Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
78 Friday,
No. 212 November 1, 2013
Part III
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65844 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. the definition of ‘‘raptor’’ to also include
1311 (T.S. No. 912); the Order Accipitriformes,
Fish and Wildlife Service (3) Japan: Convention between the corresponding to recent taxonomic
Government of the United States of changes reflected in the List of
50 CFR Parts 10 and 21 America and the Government of Japan Migratory Birds.
for the Protection of Migratory Birds and
[Docket No. FWS–R9–MB–2010–0088, What scientific authorities are used to
FF09M21200–134–FXMB1231099BPP0] Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their
amend the list of migratory birds?
Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T.
RIN 1018–AX48 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and Although bird names (common and
(4) Russia: Convention between the scientific) are relatively stable, staying
General Provisions; Revised List of United States of America and the Union current with standardized use is
Migratory Birds of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning necessary to avoid confusion in
the Conservation of Migratory Birds and communications. In making our
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service,
Their Environment (Russia), November determinations, we primarily relied on
Interior.
19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. the American Ornithologists’ Union’s
ACTION: Final rule. Check-list of North American birds
9073).
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999,
What is the purpose of this rulemaking? 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
Wildlife Service, revise the List of
Our purpose is to inform the public of 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters
Migratory Birds by both adding and
the species protected by the MBTA and of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the
removing species. Reasons for the
its implementing regulations. These sequence of species and other higher
changes to the list include adding
regulations are found in Title 50, Code taxonomic categories (orders, families,
species based on new taxonomy and
of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, subfamilies) for species that occur in
new evidence of occurrence in the
20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of North America. The AOU Checklist
United States or U.S. territories,
the taking, possession, transportation, contains all bird species that have
removing species no longer known to
sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and occurred in North America from the
occur within the United States, and
importation of migratory birds. An Arctic through Panama, including the
changing names to conform to accepted
accurate and up-to-date list of species West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands,
use. The net increase of 19 species (23
protected by the MBTA is essential for and includes distributional information
added and 4 removed) brings the total
regulatory purposes. for each species, which specifies
number of species protected by the
whether the species is known to occur
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to Why is this amendment of the list of in the United States. For the 39 species
1,026. We regulate most aspects of the migratory birds necessary? that occur outside the geographic area
taking, possession, transportation, sale, The amendment is needed to: (1) Add covered by the Check-list (28 that occur
purchase, barter, exportation, and five species previously overlooked from in the Pacific island territories and 11
importation of migratory birds. An a family protected under the MBTA; (2) listed in the Japanese and/or Russian
accurate and up-to-date list of species correct the spelling of six species on the conventions that have not occurred in
protected by the MBTA is essential for alphabetized list; (3) correct the spelling the AOU area), we relied primarily on
public notification and regulatory of three species on the taxonomic list; Clements (2007). Although we primarily
purposes. (4) add 11 species based on new rely on the above checklists, when
DATES: This rule is effective December 2, distributional records documenting informed taxonomic opinion is
2013. their natural occurrence in the United inconsistent or controversial, we
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: States since April 2007; (5) add one evaluate available published and
George Allen at 703–358–1825. species from a family now protected unpublished information and come to
under the MBTA as a result of our own conclusion regarding the
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
taxonomic changes; (6) add six species validity of taxa.
Background newly recognized as a result of recent
taxonomic changes; (7) remove four What criteria are used to identify
What statutory authority does the individual species protected by the
service have for this rulemaking? species not known to occur within the
boundaries of the United States or its MBTA?
We have statutory authority and territories as a result of recent A species qualifies for protection
responsibility for enforcing the taxonomic changes; (8) change the under the MBTA by meeting one or
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 common (English) names of nine more of the following four criteria:
U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife species to conform with accepted use; (1) It is covered by the Canadian
Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. and (9) change the scientific names of Convention of 1916, as amended in
742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 36 species to conform to accepted use. 1996, by virtue of meeting the following
1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j). The MBTA The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family
implements Conventions between the 10.13) was last revised on March 1, 2010 or group of species named in the
United States and four neighboring (75 FR 9282). These amendments were Canadian Convention, as amended; (b)
countries for the protection of migratory necessitated by three published specimens, photographs, videotape
birds, as follows: supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of recordings, or audiotape recordings
(1) Canada: Convention between the the American Ornithologists’ Union’s provide convincing evidence of natural
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United States and Great Britain [on (AOU’s) Check-list of North American occurrence in the United States or its
behalf of Canada] for the Protection of birds (AOU 2008, AOU 2009, and AOU territories; and (c) the documentation of
Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 2010). such records has been recognized by the
Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628); In addition, we correct the legal AOU or other competent scientific
(2) Mexico: Convention between the authorities citations at 50 CFR 10.13(a). authorities.
