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TRANSISTOR PAGE INDEX
Select a transistor topic from the list below.
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Amplifiers Electronics Semiconductors
An Introduction to Transistors Fabrication Semi Technology
Applications of Semiconductors Field Effect - MOSFET Simulator
Basics History SMD Markings I
Batteries How To Identify SMD Markings II
Biasing **Introduction** Start here Smith Charts
Books LINKS or LED's S-Parameters
Calculations Manufacturers Special Devices
Circuits Miscellaneous Standards
Configurations NEWS! Substituting
Cross Reference NTE Testing
Data Sheets Old Transistor Radios Transistor Links
Design Pin-Outs Tutorials
Devices Power Supplies Typical Circuit
Diodes / LED's Projects to Build UJT
ECG & SK RF Design VIDEO! IC's
The Transistor Story -
"The transistor was probably the most important invention of the 20th Century, and the story behind the
invention is one of clashing egos and top secret research."
The First Point ContactTransistor
This picture shows the workbench of John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories. They were
supposed to be doing fundamental research about crystal surfaces. The experimental results hadn't been very
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good, though, and there's a rumor that their boss, William Shockley, came near to canceling the project. But in
1947, working alone, they switched to using tremendously pure materials. It dawned on them that they could
build the circuit in the picture. It was a working amplifier! John and Walter submitted a patent for the first
working point contact transistor. Shockley was furious and took their work and invented the junction transistor
and submitted a patent for it 9 days later. The three shared a Nobel Prize. Bardeen and Brattain continued in
research (and Bardeen later won another Nobel). Shockley quit to start a semiconductor company in Palo Alto.
It folded, but its staff went on to invent the integrated circuit (the "chip") and to found Intel Corporation. By
1960, all important computers used transistors for logic, and ferrite cores for memory. Memory chips replaced
core in the 1970's.

1. INTRODUCTION - A transistor is a small electronic device that can cause changes in a large
electrical output signal by small changes in a small input signal. That is, a weak input signal can be
amplified (made stronger) by a transistor. For example, very weak radio signals in the air can be
picked up by a wire antenna and processed by transistor amplifiers until they are strong enough to be
heard by the human ear. A transistor consists of three layers of silicon or germanium semiconductor
material. Impurities are added to each layer to create a specific electrical positive or negative
charged behavior. "P" is for a positive charged layer and "N" is for a negative charged layer. Transistors are
either NPN or PNP in the configuration of the layers. There is no particular difference here except the polarity
of voltages that need to be applied to make the transistor operate. The weak input signal is applied to the
center layer called the base and usually referenced to ground which is also connected to the bottom layer
called the emitter. The larger output signal is take from the collector also referenced to ground and the
emitter. Additional resistors and capacitors are required along with at least one DC power source to complete
the transistor amplifier. You should have already studied the basic electricity and basic electronics sections
of this web site and have a fairly good understanding of how resistors and capacitors effect electrical circuits.
A typical transistor amplifier is shown below.
Introduction to the transistor:
A silicon bipolar transistor - BASICS - watch the video.
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DETAILED TRANSISTOR LINKS
http://www.williamson-labs.com
Introduction Animations Differential Amplifier
Fundamentals Common Base Stage CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Gain = Hfe = Beta Common Collector Stage Gain Bandwidth Product
D.C. Coupled Darlington Pair Miller Effect
A.C. Coupled Emitter Follower Bypassing Supply Rail (LINK)
V to I Converter Voltage Regulator High Frequency Compensation
I to V Converter A.C. Feedback Input Impedance
Bias D.C. Feedback Output Impedance
Clipping & Cutoff Thermal Feedback
Common Emitter Stage Video Amplifier

How a bipolar switching transistor works. Watch the video. Part 1
Transistor video - Part 2
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How Transistors"Really" Work http://amasci.com/amateur/transis.html
START HERE: Introduction to the Transistor: http://www.4p8.com/eric.brasseur/vtranen.html
Excellent Introduction to Transistors http://www.kilowattclassroom.com/Archive/Transistor.pdf
Transistor Circuits: Explained! http://www.electronicsexplained.co.uk/transistor_circuits.htm
EngPlanet: Semiconductor Fundamentals - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?2436
EngPlanet: The p-n Junction - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?2437
EngPlanet: The Bipolar Transistor - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?2435
Transistor Radio Directory (Aldo Andreani) http://sites.google.com/site/aldoandr/
(Wonderful resource for information on the transistor.)
Links from: http://courses.ncsu.edu:8020/ece480/common/htdocs/
Introduction Animations Differential Amplifier
Fundamentals Common Base Stage CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Gain Hfe Beta Common Collector Stage Gain Bandwidth Product
D.C. Coupled Darlington Pair Miller Effect
A.C. Coupled Emitter Follower Bypassing Supply Rail
V to I Convertor Voltage Regulator High Frequency Compensation
I to V Convertor D.C. Feedback Input Impedance
Bias A.C. Feedback Output Impedance
Clipping & Cutoff Thermal Feedback
Common Emitter Stage Video Amplifier
Useful transistor links:
Introduction
The transistor as a switch
Meter check of a transistor
Active mode operation
The common-emitter amplifier
The common-collector amplifier
The common-base amplifier
Biasing techniques
Input and output coupling
Feedback
Amplifier impedances
Current mirrors
Transistor ratings and packages
BJT quirks
Basics
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Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Semiconductor Physics
Physical Properties in detail
Electrical Properties of Semiconductors
The p-n Junction
The MOS structure
Metal-Semiconductor Junctions
Java Applets Illustrations
More Semiconductor Applets
Transistor Tutorials
List of Semiconductor Tutorials http://www.americanmicrosemi.com/information/tutorial/
Basic Circuit Theory
Basic Semiconductor Theory
Basic Transistor Amplifier
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/25c.htm
Berkley Semiconductor Course Online
Biploar Transistor Tutorial
Excel Transistor Design Tutorial - Excellent!
