplant
Maintenance
Harvest
b) Midium rice (180 days)
Land preparing
Sawing seed,
Transplant
Maintenance
Harvest
8
c) Short term rice (150 days)
Land preparing
Sawing seed,
Transplant
Maintenance
Harvest
Dry Paddy (110 days)
Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Land preparing
Sawing seed,
Transplant
Maintenance
Harvest
Other crops
Crops type Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Water Melon (70

day)
Sugar can (300-330

day)
Corn ( 90 day)
Cassava (8-12
Month)
Some others
vegetable (70-90 day)
9
3.1.3. Crop water requirement
Crop Month (%) of total water requirement

Water requirement
Calendar
(m3/ha/mon)
Item (Month)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wet season rice 4,157 3.5 8 17 17 17 17 17 8
Dry season rice 1,951 6 29 29 29 14
Orchard crop 1,555 4 13 13 25 25 13 13
Cattle 1.5m3/head/month 12
Poultry 0.3l/head/day 12
Data source: River Basin Study (Catis)
3.2. Agriculture Extension Services

The extension service in the study area conducted by Auscare cooperated with Provincial Agriculture
Forestry and Fisheries Department (DAFF). The extension service is to train and build the capacity of
the district officer on animal feeding and cultivation technique. The extension service including:
- Paddy seed production plan
- Insect prevention
- Pesticide and grass killing method
- Demonstrate improved farming technology and improved varieties for beneficiaries in
the field.
Auscare conducted training to leader farmers who disseminate the trained farming practice to farmer in
their villages. They device in two session are animal feeding and farming technique. A session held 5
times per year. For the farming technique, the course covered all farming practice from land preparation
to post harvesting and integrated seed selection method, paddy seed production farmers to product and
distribute improved paddy seed to priority area, insect prevention, pesticide and grass killing …For the
animal feeding, the course covered animal disease prevention, vaccine providing, and compost.
3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing

3.3.1. Post harvest method
Farmers harvest by hand with sickle and tie up the panicles into bundles. The bundles are dries in the
field for 2-3 days, carried by Ox-car or local truck to the farmer’s house and threshed. Some farmers
10
spend 40,000 to 60,000 Riel per hectare for transportation the bundles from the field to home. 10% of
farmer are using hand threshing is in the study area, about 90% use threshing machine with formula 30
bag minus 1 bag. It meant that for the 30 bag of rice the farmer pay 1 bag rice to the machine owner.
The straws left in the field are used as pasture for cattle, and rice straws are carried to home yard for
forage of cattle. The threshed paddy is dries for one or two days on a plastic net on a backyard or road.
The dried paddy is stored in the bag that a bag stored 100kg before milling. The loss in storage is 13%
and loss in harvesting and threshing is around 100 kg per hectare. The milling charge used by formula
below:
- The farmer provide the rice dust to the machine owner
- The machine owner received 1bag from 20 bag of rice processed
Problem on the post harvest:
- Roads are difficult to transport the product
- Much expense after post harvest
- Rice price are cheap in the harvest season
Labour force for harvesting required 30-40 persons per hectare per day. Usually farmers harvest through
exchange labour to each other without spends the money. The farmer can also spend around 6,000 Riel
per person per day for harvesting.
3.3.2. Marketing
The price of paddy, which is an external factor that can not be controlled, has remained very low in
recent year. It is therefore difficult for paddy cultivation farmers to raise the irrigation service fee. It
should provide a market place for member farmer to sell diversified crop to middle man and buyers and
take a commission on the sale of crops from both farmers and buyers to supplement the lack of
operation funds of FWUC.
Farm gate price of each product
Product Price (Riel/Kg)

Wet paddy rice 480
Dry paddy rice 600
Cassava 90
Water melon 4,000,000 R/Ha
11
Market price of each product
Product Price (Riel/Kg)

