This year there were 293 abstracts submitted for

consideration for the Congress in Dubrovnik, the

greatest ever number in our Congresses. Each
abstract was independently assessed by four sci-
entic reviewers and scored on a scale of 0 (poor)
to 5 (very good). All scores were then submitted
to the Chairman of the Scientic Committee who
averaged the scores so that each abstract could
then be ranked for quality. On the basis of the
scores, abstracts were categorised as for Oral
Presentation (O), Poster presentation with discus-
sion (P) and poster presentation without discus-
sion (PND) or were rejected.
The following pages present the abstracts as
given at the EAPD Congress. In a few instances
an abstract was withdrawn or the designated pre-
senter did not arrive. These abstracts are listed
as withdrawn. Where no adequate explanation
is forthcoming then the designated presenter who
failed to appear in Dubrovnik is excluded from
submitting an abstract at the next EAPD Con-
gress (Harrogate, England, 2010).
It was the opinion of the Scientic Committee that
the quality of the abstract presentation was good.
The number rejected was low at 6.2%. However,
there were a number of abstracts where it was
clear that the authors had not read the published
instructions well enough and formats, lay-outs,
spellings and style were not adequate. The Sci-
entic Committee on this occasion took a relaxed
attitude to any deciencies as long as the scien-
tic quality of the abstract was good to excellent.
In a number of instances some abstracts were re-
written by the authors or the Committee. It should
be noted, however, that with a rapidly increasing
number of abstracts being submitted the Scien-
tic Committee will need to take a harder line of
assessment in the future. Potential authors should
pay particular attention to the abstract instruc-
tions.
Prize Submissions. The EAPD awards a number
of prizes to encourage young paediatric dentists.
The guidelines for these prizes and the way that
they are assessed is presented in detail on the
EAPD website and published in the EAPD journal.
It should be clearly understood that candidates
for any of the prizes must be a member of the
EAPD and are allowed to be a candidate for one
prize only. For Dubrovnik there were a number of
multiple applications where candidates applied
for all of the prizes. The majority of these applica-
tions were not considered, particularly these from
non-EAPD members.
Abstracts of Presentations
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // Abstracts of EAPD Congress, 2008
4
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // Abstracts of EAPD Congress, 2008
5
Abstracts of Papers
1. SYMPOSIA
S.1 Laser use and application in Paediatric
dentistry: a review.
L. MARTENS. Dept Paediatric Dentistry & Special Care, Ghent Uni-
versity, Belgium
Modern dentistry is based on minimally invasive concepts. Despite
the fact that more than 50 years ago a rst-generation air-abrasion
engine was proposed as a non-drilling technique for cavity prepa-
ration, it is only thanks to current ner caries diagnosis and adhe-
sive dentistry that more attention is paid to micropreparations. Laser
technology was also developed for dental purposes, and nowadays
several oral applications are available for a variety of indications.
Within this rst lecture in a complete course on laser assisted paedi-
atric dentistry attention will be given to some basics regarding laser
physics. In this respect wavelengths and tissue interactions are es-
pecially important. Further, a review will be given on laser applica-
tions in children including: caries diagnosis, caries prevention, cavity
preparation, pit-and ssuresealing, patient comfort, effects on bacte-
ria, vitality testing, endodontics and soft tissue surgery.
In modern caries management an early start of caries risk assess-
ment is necessary. Consequently microdentistry can be applicated at
a very young age. In this respect it is possible that a new generation
of patients will grow up having experienced (only) laser dentistry.
S.2 Use of lasers in hard tissue therapy
and endo-dontics in children.
