11

New Energy Security Realities for Japan and the United States
Report of the Fourth Annual Japan-U.S.
Joint Public Policy Forum
October 31, 2012
Going
Beyond
Nuclear
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THE SASAKAWA PEACE FOUNDATION
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dowment from The Nippon Foundation and the Japanese motorboat
racing industry, The Sasakawa Peace Foundations goal is to foster
international understanding, exchange, and cooperation. The Foun-
dation encourages surveys and research, develops human resources,
invites and dispatches personnel, organizes international confer-
ences, and other forums for discussion in cooperation with grantee
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ABOUT THE WILSON CENTER AND THE ASIA PROGRAM ABOUT THE WILSON CENTER AND THE ASIA PROGRAM
The Wilson Center is the offcial memorial to the 28th president of the United States. More than just a collection of
marble pillars and famous quotes, the Center is a living memorial, a gathering place for some of the best and bright-
est scholars and experts from around the world. Their work is the centerpiece of the centers activity and informs the
nations public policy debates with nonpartisan and relevant research and information.
At the Wilson Center, preeminent scholars and experts research topics of national and international relevance. In the
spirit of President Wilson, the center builds a bridge between the worlds of academia and public policy, to inform and
develop solutions to the nations problems and challenges. Democracy is built on the notion of an informed and active
citizenry.
The Wilson Centers Asia Program provides a forum in the nations capital for enhancing deeper understanding of, and
policy debate about, Asia. It seeks to furnish an intellectual link between the world of ideas and the world of policy on
issues relating to Asia and U.S. interests in Asia. The Program organizes dozens of conferences and other meetings
and produces several major publications every year, each featuring the work of Asia specialists ranging from distin-
guished scholars and prominent policymakers to journalists, entrepreneurs, and grassroots activists.
For more information, contact the Asia Program at asia@wilsoncenter.org.
Jane Harman, Director, President, and CEO Jane Harman, Director, President, and CEO
Board of Trustees Board of Trustees
Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chairman of the Board
Sander R. Gerber, Vice Chairman
Public Members: Public Members:
James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; John Kerry, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; G. Wayne Clough,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Arne Duncan, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; David Ferriero, Archi-
vist of the United States; James Leach, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities; Kathleen Sebelius,
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Family Foundation, Susan Hutchison, Frank F. Islam, Willem Kooyker, Linda B. & Tobia G. Mercuro, Dr. Alexander V.
Mirtchev, Wayne Rogers, Leo Zickler
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The Fukushima nuclear meltdown has forced Japan to reconsider its energy policy, and as
the country continues to grapple with the aftermath of the crisis triggered by the March 2011
earthquake, public opinion remains deeply divided about the countrys future energy policy
including nuclear power. The United States, too, is facing its own challenges, as a bonanza
in natural gas within its borders in recent years is redefning the meaning of energy indepen-
dence. How both countries are looking beyond petroleum to meet their respective energy
needs, and prospects for alternative energy sources including nuclear power, were the topics
of discussion at the latest Japan-U.S. Joint Public Policy Forum, held in Tokyo on October 31.
About 150 energy experts and policymakers from both the United States and Japan took
part in the day-long conference entitled The Future of Energy: Choices for Japan and the
United States, which was the fourth annual conference held jointly by the Sasakawa Peace
Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. While the starting
point of the conference was the consequences of the nuclear fallout as a result of the earth-
quake and tsunami that devastated Japan in March 2011, discussions ranged far beyond
Japans nuclear prospects, as conference participants agreed that Japans energy future
could not be seriously discussed without continual reference to the global political as well as
economic landscape.
A ShiFTiNg PArAdigM For ENErgy SEcuriTy A ShiFTiNg PArAdigM For ENErgy SEcuriTy
Strategizing Japans energy policy based solely on the Fukushima disaster would be a folly,
cautioned former International Energy Agency executive director Nobuo Tanaka. In his
keynote speech, Tanaka argued that the bulk of new energy needs worldwide comes from
Asia, as U.S. demand for oil imports is likely to decrease as its ability to produce natural gas
within its own borders rises due to technological advances, while Europe turns increasingly
to Russia to supply its energy needs. That would make Asia the only region in the world still
heavily dependent on Middle East oil imports, and render Japan particularly vulnerable to any
decreased U.S. military commitment to the Middle East as Washington looks less and less to
the region to supply its energy needs, Tanaka said. As a result, Japan will need to retain its
nuclear energy capabilities in order to ensure that its requirements are met regardless of any
changes in U.S. military as well as energy policy.