Wet paddy rice 600
Dry paddy rice 780
Cassava 117
Water melon 5,200,000 R/Ha
Nearest market and transportation cost of the product
Commune Market Name Average one way Average one way Transportation cost
travel time (min) travel cost (Riel) (Riel)
Poy Char Phnom Srok 43 3,100 15% of farm get price
Ponley Sereisophoan & 82 6,600 -

Preah Netr Preah
Rohal Chak Krie 30 2,000 -
Tean Kam Chak Krie 23 1,700 -
Kumru Thmar Puok 7 714 -
Phkoam Svay Chek 75 9,000 -
Svay Chek Svay Chek 35 4,000 -
The marketing practices by farmers in the study area as follow:
Rice: Most of farmer sell their paddy to collectors soon after harvest and store small amount for their
home consumption. Some farmers store their paddy and sell it when they need cash or when the market
price rises. Some farmers sell the white rice after milling it themselves. Some farmers sell the paddy
directly to the middleman, a big rice mill and retailers in the market. They receive the market
information from collector coming to their houses, market they go and neighbouring farmers.
Livestock: Livestock are clearly an important store of value, providing some form of security to
households in times of need. Pigs are usually sold to collectors who transport them from the farmer’s
house to the market. Buffalo sell when they need the money for house construction or child marriage.
Other product: Sell to a retailer in a market or trader coming to their house. Some farmers go to a
market and selling to customer as a retailer in a market.
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3.4. Farm Economy

3.4.1. Crop budget
Table 01.3.4 showed that average income from agriculture production in the study area is around 240
USD per hectare and the agriculture production cost is estimates 74 USD per hectare. About 41% of
total cost production expensed in Draft animal/ machinery cost. The net income from the agriculture is
around 166 USD per hectare.
Crop budget of Present condition (Unit per ha)

Name of crop:Wet paddy Unit Quantity Price(Riel) Value(Riel) Value U$
Gross income
Farm income
Land holding Ha 2.5
Yield Kg/ha Kg 2,000 480 960000 240
Total 240
Gross outgoing
Production cost
Seed Kg 100 480 48000 12
Fertilize 72000 18
Pesticide 5000 1.25
Draft animal/ Machinery cost 120000 30
Other 50000 12.5
Total 73.75
Net Return 166.25
Table 01.4.4 crop production income and production cost (Tavong Phlov Chrov)
Expense on Agriculture production
17% 16% Seed

Fertilize
Pesticide
24% Draft animal/ Machinery cost
41% 2% Other
13
3.4.2. Estimated Crop Production with and without the Subproject
Tavong Phlov Chrov Canal

Planted area Unit Yield Production
Proposed (with project) (ha) Kg/ha (Kg)
wet paddy 432 3,000 1296000
Dry paddy 432 3,500 1512000
Suplementary crop 6 1,200 7200
Vegetable 13 7,000 91000
Total 883
Present(without
project)
wet paddy 432 2,000 864000
Dry paddy 3 3,500 10500
Vegetable 13 7,000 91000
Total 454
Banteat Boah Canal

wet paddy 252.89 3,000 758670
Dry paddy 15 3,500 52500
Vegetable 6 7,000 42000
Total 277.89
Present(without
project)
wet paddy 252.89 2,000 505780
Dry paddy 0 3,500 0
Vegetable 6 7,000 42000
Total 262.89
Ampil Canal
wet paddy 150 3,000 450000
Dry paddy 0 3,500 0
Vegetable 15 7,000 105000
Total 174
Present(without
project)
wet paddy 150 2,000 300000
Dry paddy 0 3,500 0
Vegetable 15 7,000 105000
Total 174
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Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs

1. Existing of Farmer Water User Community
Information on Farmer Water User Community (FWUC) was collected from the ECOSORN Banteay
Meanchey.
There are two FWUCs : i) FWUC Poy Char in Poy Char commune and ii) FWUC Bantoat Boah in
Kumru commune. The FWUCs were established with support from the JICA Project and PDWRAM.
This community is already registered with MOWRAM . However, these two FWUCs exist only
registered name without structure and proper organization to actually meet its functionality both
FWUCs are not active of present time
Based on the field survey and interview, we found out that those WUGs have the following
characteristics:
- The community was establish for wildlife conservation, and prevention

of the dam structure.
- The irrigation scheme are not yet complete, it has only the main canal and the tributaries are
not yet rehabilitated. So the supply of water for farmers are not efficient. The water supply
only in wet season
- The capacity of the Water User Group Committee is limited
- The community members are not willing to pay for O&M because of inefficient service of
water supply.
For financial aspect, Existing FWUCs suffer from fund shortage. Maintenance work of irrigation
facilities can not be carried out due to shortage of operation funds. This is a very serious problem. The
price of paddy, which is an external factor that can not be controlled, has remained very low in recent
year. It is therefore difficult for paddy cultivation farmers to raise the irrigation service fee. It should
provide a market place for member farmer to sell diversified crop to middle man and buyers and take a
commission on the sale of crops from both farmers and buyers to supplement the lack of operation funds
of FWUC.
For Technical aspects, FWUC always relies on MOWRAM to solve the difficulty. However,
MOWRAM can not respond to all the requests due to lack of financial resources and technical staff.
This ends in the deterioration of the irrigation facilities.
15
2. Community Training Plan
2.1. Project Background

This Training Plan is prepared as part of the consultant service for survey and detailed design of the
irrigation scheme in the EU funded Economic and Social Relaunch of the Northwest Provinces Project
(ECOSORN) – Lot No. 2 (Banteay Meanchey) Cambodia. The survey and design team will involve
beneficiary farmers in the whole stage of the survey and design. After the irrigation system is
rehabilitated or constructed, the Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) will be responsible for
routine maintenance and operation. This document is for training and establishment of Farmer Water
Users Groups (FWUGs) and FWUC in selected irrigation systems as per Circular No. 1 of MOWRAM
step 1 to step 5.
2.2. Training Objectives

This Training Plan is to ensure that the process of consultation with beneficiary community and
empowerment of the communities to take ownership, and maintenance and operation of the irrigation
systems, is carried out properly and in accordance with full participatory mechanisms. The Training
Plan will outline detailed steps and tasks to be implemented by the consultant to socialize the project
concepts with the communities, mobilization and organization community supports to the project, and
provide training and strengthening communities on irrigation operation and maintenance including
water management, financial management, group organization and administration, and in forming the
FWUC.
2.3. General Approach and Methodology
Community Training and Organization for IMT will be carried out using a Participatory Representative
Technique (PRT) to promote representative participation, social cohesiveness and facilitate community
development. The participation will be promoted on the basis of principles of equality in representation
and enhancement of participation within and between community groups from low level to higher and
higher to lower level in survey, design, planning and implementing community actions that have been
agreed during the participatory process through their respective community representative leaders.
2.4. Detailed Tasks and Activities

Step 1: Subproject Identification Confirmation Meeting
Meeting Objective: Initial Emergence and Confirmation of Subproject Identification

Type of Meeting: Visit and Consultation
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Venue: - EU office in Siem Reap

- PDWRAM Office in Banteay Meanchey
- Provincial Department of Agriculture, Banteay Meanchey
- Office of District Government Office
- Commune Councils at subproject level
Duration: approximately 1 hour for each meeting
Meeting with Commune Councils will be
followed by site visits.
Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Surveyor,
Community Expert, GIS Expert.
This step will be implemented immediately at the start up of the project implementation. The project
team will meet with all people concerned (EU staff in charged, PDWRAM, Provincial Department of
Agriculture, District Government) and commune Councils at the subproject schemes to reconfirm the
subproject identification reports and requested interventions to be undertaken. The meeting is also to
inform all stakeholders about the start-up of this survey and design phase of the project, the project
implementation concepts and overall schedules, and activities to be carried out during the survey and
detailed design stage of the project.
The meeting is then followed by field visits and survey of the consultant engineer team mainly to
assess hydrology and water availability for the proposed scheme, irrigation structures required, terrain
condition and topography, and to develop a conceptual design of the proposed irrigation subproject
scheme.
Step 2: Concept Design Consultation Meeting and Acceptance:
Meeting Objective: Community Consultation on Concept Design of the Irrigation System