Field Effect Transistors - How they work!!
Helpme for 'UC Berkeley Spice 3f5'
Learning to use Transistors and LEDs
MotionNET.com - Semiconductors - Discrete: Transistors ...
NPN Tutorial
Semiconductor Tutorials - EXCELLENT
The 555 Timer Kit - Oscillators and Pulses
Transistor Biasing
Transistor Leakage
Transistors Explained
Transistors General
Unijunction Transistor Tutorial
2. TYPICAL TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT - This is a silicon transistor circuit showing typical voltage values. When
the forward base/emitter voltage is 0.6 to 0.7 V, the transistor is silicon. Germanium transistors will have a
forward base/emitter bias voltage of 0.2 to 0.3 V This is a silicon transistor because 2.6 base volts minus 1.9
emitter volts equal a forward bias of 0.7 volts indicating a silicon transistor.
At this point you should have more questions and want to learn more about how transistor circuits work, how
to design your own transistor circuits and build electronic equipment. Therefore; the next step would be to
study the material in the following links. From this study you will be on your way to learning more about
transistor amplifier bias arrangements, the importance of impedance matching, transistor specifications, and
transistor parameters.
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Typical RF transistor circuits http://www.tpub.com/neets/book8/31g.htm
Circuit Design Basics: http://analyzethat.net/electrical_engineering.php
RF coupling circuits http://www.tpub.com/neets/book8/31f.htm
Schematics http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Circuits/cctindex.html
How to read schematics http://www.angelfire.com/ab2/BEAM/info/help.html
Transistor Circuits - http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/electronics/circuits.htm
- http://www.discovercircuits.com/T/transistor.htm
Examples from http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~mleach/ece3050/
Common Emitter Amplifier Example
Common Collector Amplifier Example
Common Base Amplifier Example
CE-CC Amplifier Example
Junction Diode - Covers the basic operation of the diode, its i-v characteristics, and its small-signal model.
Superposition Examples - Three examples to illustrate the use of superposition with controlled sources.
Common-Collector Amplifier Example - A MathCad example.
Common-Base Amplifier Example - A MathCad example.
Cascode Amplifier Example - A MathCad example.
FET Device Equations and Small-Signal Models - Covers the basic equations for the fet currents. Derives
the transfer characteristics and output characteristics. Develops the hybrid-p and T models from the
equations. Develops the source equivalent circuit, the Norton circuit seen looking into the drain, and the
Thvenin circuit seen looking into the source. Both the JFET and MOSFET are covered.
Feedback Amplifier Analysis. These notes are not complete, but they explain how to use flow graphs and
have one and a half examples.
CIRCUITS
Discover Circuits - Transistor Circuits
Transistor Circuits
Transistor Circuits
4QD-ORG file redirect
Example Transistor Circuits
The educational encyclopedia, electronic course material
BJT Transistor Circuits
Transistor Circuits
Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration - Transistor Circuits and
Transistors
Electronics Explained
photo transistor circuit on GlobalSpec
[PDF] Two transistor circuit replaces IC
The basic transistor amplifier Transistor Schematics http://www.sfe-dcs.com/NewStuff/NewFiles.html
- Two transistor amplifier circuit with feedback
- Transistor active high pass filter
- Transistor current limiter for power supplies
TranConf 68Kb Transistor Configurations and how to identify them
TranConf_c 92Kb Some color added to TranConf
TranCkts 95Kb
Can you properly identify these Transistor Circuits and
Functions?
TranProb 42Kb Solve in detail this Transistor Circuit Problem.
Tran2Stge 74Kb Solve this 2-Stage Transistor Circuit Problem
Vintage Transistor Radio Circuit Diagrams - Schematics - Servicing
Layout Design: Basic Transistor Level Schematics
Transistor
Tutorial for LEDs and Transistors
[PDF] Computer-Based Project in VLSI Design Co 3/8
Schematics Help
Discover Circuits - Amplifier Circuits - Audio Schematics
Press Release - Concept Engineering Adds Transistor-Level
T-engine - Transistor-Level Schematic Generator
Furby Schematics
DEVICES
Diodes
Different types of Diodes
The Bipolar Transistor
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The MOSFET
The JFET
The IGBT
Thyristors
Java Applet: The Diode
Java Applet: The BJT
Java Applet: The MOSFET
FABRICATION

TRANSISTOR FABRICATION. A large scale drawing of the entire circuitry for a single micro-chip is produced.
From this, a series of glass photo-masks is made. ...
[PDF] PNP Transistor Fabrication
Molecular Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism - Interactive
[PDF] Bi-Polar Si-Ge
The Chip Collection - TI Transistor Fabrication Display
Inventing New Products/Inventions: "Fabrication of transistors
Proximity effect of electron beam lithography for single-electron
Engineering, Inovation, and Design
Technology Challenges for 100nm and Beyond Transistor and
nMOSFET Fabrication
transistor fabrication - Google Search
[DOC] Ga2O3 Nanowire: FET Fabrication and Electrical Transport Studies
TSMC Qualifies Applied Materials' Gate Stack System for Its
The Chip Collection - Texas Instruments' Pictures ONLY
[PDF] High breakdown voltage AlGaN-GaNHEMTs achieved by multiple field
NRL - Fabrication of a Fast Turn-Off Transistor by Wafer Bonding
Presentations
FET3
Apple - PowerPC G5 - IBM Fabrication Process
Styrenic polymers as gate dielectrics for pentacene field-effect
Recognized HTML document
The Manufacturing Process
Crystal growth
Oxidation of Silicon
Photolithography
Doping Process
Thin Film Deposition
Fabrication of a P-N Junction
Fabrication of MOS Devices
Java Applet to building an FET
Java Applet to buiding an FET and a BJT
Java Applet to building a CMOS transistor pair
TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS
Amplifiers
Linear Amplifier Basics in detail
[PDF] Transistor Amplifiers
Audio Amplifiers
The Transistor Amplifier - Page 1
The common-collector amplifier - Chapter 4: BIPOLAR JUNCTION
[PDF] Differential transistor amplifiers
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Approach Yields Low-Noise Amplifiers
THE TRANSISTOR AS A VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
THE BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER-Cont.
