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Set No. 1

Code No: 3220103

II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May 2009

HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) What is critical ow? Derive the condition for maximum discharge for a given
value of specic energy.
(b) The specic energy for a 6 m wide rectangular channel is to be 5 kg-m/kg.
If the rate of ow of water through the channel is 24 m3 /s. Determine the
alternate depths of ow.
[8+8]
2. Water ows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular
cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical ow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the ow prole. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coecient n = 0.02 for the channel surface.
[16]
3. Prove that the resistance F of a sphere of diameter d moving at a constant speed
through a uid of density and dynamic viscosity may be expressed as F =
2
[16]
vd .

4. (a) Dene the term: impact of jets. Obtain an expression for the force exerted by
a jet of water on a xed vertical plate in the direction of the jet.
(b) Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 100mm on a stationary
at plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with a velocity of 30m/sec.
[8+8]
5. A Francis turbine having an overall eciency of 75% is required to give 200kw
under a head of 9m when running at 120 rpm.
The velocity periphery of the
of
wheel and the velocity of ow at inlet are 3.47 H and 1.15 H respectively. If
the hydraulic losses in the turbine are 20% of the available energy, nd
(a) Guide blade angle at inlet
(b) Wheel vane angles at the inlet and out let and
(c) diameter of the wheel at inlet and outlet.

[16]

6. (a) A model turbine 1m in diameter acting under a head of 2m runs at 150 rpm.
Estimate the scale ratio if the prototype develops 20 KW under a head of 225
m with a specic speed of 100.
(b) What are the physical indicators for the presence of cavitation in turbines?
[10+6]

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Set No. 1

Code No: 3220103

7. (a) What is meant by priming of a centrifugal pump? What are the dierent
priming arrangements employed for small and big pumping units?
(b) A centrifugal pump works against a head of 30 m and discharges 0.25 m3 /s
while running at 1000 rpm. The velocity of ow at the outlet is 3 m/s and the
vane angle at outlet is 300 . Determine the diameter and width of impeller at
outlet if the hydraulic eciency is 80 per cent.
[8+8]
8. The load on a hydel plant varies from a minimum of 10,000kW to a maximum of
35,000kW. Two turbo-generators of capacities 22,000kW each have been installed.
Calculate
(a) Total installed capacity of the plant
(b) Plant factor
(c) Maximum demand
(d) Load factor.

[16]

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Set No. 2

Code No: 3220103

II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May 2009

HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Derive the condition for the best side slope of the most economical trapezoidal
channel.
(b) Design a concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 500 cumecs at a slope of
1 in 4000. The side slopes of the channel may be taken as 1:1. The Mannings
roughness coecient for the lining is 0.014. Assume permissible velocity in
the section as 2.5 m/s
[8+8]
2. (a) Explain the criterion for critical state of ow. Derive the expression?.
(b) In a ow through a rectangular channel for a certain discharge the Froude
numbers corresponding to the alternate depths are F1 and F2 . Show that
2/3
(2+F 2 )
F1
[8+8]
= (2+F2 ) .
2
F2
1

3. Assuming that the viscous force F exerted by a uid on a sphere of diameter D

depends on the viscosity , mass density of the uid , and the velocity of the
sphere , obtain and expression for the viscous force.
[16]
4. A jet of water having a velocity of 40m/sec strikes a curved vane, which is moving
with a velocity of 20m/sec. The jet makes an angle of 300 with the direction of
motion of the vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 900 to the direction of motion
of the vane at outlet. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet and determine
the vane angles at inlet and outlet so that the water enters and leaves the vane
without shock.
[16]
5. (a) Draw a neat diagram of a reaction turbine and explain its working. State the
equations for power produced and eciency.
(b) Explain any two types of draft tubes with neat diagrams.

[8+8]

6. (a) A hydraulic turbine develops 120 KW under a head of 10 m at a speed of

90 rpm and gives an eciency of 92%. Find the water consumption and the
specic speed. If a model of scale 1: 30 is constructed to operate under a head
of 8m what must be its speed, power and water consumption to run under the
conditions similar to prototype.
(b) What are the constant head characteristic curves of a turbine? What is the
use to develop them?
[10+6]
7. (a) Dene a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal
pump.
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Set No. 2

Code No: 3220103

(b) The water is to be pumped out of a deep well under a total head of 90m. A
number of identical pumps of design speed 1000 rpm and specic speed 900
rpm with a rated capacity of 150 lps are available. How many pumps will be
required and how should they be connected ?
[8+8]
8. Explain in detail about high head diversion power plants along with its components?
[16]

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Set No. 3

Code No: 3220103

II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May 2009

HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) What do you mean by most economical section of a channel. What are the
conditions for the rectangular channel of the best section?
(b) Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal earth-lined channel (Manning-s n = 0.02) to carry 14 m3 /s at a slope of 4 in 10,000.
[8+8]
2. Water ows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular
cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical ow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the ow prole. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coecient n = 0.02 for the channel surface.
[16]
3. The resisting torque T against the motion of a shaft in a lubricated bearing depends
on the viscosity , the rotational speed N the diameter D and the bearing pressure
p
intensity p. Show that T = N D3 N .
[16]
4. A jet of water having a velocity of 60m/sec is deected by a vane moving at 25m/sec
in a direction at 300 to the direction of jet. The water leaves the vane normally to
the motion of the vane. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and nd out
the vane angles for no shock at entry and exit. Take the relative velocity at the
exit as 0.8 times the relative velocity at the entrance.
[16]
5. A Pelton wheel working under a head of 500m has an overall eciency of 85% and
runs at 400 rpm, and developes 7000 kw of power. Taking the bucket speed as 0.47
times the jet speed and assuming Cv = 0.97, nd
(a) The wheel diameter and
(b) The jet diameter.