Type of Meeting: Consultation and Discussion
Venue: - Commune Office at Subproject level
- Village level meeting with affected farmers by canal alignment
Duration: approximately 4 hours for each meeting
Meeting will be followed by site visits to discuss layout in the field.
Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Irrigation O&M Engineer, Surveyor,
Community Expert, GIS Expert
The technical findings and concept design of irrigation system will be thoroughly consulted with all
stakeholders and the potential beneficiary communities at the subproject level. At first, a meeting will be
17
organized with potential beneficiary communities to discuss and explain about: (i) hydrological and
topographical condition of the subproject areas and its implications on irrigation systems, (ii) proposed
different options and alternatives for irrigation interventions in the subproject areas, (iii) proposed
Irrigation Conceptual Design Layout and required Land resettlement and consolidation, (iv) agreement
to participate in the project and willingness to allocate land for irrigation canal alignment, (v) the IMT
purpose and organization, role and responsibility of FWUG, and (v) farmers disagreement or issues on
the proposed concept design of the irrigation system.
The result of this consultation meeting and issues raised by farmers will then be conveyed to EU in
charged staff for consolidation and assistance. At this stage the decision can be made also on whether
the subproject scheme is worth to proceed further or not, depending on how issues or disagreement of
farmers beneficiary of the project be settled. Once the subproject is selected to proceed further, the step
3 below will then be implemented.
Step 3: Farmer Agreement on Organization of FWUC
Meeting Objective: Establish General Consensus on FWUC Organization
Type of Meeting: Discussion and Election
Venue: - Field or site at village level
Team Composition: Consultant Community Expert, PDWRAM staff, Commune Councils.
Base on the result of Cadastral survey and the irrigation conceptual design accepted, the proposed
irrigation serviced area and potential members of the FWUC will be identified. A meeting will be
organized with all these identified potential members of FWUC at village level to establish a
preliminary list of FWUC potential members and agreement with these potential FWUC members on
organization of FWUC. During the meeting the consultant will re-explain the purpose of IMT,
benefits, role, responsibility and its financial implication once the construction of the system is
completed and the irrigation infrastructure will be handed over to communities for operation and
maintenance. An MOU will then be concluded by all potential members of FWUC, evidencing that
the community agree to form the FWUC and undertake activities and responsibility towards IMT.
This MOU will be witnessed by the Commune Councils.
At this step, the potential members of the FWUC will be asked to elect their representative(s) at village
level to form a FWUC Working Group. This FWUC Working Group will represent the FWUC members
18
in interaction with consultant survey and design team during detailed engineering design stage, liaise
with all project stakeholders, and will be tasked with preparation of FWUC statute and by-laws. The
Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) will be applied for this process of selection community
representative leaders. Once the Community Representative Leaders (CRLs) are selected by
communities, they are required to know why they are selected and what is expected of them. Therefore
they need orientation and a strong sense of motivation. The consultant will develop them with
orientation sessions and interpersonal relationships as envisaged in step 4 below.
Step 4: CRLs Orientation and Training
Meeting Objective: Building and Strengthening Community Representative Leaders