G. OLIVI. University of Genova, Italy
Aim: Laser technology offers the possibility of a wide application in
Paediatric Dentistry given its good acceptance by the child in com-
parison to traditional rotative instruments, due to its minimally inva-
sive approach, including the absence of contact, vibrations, noise,
and less use of local anesthesia and for the clinical advantages de-
rived from its use, such as good dentinal preparation with opened
tubules, high decontamination level, pulp coagulation and vaporiza-
tion. Method: An Er,Cr:YSGG 2780 nm laser (Waterlase MD Biolase
Technology, Irvine, Ca, USA) and an Er:YAG 2940nm laser (Delight,
Hoya ConBio, Fremont, Ca, USA) were used. The restorative treat-
ments were performed with the following parameters: a) Pits and
ssures sealing: 400microns quartz tip 1,5W for decontamination
and enamel conditioning, b) Preventive Resin Restoration: 600mi-
crons quartz tip 5W on the enamel, 3W on the dentin and 1.5W for
conditioning and nishing, c) Pulp Capping: pulp coagulation with
600 microns tip at 0,5W in defocused mode with no water, d) Pri-
mary Endodontic Treatment. 2-3W in pulp chamber for pulpotomy
and carious removal. 1W in root canal using Z3 320microns sapphire
tip at 4 mm from the apex working length, 5 times for 5s. Results
and Conclusion: Erbium lasers can be integrated with conventional
therapies, improving the prognosis in Pulp Capping procedures and
Primary Endodontic therapy, but can replace conventional therapies
in Restorative treatments, inuencing and improving the positive ac-
ceptance of dental therapy.
S.3 Use of lasers in soft tissue therapy in children.
J. BOJ. Dept Paediatric Dentistry. School of Dentistry, University of
Barcelona, Spain.
Erbium lasers offer many advantages in paediatric dentistry. The fact
that they are useful for hard and soft tissues make them very versa-
tile. A description of different types of soft tissue treatments using
the Er, Cr : YSSG (erbium, chromium, yttrium, scandium, gallium and
garnet) laser (Waterlase
TM
)has been developed. This type of laser is
a hydrokinetic system that liberates photons in an air-water spray
and works at a wavelength of 2780 nm. The energy of the laser is
carried by a system of ber optics to a terminal point made of a sap-
phire crystal. It generates precise tissue cuts by the interaction of la-
ser energy with water at the tissue interface. Being the WaterlaseTM
handpiece shaped like a traditional handpiece makes it easier for the
dentist to its usage.
Treatment for different conditions are: lingual frenectomies, maxillary
frenectomies, eruption cysts, pyogenic granulomas, dentigerous
cysts, mucoceles, papillomas, crown lengthening, operculectomies,
pulpotomies, teeth exposures and gingivectomies. This laser has
haemostatic, bactericidal and anti-inammatory properties. Tissues
heal better and faster and there is no need for sutures. The use of
lasers gives paediatric dentists a new tool that can change the way
in which treatments are performed, or serve to complement them.
Modern or updated paediatric dentistry needs to take advantage of
all new advances in order to improve the standard of care offered to
children and adolescents.
S.4 Low Level Laser Therapy in oncology children.
R. CAUWELS. Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry & Special Care,
PaeCaMed-research, Ghent University, Belgium
Oncology patients are, due to the immunosuppressive condition and
therapy, prone to oral mucositis. Chemotherapy-induced mucositis
is characterised by erythema, ulceration and pain. As a consequence
it affects signicantly quality of life and complicate oncologic treat-
ment due to discomfort and infection. Low level laser therapy (LLLT)
has shown to be a complementary tool in disinfection, healing and
pain relief in this particular pathology. The action of the low level
laser is based on photo-biostimulation; laser energy is absorbed re-
sulting in secondary stimulation of tissue healing mechanisms. The
light energy released is converted by cellular mitochondria into ATP
which is necessary for an increased cellular activity resulting in tis-
sue healing. Children from the University Hospital, department of
Paediatric Oncology, receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs and
developing oral mucositis were treated. An AsGaAl diode laser with
830 nm wavelength and a potency of 150 mW was used. At the start
of each visit, the degree of mucositis was scored using a modied
WHO-classication, in order to monitor progression and therapy.