[PDF] Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers
Lab 11 - Transistor Amplifiers
[PDF] Two Stage Transistor Audio Amplifier
Valve Amplifiers
WiMo: VHF Transistor amplifie
BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
Valve sound - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Figure 2: NPN Transistor Amplifie
Amplifiers for DC Servomotors - Tutorial - Development Library
Elsevier.com - Radio Frequency Transistors
[PDF] EE 8395 Microwave Transistor Amplifiers Course Information
DECWARE - Article on Tubes vs. Transistors - Part I
TRANSISTOR PROJECTS YOU CAN BUILD
Electronic Transistor Circuits for the Hobbyist
One transistor FM radio project
903 383-7047 STORMWISE Ferrite Rods Long Ferrite Rods VLF Antenna
Transistors
VK3YE's Australian QRP Home Page: Suggested Projects
300W Audio amplifie
Full Featured Transistor Tester - ESP Projects Page
Tutorial for LEDs and Transistors
Electronics and Electricity Kits
ePanoramas
All Games and Toys.Com - Educational Activities
9 projects with 1 transistor Everyday I receive one or two E-mail
Robot Project FAQ
How to Build a Digital Clock
Educational and fun electronic kits
Transistor Museum Construction Projects Point Contact Germanium
BUILD YOUR OWN BFO METAL DETECTOR
How To Choose The Right Motor
Talking Electronics PIC Theory 5x7 DISPLAY Data Sheets for the
Oatbox Crystal Set Project
[PDF] PageMaker 4.0 - GUIDE.PM4
HandsOnEE Syllabus: 9-20-03
square wave test signal generator
AMZ Projects
Laurier's Handy Dandy Little Circuits: Supply Project.html
Logging Frequency Counter
[PDF] EE321 Project 2: Transistor Simulation
Stereo VU Meter
5-Projects Page 18
Elmer 001 - The Pixie 2 Project (Parts List and Additional Parts
Altair's N4YWK Microwave Radio Projects
LIGHTS OUT CIRCUITRY
[PDF] PageMaker 4.0 - RS.PM4
28-161 '30-in-ONE' Electronic Projects Lab Kit Features
NOGA QRP - Projects
Electronic Circuits for the Hobbyist, by VA3AVR
Testing Transistors
1. In-circuit testing - http://www.geofex.com/fxdebug/trantest.htm
2. Precautions - http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/25h.htm
3. Semiconductor Testing & Curve Tracers http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/semitest.htm
4. Testing diodes and transistors - http://www.elexp.com/t_test.htm
5. Testing transistors 1 - http://wollongong.apana.org.au/~ben/info/testing.html
6. Test with a VOM- http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/trantest.html
7. Testing with DMM or VOM - http://www.anatekcorp.com/qdmmvom.htm
8. Troubleshooting - http://www.reprise.com/host/tektronix/workbench/default.asp
9. Troubleshooting tips - Tektronix - http://www.reprise.com/host/tektronix/workbench/transistor.asp
10. Transistor Tester you can build - http://sound.westhost.com/project31.htm
Transistor Circuit Design - How to understand or design circuits with transistors
Circuit Design Basics: http://analyzethat.net/electrical_engineering.php
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- How to understand or design circuits with transistors.
1. The Transistor Circuit Design - http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_dance26.htm
2. JFET Transistor Circuit Calculations http://www.ele.auckland.ac.nz/archives/design/tools/ampfet.htm
3. Darlington Circuits - http://radon.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hodges/DarlingtonCircuit.pdf
4. All about SPICE http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/classes/icbook/spice/
5. Audio Amplifier Design - http://www.angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/pagefour.html
6. Basic Circuit descriptions - http://www.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/notes/node77.html
7. BJT Bias Circuit Design http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Design/bjtbias.htm
8. Build 1 transistor FM Transmitter - http://www.somerset.net/arm/fm_only_one_transistor_radio.html
9. CIRCUIT DESIGN - See our new CIRCUIT DESIGN page.
10. Coupling circuits - http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Design/coupling.htm
11. Design Ideas - http://www.hagtech.com/ideas.html
12. Design with discrete transistors - http://www.dself.demon.co.uk/discrete.htm
13. BJT Circuits http://www.ele.auckland.ac.nz/info/techos/design/tools/ampfet.htm
14. Negative Feedback - http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Design/lazarnfb.htm
15. Serenade 5 - Free software http://www.courtah.net/
16. Serenade SV - Free software http://www.ansoft.com/about/academics/sersv/index.htm
17. Transistor as a Switch - http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Design/bjtsw.htm
18. Transistor Biasing http://www.amwireless.com/archives/2001/v13n4/v13n4pg30.pdf
19. Transistor Circuit Design http://www.dself.demon.co.uk/discrete.htm
20. Transistor Operation http://www.v-sector.com/~et/theory/transistor_operation.php
21. SPICE transistor citcuit Input Files
http://www.macs.ee.mcgill.ca/~roberts/SPICE/SPICE_Decks/spicedecks_ed1_index.html
22. SPICE Simulation of Transistors http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~jan/spice/spice.transistor.html
23. Transistor h and Y Prameters http://www.gensemi.com/appnotespdf/SmSigAppnote3.pdf
24. Semiconductor Java Applets - GREAT SITE!! http://jas2.eng.buffalo.edu/applets/
25. Various Electronic Calculators for Electronics http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/amateur radio
computer.htm
26. Beige Bag Simulation Software http://www.beigebag.com/
27. eSketch Electronic Simulations Software http://www.schematica.com/

AppCAD Ver 3.0.2 now available !