United States and Mexico for the We also make a small change to a (2) It is covered by the Mexican
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game definition in 50 CFR 21.3. We update Convention of 1936, as amended in
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations 65845
1972, by virtue of meeting the following snow buntings) was split from the (4) Add 11 species based on review
three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family Emberizidae (buntings and sparrows). and acceptance by AOU (since April
or group of species named in the The euphonias were put into their own 2007) of new distributional records
Mexican Convention, as amended; (b) Subfamily (Euphoniinae) and moved documenting their occurrence in the
specimens, photographs, videotape from the Thraupidae to the Fringillidae United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S.
recordings, or audiotape recordings Family. All species within these newly Virgin Islands. These species belong to
provide convincing evidence of natural created Families continue to be families covered by the Canadian and/
occurrence in the United States or its protected under the MBTA. In addition, or Mexican Conventions, and all are
territories; and (c) the documentation of the Wrentit was moved from the considered to be of accidental or casual
such records has been recognized by the Timaliidae (babblers) to the Sylviidae occurrence. For each species, we list the
AOU or other competent scientific and is now in a Family protected by the State in which it has been recorded plus
authorities. MBTA. the relevant publication:
(3) It is listed in the annex to the The amendments (23 additions, 4 Parkinson’s Petrel, Procellaria
Japanese Convention of 1972, as removals, and 54 name changes) affect parkinsoni—California (AOU 2008);
amended. a grand total of 79 species and result in Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel,
(4) It is listed in the appendix to the a net addition of 19 species to the List Oceanodroma monorhis—North
Russian Convention of 1976. of Migratory Birds, increasing the Carolina (AOU 2010);
In accordance with the Migratory Bird species total from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus
Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) 23 species that we add to the list, 6 were furcatus—California (AOU 2008);
(Pub. L. 108–447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071– previously covered under the MBTA as Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata—
72), we include all species native to the subspecies of listed species. These Alaska (AOU 2009);
United States or its territories, which are amendments can be logically arranged White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia
those that occur as a result of natural in the following 9 categories: albiceps—Texas (AOU 2010);
biological or ecological processes (see (1) Add five species from the family Crowned Slaty Flycatcher,
70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do Muscicapidae, a family specifically Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus—
not include nonnative species whose listed in the 1996 protocol amending the Louisiana (AOU 2010);
occurrences in the United States are 1916 convention with Canada. The Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa—
solely the result of intentional or omission of these species on the Arizona (AOU 2010);
unintentional human-assisted previous list was an oversight. All are Pallas’s Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus
introduction(s). considered accidental or casual in proregulus—Alaska (AOU 2008);
Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus
How do the changes affect the list of Alaska. The species and relevant AOU
schoenobaenus—Alaska (AOU 2009);
migratory birds? publication(s) are: Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia
Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula
Several taxonomic changes were sibilans—Alaska (AOU 2010); and
mugimaki (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998); Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza
made at the Order and Family level by Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla
the AOU since our 2010 publication of chrysophrys—Alaska (AOU 2009).
(AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006); (5) Add one species because of recent
the list (75 FR 9282, March 1, 2010). Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa
taxonomic changes transferring a
These changes affect the inclusion and sibirica (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2004);
Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa species in a family formerly not
taxonomic order of species on this list.
dauurica (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998); and protected by the MBTA (Timaliidae)
Specifically, the Orders
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata into a family protected under the MBTA
Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were
(AOU 2004). (Sylviidae). We reference the AOU
split from the Pelecaniformes.
(2) Correct the spelling of six publication supporting the change:
Phaethontiformes now includes the
scientific names on the alphabetized Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (AOU
Family Phaethontidae (tropicbirds); 2010).
Suliformes now includes the Families list:
Nesofregata fuliginosa (Polynesian (6) Add six species because of recent
Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae taxonomic changes in which taxa
(boobys), Phalacrocoracidae Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta
fuliginosa; formerly treated as subspecies have
(cormorants), and Anhingidae been determined to be distinct species.
(anhingas). In addition, the Order Thalleseus maximus (Royal Tern),
becomes Thalasseus maximus; Given that each of these species was
Accipitriformes was split from the formerly treated as subspecies of a listed
Falconiformes and now include the Thalleseus sandvicensis (Sandwich
Tern), becomes Thalasseus species, these additions will not change
Families Cathartidae (vultures), the protective status of any of these taxa,
Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae sandvicensis;
Vireo atricapillus (Black-capped only the names by which they are
(hawks and eagles). At the Family level, known. In each case, we reference the
Vireo), becomes Vireo atricapilla;
the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and Phylloscopus siilatrix (Wood AOU publication supporting the change:
Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) Warbler), becomes Phylloscopus Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas
were moved from the Ciconiiformes to sibilatrix; and zonorhyncha—formerly considered a
the Pelecaniformes Order, the Locustella lanceoloata (Lanceolated subspecies of Anas poecilorhyncha,
Pandionidae (Osprey) was split from the Warbler), becomes Locustella Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008);
Accipitridae (hawks and eagles), and the lanceolata. Black Scoter, Melanitta americana—
Stercorariidae (jaegers and skuas) was (3) Correct the spelling of three formerly treated as a subspecies of
split from the Laridae (gulls, terns, and Melanitta nigra, Common [Black] Scoter
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Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian (9) Revise the scientific names of 36 Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern
[Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); species to conform to the most recent Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia
Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis— nomenclatural treatment. These noveboracensis (AOU 2010);
formerly treated as a subspecies of revisions do not change the protective Seiurus motacilla (Louisiana
Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian status of any of these taxa, only the Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia
[Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); and names by which they are known. In motacilla (AOU 2010);
Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus each case, we reference the AOU Pipilo fuscus (Canyon Towhee)
portoricensis—formerly treated as a publication documenting the name becomes Melozone fusca (AOU 2010);
subspecies of Icterus dominicensis, change:
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole Pipilo crissalis (California Towhee)
Larus philadelphia (Bonaparte’s Gull)
(AOU 2010). becomes Melozone crissalis (AOU
becomes Chroicocephalus philadelphia
(7) Remove four species based on 2010);
(AOU 2008);
revised taxonomic treatments and Larus cirrocephalus (Gray-hooded Pipilo aberti (Abert’s Towhee)
distributional evidence confirming that Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus becomes Melozone aberti (AOU 2010);
their known geographic ranges lie cirrocephalus (AOU 2008); Aimophila carpalis (Rufous-winged
entirely outside the political boundaries Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull) Sparrow) becomes Peucaea carpalis
of the United States and its territories. becomes Chroicocephalus ridibundus (AOU 2010);
In each case, we reference the AOU (AOU 2008); Aimophila botterii (Botteri’s Sparrow)
publication supporting these changes: Larus minutus (Little Gull) becomes becomes Peucaea botterii (AOU 2010);
Spot-billed Duck, Anas Hydrocoloeus minutus (AOU 2008); Aimophila cassinii (Cassin’s Sparrow)
poecilorhyncha (AOU 2008); Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull) becomes Peucaea cassinii (AOU 2010);
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta becomes Leucophaeus atricilla (AOU
nigra (AOU 2009); 2008); Aimophila aestivalis (Bachman’s
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes Larus pipixcan (Franklin’s Gull) Sparrow) becomes Peucaea aestivalis
troglodytes (AOU 2010); and becomes Leucophaeus pipixcan (AOU (AOU 2010);
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] 2008); Aimophila quinquestriata (Five-
Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (AOU Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay) striped Sparrow) becomes Amphispiza
2010). becomes Psilorhinus morio (AOU 2010); quinquestriata (AOU 2010);
(8) Revise the common (English) Poecile hudsonica (Boreal Chickadee) Carduelis flammea (Common
names of nine species to conform to the becomes Poecile hudsonicus (AOU Redpoll) becomes Acanthis flammea
most recent nomenclatural treatment. 2009); (AOU 2009);
These revisions do not change the Poecile cincta (Gray-headed Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary
protective status of any of these taxa, Chickadee) becomes Poecile cinctus Redpoll) becomes Acanthis hornemanni
only the names by which they are (AOU 2009); (AOU 2009);
known. In each case, we reference the Calcarius mccownii (McCown’s
Longspur) becomes Rhynchophanes Carduelis spinus (Eurasian Siskin)
published source for the name change: becomes Spinus spinus (AOU 2009);
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus mccownii (AOU 2010);
ruber, becomes American Flamingo Vermivora pinus (Blue-winged Carduelis pinus (Pine Siskin) becomes
(AOU 2008); Warbler) becomes Vermivora Spinus pinus (AOU 2009);
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis, cyanoptera (AOU 2010); Carduelis psaltria (Lesser Goldfinch)
becomes Great Shearwater (AOU 2010); Vermivora peregrina (Tennessee becomes Spinus psaltria (AOU 2009);
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis peregrina Carduelis lawrencei (Lawrence’s
vociferus, becomes Eastern Whip-poor- (AOU 2010); Goldfinch) becomes Spinus lawrencei
will (AOU 2010); Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned (AOU 2009);
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus, Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis celata Carduelis tristis (American Goldfinch)
becomes Green Violetear (AOU 2008); (AOU 2010); becomes Spinus tristis (AOU 2009); and
Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola Vermivora ruficapilla (Nashville
solitarius, becomes Blue Rock-Thrush Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis Carduelis sinica (Oriental Greenfinch)
(Clements 2007); ruficapilla (AOU 2010); becomes Chloris sinica (AOU 2009).
Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi, Vermivora virginiae (Virginia’s For ease of comparison, changes are
becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis virginiae summarized in the following table
2008); (AOU 2010); (numbers reference the categories
White-throated Robin, Turdus Vermivora crissalis (Colima Warbler) treated above). Species whose names
assimilis, becomes White-throated becomes Oreothlypis crissalis (AOU have been revised (categories 2, 3, 8,
Thrush (AOU 2008); 2010); and 9) appear in both the left-hand
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Vermivora luciae (Lucy’s Warbler) column (old name removed) and right-
Ammodramus nelsoni, becomes becomes Oreothlypis luciae (AOU hand column (new name added), as are
Nelson’s Sparrow (AOU 2009); and 2010); species that have been added based on
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Parula superciliosa (Crescent-chested taxonomic splits (category 6) of
Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis extralimital species that have been
Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009). superciliosa (AOU 2010); removed (category 7).
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Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (7) .............................................. Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha (6).
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (7) ............................................ Black Scoter, Melanitta americana (6).
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8) ........................................... American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8).
Parkinson’s Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (4).
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8) .................................................. Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregata fuliginosa (2) ............................... Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (2).
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Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuiginosa (3) ............................... Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (3).
Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis (4).
Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus (4).
Bonaparte’s Gull, Larus philadelphia (9) .................................................. Bonaparte’s Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (9).
Gray-hooded Gull, Larus cirrocephalus (9) .............................................. Gray-hooded Gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (9).
Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus (9) .................................................. Black-headed Gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (9).
Little Gull, Larus minutus (9) .................................................................... Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (9).
Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla (9) .............................................................. Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (9).
Franklin’s Gull, Larus pipixcan (9) ............................................................ Franklin’s Gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (9).
Royal Tern, Thalleseus maximus (2) ....................................................... Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus (2).
Sandwich Tern, Thalleseus sandvicensis (2) ........................................... Sandwich Tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (2).
Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (4).
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8) ............................................... Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8).
Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae (6).
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus (8) .................................................. Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus (8).
White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps (4).
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus (4).
Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapillus (2, 3) ............................................ Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapilla (2, 3).
Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio (9) ............................................................ Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio (9).
Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (9) ................................................ Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonicus (9).
Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cincta (9) ............................................ Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cinctus (9).
Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa (4).
Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus (6).
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (7) ............................... Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis (6).
Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus siilatrix (2) ................................................. Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2).
Pallas’s Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (4).
Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceoloata (2) ..................................... Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceolata (2).
Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (5).
Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (4).
Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (1).
Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (1).
Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (1).
Asian Brown Flyctcher, Muscicapa dauurica (1).
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (1).
Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8) .............................................. Blue Rock-Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8).
Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans (4).
Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi (8) ....................................................... Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus grayi (8).
White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis (8) .............................................. White-throated Thrush, Turdus assimilis (8).
McCown’s Longspur, Calcarius mccownii (9) .......................................... McCown’s Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii (9).
Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus (9) .............................................. Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (9).
Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina (9) .......................................... Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina (9).
Orange-crowned Warbler, Vermivora celata (9) ...................................... Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis celata (9).
Nashville Warbler, Vermivora ruficapilla (9) ............................................. Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla (9).
Virginia’s Warbler, Vermivora virginiae (9) ............................................... Virginia’s Warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae (9).
Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis (9) ................................................... Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis crissalis (9).
Lucy’s Warbler, Vermivora luciae (9) ....................................................... Lucy’s Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae (9).
Crescent-chested Warbler, Parula superciliosa (9) ................................. Crescent-chested Warbler, Oreothlypis superciliosa (9).
Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis (9) ................................. Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (9).
Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus motacilla (9) .......................................... Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (9).
Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivacea (3) .............................................. Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivaceus (3).
Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus (9) ........................................................... Canyon Towhee, Melozone fusca (9).
California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis (9) ...................................................... California Towhee, Melozone crissalis (9).
Abert’s Towhee, Pipilo aberti (9) .............................................................. Abert’s Towhee, Melozone aberti (9).
Rufous-winged Sparrow, Aimophila carpalis (9) ...................................... Rufous-winged Sparrow, Peucaea carpalis (9).
Botteri’s Sparrow, Aimophila botterii (9) ................................................... Botteri’s Sparrow, Peucaea botterii (9).
Cassin’s Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii (9) ................................................. Cassin’s Sparrow, Peucaea cassinii (9).
Bachman’s Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis (9) .......................................... Bachman’s Sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis (9).
Five-striped Sparrow, Aimophila quinquestriata (9) ................................. Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriata (9).
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8) ...................... Nelson’s Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8).
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8) ............. Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8).
Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys (4).
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (7) ............. Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis (6).
Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea (9) ................................................ Common Redpoll, Acanthis flammea (9).
Hoary Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni (9) ................................................ Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (9).
Eurasian Siskin, Carduelis spinus (9) ...................................................... Eurasian Siskin, Spinus spinus (9).
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Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus (9) ............................................................... Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (9).
Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria (9) ................................................... Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (9).
Lawrence’s Goldfinch, Carduelis lawrencei (9) ........................................ Lawrence’s Goldfinch, Spinus lawrencei (9).
American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis (9) .................................................. American Goldfinch, Spinus tristis (9).
Oriental Greenfinch, Carduelis sinica (9) ................................................. Oriental Greenfinch, Chloris sinica (9).
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65848 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
How do the changes implemented here (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae naturally occur in the United States or
differ from those discussed in the (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), its territories, and pointed to the
proposed rule? Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae Eurasian Kestrel as one example.
(starlings; except as listed in the Response: In 2004, the Migratory Bird
The scientific name of one species
Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old Treaty Reform Act (MBTRA; Pub. L.
spelled erroneously in the proposed rule
World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), 108–447) amended the MBTA. While
is corrected to conform to the AOU
Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and the primary purpose of the MBTRA was
Check-list (1998) and supplements:
numerous other families not currently to eliminate protection for introduced
Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapillus species, it also defined native species as
represented in the United States or its
becomes Vireo atricapilla. those ‘‘occurring in the United States or
territories.
How is the list of migratory birds (3) Native species that belong to its territories as a result of natural
organized? families or groups represented in the biological or ecological processes.’’