Pain assessment and the impact on oral functions were monitored
and related blood cell counts were recorded. At any time and for
every separate lesion, the energy (J/cm) was adapted to the score.
During this survey, it was noticed that pain relief and better oral func-
tions were related to the Low Level Laser Therapy.
S. 5 Pain in dentistry, the problem
of repeated aversiveness.
J. VEERKAMP, ACTA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pain or pain associated events are considered to be the main rea-
sons of the development of dental anxiety. Pain is described as an
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with ac-
tual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such dam-
age. The experience of pain is private and subjective, and conse-
quently not directly accessible by others. Therefore clinical research
involving the assessment of pain, especially in children, is difcult. In
experiencing pain children learn to deal with its aversiveness and to
manage everydays painful events. Early experienced and not prop-
erly explained pain may have longterm consequences. Based on
the structure of a pain assessment model, this lecture will discuss
conditioning pathways, the difculties in describing pain in children,
its pitfalls, operator blindness and nally the clinical consequences
for the operating dentist.
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // Abstracts of EAPD Congress, 2008
6
S.6 Behaviour management during
administration of local analgesia
B. PERETZ. Dept of Pediatric Dentistry, Tel Aviv University School of
Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
Local analgesia is the most anxiety-producing procedure in den-
tistry. It involves mainly fear of possible pain, but also fear of inva-
sion into the body. Pain is the conscious experience of sensorial
information and a feeling of unpleasantness that can manifest as a
result of nociception. Pain is also an emotional experience. In every
pain situation, however minor or severe, the interplay of thoughts,
beliefs, emotions, and attitudes, with the sensation occurring in the
body creates the experience of pain. It is ironic that local anaesthe-
sia is both the salvation and the bane of modern dentistry. It allows
virtually pain-free treatment, yet it is associated with many anxious
thoughts and misconceptions especially in young patients.
Behavioural techniques during the administration of local analgesia
to children are discussed: reframing, active distraction, imagery sug-
gestions and relaxation. In the commonly used reframing, a situation
is taken outside the frame, that up to that moment contained the in-
dividual in different conditions, and is visualized (reframed) in a way
acceptable to the person involved, thus the original threat can be
safely abandoned, such as in word substitution (sleepy water in-
stead of injection, umbrella instead of rubber dam). In distrac-
tion, the attention or concentration of the child is diverted. Sugges-
tion is the process whereby an individual accepts the presentation
of an idea without necessarily having a logical reason for doing so.
Muscular relaxation seem to induce a feeling of laziness in patients
and a pronounced disinclination to move their limbs, they may even
feel unable to make up the mind whether to do so or not. The more
active left brain hemisphere among children, which is more holistic
in nature and less logical compared to that of adults, allows these
techniques to be successful with children.
S.7. Pain Control in Local Anaesthesia
J. G. MEECHAN, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University,
United Kingdom.
The administration of analgesic medication should be pain-free.
Unfortunately this is not always the case and the injection of local
anaesthetic solutions in the mouth can produce discomfort.
This presentation will consider the factors that inuence the discom-
fort of intra-oral local anlgesicc injections. These include aspects re-
lated to local anaesthetic equipment and drugs, the site of injection,
mucosal surface preparation such as topical anaesthesia, technique
considerations and patient factors.
Strategies used to reduce injection discomfort will be discussed.
S.8 Why are Children Special?: A history of our
speciality and the dental care of children.
M. E. CURZON. Dept of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Leeds,
Leeds, England.
18/19th centuries. Life expectancy for children beyond aged 5 years
was less than 20%. Accordingly there was little or no interest in the
dental and medical care of children. With vaccination, improved hy-
giene, changes in nutrition and diet more children began to survive
so that by 1850s scientic papers appeared focusing on dental
treatment for children.