Type of Meeting: Training and Discussion
Venue: - A classroom will be organized in Banteay Meanchey Town, (in a hotel meeting room)
Duration: 2.5 days
Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Irrigation O&M Expert, Community Expert,
PDWRAM staff, District staff of Agriculture, Commune Councils.
An orientation and training session will be organized for all CRLs under the project (all
subproject schemes selected under this lot no.3) on the following topics:
-Training on Group Organization and Administration
-Training on Financial Management and Bookkeeping
-Training on IMT and Irrigation Water Management
-Training on Construction Process, and
-Training on O&M Concepts and Principles, Role, Function and Organization of
FWUC in the subproject scheme.
After the orientation and training session, the CRLs will start to prepare draft the FWUC statute and
by-laws with thorough consultation with potential members of the FWUC at the village level.
Step 5: Adoption of FWUC Statute by FWUC Members
Meeting Objective: Adoption of FWUC Statute and By-laws

Type of Meeting: Election
Venue: Commune Level
19
The preparation process of FWUC Statue will require ongoing input and review from members. This
should not be a one-off review exercise. As the CRLs starts to prepare the draft, it is up to them to,
work through all village FWUC members or conduct subsequent village meetings to disseminate draft
and receive feedback and comment. This is then carried back to the FWUC Working Group. There
should be first, second and then final draft. The final draft should be attached with a list of potential
members of FWUC (include both husband and wife) and a declaration that the member accepts the
Statutes and By-laws and will abide by them. The declaration and list of potential members is signed by
both husband and wife.
When each village approves its draft, the final version can be presented to an overall general meeting
at the commune level for adoption.
Step 6: FWUC Official Registration
Meeting Objective: Election of FWUC Board of Director
Type of Meeting: Election Venue: Commune Level
Duration: ½ day
The FWUGs will be elected at block level with assistance from Consultant Community Expert and the
FWUC Working Group. This process will be managed at village level. Prior to elections, members need
to be advised of the role, function, tasks and responsibilities of each position to be elected and the time
that is required. At the same time, they are reminded of the need for gender and representation of the
vulnerable.
After election of FWUGs, the FWUC members will then elect the FWUC Board of Directors (President
and other offices at irrigation scheme level). Election of Secondary Canal Committee Representatives
will be undertaken also if needed. The FWUC Board of Director will then be tasked with making
official registration with the local government. Documents accompanied with registration will
included, but not limited to: (i) copy of draft organigrams of each level, FWUG, FWUC with names
and accompanied by job descriptions, (ii) copy of approved FWUC Statute and By-laws, (iii) copy of
member register.
20
2.5. Implementation Schedule
The proposed implementation plan and schedule is prepared for 3 selected subproject schemes:
Tavong Phlovchrov Canal, Ampil and Bantoat Boah Canal. Four other subprojects were considered
dropped due to technical feasibility and acceptability of the beneficiary communities after the
implementation of activities under step 2.
The overall implementation schedule is given in the Table 1 below.
21
Table 1: Tentative Schedule of Implementation Training Plan
22
3. Implementation Activities
Several participatory techniques were actively used to mobilize community supports and
participations. The activities started with the determination of the beneficiary people who has the farm
in the irrigated area. The PRD team has discussed with the commune authorities on the main criteria
for community members to be selected to participate in the project. Consent has been reached that the
general term such as the agreement to provide their land for the construction of the irrigation scheme
and participate in the community should be main criteria for selection.
PRD team has also conducted consultation meetings with local government units and villagers to get
feed back on the proposed criteria. The participatory meetings were conducted with participation of:
• Provincial Governor Office
• Representative of Ecosorn Project in Banteay Meanchey
• Commune chiefs and commune council members
• Village chiefs
• Group leaders
• The villagers
3.1. Establish working group
PRD conduct consultation meeting with beneficiary people to form the working group for each
scheme by PRT process. Three working groups have been created:
- Working Group for Tavong Phlov Chrov canal
- Working Group for Banteat Boah Canal, and
- Working Group for Ampil Canal
Table 5.1: Name List of Working Group for Tavong Phlov Chrov Canal
No Name Sex From Village Commune District

1 Long Soeun M Poy Snourl Poy Char Phnom Srok
2 Nhoy Chorn M Poy Snourl Poy Char Phnom Srok
3 Prum Brarb M Poy Char Poy Char Phnom Srok
4 Tan Hoeum M Poy Char Poy Char Phnom Srok