[PDF] Darlington~s Contributions To Transistor Circuit Design - Circuits
NTSC Television Tutorials
Discover Circuits - Transistor Circuits
[PDF] Microwave Transistor Circuit Design
The circuit design for the current feedback bias type transistor
Example Transistor Circuits
Solid State Circuits Tutorial, Notes, Downloads@OneSmartClick.Com
[PDF] ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 3
TRANSISTOR S - PARAMETERS
[PDF] Working with transistor S-parameters
[PDF] S-Parameter Basics for Modeling Engineers Describing Twoport
MM S-parameter Module
[PDF] Agilent AN 154 S-Parameter Design
Applying S-Parameters To Amplifier Design
[PDF] ECE 202A Lab Assignment #1: Bipolar feedback amplifier design. Due
[PDF] Interconnect Modelling of Coplanar HBT Transistor Arrays
Files
Approach Increases Amplifier Gain
[PDF] CHOOSING A REPLACEMENT TRANSISTOR
[PDF] ADiT with S-parameter modeling as high-frequency design solution
Infineon Technologies AG - Products-~SIEGET45 RF-Bipolar NPN
[PDF] New LDMOS Model Delivers Powerful Transistor Library Part 1
Small Signal FET/HEMT Modelling-CAMFET
[PDF] Nonlinear Modelling of an Almost Constant Transconductance MESFET
[PDF] A novel interpretation of transistor -parameters by poles and
[PDF] ECE202A Problem Set #2: Device Modelling and Simple Broadband
[PDF] Improvements on a MOSFET Model for Non-Linear RF Simulations
[PDF] Limitations of Double Polysilicon Self-Aligned Bipolar Transistor
Fully Integrated CMOS Radios from RF to Millimeter Wave
RFAssistant program description
[PDF] Contents
Advanced Transistor Modeling
[PDF] A General Approach for S-parameter Design of Balanced Oscillator
MATLAB Central File Exchange - Using S-Parameters in MATLAB &
Reflections on Transistor Stability
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[PDF] Exploring RF
Silvaco - Products - S-Pisces
[PDF] A low-cost, two-stage, low noise amplifier for 5 GHz to 6 GHz ...
[PDF] Amplifiers
Dr. Duangrat Eungdamrong
[PDF] EE 458/558 Microwave Circuit Design and Measurements Lab AMPLIFIER
[PDF] Pg 075-082.rev3
[PDF] High-Frequency Transistor Primer Part II
[PDF] A Practical Method of Parameter Extraction for the VBIC Model
[PDF] DESIGN OF CLASS-E RADIO FREQUENCY POWER AMPLIFIER by Saad Al
BFG540; BFG540/X; BFG540/XR; NPN 9GHz wideband transistor
High frequency circuit engineering - The IEE
[PDF] Oscillator Designer CAD of Microwave Oscillators
[PDF] S-Pisces/Device3D
[PDF] AN423: Field Effect Transistor RF Amplifier Design Techniques
[PDF] New LDMOS Model Delivers Powerful Transistor Library Part 2
EECS 397 Home Page
Test & Measurement World - What are S-parameters, anyway? - 2/1
[PDF] Microsoft PowerPoint - PAConference2004_Oct8_update
[PDF] Design of circuits using bipolar devices
[PDF] DATA-BASED LOAD PULL SIMULATION FOR LARGE- SIGNAL TRANSISTOR MODEL
EmicNew
[PDF] ECEN5104, Fall 2003 CAD of Microwave Circuits Zoya Popovic and
[PDF] Chapter 3 Gain Considerations
[PDF] POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN Contents
[PPT] Presentation Guide
[PDF] MILLIMETER-WAVE CMOS DEVICE MODELING AND SIMULATION Chinh H. Doan
Abstract
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY
News results for semiconductor technology - View today's top
stories
Technology shrinks will continue, panelists say - EE Times UK
- 4 hours ago
ITRS roadmap committee wants to drop term 'technology
node' - EE Times Online - 13 hours ago
COMPLETE SEMICONDUCTOR INFRMATION http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/title.htm
Welcome to Semiconductor Technology
Welcome to Semiconductor Technology, Inc
Introduction to Semiconductor Technology
Welcome to MOSCHI
SemiTech
www.ieee.org/journal/tcad
Welcome
Britney Spears guide to Semiconductor Physics: semiconductor
TI Semiconductors: Analog DSP Digital Signal Processing Power
NEW! FREE!! - Engineering Books Online
PCB Board Creation - Design Software!
Eagle PCB Design Software http://www.cadsoft.de/info.htm
Eagle Lite Freeware http://www.cadsoft.de/freeware.htm
Eagle Download http://www.cadsoft.de/cgi-bin/download.pl?
page=/home/cadsoft/html_public/download.htm.en&dir=pub/program/4.1 http://www.cadsoft.de/cgi-
bin/download.pl?page=/home/cadsoft/html_public/download.htm.en&dir=pub/program/4.1
Eagle Getting Started Tutorial http://fab.media.mit.edu/topics/electronics/pcb/
An Eagle Board Example: An Eagle Schematic Example:
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Transistor and semiconductor books for your bookshelf.
#1
El ectroni c Pri nci pl es
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Reviewer: Bonnie Pereida from USA
I feel this (Malvino's Electronic Principles) is the best book on Electronics I have ever read. It is easy to
understand, comes right to the point and makes you feel so at ease with the subject.
I think the book is outstanding because it explains transistors better than any other book I have ever read.
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advanced topics in the absolute clearest possible way.