20th century. At the beginning of this century the appalling state
of teeth lead to 40% of young men failing their induction into the
military. This precipitated a reaction by many governments to start
school inspections and the development of specialized dental care
for children. In some countries, such as Sweden, Denmark and the
UK, this took the form of salaried services. In others, such as Can-
ada and the USA the emphasis was on private practice. The latter
quickly brought about societies restricted to dentists limiting their
practices to children, and were still called paedodontists. One year
courses in paedodontics started in 1917 but it became widely rec-
ognized, however, that children are not miniature adults and needed
specialist attention. Paediatric Dentistry. After WWII ideas changed
and with postgraduate courses changed from 1 to 2 and then 3
years. The title paediatric dentist became the norm but a dichotomy
of philosophy persisted as to should paediatric dentistry be private
practice or public service based. In some countries a mixture is de-
veloping. 21st century. By the beginning of this century most ad-
vanced countries have now recognized the speciality, although not
without considerable opposition. Nevertheless paediatric dentistry
is now rmly established in Europe.
S.9. Fifty years of Paediatric Dentistry:
The Swedish experience.
G. KOCH. Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jnkoping,
Sweden
The speciality in paediatric dentistry was established in Sweden in
1958. Around that time the specialists were located to the two exist-
ing dental schools in the country. It was not until 1974 that children
according to law, besides already organized regular and free dental
care, were entitled to specialist dental care in paediatric dentistry. In
connection with this the rapid development of paediatric dentistry
started. In Sweden the Public Dental Service is responsible for the
supply of specialist dental care in all existing specialities. Thus, to
get a better understanding of the development of the speciality in
paediatric dentistry a short information on the dental delivery system
will be given. The rapid increase in number of specialists and the de-
velopment of paediatric dentistry, 19741990, resulted in that more
or less all children in Sweden who were in need of specialist dental
care could be offered such service. The specialist education was
improved and new centres were established. The Swedish Society
of Paediatric Dentistry contributed with regular surveys about the
need for specialists, reasons for and number of referrals, and gen-
eral working conditions for the specialists. Today a specialist in pae-
diatric dentistry is involved in clinical work on referred patients, edu-
cation, oral health planning, working in multi-professional groups,
and research. The greatest problem for tomorrow is the rising lack of
specialists. The group of specialists working today has a high aver-
age age and the examination rate of new specialists is rather low.
This might, unfortunately, result in a reduced number of specialists
in the future and with all the consequences that it brings.
S10 Present Differences in training programs and
future development opportunities in Europe.
L. MARTENS Dept Paediatric Dentistry & Special Care, Ghent Uni-
versity, Belgium
History: From the EAPD starting in 1990, it was a major concern to
work on training programs. After a rst review on the variety in train-
ing programs throughout Europe (Leeuwenhorst, 1992), the need for
curriculum guidelines became clear. A task force came together in
Gothenborg and at the 2nd EAPD congress in ATHENS 1994 a fo-
rum was organised. After approval of the nal guidelines, they were
published in 1998. Furthermore, an accreditation system by EAPD
was developed. At present: Actually, the EAPD has accredited six
programs in Europe. They all have now a masters degree at the
end of a 3 year training program. As a result of the Bologna Dec-
laration (1999) most European countries (n=29) are in the middle of
reformation of their educational systems. In Belgium this reforma-
tion started already in 2004 and the rst Masters in dentistry will
graduate in 2009. Regarding postgraduate programmes the Mas-
Abstracts of Papers
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // Abstracts of EAPD Congress, 2008
7
ter after Master programmes (MaMs) are now to be organized. It
can be expected that this entire program has to become completed
with an additional clinical training program. Future: Future goals for
EAPD can be: 1) to reconsider the curriculum guidelines 10 years
after the rst edition, 2) to point out a clear line between the general
dentist and the specialist, 3) to create a platform for program direc-
tors to meet, 4) to create board examinations in order to be come
a diplomat of EAPD, 5) to create a continuing education program
for MaMs.