5 Sun Ches M Trapeang Thmor Tboung Poy Char Phnom Srok
6 Ton Than M Trapeang Thmor Poy Char Phnom Srok
Kandal&Cheung
7 Tat Chheub M Commune Council Member Poy Char Phnom Srok
23
Table 5.2: Name List of Working Group for Bantoat Boah Canal
1 Oeuk Bunrin M Ou Tean Kam Preah Netr
Preah
2 Noeb Rumchet M Ou Tean Kam Preah Netr
Preah
3 Ning Pheuy M Bantoat Boah Tean Kam Preah Netr
Preah
4 Thoem Veut M Bantoat Boah Tean Kam Preah Netr
Preah
5 Khhut Sophorn M Commune Council Tean Kam Preah Netr
Member Preah
Table 5.2: Name List of Working Group for Ampil Canal

1 Ream Tum M Ampil Phkeam Svay Chek
2 Chhim Theu M Ampil Phkeam Svay Chek
9 Meiy Surm M Mao Phkeam Svay Chek
4 Koul Kut M Takoul Phkeam Svay Chek
5 Nhagn Tret F Commune Council Phkeam Svay Chek
Member
3.2 Capacity building
Training programs had been conducted for working group. An orientation and training session was
quite necessary to update the community capacity in order to allow them to be self-sustaining in the
management and governance of its own resources and irrigation facilities. The trainings provided by
the project directly benefited to communities through the ability to have a large irrigation service for
their commune and scheme.
The working groups are provided training on following topic:
- Group Organization and Administrative
- Financial Management and Bookkeeping
- Irrigation Management Transfer and Irrigation Water Management
- Construction Process, and
- O&M Concepts and Principles, Role, Function and Organization of FWUC in the
24
subproject scheme.
After training, these groups take responsible on:
- Identified and revised potential member of FWUC to establish a preliminary list of
FWUC and agreement of these member on organization of FWUC.
- Conduct election to select the group leader, Community Representative Leader
- Prepare draft of FWUC statute and consult with the FWUC member
- Process the community registration by law.
3.3 Establish FWUCs
The Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) was used for selection of representative leaders
particularly in the context of organizing communities.
- Mark geographical land holding and prepare preliminary of community list
- Organize water user group by tertiary or secondary canal depend on each irrigation
structure.
- Select group’s representative leader
- Apply SPRST’s questionnaire to select the FWUC board, and
- Process data and information.
Three Farmer Water User Committees (CSCs) were successfully established : Poychar Plov Chrov
Farmer Water User Community, Banteaot Boah Farmer Water User Community and Ampil Farmer
Water User Community.
- Poychar Phlov Chrov community have 4 secondary canal that each SC have their
Representative Leader groups.
. SC1 have 4 groups with total member of 92 households
- Banteaot Boah community have 8 water user groups with total member of 120
households
- Ampil Community have five water user groups with total member of 145 households
Name list and structure of FWUCs for each irrigation system is attached in annex 1
The people who have their farm land in the irrigated area and agree to participate in the Farmer Water
User Community were selected as main target of the project. The activities on establishment of the
Farmer Water User Community Committee were undertaken in such way to ensure the following two
important objectives: (1) to form an inter-group organization known as Farmer Water User
Community Committee to act on matter regarding irrigation improvement within the area and, (2) to
25
be effective, be democratic and sustainable, i.e., the FWUC must be capable of functioning without its
group promoter. To achieve this goal, the mechanisms of participatory approaches were developed. A
Participatory Planning and Participatory Representative Techniques (PRT) in Community
Development were applied as basis for guidance of the overall activities.
3.4 Consultation meeting on Statute of FWUC
Community consultation on draft of constitution was held in each irrigation scheme. The participants
in the meeting are representative from local authorities and beneficiaries people. This community
consultation was cooperated with ECOSORN Program in Bantey Meanchey. The draft constitution,
adopted previously by working group was reviewed by all community members as for its applicability
and suitability in different specific areas. Then, community consultation was held in each irrigation
canal, to discuss and adopt the final draft of FWUC constitution. Participants in the meeting are:
representatives from local authorities, project consultant PRD , ECOSORN Program in Banteay
Meanchey and Community Commitee.
The statute of each FWUCs is attached in annex 2
3.5 Register of FWUCs
The established FWUCs will legalize as pre-cooperatives or federations in order to obtain legal
recognition, services and facilities. A meeting was also made with ECOSORN program officers on
how the registration should proceed. Each FWUC will register with PDWRAM Banteay Meanchey.
The registration provided not only legal privilege for FWUC to act on behalf of the farmer households
in implementation of irrigation development program within their community, but also offered legal
recognition in both group activities and in delivery of development services. To get its full legal
recognition, each FWUC has registered with the PDWRAM. Register FWUCs also represents the
broader interests of their members in discussions with local authorities. In this way, the farmer become
increasingly self-confident, earn greater recognition from the wider community and are able to make a
greater contribution to development of irrigation system.
26