United States, but which are not Vagrancy is a natural biological process,
The species are listed in two formats
expressly mentioned by the Canadian, so these species are protected under the
to suit the needs of different segments
Mexican, or Russian Conventions, MBTA.
of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR There is credible evidence to support
including the Megapodiidae
10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR our contention that these species have
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse,
10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, occurred in the United States as natural
ptarmigan, and turkeys),
species are listed by common (English) Odontophoridae (New World quail), vagrants unhindered by human
group names, with the scientific name Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae intervention. The AOU and other bird
of each species following the English (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), record committees take human
group name. This format, similar to that Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae intervention into account whenever
used in modern telephone directories, is (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch they evaluate such records. Several of
most useful to members of the lay flycatchers [elepaios]), Zosteropidae these species, including the Brown
public. In the taxonomic listing, species (white-eyes), and Coerebidae Hawk-Owl, have occurred in some of
are listed in phylogenetic sequence by (bananaquit). It should be noted that the remotest parts of Alaska, and are
scientific name, with the English name this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 most unlikely to have been moved there
following the scientific name. To help notice to the extent that they are by humans. Furthermore, multiple
clarify species relationships, we also list inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996 records of Eurasian Kestrel have been
the higher-level taxonomic categories of amendment to the Canadian Convention accepted from Western Alaska, and at
Order, Family, and Subfamily. This included the family Muscicapidae (Old scattered locations across North
format follows the sequence adopted by World flycatchers). Thus, all members America, by the AOU and other
the AOU (1998, 2010) and is most useful of the Muscicapidae family are now competent scientific authorities.
to ornithologists and other scientists. included on this list. In addition, the Comment: The Arkansas Game and
What species are not protected by the Wrentit is now considered a member of Fish Commission urged the Service to
Migratory Bird Treaty Act? the Sylviidae family rather than the carefully consider the implications to
Timaliidae family and is now included State regulations when making
The MBTA does not apply to: on this list. recommendations, and ensure that they
(1) Nonnative species introduced into Partial lists of the species included in do not occur so frequently as to become
the United States or its territories by categories 2 and 3 are available at burdensome. Specifically, they point
means of intentional or unintentional http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/ out that the split of the order
human assistance that belong to families RegulationsPolicies/mbta/ Accipitriformes from the Falconiformes
or groups covered by the Canadian, MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html. will necessitate a change in State
Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in falconry regulations.
accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR Responses to Public Comments Response: The Service appreciates the
12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list On April 26, 2011, we published in State’s concern regarding changes to
of nonnative, human-introduced bird the Federal Register (76 FR 23428) a Federal regulations that affect States,
species in this category. Note, though, proposed rule to revise the list of and we make a concerted effort to work
that native species that are introduced migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13. We closely with the States through the
into parts of the United States where solicited public comments on the Flyway Councils. To comply with the
they are not native are still protected proposed rule for 90 days, ending on intent of the migratory bird treaties and
under the MBTA regardless of where July 25, 2011. the MBTA, we are obligated to update
they occur in the United States or its We received 7 comments in response the list at intervals. However, the List of
territories. to the proposed rule; 5 were from Migratory Birds has been updated only
(2) Nonnative, human-introduced agencies, and 2 were from private twice since 1985, which is not
species that belong to families or groups individuals. The following text frequently enough to stay current with
not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, discusses the substantive comments we changes in bird taxonomy.
or Russian Conventions, including received and provides our responses to Consequently, we intend to update this
Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae them. list on a 5-year cycle to coincide with
(chachalacas), Megapodiidae Comment: One individual indicated updates to the Birds of Conservation
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, that Brown Hawk-Owl, and the 10 other Concern, thus balancing the frequency
ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae species we proposed to add based on of updates with the frequency of
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(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New new distributional records (Category 4), changes in bird taxonomy. In this
World quail), Pteroclididae should not be added because they are update, taxonomic changes at the Order
(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), either extremely rare vagrants or were level did not change which species are
Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae moved by humans. The commenter protected under the MBTA, as the
(toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), further pointed out that the MBTA loses species within those families were
Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae biological and ecological credibility previously protected. Furthermore, this
(ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae when species are added that do not is the first change we have made to the
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations 65849
Falconiformes since the families within Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 do not affect small government activities
that Order were first protected in 1972. et seq.) in any significant way.
Comment: The Indiana Division of Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act b. This rule does not produce a
Fish and Wildlife (IDFW) was pleased (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Federal mandate of $100 million or
that the Service intends to continue to Small Business Regulatory Enforcement greater in any year; i.e., it is not a
treat cackling geese as Canada geese, Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. ‘‘significant regulatory action’’ under
pointing out that hunting management 104–121)), whenever an agency is the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
of white-cheeked geese could become required to publish a notice of Takings
more difficult if they were split. The rulemaking for any proposed or final
IDFW also pointed out that the In accordance with Executive Order
rule, it must prepare and make available
Mississippi Flyway Council is trying to 12630, the rule does not have significant
for public comment a regulatory
simplify hunting regulations for Canada takings implications. This rule does not
flexibility analysis that describes the
geese, and splitting them into two contain a provision for taking of private
effect of the rule on small entities (i.e.,
species for management purposes could property. Therefore, a takings
small businesses, small organizations,
cause progress toward simplification to implication assessment is not required.
and small government jurisdictions).
stall. However, no regulatory flexibility Federalism
Response: The Service recognizes the
analysis is required if the head of an This rule does not have sufficient
management concerns referred to by the
agency certifies the rule does not have Federalism effects to warrant
commenter. While we appreciate the
a significant economic impact on a preparation of a Federalism summary
complexities of white-cheeked goose
substantial number of small entities. impact statement under Executive Order
management, our decision to continue SBREFA amended the Regulatory
to include the Cackling Goose within 13132. It does not interfere with the
Flexibility Act to require Federal States’ ability to manage themselves or
the listing for Canada Goose is based on agencies to provide the statement of the
lingering uncertainty regarding their their funds. No significant economic
factual basis for certifying that a rule impacts are expected to result from the
taxonomic relationship. Work is will not have a significant economic
currently being conducted in Alaska updating of the list of migratory bird
impact on a substantial number of small species.