According to the International Energy Agency, the surge in U.S. shale gas
supply in particular will make the United States increasingly less dependent
on fossil fuels. Petroleum demand in Asia including China and India, on the
other hand, will continue to rise rapidly as populations grow and industrial
bases expand. The broader trend among industrialized nations, however, is
that of decline for oil imports as natural gas and other energy sources replace
petroleum.
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OIL SUPPLY SECURITY IS THE ISSUE FOR
ASIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY
According to the International Energy Agency, the surge in U.S. shale gas supply in particular
will make the United States increasingly less dependent on fossil fuels. Petroleum demand in
Asia including China and India, on the other hand, will continue to rise rapidly as populations
grow and industrial bases expand. The broader trend among industrialized nations, however,
is that of decline for oil imports as natural gas and other energy sources replace petroleum.
Given the prospect of decreasing crude dependence outside of Asia, Japan needs to re-
evaluate the role nuclear power can play in meeting the countrys needs in a realistic manner,
Tanaka said, adding that dismissing the future potential of nuclear energy would be destruc-
tive to Japans growth prospects. After all, an independent panel deemed that the Fukushima
accident was a result of human error, and it is the governments duty to understand fully
what had gone wrong, and what steps can be taken in the future to stop such accidents
from happening, rather than terminating nuclear power programs altogether, Tanaka argued.
He also stressed the need for Japan to be more energy independent as part of its security
strategy, especially given that there is yet no collective energy security amongst East Asian
nations, such as between Japan and South Korea, unlike in Europe.
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ELECTRIC GENERATION BY REGION
John Bryson, John Bryson, former U.S. Commerce Secretary and currently a Wilson Center distin-
guished scholar, who delivered the conferences other keynote address, stressed the need
for ensuring public safety to be paramount for nuclear operators, adding that safety must
take precedence over profts. Regarding the establishment of Japans Nuclear Regulatory
Authority in September 2012 in direct response to the Fukushima disaster, Bryson argued
that an independent regulatory agency to oversee plant safety was critical, given that some
activitiesare simply too important to be left solely to the private sector, and that the
regulators muast have strong technical competence to match their power. Moreover, he said
that given Japans limited natural resources, it is imperative for the government to continue
investing in the development of superior clean technology that could be emulated world-
wide. Japan and the United States must continue to work closely together to ensure global
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safety standards and develop emergency plans, especially as Japan continues to be a global
leader in developing energy effciency and conservation technologies, Bryson said. To the
extent that any countrys electric power needs can be met in the future at lower total costs
as a result of its commitment to the energy effciencies that have been put in place here in
Japan over the past 19 months, the total number of new power plants will be reduced. That,
in turn, can mean our global economy can go forth with the potential for more widespread
prosperity, including for the poorest people and nations, in the decades ahead. That is a
worthy goal, he added.
ThE PoliTicAl EcoNoMy oF NuclEAr ENErgy ThE PoliTicAl EcoNoMy oF NuclEAr ENErgy
Even if it does continue to invest in developing alternative energy sources, Japan still must
rely on nuclear power to meet its near-term industrial needs. Both Japanese and U.S. panel-
ists agreed that in order to ensure a steady supply of energy from its nuclear power plants in
the future, restoring public confdence in nuclear safety is critical, with many adding that the
government has not yet done enough to win back the trust of those impacted by the radio-
active fall-out. At the same time, panelists from both countries agreed that Japans abandon-
ment of its nuclear energy program would invariably lead to a loss in its position as a nuclear
technology leader, which in turn would cause it to slip in the global hierarchy.
Still, the Fukushima disaster has had no direct impact on the prospects of the nuclear energy
sector in the United States to date, partly because nuclear investments have plunged in the
country since the Three Mile Island disaster of 1979. panelist broadly agreed that disinterest
in revitalizing the U.S. nuclear energy sector is driven more by economics than any other sin-
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gle consideration, including worries about safety, according to several participants.