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TRANSISTOR CALCULATIONS
JFET Transistor Circuit Calculations http://www.ele.auckland.ac.nz/archives/design/tools/ampfet.htm
Transistor Example
[FLASH] Basic Transistor Calculations Basic Transistor Calculations Reset
Electrical Engineering :: Electronics :: Bipolar Junction
ESP - Heatsink design and transistor mounting
Transistor Circuits
Electronics I Experiment 9 Transistor Biasing
Transistor configurations
[PDF] Lab 2 Bipolar Transistors
Designing Bipolar Transistor Audio PreAmplifiers
he Transistor as a Switch
The educational encyclopedia, online calculators about
[PDF] Bipolar Junction Transistors
[PDF] Lab 2 Bipolar Transistors
ELE 343 Electronics II<br>Improved 2N3904 SPICE Model </titl>
[PDF] Physics 225 Lab: Transistors
[PDF] Transistor Curve Tracer
[PDF] Physics 76 Spring 1998 Basic Electronics Purpose
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[PDF] Bilkent University Experiment 4 Simple BJT Amplifier
[PDF] 6.301 Solid State Circuits
Resistor-Transistor Logic
Electrical Engineering :: Electronics :: Bipolar Junction
Electronics I Experiment 9 Transistor Biasing
[PDF] University of Pennsylvania Department of Electrical Engineering EE
Universal Technical Systems
Transistor
.: UCLA Electrical Engineering Department :.
Engineering Works! Texas A&M Engineering
Bio Medical and Instrumentation Engineering
[PDF] The University of Portland School of Engineering EE352 Electronic
[PDF] UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of
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How to Identify Transistors - Next, you need to know how to identify transistor from the numbers printed on them. This is important so you may
determine their electrical characteristics and for replacement to effect repairs to equipment. The information below will help you in understanding
what the numbers and letters printed on transistors mean. JEDEC, JIS, and Pro-Electron are standards committees that try to establish standards for
transistor production. Transistor manufactures sometimes use their own numbering systems for transistors they develop on their own. The links at the
bottom of the page will help in determining the transistor pin-out connections and electrical parameters and specifications.
Transistor Info
Electronics Tips: Reading Transistor Markings
Transistor and Diode Data
The educational encyclopedia, databank, tables, electronic symbols .
Reading Transistor Markings
Semicondictor markings
TRANSISTORS ARE IDENTIFIED
Transistor specifications

Transistors
Lesson plan - Transistors
[PPT] Electronics Section 4.4 Digital Processes
[PDF] Introduction to Transistors
transistor
transistor -> Types of Transistors on Encyclopedia.com 2002
Transistorized! Teachers' Guide Lesson 3
Lab 4 (Transistors)
3. TRANSISTOR STANDARDS -
Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC).
(Ref: The EIA/JEDEC web site)
Digit - Letter - Serial number - [suffix]
The transistors first digit is one less than the number of connections the device has, except for 4N and 5N
which are reserved for optocouplers. The number 2 is most common. The letter is always N. The serial
number runs from 100 to 9999 indicating its development date.
The (optional) suffix indicates the gain (hfe) group of the device:
A = low gain
B = medium gain
C = high gain
No suffix = ungrouped (any gain).
Examples- 2N4401, 2N2222A, 2N104.
2SAXXXX PNP type high frequency
2SBXXXX PNP type low frequency
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2SCXXXX NPN type high frequency
2SDXXXX NPN type low frequency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS).
(Ref: The EIA Japan web site.)
Digit - Two letters - Serial number - [suffix]
The digit is one less than the number of connections, i.e. 2 for most. The letters indicate the application area
according to the following code:
SA: PNP HF transistor
SB: PNP AF transistor
SC: NPN HF transistor
SD: NPN AF transistor
SE: Diodes
SF: Thyristors
SG: Gunn devices
SH: UJT
SJ: P-channel FET/MOSFET
SK: N-channel FET/MOSFET
SM: Triac
SQ: LED
SR: Rectifier
SS: Signal diodes
ST: Avalanche diodes
SV: Varicaps
SZ: Zener diodes
The serial number runs from 10-9999.
Examples- 2SA2222, 2SB719, 2SC583, 2SC435, C 435.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pro-electron.
(Ref: The Pro-Electron web site.)
Two letters, [letter], Serial number, [suffix]
The first letter indicates the material:
A = Ge
B = Si
C = GaAs
R = compound materials.
(Most common type is B.)
The second letter indicates the device application:
A: Diode RF
B: Variac
C: transistor, AF, small signal
D: transistor, AF, power
E: Tunnel diode
F: transistor, HF, small signal
K: Hall effect device
L: Transistor, HF, power
N: Optocoupler
P: Radiation sensitive device
Q: Radiation producing device
R: Thyristor, Low power
T: Thyristor, Power
U: Transistor, power, switching
Y: Rectifier
Z: Zener, or voltage regulator diode
The third letter, if used, is usually a W,X,Y or Z indicates non-commercial use. The serial number runs from
100-9999. The suffix indicates the gain grouping, as for JEDEC.
Examples- BC204A, BAW45, BF299, BFY62.

Transistor Standards
America's Standards Community
[PDF] Introduction to Transistors
21/4/2014 Transistor
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IEEE FORMS WORKING GROUP TO DEVELOP STANDARDS FOR ORGANIC AND
Inside Logic Gates
Video Standards at MonitorWorld.com informational interchange for
STMicroelectronics - Discretes - Power Bipolar Transistors
STMicroelectronics - Discretes - Power Bipolar Transistors
Standard SR-F22 and Standard "Mignon" pocket transistor radios
PlanetAnalog.com - A brief recap of popular logic standards
Philips Semiconductors : Not sure which communications standards are used in which country?
With our global presence and technical expertise across all wireless applications worldwide, we've
compiled an up-to-date and extensive array of detailed information in one easy-to-use chart.
An active participant in Standards Committees, Philips Semiconductors is already building systems
for next generation wireless communications standards such as Bluetooth and 3G mobile phones,
based on our state-of-the-art RF process technologies and advanced platform-based IC design
methodologies. With our global sales and support organization, Philips Semiconductors is your ideal
wireless communications partner, no matter where you are in the world.