and northern Canada to resolve that entities. We have examined this rule’s
uncertainty. We will consider new potential effects on small entities as Civil Justice Reform
information when it is available, at required by the Regulatory Flexibility
which time we may reconsider our In accordance with Executive Order
Act, and have determined that this 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has
decision. In any case, regardless of action will not have a significant
name, goose subspecies identified as determined that the rule does not
economic impact on a substantial unduly burden the judicial system and
Cackling Goose by the AOU are number of small entities, because we are
currently protected under the MBTA as meets the requirements of sections 3(a)
simply updating the list of migratory and 3(b)(2) of the Order.
Canada Goose. bird species protected under the
Required Determinations Conventions. Consequently, we certify Paperwork Reduction Act
that because this rule does not have a We examined this rule under the
Regulatory Planning and Review significant economic effect on a Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
(Executive Order 12866) substantial number of small entities, a U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). There are no new
Executive Order (EO) 12866 provides regulatory flexibility analysis is not information collection requirements
that the Office of Information and required. associated with this rule. We do not
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office This rule is not a major rule under require any new permits, reports, or
of Management and Budget will review SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It does not recordkeeping in this rule.
all significant rules. OIRA has have a significant impact on a
determined that this rule is not substantial number of small entities. National Environmental Policy Act
significant. a. This rule does not have an annual (NEPA)
EO 13563 reaffirms the principles of effect on the economy of $100 million Given that the revision of 50 CFR
EO 12866, while calling for or more. 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature
improvements in the nation’s regulatory b. This rule does not cause a major and will have no or minor
system to promote predictability, to increase in costs or prices for environmental effects, it is categorically
reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, consumers, individual industries, excluded from further NEPA
most innovative, and least burdensome Federal, State, or local government requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)).
tools for achieving regulatory ends. EO agencies, or geographic regions.
13563 directs agencies to consider Endangered Species Act (ESA)
c. This rule does not have significant
regulatory approaches that reduce adverse effects on competition, Seventy-four of the species on the List
burdens and maintain flexibility and employment, investment, productivity, of Migratory Birds are also designated as
freedom of choice for the public where innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based endangered or threatened in all or some
these approaches are relevant, feasible, enterprises to compete with foreign- portion of their U.S. range under
and consistent with regulatory based enterprises. provisions of the Endangered Species
objectives. Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531–44; 50 CFR
EO 13563 emphasizes further that Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 17.11). No legal complications arise
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regulations must be based on the best In accordance with the Unfunded from the dual listing as the two lists are
available science and that the Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et developed under separate authorities
rulemaking process must allow for seq.), we have determined the following: and for different purposes. Because the
public participation and an open a. This rule does not ‘‘significantly or rule is strictly administrative in nature,
exchange of ideas. We have developed uniquely’’ affect small governments. A it has no effect on threatened or
this rule in a manner consistent with small government agency plan is not endangered species. It does not require
these requirements. required. Actions under the regulation ESA consultation.
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65850 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
■ 1. The authority citation for part 10 listed alphabetically by common BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
continues to read as follows: (English) group names, with the Mountain, Sialia currucoides
scientific name of each species Western, Sialia mexicana
Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703–
712; 16 U.S.C. 668a–d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 following the common name. BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger
U.S.C. 1531–1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361–1384, ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella cyanurus
1401–1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a–742j–l; 16 U.S.C. montanella BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica
3371–3378. AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations 65851
BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
Brown, Sula leucogaster Brown-headed, Molothrus ater EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
Masked, Sula dactylatra Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
Red-footed, Sula sula CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex Great, Ardea alba
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia
BRANT, Branta bernicla Spotless, Porzana tabuensis Little, Egretta garzetta
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer Reddish, Egretta rufescens
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula CRANE, Common, Grus grus Snowy, Egretta thula
pyrrhula Sandhill, Grus canadensis EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis Whooping, Grus americana King, Somateria spectabilis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
parellina Hawaii, Oreomystis mana Steller’s, Polysticta stelleri
Gray, Emberiza variabilis CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
Indigo, Passerina cyanea White-winged, Loxia leucoptera Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
Little, Emberiza pusilla CROW, American, Corvus White-crested, Elaenia albiceps
Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys brachyrhynchos EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon
Lazuli, Passerina amoena Fish, Corvus ossifragus maugaeus
McKay’s, Plectrophenax hyperboreus Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia
Painted, Passerina ciris Mariana, Corvus kubaryi musica
Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi Northwestern, Corvus caurinus FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis
Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus White-necked, Corvus Prairie, Falco mexicanus
Rustic, Emberiza rustica leucognaphalus Red-footed, Flaco vespertinus
Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
Varied, Passerina versicolor erythropthalmus FINCH, Cassin’s, Carpodacus cassinii
Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola Common, Cuculus canorus House, Carpodacus mexicanus
Yellow-browed, Emberiza Mangrove, Coccyzus minor Laysan, Telespiza cantans
chrysophrys Oriental, Cuculus optatus Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus Purple, Carpodacus purpureus
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria tahitiensis ruber
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara Eskimo, Numenius borealis FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
cheriway Eurasian, Numenius arquata Northern, Colaptes auratus
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis Far Eastern, Numenius FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax
cardinalis madagascariensis virescens
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis Little, Numenius minutus Alder, Empidonax alnorum
holosericeus Long-billed, Numenius americanus Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
glabrirostris DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
Gray, Dumetella carolinensis morinellus Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus
coelebs Mourning, Zenaida macroura aurantioatrocristatus