S.11 Paediatric Dentistry in Europe: Current
legislation and perspectives for European
recognition of the specialty.
C. J. OULIS, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, University of
Athens, Greece
The present situation regarding the recognized Dental Specialties in
European countries is a complex one with various levels of recog-
nition present at each country. According to the new EU Directive
(36/2005) which coordinate the Dental Profession there are only two
dental specialties (orthodontics and oral surgery) which under cer-
tain minimum criteria are automatically recognized in EU and hold-
ers of the Professional titles of Orthodontist and Oral Surgeon can
freely move and work within EU by using these titles. All other Spe-
cialties, Postgraduate Diplomas and Professional Qualications are
covered by the Directives of the General System and it is up to each
country to examine the titles and the qualications of another EU
country and to ask for compensatory measures (tests, extra training
etc) in case they are not equivalent to the Diplomas provided by the
host country. As for recognition of more Dental specialties under
the new Directive, the old two countries requirement does not ex-
ist anymore and the new requirement according to which a new
specialty can benet from automatic recognition only if it is common
to at least two fths of the Member States, applies only to new
medical specialities. The two fth condition for automatic recogni-
tion in other words does not apply to Dental Specialties. The aim of
this presentation is to examine, based on the existing legislation and
trends in the society and our profession, the new developments and
the possibilities for our specialty recognition in Europe.
S.12. Predictors for healing complications
after dental trauma and their use in an new
interactive dental trauma database.
J. O. ANDREASEN. Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Univer-
sity Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
During a 40 year period data have been collected at the trauma
centre in Copenhagen about healing complications subsequent to
all types of traumatic injuries involving both primary and permanent
teeth. This information is now entered into a database containing
long time observation of 2,400 traumatized teeth. A statistical analy-
sis has shown that 18 predictors appear to determine the scenario
of healing/complications. This information is now used to start to
develop a net based interactive database where a practitioner can
seek detailed information about the patients healing chances for a
given trauma circumstance (age of patient, stage of root develop-
ment, extent of displacement). This information would be transmit-
ted to the server at the trauma centre in Copenhagen and in the
trauma database there a group of patients will be identied with a
similar trauma prole. As an outputa life table analysis is now re-
turned to the sender with the calculated risk of pulp necrosis, pro-
gressive root resorption, marginal bone loss and tooth loss. All risk
proles covers at least a 10 year period. Included in the new trauma
program is also treatment advices if more than one treatment option
exist (eg. Intrusion).
S.13. Periodontal healing after Trauma.
M. TROPE. Philadelphia, USA.
Periodontal healing is evaluated by the presence or absence of root
resorption following dental trauma. Under normal circumstances
permanent teeth do not resorb. This fact appears to be due to anti-
resorptive properties of the pre-cementum on the external surface
of the root and the pre-dentin on the internal surface of the root. If
these tissues are intact, periodontitis will result in bone resorption
but root resorption will generally not occur. If however, these tis-
sues are removed or altered, the inammatory response will include
multinucleated clastic cells and root resorption will ensue. Therefore
active root resorption due to dental injuries is always inammatory in
origin, is destructive in nature and is radiolucent on the radiograph. If
the stimulus for the inammation is not removed the destructive in-
ammatory resorption will continue until the entire root surface is de-
stroyed. The healing response is dependent on the amount of dam-
age to the root surface if the initial inammation goes into the healing
phase. If the inammatory stimulus is self limiting or is reversed by
the dentist healing will result. If after the destructive inammation
subsides the damage to the root surface is over a small surface area
healing with new cementum and periodontal ligament will result.
This is considered favourable healing. If on the other hand the dam-
age is over a diffuse or large surface area, cementum will not be able
to cover the entire root surface and bone producing cells will attach
directly onto the root surface and eventually osseous replacement
of the root will occur. This is unfavourable healing. This presentation
will describe the typical causes of root resorption. Diagnosis of dif-
ferent inammatory stimulators will be discussed and the principles
of treatment to minimize inammation and thus predispose to favor-
able healing will be presented.