With ever-lower natural gas prices on the one hand, and opposition to dealing with
nuclear waste from policymakers, environmentalists, and the general public on
the other, nuclear operators themselves have been shying away from building new
reactors as the allure of investing in costly energy projects has fallen steadily. There
is also the expense of dealing with nuclear waste, as well as the cost of revamping
older plants that require heavy reinvestment. Already, three of the 104 operating
plants in the United States are expected to shut down as costs of keeping the
ageing plants continue to rise.
Indeed, both the capital and operating costs of power plants is rising, with the
cost of running the most expensive U.S. reactors averaging about 6 cents per
kilowatt hour from 2009 to 2011. That represents a 13 percent increase per year
in cost since 2007. One recent victim of the steadily rising cost of remaining in
operation was the Kewaunee plant in Wisconsin, which was shut down in October
2012 as the cost of keeping it running became more expensive. Granted, power
plants continue to face mounting opposition from environmentalists and other
interest groups, and to be sure, backlash against nuclear power gained momen-
tum in the United States following the Fukushima disaster. Yet unlike in Germany,
where Japans experience has had a direct impact in fzzling out German nuclear
development, it is economic, and not political, considerations in the United States
that are keeping demand for new plants at by.
In 2002, for instance, industry analysts expected a revivial in nuclear plants to
reach about 30 new units, but it fell to fve units in 2009, and is expected to fall
further given the continued decline in U.S. natural gas prices. Worldwide, too, the
International Energy Agency has cut back growth projections in installed nuclear
power capacity worldwide by 10 percent, to 580 gigawatts, in 2035. Meanwhile,
There are opportunities for the two countries to cooperate in strength-
ening nuclear safety standards both within their own borders, and working
through international organizations. In the longer term, possibilities for bilat-
eral cooperation in developing alternative energy resources including solar
and wind remain high.
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the IEA noted in its latest November 2012 World Energy Outlook noted that recent energy
developments in the United States have a profound impact not just on the North American
energy market, but on the global energy sector. The agency expects the United States to
overtake Saudi Arabia and become the worlds largest oil producer by around 2020, then
become a net oil exporter around 2030. That in turn would make Asia the biggest player
in international oil trade, and put greater responsibility on Asian nations not only to ensure
security of strategic routes from the Middle East to the Asia-Pacifc, but also take the lead on
developing new nuclear energy technologies.
Certainly, the fact that both the United States and Europe will be able to produce more natu-
ral gas within its own borders and meet its domestic energy needs internally will mean that
they will be less dependent on oil from the Middle East and other countries. As such, Asian
nations including Japan will be pressed to become more responsible for securing energy
supplies from risk-prone regions, according to several conference panelists.
COAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
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INCREASING NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION ALLOWS U.S. TO TRAN-
SITION FROM NET IMPORTER TO NET EXPORTER OF NATURAL GAS
In the United States, excitement about the windfall in natural gas is already palpable, many
panelist said. Business executives in the chemicals sector in particular have already noted a
surge in interest among U.S. as well as foreign companies to build new state-of-the art facili-
ties in the United States precisely because of cheaper energy prices from natural gas. While
other countries are also expected to take advantage of new technologies to access hitherto
untapped natural gas supplies, some analysts expect the United States to remain ahead of
the curve in fracking for another decade or so. Moreover, the economies of using natural gas
are expected to enhance U.S. manufacturers competitive advantage over their Japanese
counterparts, which may further depress Japans economic outlook.
ProSPEcTS For rENEwABlES ANd oThEr ProSPEcTS For rENEwABlES ANd oThEr
NoN-PETrolEuM ENErgy SourcES NoN-PETrolEuM ENErgy SourcES
U.S. policymakers are increasingly concerned, however, about Japans reluctance to commit
further to nuclear development according to panelist from the United States. The Three Mile
Island accident led the United States to place a moratorium on its nuclear energy industry, ef-
fectively ending progress in developing civilian nuclear energy technology. That, however, has
pushed the country to emphasize growth in other energy sectors, including hydraulic fractur-
ing, better known as fracking, in recent years. Indeed, the International Energy Agency is now
predicting natural gas will be the most used fuel in the United States by 2030. Certainly, the
natural gas lobby is looking increasingly like its petroleum industry counterpart, and it may
well be that natural gas interests will soon dominate the U.S. political scene to match their
growing infuence on global energy markets, panelist said.
