BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor
From PowerPoint

Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

CHAPTER 20
Unifying Concepts of Animal
Structure and Function
Modules 20.1 20.7
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The function of any part of
an animal results from its
unique structure
Consider the gecko, a small
lizard commonly
found in the tropics
A gecko can walk up a wall
and across ceilings
How does it do that?
Climbing the Walls
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The explanation relates to
hairs, called setae, on the
geckos toes
They are arranged
in rows
Each seta ends in
many split ends
called spatulae,
which have
rounded tips
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The ability to stick to surfaces results from
attractions between molecules on the spatulae
and molecules on the surface
The structure of the geckos feet leads to a
unique function
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The correlation between structure and function
is one of biologys most fundamental concepts
20.1 Structure fits function in the animal body
THE HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION IN AN ANIMAL
Figure 20.1
Forearm
Wrist
Finger 1
Palm
Finger 3
Shaft
Barb
Hook
Barbule
Feather
structure
WING
Shaft
Vane
Finger 2
Bone structure
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure and
function are
correlated at
each level in
the structural
hierarchy of an
animals body
20.2 Animal structure has a hierarchy
Figure 20.2
A. CELLULAR LEVEL:
Muscle cell
B. TISSUE LEVEL:
Muscle tissue
C. ORGAN LEVEL:
Heart
D. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL:
Circulatory system
E. ORGANISM LEVEL:
Many organ systems
functioning together
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A tissue is a cooperative of many similar cells
that perform a specific function
Animals have four major categories of tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common
structure and function
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial tissue occurs as sheets of closely
packed cells
It covers surfaces and lines internal organs and
cavities
Examples: epidermis, stomach lining
The structure of each type of epithelium fits its
function
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers and lines the body and
its parts
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 20.4
Free surface of
epithelium
Basement
Membrane
(extracellular
matrix)
Underlying
tissue
Cell
nuclei
A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
(lining the air sacs of the lung)
B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
(forming a tube in the kidney)
C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
(lining the intestine)
D. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
(lining the esophagus)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective tissue is characterized by sparse
cells
The cells manufacture and secrete an
extracellular matrix
The matrix is composed of fibers embedded in a
liquid, solid, or gel
20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other
tissues
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
There are six major types of connective tissue
Figure 20.5
Cell
A. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(under the skin)
Collagen
fiber
Other
fibers
B. ADIPOSE TISSUE
Fat
droplets
Cell
nucleus
C. BLOOD
White blood
cells
Red blood
cells
Plasma
D. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(forming a ligament)
Cell
nucleus
Collagen
fibers
E. CARTILAGE
(at the end of a bone)
Cells
Matrix
F. BONE
Central
canal
Matrix
Cells
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary
body movements
Cardiac muscle pumps blood
Smooth muscle moves the walls of internal
organs such as the stomach
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 20.6
Unit of
muscle
contraction
A. SKELETAL MUSCLE
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
B. CARDIAC MUSCLE
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Junction between
two cells
C. SMOOTH MUSCLE
Muscle fiber
Nucleus
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The branching neurons of nervous tissue
transmit nerve signals that help control body
activities
20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication
network
Figure 20.7
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell
extensions