Agriculture Economy and Community Development Report

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KMeragsþareLIgvij elIvis½yesdækic© nig sgÁmkic© enA bNþaextþ

PRD (Water and Environment) Consulting Group

Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs

Annex 1: FWUCs Name list and structure for irrigation scheme

Annex 2: FWUCs Statute for irrigation scheme

Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy

• Government reports, official publications by various ministries, consultant reports,

and other relevant available literature

• Previous studies carried out by ECOSORN Project;

• Surveys conducted under the present study in January-May 2007.

2.1. Population and population growth rates

2.2. Income and poverty

Source: CSES 2004 Kanol analysis (NIS).

2.4. Access to water and sanitation

Main sources of drinking water in Banteay Meanchey

Source: (i) MRD, 2002 ; (ii) Institutional Development plan 2003-2012

2.6. Land holdings

Table 01.2.6 Agricultural Land Access in Banteay Meanchey in 2004

Total Household 1,138 832 332

Household benefit 1,013 145 120

Average Landholding/household 2.5 Ha 1.2 Ha 3 Ha

Benefit area 432 Ha 150 Ha 250.4 Ha

% of Household benefit 89% 17% 36%

(Data source: ECOSORN and PRD Project data survey 2006)

2.8. Physical infrastructure

3.1. Farming Practice

Table 01.3.1.1 Rice Crop Production by Season in Banteay Meanchey in 2004

Banteay Mean National Banteay Mean National

Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics

Other Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production in 2004

Non- Rice Wet Dry Both

3.1.2. Crop Calendar

a) Long Term Rice 210 (days)

b) Midium rice (180 days)

c) Short term rice (150 days)

Dry Paddy (110 days)

Water Melon (70

Sugar can (300-330

3.1.3. Crop water requirement

Crop Month (%) of total water requirement

Data source: River Basin Study (Catis)

3.2. Agriculture Extension Services

- Paddy seed production plan

- Pesticide and grass killing method

- Demonstrate improved farming technology and improved varieties for beneficiaries in

3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing

- The farmer provide the rice dust to the machine owner

- The machine owner received 1bag from 20 bag of rice processed

Problem on the post harvest:

- Roads are difficult to transport the product

- Much expense after post harvest

- Rice price are cheap in the harvest season

Product Price (Riel/Kg)

Market price of each product

Product Price (Riel/Kg)

Nearest market and transportation cost of the product

Poy Char Phnom Srok 43 3,100 15% of farm get price

Ponley Sereisophoan & 82 6,600 -

Rohal Chak Krie 30 2,000 -

Tean Kam Chak Krie 23 1,700 -

Kumru Thmar Puok 7 714 -

Phkoam Svay Chek 75 9,000 -

Svay Chek Svay Chek 35 4,000 -