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Still, the shale gas bonanza may not be an unmitigated blessing for the United States, some
Japanese participants warned. While it may lead to U.S. energy independence in the years to
come, domestic opposition to aggressive fracking is already apparent, and the lobbying force
of environmentalists together with some policymakers will remain a challenge for the drill-
ing industry. In addition, the surge in natural gas supply may prevent the United States from
pursuing a leading role in developing alternative energy sources including wind and solar,
and decrease public appetite to develop energy effciency technologies. That, in turn, could
ultimately hurt U.S. growth prospects in going up the green economy hierarchy, according to
several panelist.
JAPANS POWER GENERATION BY SUPPLY SOURCES
Source: Institute of Energy Economics Japan.
Whether or not Japan is able to reach a national consensus on the role of nuclear power
in the future remains to be seen. While Japan continues to face an uncertain future regard-
ing nuclear energy, continued partnerships with U.S. regulators, researchers, and corpora-
tions will remain essential if the industry is to regain the Japanese publics trust in nuclear
technology. Moreover, strong relations with the United States will also be critical to ensure
that technological advancements in the industry continue. Japan can ill-afford to follow the
U.S. example in retreating from nuclear energy development, as Washington had following
the Three Mile Island disaster. Japan withdrawing from its nuclear program would effectively
weaken the civilian nuclear capabilities of both Japan and the United States, which would
have considerable implications for the industry worldwide.
ASiAS NATurAl gAS chAllENgE ASiAS NATurAl gAS chAllENgE
At the same time, the International Energy Agency noted the lack of an effcient regional gas
market and suitable trading hubs contributing to still-high gas prices in Asia. The international
organization has, however, pointed out that the Asia-Pacifc region is rich in renewable energy
sources, especially in Southeast Asia where the IEA estimates that geothermal power could
cut back carbon dioxide emissions from current levels by 15 percent, which may in turn
12 12
prevent the average global temperature rising by 2 degrees Celsius. Certainly, Asias energy
challenges provides opportunities to lead in the development of new technologies across the
region from China to India and Thailand.
What is clear is that as Japan mulls its new energy policy with the possibility of phasing out
nuclear energy altogether over the next decade or two, the challenge will be to see how and
whether nuclear power can remain a key component in the Japanese energy portfolio. Tech-
nological advancements have, however, already begun to shift industrialized nations away
from Middle East crude oil, and that trend is likely to intensify in coming years. The United
States will certainly become increasingly less dependent on Mideast oil, and that may have a
signifcant impact on U.S. foreign and security policies as much as on energy security policy.
What is clear is that the energy security realities of the past are changing rapidly for both
Japan and the United States, and will infuence how both countries move forward in ensuring
a steady energy supply.
NEw lEAdErShiPS, NEw oPPorTuNiTiES NEw lEAdErShiPS, NEw oPPorTuNiTiES
Since the Joint Public Policy conference was held in October 2012, Japan has elected a new
leader while the United States confrmed a second term for President Barack Obama. Since
his election as prime minister in December 2012, Shinzo Abe has focused on reinvigorating
the lackluster Japanese economy and creating new jobs, especially in the renewable energy
sector. Indeed, part of his $117 billion stimulus package in central government spending
focuses on renewable energy development, which is expected to provide at least some of
the 600,000 new jobs stemming from hefty public spending. Japans private sector too has
embraced the potential of developing new energy sources, with major Japanese banks ex-
pected to invest about $19 billion into the solar power industry this year alone, up eight times
from the previous year. If that is the case, then Japan will be the third largest market for solar
power in 2013 .
Still, given the realities of Japans energy needs, Prime Minister Abe is expected to remain
cautiously optimistic about the potential of nuclear power despite the public backlash against
resuming operations of existing plants. Questioned about the possibility of not only reactivat-
ing current plants but also building new reactors at a New Years press conference in 2013,
Prime Minister Abe said that We will frst of all determine whether or not to restart nuclear
power plants on the basis of scientifc safety standards. Then over the course of roughly
three years we will assess the futures of existing nuclear power plants and transition to a new
stable energy mix over ten years. The new construction or replacement of nuclear power
plants is not a matter that is able to be determined immediately. Naturally this is an area in
which we should make our determination in accordance with the principle of gradually de-
creasing our degree of reliance on nuclear power to the greatest extent possible.
In addition, it is necessary for the national government to take responsibility for accelerat-
ing examination of the issue of spent nuclear fuel disposal. Beyond this, there is the matter
of, frst of all, whether or not a cheap and stable supply of electric power can be achieved.