Supplies are limited, so order your complimentary copy today; you can also download a PDF of
the map.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Manufacturers
http://ee.cleversoul.com/hotsheet.html
Actel
AMD
AdvancedPower
Allegro
Alliance
Altera
AnalogDevices
Apex
Atmel
Benchmarq
Burr-Brown
Catalyst
CentralSemi
Cirrus Logic
CP Clare
CrimsonSemi
CypressSemi
Dallas
Diodes Inc.
Elantec
EpicSemi
Epson
ESS Technology
Exar
Fairchild
Fujitsu
GeneralSemi
Hitachi
Hynix (Hyundai)
ICT
IDT
IMP
Impala Linear
Infineon
Intel
Intl. Rectifier
Intersil
ISD
ISSI
IXYS
Lattice
Linear Systems
LinearTech
LSI Logic
Maxim
Micrel
Microchip
MicroLinear
Micron
Microsemi
Mitsubishi
Mosel Vitelic
Motorola
MX-Com
National
NEC
NexFlash
NJR
NTE
OKI
On Semiconductor
Panasonic
Philips
Power Integrations
Powerex
PowerTech
Ramtron
Samsung
Sanyo
Seiko
Semicoa
SemTech
Sharp
Siliconix
Simtek
Sipex
Sony
STMicro
Supertex
Surge
TDK
Teccor
TelCom
Telefunken
Texas Instruments
Toko
Toshiba
Unitrode
Vishay
Waferscale
Xicor
Xilinx
Zetex
Zilog
Longer list http://ee.cleversoul.com/hotsheet_ics.html
(Ref: Motorola web site.)
(Ref: RCA web site.)
(Ref: Texas Instruments web site.)
Manufactures use their own type indictors as prefixes grouped as follows. There are complete lines of
replacement transistors such as Philips ECG (Cross Reference Search) , and NTE FREE Online, (or, NTE
Downloadable software) with their own unique numbering systems. (Note: NTE downloaded software requires
a registration form to be completed but the software is free.
MJ: Motorola power, metal case
MJE: Motorola power, plastic case
MPS: Motorola low power, plastic case
MRF: Motorola HF, VHF and microwave transistor
RCA: RCA
RCS: RCS
TIP: Texas Instruments power transistor (plastic case)
TIPL: TI planar power transistor
TIS: TI small signal transistor (plastic case)
Examples- ZTX202, TIP324, MJE34055, TIS20.
Also see http://www.eeca.org/eeca.htm Europe
5. TRANSISTOR DATASHEET LINKS: (Including pin-outs)
1. http://dragon.herts.ac.uk/facilities/stores/datasheets/transistors/
2. http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/
3. http://www-us6.semiconductors.com/pip/IRFZ24N
21/4/2014 Transistor
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4. http://atlas.ucpel.tche.br/~rafaelte/trosites.html
5.
1.
1. http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/amateur radio computer.htm
2. http://www.microelectr.com.hk/datasheet-list/Transistor/
Abridged Transistor Specifications - data of many common transistors
ESP-SEMI - a small program to find transistor data, over 1400 transistor types listed, includes also text file
format of the specifications
Power Innovations Product Portfolio - power components with BD, BU, BUL, R, TIC, TIP, TIPL, TISP, Y and
EL prefixes
SGS-Thomson Microelectronics Datasheets - very large collection of discrete component datasheets
Transistor Cross Reference Database - This database currently has over 40,000 transistors in it which can
be cross-referenced to other parts.
Transistor Datasheets -
PINOUTS
Bill's Hobby Circuit Library
Transistor Pinouts
THE TRANSISTOR
ePanorama
DESIGNERCOUNCIL Archives - July 2001
IC Pinouts
Action Pinball & Amusement - Williams Display Power Transistor
Common Component Pin-Outs
tonepad -- file information
Spies Wiretap Archives @ MikesArcade.com
Transistor Cross Reference Database
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/parts/cross.html
New Database Listings - very complete for semiconductors
http://www.bgs.nu/sdw/a.html
Transistor Database http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/transist.txt
Datasheet Locator http://www.datasheetlocator.com/
Data Sheets http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/data_sheets_page.htm
You can find more transistor data sheets to download HERE. http://www.microelectr.com.hk/DATASheet/TRANSISTOR
(NOTE: These are picture .tif files and they may not print out directly. If that is the case for you paste the URL into a paint image
program that can handle TIF files and print them from there.
Transistor Specifications http://www.sound.au.com/trans.htm
Transistor Cross Reference Database
Transistor Cross Reference Database. This database
currently has over 40,000 transistors in it ...
Description: Based on Pacific Semiconductor's 40,000 transistors database.
NTE Transistor Cross Reference: Click HERE
NTE Electronics Cross Reference Search
NTE Cross Reference
NTE Capacitors
NTE Resistor
NTE Price Search
NTE Master Price List
NTE Data Sheet
NTE LED Flashlights
ECG (and SK) Transistor Cross Reference
ECG Cross Reference
ECG Price Search
SK Cross Reference
ECG, SK, and NTE Type Semiconductor Components
AnaLog on ECG, NTE, SK Replacement Semiconductors
Electronics Repair Tips Information & Electronics Cross Reference
MITA Parts Support
21/4/2014 Transistor
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Component Cross Reference
Moyer Electronic Supply
ecg sk cross reference - Google Search
Datasheet
MicroE Seach Page
Datasheets Search
Techische gegevens van componenten
Transistor Datasheets
ElectroKits: transistor datasheets - transistor datasheets
ePanorama
Sam Electronic Circuits - Datasheets
Electronic Components Datasheets Page936
Electronic Components Datasheets Page937
Substituting transistors
Guide to how to substitute a transistor http://www1.jaycar.com.au/images_uploaded/transubs.pdf
Transistor Equivalents for the substitution of modern transistors ...