S.14. Endontic treatment of young immature
teeth with nonvital pulp.
M. S. DUGGAL, Dept of Child Dental Health, University of Leeds, UK
Management of anterior teeth in children which have become non
vital as a result of trauma before the root development has been
completed poses a challenge. Loss of vitality not only complicates
the treatment, but also compromises the long term prognosis. In
most situations clinicians use calcium hydroxide (CH), to promote
the formation of a hard tissue barrier near the apical region, before
obturation can be achieved. However, this form of treatment is far
from satisfactory and suffers from a number of limitations. CH does
not contribute to a qualitative or quantitative enhancement of the
root structure. There is compelling recent evidence, mainly from
in vitro studies, that CH may reduce the fracture resistance of the
root, by denaturing proteins in dentine, thereby predisposing it to
fracture, which is the fate that befalls an unacceptable percentage
of such teeth. Wherever possible the integrity of the neurovascular
bundle should be preserved allowing the root to grow normally with
deposition of dentine and cementum. Newer materials such as MTA
should be increasingly used. Carefully designed studies should be
conducted so that the treatments we provide are evidence based.
For example in a recent Cochrane Review on Apexication it was
found that there was weak and unreliable evidence on its efcacy,
with only three studies that were of a reasonable quality to be in-
cluded in the review. Therefore this talk is aimed at stimulating a
discussion on more innovative ways for the management of non vital
teeth with incomplete root development.
Abstracts of Papers
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // Abstracts of EAPD Congress, 2008
8
S.15. Preventive care for medically
compromised children.
G. DAHLFF. Dept. Paediatric Dentistry, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
The number of children with chronic health conditions is increasing.
Using a non-categorical denition that the chronic condition should
result in functional limitations, dependence on compensatory mecha-
nisms, and require service use or need beyond routine care for age
the prevalence is estimated to 14.8%. Many children will be at an
increased risk to develop diseases in the oral cavity and disturbances
in dental and craniofacial growth. Efforts are made to develop man-
agement programmes that also include prevention of oral diseases.
An example of this is for children with Down syndrome, where the pro-
gramme recommends that the child is referred to a paediatric dentist
at 6 month of age in order to inform parents about oral hygiene and
the increased risk for periodontal disease evaluate oral motor func-
tion and start behaviour management. Diseases caused by modern
life style are increasing among children and adolescents. Particularly
obesity is increasing, in Europe the prevalence of overweight var-
ies between 10-36% in different parts. For each kilo of overweight
the risk of periodontal disease increases. Changes in dietary habits,
particularly in this group of children also increase the risk for den-
tal caries. For this group dietary analysis and advice is particularly
important. For medically compromised children the risk to develop
oral diseases is life-long and to maintain good oral health requires a
structured management programme, well-informed oral health care
providers and access to specialist paediatric dentistry services.
S.16 Choice of dental materials in the medically
compromised child.
L. A. Marks, R. M. Verbeeck Depts of Paediatric Dentistry & Special
Care, PaeCaMeD Research , and Biomaterials Science, Ghent Uni-
versity Belgium
While caries declined in most of the Western countries, most of the
caries is found in so called risk groups. Within the group of Spe-
cial Care children oral health can be at risk and individualised care
should be taken for each patient. Specic factors as medication,
dexterity problems, regurgitation and nutrition are inuencing the
oral environment of these patients. As every patient has its proper
oral environment it can be suggested that the use of dental materi-
als should be selected on this criteria.
From the in vitro research on the reaction of restorative materials in
different environments it seems that dental restorative materials re-
act differently, sometimes in a smart way: e.g. in a low pH oral en-
vironment Glassionomer cements release more uoride which can
be benecial in order to prevent recurrent caries. On the other hand
Poly-acid modied composites (compomers) are more sensitive to
complexing circumstances at neutral pH (resting plaque) compared
to other materials. An overview of the different oral environments
found in Special care children will be presented.