[16]

6. (a) Where is servo meter used in governing mechanism of turbines? Explain its
use?
(b) A Kaplan turbine is to develop 2400 KW when running at 240 rpm under a
net head of 49m. In order to predict its performance a model of scale 1:5 is
tested under a net head of 25m. At what speed should the model run and
what power would it develop. Determine the discharge in the model and in
full scale turbine if the overall eciency of the model is 85%.
[8+8]
7. (a) What is meant by priming of a centrifugal pump? What are the dierent
priming arrangements employed for small and big pumping units?
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Set No. 3

Code No: 3220103

(b) A centrifugal pump works against a head of 30 m and discharges 0.25 m3 /s

while running at 1000 rpm. The velocity of ow at the outlet is 3 m/s and the
vane angle at outlet is 300 . Determine the diameter and width of impeller at
outlet if the hydraulic eciency is 80 per cent.
[8+8]
8. When a run-of-river plant operates as a peak load station with a weekly load factor
of 20%, all its capacity is rm capacity. What will be the minimum ow in the
river so that the station may serve as the base load station?. It is given that Rated
installed capacity of generator = 10,000kW
Operating head = 15m
Plant eciency = 80%
Estimate the daily load factor of the plant, if the stream ow is 15cumec.
[16]

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Set No. 4

Code No: 3220103

II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May 2009

HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Derive the condition for depth of ow of a most economical circular channel
section subject to the condition for maximum velocity.
(b) Water ows in a channel of the shape of isosceles triangle of bed width aand
sides making an. angle of 450 with the bed. Determine the relation between
depth of ow d., and the bed width a for maximum velocity and for maximum
discharge condition. Use Mannings formula and note that d is less than 0.5
a.
[8+8]
2. (a) Dene specic force in open channel applying momentum principle, obtain an
expression for specic force.
(b) A trapezoidal channel of bed width 6m and side slopes 1:1, carries a uniform
ow of 25m3 /s.
i. Plot a specic energy curve and nd the value of critical depth and minimum specic energy.
ii. Calculate the alternate depths and their corresponding Froudes number
for a specic energy of 2.5m
iii. Determine the depth alternate to 1.5m
iv. Determine the type of ow for y=0.5m and y=2.5m.
[8+8]
3. The resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body is given by R =
v 2 2 v .where and g are the density and the kinematic viscosity of the uid

while l is the length of the body and v is the velocity of ow. If the resistance to
the motion of a one-eight scale air ship model when tested in water at 12 metres
per second is 22 kg, what will be the resistance to the motion in air of the airship
at the corresponding speed? Kinematic viscosity of air is 13 times that of water
and density of water is 810 times that of air.
[16]
4. A jet of water moving at 12m/sec impinges on vane shaped to deect the jet through
1200 when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5m/sec, nd the angle of the jet so
that there is no shock at inlet. What is the absolute velocity of the jet at exit in
magnitude and direction and the work done per second? Assume that the vane is
smooth.
[16]
5. Obtain an expression to the work done per second by water on the runner of a
Pelton wheel. Hence derive an expression for maximum eciency of the Pelton
wheel giving the relationship between the jet speed and the bucket speed.
[16]

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Set No. 4

Code No: 3220103

6. (a) A hydraulic turbine develops 120 KW under a head of 10 m at a speed of

90 rpm and gives an eciency of 92%. Find the water consumption and the
specic speed. If a model of scale 1: 30 is constructed to operate under a head
of 8m what must be its speed, power and water consumption to run under the
conditions similar to prototype.
(b) What are the constant head characteristic curves of a turbine? What is the
use to develop them?
[10+6]
7. (a) How will you obtain an expression for the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump.
(b) A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter runs at 200 rpm and pumps 880 litres
per second, the average lift being 6m. The angle which the vanes make at
exit with the tangent to the impeller is 260 and the radial velocity of ow is
2.5 m/s. Determine the manometric eciency and the least speed to start
pumping against a head of 6m, the inner diameter of the impeller being 0.6
m.
[8+8]
8. The load on a hydel plant varies from a minimum of 10,000kW to a maximum of
35,000kW. Two turbo-generators of capacities 22,000kW each have been installed.
Calculate
(a) Total installed capacity of the plant
(b) Plant factor
(c) Maximum demand
(d) Load factor.

[16]

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