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile White-winged, Zenaida asiatica Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
atricapillus Zenaida, Zenaida aurita Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus DOVEKIE, Alle alle Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
Carolina, Poecile carolinensis DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Gray, Empidonax wrightii
Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens Limnodromus scolopaceus Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
Mexican, Poecile sclateri DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes Hammond’s, Empidonax hammondii
Mountain, Poecile gambeli Eastern Spot-billed, Anas La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae
CHUCK–WILL’S–WIDOW, Caprimulgus zonorhyncha Least, Empidonax minimus
carolinensis Falcated, Anas falcata Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
californianus Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana Nutting’s, Myiarchus nuttingi
COOT, American, Fulica americana Laysan, Anas laysanensis Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
Caribbean, Fulica caribaea Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
Eurasian, Fulica atra Masked, Nomonyx dominicus Piratic, Legatus leucophalus
Hawaiian, Fulica alai Mottled, Anas fulvigula Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
CORMORANT, Brandt’s, Phalacrocorax Muscovy, Cairina moschata Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
penicillatus Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa Social, Myiozetetes similis
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65852 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations 65853
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65854 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 212 / Friday, November 1, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
Red-throated, Anthus cervinus ROSY–FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris
Sprague’s, Anthus spragueii Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis Sooty, Puffinus griseus
Tree, Anthus trivialis Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas
PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia Townsend’s, Puffinus auricularis
squatarola calliope Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus
Collared, Charadrius collaris RUFF, Philomachus pugnax SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata
Common Ringed, Charadrius SANDERLING, Calidris alba SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus
hiaticula SANDPIPER, Baird’s, Calidris bairdii Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus
Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus Northern, Lanius excubitor
Mountain, Charadrius montanus Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys
Piping, Charadrius melodus Common, Actitis hypoleucos cinereus
Semipalmated, Charadrius Curlew, Calidris ferruginea SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus
semipalmatus Green, Tringa ochropus Pine, Spinus pinus
Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus Least, Calidris minutilla SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger
Wilson’s, Charadrius wilsonia Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua
POCHARD, Baer’s, Aythya baeri Pectoral, Calidris melanotos South Polar, Stercorarius
Common, Aythya ferina Purple, Calidris maritima maccormicki
POND–HERON, Chinese, Ardeola Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis SMEW, Mergellus albellus
bacchus Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago
POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus
nuttallii Solitary, Tringa solitaria Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura
POO–ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus Swinhoe’s, Gallinago megala
PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri pygmeus Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata
PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica Spotted, Actitis macularius SOLITAIRE, Townsend’s, Myadestes
Horned, Fratercula corniculata Stilt, Calidris himantopus townsendi
Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata Terek, Xenus cinereus SORA, Porzana carolina
PYGMY–OWL, Ferruginous, Upland, Bartramia longicauda SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella
Glaucidium brasilianum Western, Calidris mauri arborea
Northern, Glaucidium gnoma White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis Bachman’s, Peucaea aestivalis
PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus Wood, Tringa glareola Baird’s, Ammodramus bairdii
QUAIL–DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon SAND–PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis
mystacea leschenaultii Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata
Key West, Geotrygon chrysia Lesser, Charadrius mongolus Botteri’s, Peucaea botterii
Ruddy, Geotrygon montana SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Brewer’s, Spizella breweri
QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus Sphyrapicus ruber Cassin’s, Peucaea cassinii
RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis Chipping, Spizella passerina
Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis Williamson’s, Sphyrapicus thyroideus Clay-colored, Spizella pallida
Clapper, Rallus longirostris Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius Field, Spizella pusilla
Guam, Gallirallus owstoni SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila Five-striped, Amphispiza
King, Rallus elegans Lesser, Aythya affinis quinquestriata
Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia Fox, Passerella iliaca
Virginia, Rallus limicola SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia
Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis Surf, Melanitta perspicillata atricapilla
RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus White-winged, Melanitta fusca Grasshopper, Ammodramus
cryptoleucus SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops savannarum
Common, Corvus corax asio Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula
RAZORBILL, Alca torda Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes Henslow’s, Ammodramus henslowii
REDHEAD, Aythya americana Western, Megascops kennicottii Lark, Chondestes grammacus
REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis Le Conte’s, Ammodramus leconteii
Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma Lincoln’s, Melospiza lincolnii
REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus coerulescens Nelson’s, Ammodramus nelsoni
REDSTART, American, Setophaga Island, Aphelocoma insularis Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus
ruticilla Western, Aphelocoma californica Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps
Painted, Myioborus pictus SEA-EAGLE, Steller’s, Haliaeetus Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis
Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus pelagicus Sage, Amphispiza belli
REED–WARBLER, Nightingale, SEEDEATER, White-collared, Saltmarsh, Ammodramus caudacutus
Acrocephalus luscinia Sporophila torqueola Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis
REEF–EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra SHEARWATER, Audubon’s, Puffinus Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus
REEF–HERON, Western, Egretta gularis lherminieri Song, Melospiza melodia
ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas Swamp, Melospiza georgiana
californianus Buller’s, Puffinus bulleri Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus
ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii White-crowned, Zonotrichia
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Grace’s, Dendroica graciae Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose
Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis Hairy, Picoides villosus Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan
Hooded, Wilsonia citrina Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan
Kentucky, Oporornis formosus Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan
Kirtland’s, Dendroica kirtlandii Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis Subfamily ANATINAE
Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata Nuttall’s, Picoides nuttallii Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck
Lucy’s, Oreothlypis luciae Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus Aix sponsa, Wood Duck