Judgments must be made regarding the situation of global fossil fuel supply risks. In addition,
I would like for us to take a certain amount of time to examine the situation as we look ahead
13 13
critically regarding the verifcation of the nuclear power plant accident and trends in the prog-
ress of safety technology, he added. The Abe government has already publicly noted its
hopes to restart nuclear power parts within the next three years, one their safety is assured
by the Nuclear Regulatory Agency.
Developing alternative energy sources and using nuclear power as one means to meet en-
ergy needs whilst cutting back on greenhouse gas emissions is a goal that both Japan and
the United States share. Certainly, there are opportunities for the two countries to cooperate
in strengthening nuclear safety standards both within their own borders, and working through
international organizations. In the longer term, possibilities for bilateral cooperation in devel-
oping alternative energy resources including solar and wind remain high.
At his second inaugural address in January 2013, President Barack Obama highlighted the
need for the United States too to understand the consequences of energy use, and stressed
the need for U.S. policymakers to address the challenges of climate change by investing in
new energy technologies.
We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but
to all posterity. We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do
so would betray our children and future generations. Some may still deny the overwhelming
judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fres, and crippling
drought, and more powerful storms. The path towards sustainable energy sources will be
long and sometimes diffcult. But America cannot resist this transition; we must lead it. We
cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries
we must claim its promise. That is how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national
treasure our forests and waterways; our croplands and snowcapped peaks. That is how
we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. Thats what will lend meaning
to the creed our fathers once declared, Obama said.
Excitement about the near-term gains through a windfall in natural gas is palpable. Business
executives in the chemicals secor in particular have already noted a surge in interest among
U.S. as well as foreign companies to build state-of-the art facilities in the United States
precisely because of cheaper energy prices from natural gas. While other countries are also
expected to take advantage of new technologies to access hitherto untapped natural gas
Since his election as prime minister
in december 2012, Shinzo Abe has
focused on reinvigorating the lackluster
Japanese economy and creating new
jobs, especially in the renewable
energy sector...
14 14
supplies, some analysts expect the United States to remain ahead of the curve in fracking
for at least another decade. Moreover, the economies of using natural gas are expected to
enhance U.S. manufacturers competitive advante over their Japanese counterparts, which
may further depress Japans economic outlook.
In the nearer-term, though, as Japan debates its nuclear future, the development of shale
gas in the United States raises new possibilities for the two countries to collaborate on
both development and distribution of natural gas. Certainly, prospects for U.S. approval of
exporting natural gas to Japan in particular will be closely monitored, and could strengthen
cooperation between the two countries in pursuing energy security worldwide. Development
of clean coal technologies too will be of interest between Japan and the United States and
beyond. Yet the shale gas bonanza may not be an unmitigated blessing for the United States.
While it may lead to U.S. energy independence in the long run, legislators will likely face contin-
ued opposition to aggressive fracking, and the lobbying force of environmentalitsts and other
stakeholders will remain a challenge for the drilling industry. In addition, the surge in natural
gas supply may prevent the United States from pursuing a leading role in developing alterna-
tive energy sources including wind and solar, and decrease public appetite to develop energy
effciency technologies. That, in turn, could ultimately hurt U.S. growth prospects in going up
the green economy hierarchy. Ensuring the continued safe use of nuclear energy in conjunc-
tion with developing new energy technologies will be in the national interests of both Japan and
the United States not only for economic growth, but also to ensure a sustainable environment.
There are many challenges ahead for both Japan and the United States in developing sustain-
able energy policies. Both countries will need to balance their needs to grow their economies
on the one hand, while addressing environmental issues on the others. While nuclear power
may be part of the solution for the two countries, it is certainly not the only answer, and the
impetus for both nations to work closely together to develop new technologies as well as regu-
lating the safe use of nuclear energy will only increase in coming years.
-By Shihoko Goto
Northeast Asia Associate at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE OCTOBER 31, 2012 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE OCTOBER 31, 2012
JOINT PUBLIC POLICY CONFERENCE AND PREVIOUS ANNUAL JOINT PUBLIC POLICY CONFERENCE AND PREVIOUS ANNUAL
MEETINGS, VISIT: MEETINGS, VISIT:
http://www.spf.org/jpus/symposium/001.html
The presentation by former International Energy Agency Executive Director Nobuo Tanaka
can be found at:
http://www.spf.org/jpus-j/pdf/symposium/001_04_tanaka.pdf
ThE JAPAN-u.S. JoiNT PuBlic Policy ForuM ThE JAPAN-u.S. JoiNT PuBlic Policy ForuM
The ffth annual joint public policy forum is scheduled to be held October 2, 2013 in Tokyo.