Small program to aide transistor substitution (very small database but you can add your own)
http://www.elektroda.net/download/file842.html
http://hometown.aol.co.uk/oldradioparts/semiconductors.htm
Replacing Transistors Tips http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/component_replacements.html
Cross Reference: Transistor Cross Reference Database
NTE Electronics Cross Reference Search
SK Cross Reference
Fairchild Semiconductor - Parametric Search
Electronics Repair Tips Information & Electronics Cross Reference
Tektronix Semiconductor Cross Reference Page
Transistor
The educational encyclopedia, datasheets, component search
Component Cross Reference
Sci.electronics.repair FAQ: SMD Transistors/Diode cross-ref
transistor cross reference - Google Search
transistor cross reference - PartMiner Component Guide
Electronic component- search, data sheets, cross reference, catalogs
Parts cross reference / Electronics-lab.com directory
HP / Agilent Electronic Test Equipment Parts and Service Information
RCA CED Player Diode and Transistor Reference Guide
Ampex Goodies
MITA Parts Suppor
The Defpom FET Transistor Cross Reference Page
cross reference semiconductor on GlobalSpec
Tektronix P/N to Generic Transistor Type Cross Reference
transistor cross reference - Google Search
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES (Integrated Publishing: http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/)
SEMICONDUCTOR
-DIODE Lets not forget our lowly diode semiconductor. This is a simple PN junction but there are a number of
21/4/2014 Transistor
http://101science.com/transistor.htm 18/23
special use diodes out there. Interested in finding out more about diodes? Then try this link.
http://www.avtechpulse.com/faq.html/


Semiconductor applications
Semiconductor theory
Energy bands
Covalent bonding
Doping process
Semiconductor diode
PN Junction operation
Junction Barrier
PN Junction application
Diode characteristics
Diode identification
Diode maintenance
Summary
Answers
Light Emitting Diodes -


LED Basics
Current Limiting Resistor Calculator
LED Information and Data
Light-emitting diodes - Chapter 3: DIODES AND RECTIFIERS - Volume
TechIMO Forums - LED resistor questions
LEDs 101
Don's LED FAQ
LED Headlamp
Pinball News - First and Free
AccurateLighting.com - HO Scale - Electrical Components - Bulbs/LEDs
Engineering Reference Information
wiring of LED's
LED Circuits
40 LED Bicycle Light (555 Timer - 6 volt)
28 LED Clock
72 LED Clock
PIC Digital Clock Timer
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Clock
Digital LED Clock and Timer
Astable Multivibrator
Expandable 16 Stage LED Sequencer
16 Stage Bi-Directional LED Sequencer
10 Stage LED Sequencer
9 Second LED Relay Timer
9 Second Digital Readout Timer
Two Transistor LED Flasher
1.5 Volt LED Flashers
LED Photo Sensor Circuit
Fading Red Eyes
12 Volt Lamp Fader (LEDs or incandescent)
LED Battery Condition Indicator
8 Stage LED VU Meter
Battery Equal Charge Indicator
IR Remote Control Tester
AC Line Powered LEDs
LED Traffic Lights
TRANSISTORS


21/4/2014 Transistor
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Transistor theory
PNP Transistor Operation
The basic transistor amplifier
Types of bias
Amplifier classes of operation
Transistor configurations
Transistor specifications
Precautions
Microelectronics
Summary
Answers
SPECIAL DEVICES


The tunnel diode
Tunnel diode energy diagram
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
SCR Structure
TRIAC
Optoelectronic Devices
Photodiode
Transistors
Field Effect Transistors
JFET symbols and bias voltages
Effects of bias on N-channel depletion MOSFET
Summary
Answers
SOLID STATE POWER SUPPLIES


The power transformer
The conventional full-wave rectifier
The bridge rectifier
Filters
The capacitor filter
LC Choke-Input Filter
Ac component in an LC choke-input filter.
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters
Failure analysis of the resistor-capacitor (RC) filter
Voltage regulation
Series voltage regulator
Current regulators
Voltage multipliers
Short Circuit Protection
Summary
Answers
BATTERIES FOR OLD TRANSISTOR RADIOS
Old Transistor Radio Batteries
The adventures of Monty's old radio
Antique Radio Page: Transistor Radios - Novelty
THE TRANSISTOR RADIO DIRECTORY
Radio Links
Transistor radio
old radios antique radios vintage radios
motorola old radio
Saving Old Military Batteries
Simple Home-Built Radio Projects
Battery Types
Cross Reference
DCarbon Zinc
Discontinued Batteries
21/4/2014 Transistor
http://101science.com/transistor.htm 20/23
SMD MARKINGS - Codes
THE SMD CODEBOOK SMD Codes. SMD devices are, by their very nature, too small to carry ...... SMD
ceramic capacitors are sometimes marked with a code, consisting of one or ...
tkb-4u.com
Robs Electronics Web Site: SMD marking codes
http://www.angelfire.com/electronic2/rch/smt.html SMD Marking Codes opps...
Robs Electronics Web Site: SMD marking codes
http://www.angelfire.com/electronic2/rch/smt0.html - 15k - Similar pages
The SMD Code Book
SMD marking codes catalog - Hardware Secrets Forums
SMD Marking Code_3s
Marking Code Smd On GlobalSpec
marking code...
http://www.smtnet.com/index.htm?fuseaction=search_submit&sea... - 39k - Similar pages
Old Transistor Radios
Transistor Radio Directory (Aldo Andreani) http://www.geocities.com/aldoandr/transistor.html
(Wonderful resource for information on the transistor.)
Transistor NOVELTY RADIOS for sale {and WANTED}
Novelty Radios FOR SALE {11-09-00} UPDATED!! To talk
to me LIVE if I am online use "YAHOO". ...