The use of the proper restorative material reacting on the patients
oral environment can be an additional benecial factor in the oral
care of Special Care children. Indications for a proper clinical choice
will be discussed.
S.17 Amalgam: Is there still a place for it in
Paediatric Dentistry?
G. ELIADES. Dept. of Biomaterials, University of Athens, School of
Dentistry, Greece.
During the last decade many new restorative materials have been
introduced as amalgam alternatives for the treatment of primary
and permanent dentition. Traditional reinforced and resin-modied
glass-ionomers and compomers have been proposed for the pri-
mary dentition, whereas resin composites for the permanent. For
resin-containing materials a variety of bonding systems have been
introduced as well. In vitro studies have shown that some of the new
materials overwhelm the properties of amalgam and provide better
interfacial sealing, strength and stress transfer properties. Moreover,
an anticaries effect has been shown for materials releasing thera-
peutic agents (ie F, Sr, Ca, Zn, antimicrobial monomers). However,
the clinical longevity of these materials is still considered inferior to
amalgam, especially in class II and multisurface restorations. In ad-
dition, still there is no well-documented clinical evidence for a posi-
tive effect of the therapeutic agents released. All these highlight the
critical role of the marginal quality and durability of the restorative
materials and of the intraoral conditions in preventing a secondary
caries attack.
2. YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD ABSTRACTS
YSA 1. Effect of uoride slow-release devices
on salivary & gingival crevicular uid levels of
uoride. A pilot study.
C. Tatsi*, K. J. Toumba. Dept. Paediatric Dentistry, Child Dental
Health, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, England.
Aim: There is evidence from clinical studies and systematic reviews
that uoride slow release glass devices can effectively prevent den-
tal caries in children therefore the aim of this study is to further in-
vestigate and estimate the effect in the levels of uoride in a pooled
sample of human gingival crevicular uid and in human saliva for
a period of time. Method: Ten healthy adult volunteers wore uo-
ride slow-release glass devices for three months in a longitudinal
experimental clinical pilot study. Whole unstimulated human saliva
and gingival crevicular uid were collected at base-line, after two
weeks and at three months and analysed for their uoride levels
using ion chromatography and uoride electrode for the saliva. Re-
sults: In the saliva determination of uoride using the ion specic
uoride electrode showed an increase from 0.02 B 0.04ppm to
0.06 B 0.12ppm and for ion chromatography showed an increase
from 0.15 B 0.10ppm to 0.44 B 0.36ppm after 3 months. The uo-
ride levels in a pooled sample of gingival crevicular uid from four
intra-oral sites were determined using the ion chroma-tography. The
results showed that after 3 months the uoride levels were 0.71 B
0.34ppm and were similar to those at baseline 0.74 B 0.31ppm.
Conclusion: The uoride concentration in a pooled sample of gin-
gival crevicular uid was reported to range from 0.46-0.75ppm and
was not changed by placement of slow-release uoride devices. The
uoride concentration in unstimulated human saliva was determined
with the ion-specic uoride electrode and ion chromato-graphy
and with both methods there was an increase after 3 months when
the slow-release uoride devices were placed.
YSA 2. Reduction of salivary mutans streptococci
in orthodontic patients after consumption of
probiotic yoghurt.
S. K. Cildir*, E. Caglar, D. Gomec et al. Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry
& Orthodontics, Dental School, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Previous studies have suggested that probiotic supplement in dairy
products may affect the oral ecology, but the effect in orthodontic
patients has not previously been reported. Aim: to examine whether
short-term consumption of fruit yogurt containing probiotic bido-
bacteria would affect the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and
lactobacilli in patients with xed orthodontic appliances. Method: A
double-blind, randomized crossover trial, was conducted at a uni-
Abstracts of Papers