Physics 7C

Sections A, B, C & D
Professor Lawrence B. Coleman
1
Lecture 4 -- Standing Waves (redux) & Ray Optics (start)
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4
Quote of the Week:
let there be light
-- Genesis 1:3


! Quiz 2 Today
! Quiz 3 in two weeks -- May 8 & 9
! Quiz 1 in process, solutions and rubrics
posted soon
! Quiz Reconsideration Process
! Mastering Changes Last Call

Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 2
Announcements
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 3
Standing Waves on a String
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 4
Standing Waves on a String
Fundamental
or 1
st
harmonic
f
1
= (v/2L)
2
nd
harmonic
f
2
= 2 f
1
3
rd
harmonic
f
3
= 3 f
1

! So for a harmonic wave on a string,
tied down at both ends, you get a
standing wave whenever
! ! = 2L/n n = 1, 2, 3, 4. or
! f = n(v/2L) n = 1, 2, 3, 4.

At other frequencies, the wavelengths
are such that the wave WILL NOT
STAND.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 5
Standing Waves on a String
! In systems with a natural
frequency, it is the most efficient to
add energy at that frequency.
! Systems with multiple natural
frequencies, will absorb energy
with great efficiency at those
frequencies.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 6
Resonance
! String Musical Instruments use the
resonances of the standing waves.
! To tune - Adjust the tension in the
strings.
! To Play - Adjust the length of the
strings.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 7
Music with Strings
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 8
Standing Waves on a String
! Only one side tied down.
Node on tied down end, antinode on free end

Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 9
Standing Waves
L = ! !
! = 4L
f
1
= v/4L
L
L
L = 3!/4
! = 4L/3
f
3
= 3 v/4L
f
3
= 3 f
1
f
n
= n f
1
= nv/4L
With n = 1, 3, 5 ,7. Odd integers
Odd harmonics only
! Medium is what is in the pipe.
! Sound waves longitudinal waves of
Pressure and displacement
! Closed end displacement node
! Open end displacement antinode
! Closed end pressure antinode
! Open end pressure node
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 10
Standing Waves in a Pipe
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 11
Standing Waves in a Pipe
!
n
= 4L/n

f
n
= nv/4L

n = 1, 3, 5, 7

Odd harmonics only
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 12
Standing Waves in a Pipe
!
n
= 2L/n

f
n
= nv/2L

n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6..
! Just like string, depends on
medium that is vibrating.
! The contents of the pipe- gas (air or
another gas) or a liquid
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 13
Standing Waves in a Pipe
! Lots More on music making at
Lecture 10
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 14
! Whats a ray?
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 15
Ray Optics
! Whats a ray?
! Far from source, spheres look like
planes.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 16
Ray Optics
! A Beam is a bundle of rays
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 17
Ray Optics
! What we call light is
Electromagnetic Waves.
! Oscillating electric and magnetic
fields
! No media
! Speed in vacuum of c ~ 3 x 10
8
m/s
! In matter it travels slower.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 18
Light
! Ratio of: speed in vacuum/speed in
stuff = n
! n
stuff
=
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 19
Index of Refraction
Speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in Stuff
Stuff
Index of Refraction, n
Vacuum 1.0000000000000000000000000
Air 1.000029
Water 1.33
Glass 1.52 " 1.70
Diamond 2.4175
So for light in diamond
The speed of light in diamond = c / 2.4175
= 3X10
8
m/s / 2.4175 = 0.8273 x 10
8
m/s

Note: speed of light in any media is always < c
So n > 1.000000
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 20
Index of Refraction
! Light rays travel in straight lines.
! Light rays can cross without
interacting.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 21
Ray Optics
Properties of Rays
! When a ray of light strikes the interface
between two media, 2 things happen.
! Some bounces (reflection)
! Some enters (refraction)
! When light rays travel in a media, they can be
! Absorbed
! Scattered
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 22
Light and Media
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 23
Reflection - Specular
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 24
Reflection - Specular
! Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
#
i
= #
r

! Incident and reflected rays and normal are
in the same plane.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 25
Reflection - Diffuse
! When light moves from one media to another
the path of the rays are bent.

WHY??
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 26
Refraction
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 27
Refraction
! When light moves from one media to another
the path of the rays are bent.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 28
Refraction
Demo bb optics
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 29
Snells Law of Refraction
n
1
sin#
1
= n
2
sin#
2
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 30
Snells Law of Refraction
n
1
sin#
1
= n
2
sin#
2
! Measure all angles from normal.
! Use descriptive subscripts
! Careful of radians vs. degrees
n
stuff

#
stuff


The bigger the difference of
ns, the more bending

How to hide diamonds.
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 31
Snells Law Example
n
air
= 1.00


n
H2O
= 1.33
! What is happening when you see
something?
! Do you see the same thing as the
person next to you?
! Laser Beam in air, can you see the
beam?
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 32
Seeing Objects
! Laser Beam in air, can you see the
beam?
! Add dust particles, now what are
you seeing?
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 33
Seeing Objects
! Reading a book
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 34
Seeing Objects
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 35
Images In Mirrors
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 36
Images In Mirrors
Physics 7C Spring 2014 - Lecture 4 37
Images In Mirrors