Description: novelty transistor radios for sale.
http://www.justradios.com/valve.html
Vintage Transistor schematics/diagrams
Welcome to oldradios.com
OLD TRANSISTOR RADIOS
Sarah's Transistor Radios
Old Transistor Radio Batteries
Vintage Transistor Radio Circuit Diagrams - Schematics - Servicing
Radiophile.com - Antique Radios
Russian old vacuum tube portable transistor radios
Text Index of Phil's Old Radios
The Original Old Time Radio (OTR) WWW Pages. Old-Time Radio at its
Russian old transistor radios
Semiconductors
COMPLETE SEMICONDUCTOR INFRMATION http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/title.htm
News results for semiconductor technology - View today's top
stories
Technology shrinks will continue, panelists say - EE Times UK
- 4 hours ago
ITRS roadmap committee wants to drop term 'technology
node' - EE Times Online - 13 hours ago
Welcome to Semiconductor Technology
Welcome to Semiconductor Technology, Inc
Introduction to Semiconductor Technology
Welcome to MOSCHI
SemiTech
www.ieee.org/journal/tcad
Welcome
Britney Spears guide to Semiconductor Physics: semiconductor
TI Semiconductors: Analog DSP Digital Signal Processing Power
Semiconductors
www.digikey.com Search Our Huge Selection of Quality Electronic Components Today
Semiconductors
www.Toshiba.com/Power Thinner, Faster, and more reliable Create winning designs with Toshiba
Philips Semiconductors
National Semiconductor, The Power of Analog
Semiconductors
Fairchild Semiconductor - Global Leader in Power Optimization
Cypress Home
21/4/2014 Transistor
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TI Semiconductors: Analog DSP Digital Signal Processing Power
Zetex Semiconductors .:. Home Page
Britney Spears guide to Semiconductor Physics: semiconductor
Maxim Analog, Mixed-Signal, RF, Wireless, Powerline, Fiber, Power
Semiconductors: Electronic Components and Transistors for Power
Integrated Circuits http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_ic.htm
Integrated Circuits (Chips)
4000 series logic ICs (pin connections etc)
74 series logic ICs (pin connections etc)
WWW LINKS
Links to University and Industry Laboratories
Links to Semiconductor Companies
MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy)
Nanotechnology and Semiconductors
Organic Semiconductors-Transistors
Solar Cells
Vacuum Technology
whatis?com
TRANSISTORS... transistor - semiconductor - amplifier - bipolar transistor - field-effect transistor - capacitor -
inductor
Learning Path: Electronics
AM Receiver Basics http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/receiver-basics.htm
FM Receiver Basics http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/fm-radio-receivers.htm
Transistor - Webopedia Definition and Links
Transistor radio
GalaxyM31.com
The M31 Galaxy of Transistor Radios is a... USA TODAY AWARD
and a and one of Yahoo!'s "Picks of the Week". ...
Transistor 6
Here is a mechanical bug at the Park Street Bridge between Alameda and Oakland, CA. Designed and painted
by Schmoe with a little help from Estria. ---
Encyclopedia.com - Results for transistor
Electric Library's Free Encyclopedia transistor electronic device used as a voltage and current AMPLIFIER,
consisting of SEMICONDUCTOR materials that share ...
How does a transistor radio work?
Transistors and amplification introductory
Basic information. http://landau1.phys.virginia.edu/classes/241L/transist/transold.htm
NEWS Flash!! -Click HERE for the latest breaking Semiconductor Industry News.
Transistor Acronyms
A simple Microphone Amplifier Circuit
Transistor Radio Batteries
Nano - Transistor - the latest!
Semiconductor Java Applets *****
The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits
- Textbook for HP Articles. This book is rated Five Stars by Amazon readers - excellent book!
ELECTRONICS LINKS - very good -
http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/electronics/electronicaopening.htm
SCIENCE LINKS - very good http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/education/educationopening.htm
COMPUTER LINKS - very good - http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/computer/computeropening.htm
RESOURCES LINKS - very good - http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/resources/resourceopening.htm
GENERAL LINKS - very good - http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/general/generalopening.htm
21/4/2014 Transistor
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NEW!!! Search for EVERYTHING you need at GlobalSpec.com Design, Manufacturing, Electronics,
Mechanical, everything! Don't pass this up. You will have to register but it is free. Your gateway to
thousands of companies offering everything you need in your work.
This specialized search engine focuses exclusively on engineering and technical information. GlobalSpec provides "engineering context and
relevancy"and access to the Hidden Web. Plus much, much more! and access to the Hidden Web. Plus much, much more!
A WONDERFUL PHYSICS SITE: Hyper Physics http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
ELECTRONICS PAGE: DON'T MISS OUR ELECTRONICS PAGE.
AMATEUR RADIO PAGE: DON'T MISS OUR HAM RADIO PAGE.
CSG - Computer Support Group
TRANSISTOR SIMULATOR AND CALCULATOR
New From: http://www.csgnetwork.com/transistorcalc.html
This calculator requires the use of Javascript enabled and capable browsers. Our
calculator determines the math of transistors, based on data entered. Our default
conditions are calculated on loading of the calculator but can be changed and
recalculated. Data entry is on the left, a representative schematic is in the middle
and results are on the right two areas. You can pass your mouse (or click on it) over
the blue underlined text in the calculator to obtain more information about that area.
Ads by DealExpress. More Inf o | Hide These Ads
Inputs
Voltages
V
CC
10

V
b
1
+ -
V
EE
0
Component Values
Polarity NPN
Beta 50
R
1
1000 Ohms
R
2
100 Ohms
Calculated Results
Voltages
V
c
VALUE

V
e
VALUE
Power
P VALUE
Currents
I
c
VALUE
I
b
VALUE
I
e
VALUE
Conditions
Saturation
Cutoff
Recalculate Clear Values
Pass mouse over any blue text area to see an explanation of
the term or idea.
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Version 1.4.1
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