15 15
FOURTH ANNUAL JAPAN - FOURTH ANNUAL JAPAN -
U.S. JOINT PUBLIC POLICY FORUM U.S. JOINT PUBLIC POLICY FORUM
PROGRAM
OPENING REMARKS: OPENING REMARKS: JIRO HANYU JIRO HANYU
Chairman, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation
KEYNOTE SPEECH 1: KEYNOTE SPEECH 1: JOHN BRYSON JOHN BRYSON
The 37th U.S. Secretary of Commerce / Distinguished Public Scholar, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
KEYNOTE SPEECH 2: KEYNOTE SPEECH 2: NOBUO TANAKA NOBUO TANAKA
Global Associate for Energy Security and Sustainability at the Institute of Energy Economics,
Japan; former Executive Director, International Energy Agency
Q&A Q&A
John BRYSON, Nobuo TANAKA John BRYSON, Nobuo TANAKA
David BURWELL David BURWELL (moderator), Director of the energy and climate program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
PANEL DISCUSSION1: THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY: JAPANESE AND U.S. PERSPECTIVES PANEL DISCUSSION1: THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY: JAPANESE AND U.S. PERSPECTIVES
Tetsuya ENDO (moderator) Tetsuya ENDO (moderator), Former Vice Chairman, Japan Atomic Energy Commission / Adjunct Senior Fellow, The Japan
Institute of International Affairs
Robert McNALLY Robert McNALLY, Founder and President, The Rapidan Group / former Senior Director for International Energy on the National
Security Council
Peter BRADFORD Peter BRADFORD, Adjunct Professor, Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School
Akihiro SAWA Akihiro SAWA, Executive Senior Fellow, The 21st Century Public Policy Institute / Head of International Environmental
Economic Institute
Hisashi YOSHIKAWA Hisashi YOSHIKAWA, Project Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo and Todai Policy Alterna-
tives Research Institute
PANEL DISCUSSION 2: THE ALTERNATIVES: THE FUTURE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PANEL DISCUSSION 2: THE ALTERNATIVES: THE FUTURE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
David BURWELL David BURWELL (moderator), Director of the Energy and Climate Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
David PUMPHREY David PUMPHREY, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Energy and National Security Program, Center for Strategic and
International Studies
Kenji ASANO Kenji ASANO, Research Scientist, the Socio-economic Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
Mikkal HERBERG Mikkal HERBERG, Research Director of the Energy Security Program, The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)
Ttsutomu TOICHI Ttsutomu TOICHI, Board Member and Adviser at the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
CLOSING REMARKS: CLOSING REMARKS:
Robert HATHAWAY Robert HATHAWAY, Director of the Asia Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
16 16
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JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE GREAT EAST
JAPAN EARTHQUAKE:
October 27, 2011
Discussions on the aftermath of Japans March 2011 post-earthquake reconstruction efforts
and U.S.-Japan cooperation. Former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage and the
National Defense Academy of Japans President Makoto Iokibe were keynote speakers.
LOOKING FORWARD: U.S.-JAPAN ECONOMIC
PARTNERSHIP IN THE POST-LEHMAN WORLD
December 8-9, 2010
The impact of the global fnancial crisis and recessions in both Japan and the United States
were examined during the conference, as panelists discussed possibilities for bilateral as
well as global cooperation to deal with global economic uncertainties. Japans former vice
minister of fnance for international affairs, Eisuke Sakakibara, and the Wall Street Journals
economics editor David Wessel presented the keynote addresses.
THE JAPAN-U.S. PARTNERSHIP TOWARD A WORLD FREE OF
NUCLEAR WEAPONS:
October 21-22, 2009
The challenges of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation are examined during this
two-day conference, including possibilities for U.S.-Japan cooperation to increase impetus
for deterrence. William Perry, former U.S. Secretary of Defense, and Yukio Satoh, Japans
former permanent representative to the United Nations, delivered the keynote speeches.