MacGillivray’s, Oporornis tolmiei Puerto Rican, Melanerpes Anas strepera, Gadwall
Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia portoricensis Anas falcata, Falcated Duck
Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon
Nashville, Oreothlypis ruficapilla Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis Anas americana, American Wigeon
Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus Red-headed, Melanerpes Anas rubripes, American Black Duck
Orange-crowned, Oreothlypis celata erythrocephalus Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard
Palm, Dendroica palmarum White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck
Pine, Dendroica pinus WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck
Prairie, Dendroica discolor evelynae Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck
Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea WREN, Bewick’s Thryomanes bewickii Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spot-
Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons Cactus, Campylorhynchus billed Duck
Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons brunneicapillus Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck
Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal
Swainson’s, Limnothlypis swainsonii Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal
Tennessee, Oreothlypis peregrina House, Troglodytes aedon Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler
Townsend’s, Dendroica townsendi Marsh, Cistothorus palustris Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked
Virginia’s, Oreothlypis virginiae Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus Pintail
Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus Anas acuta, Northern Pintail
Wilson’s, Wilsonia pusilla Sedge, Cistothorus platensis Anas querquedula, Garganey
Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix Sinaloa, Thryothorus sinaloa Anas formosa, Baikal Teal
Worm-eating, Helmitheros Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal
vermivorum WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata Aythya valisineria, Canvasback
Yellow, Dendroica petechia WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla Aythya americana, Redhead
Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa Aythya ferina, Common Pochard
inornatus melanoleuca Aythya baeri, Baer’s Pochard
Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata Lesser, Tringa flavipes Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck
Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck
WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia Geothlypis trichas Aythya marila, Greater Scaup
motacilla Gray-crowned, Geothlypis Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup
Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis poliocephala Polysticta stelleri, Steller’s Eider
WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider
garrulus listed in phylogenetic sequence by Somateria spectabilis, King Eider
Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum scientific name, with the common Somateria mollissima, Common Eider
WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe (English) name following the scientific Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin
oenanthe name. To help clarify species Duck
WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus relationships, we also list the higher- Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter
WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, level taxonomic categories of Order, Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter
Caprimulgus vociferus Family, and Subfamily. Melanitta americana, Black Scoter
Mexican, Caprimulgus arizonae Order ANSERIFORMES Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck
WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Family ANATIDAE Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead
Dendrocygna autumnalis Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE Bucephala clangula, Common
Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black- Goldeneye
West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea bellied Whistling-Duck Bucephala islandica, Barrow’s
WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Goldeneye
WIGEON, American, Anas americana Whistling-Duck Mergellus albellus, Smew
Eurasian, Anas penelope Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded
WILLET, Tringa semipalmata Whistling-Duck Merganser
WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus Subfamily ANSERINAE Mergus merganser, Common
virens Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose Merganser
Western, Contopus sordidulus Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose Mergus serrator, Red-breasted
WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Merganser
minor Goose Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck
Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola Anser erythropus, Lesser White- Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck
WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes fronted Goose Order GAVIIFORMES
formicivorus Chen canagica, Emperor Goose Family GAVIIDAE
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American Three-toed, Picoides Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon
dorsalis Chen rossii, Ross’s Goose Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon
Arizona, Picoides arizonae Branta bernicla, Brant Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon
Black-backed, Picoides arcticus Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose Gavia immer, Common Loon
Downy, Picoides pubescens Branta canadensis, Canada Goose Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon
Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis (including Branta hutchinsii, Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons Cackling Goose) Family PODICIPEDIDAE
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Falco sparverius, American Kestrel Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint
Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon Charadrius montanus, Mountain Calidris minuta, Little Stint
Falco columbarius, Merlin Plover Calidris temminckii, Temminck’s
Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Stint
Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon Dotterel Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint
Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper
Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped
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Larus occidentalis, Western Gull Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed
Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull Murrelet Cuckoo
Larus californicus, California Gull Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz’s Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo
Larus argentatus, Herring Gull Murrelet Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-
Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, billed Cuckoo
Larus thayeri, Thayer’s Gull Xantus’s Murrelet Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican
Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri’s Lizard-Cuckoo
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Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed
Flycatcher Family CORVIDAE Chickadee
Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee
Flycatcher Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed
Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting’s Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay Chickadee
Flycatcher Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled
Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Jay Titmouse
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Family SYLVIIDAE Turdus migratorius, American Robin Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting
Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay’s
Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush Bunting
Family ACROCEPHALIDAE Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush Family PARULIDAE
Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale Family MIMIDAE Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman’s
Reed-Warbler Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird Warbler
Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged
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