Density of a Gas

! Solve for d in the Ideal Gas Law using substitution:

mass ( )
Density ( ) =
Volume ( )
m
d
V
=


= =
m
n
MM
mRT
PV
MM
m P MM
d
V RT
=
!
PV = nRT

5.4
Molar Mass (MM ) of a Gas:
dRT
P
MM =
d - density of the gas in g/L

R is 0.0821 Latm/molK
NOT 8.314 J/mol K!
Sorry for the confusion.
m is the mass of
the gas in g
How many times more dense is CO
2
than H
2
?
A) 22 times
B) 1.96 times
C) 0.089 times
D) They have the same density because
they are both gases
Lecture Question
! MM
d= =
P
RT
! M
m
V
~44g/mol ~2g/mol
5.4
3
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and
27.0
0
C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
dRT
P
!=
d =
m
V
4.65 g
2.10 L
= = 2.21
g
L
! =
2.21
g
L
1 atm
x 0.0821 x 300.15 K
Latm
molK
! =
54.5 g/mol
5.4
For Practice at Home: density & M
4
V and T are constant
Gases in a mixture behave independently and exert
same pressure as if they were in a container alone.
P
1

P
2
P
total
= P
1
+ P
2

5.4
5
The partial pressure of a gas, A is proportional to its mole
fraction, X
A

P
A
=
n
A
RT
V
n
A
is the number of moles of A
X
A
=
n
A

n
total gas

P
A
= X
A
P
T

5.4
6
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH
4
, 0.421
moles of C
2
H
6
, and 0.116 moles of C
3
H
8
. If the total pressure
of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of
propane (C
3
H
8
)?
P
A
= X
A
P
T

X
propane
=
0.116 mol
(8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116)mol
P
T
= 1.37 atm
= 0.0132
P
propane
= 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm
5.4
If 8.00 g of O
2
and 8.00 g of N
2
are placed in a 15.0 L vessel
at 38.0 C, what is the total pressure in the vessel?
A) 1.82 atm
B) 0.111 atm
C) 27.2 atm
D) 0.913 atm
!
V =15.0L
T = 38.0 + 273.15K = 311.2K
P
Total
=
n
total
RT
V
n
total
= n
O
2
+ n
N
2
=
8.00g
32.00g/ mol
+
8.00g
28.02g/ mol
= 0.536moles
P
Total
=
n
total
RT
V
=
0.536moles "0.0821Latm/ molK " 311.2K
15.0L
= 0.913atm
5.6
5.6
For Practice at Home: Daltons Law
Collecting a Gas over Water
5.4
Assume rxn in 5.12:
2KClO
3
(s) " 2KCl (s) + 3O
2
(g)
P
T
= P
O
+ P
H O

2 2
Acetylene (C
2
H
2
) is produced in the laboratory when
calcium carbide (CaC
2
) reacts with water:
CaC
2
(s) + 2H
2
O(l) ! C
2
H
2
(g) + Ca(OH)
2
(aq)
The collected gas sample has a total pressure of 738 torr, a
volume of 0.523 L and a temp of 296 K. The vapor pressure of
water is 21 torr. How many grams of acetylene are collected?
P
T
=P
C2H2
+P
H2O

P
total P
C2H2

n
C2H2

n=PV/RT
"
mass
C2H2

P
C
2
H
2

= (738 - 21) torr = 717 torr x
1 atm
760 torr
= 0.943 atm
0.943 atm 0.523 L x
atm"L
mol"K
0.0821 x 296 K
n
C
2
H
2

=
RT
PV
= = 0.0203 mol
0.0203 mol x
26.04 g C
2
H
2

1 mol C
2
H
2

= 0.529 g C
2
H
2

5.4
Calculations show that 1.00 mol of an ideal gas at
P=1.00 atm and T=298 K occupies V=24.5 L. If
hydrogen gas is collected over water under these
conditions, then
A) 24.5 L of collected gas will contain 1 mole
of hydrogen gas
B) 24.5 L of collected gas will contain 1 mole
of water vapor
C) 24.5 L of collected gas will contain 1 mole
of total gases
D) 24.5 L of collected gas will contain 1 mole
of hydrogen and 1 mole of water vapor.
assuming ideal behavior for hydrogen gas
P
T
= P
H
+ P
H O

2 2
5.4
For Practice at Home: Daltons Law
11
P, V, T
of gas A
Amount (mol)
of gas A
Amount (mol)
of gas B
P, V, T
of gas B
Gas Stoichiometry
5.4
12
Gas Stoichiometry
What is the volume of CO
2
produced at 37
0
C and 1.00 atm
when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:
C
6
H
12
O
6
(s) + 6O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (l)
g C
6
H
12
O
6
mol C
6
H
12
O
6
mol CO
2
V CO
2
5.60 g C
6
H
12
O
6

1 mol C
6
H
12
O
6
180 g C
6
H
12
O
6
x
6 mol CO
2

1 mol C
6
H
12
O
6
x = 0.187 mol CO
2

V =
nRT
P
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
Latm
molK
1.00 atm
= = 4.76 L
How would this ? be different if at STP?
5.4
What volume of CO
2
can be obtained from
the decomposition of 250 g of
CaCO
3
(M=100. g/mol) at STP?
A) 22.4 L
B) 44 L
C) 110 g
D) 56 L
Lecture Question
CaCO
3
(s) ! CaO(s) + CO
2
(g)
mass CaCO
3
! mol CaCO
3
! mol CO
2
! vol CO
2

250 g CaCO
3

1 mol CaCO
3
100. g CaCO
3
x
1 mol CO
2

1 mol CaCO
3
x
= 56 L CO
2

22.4 L CO
2

1 mol CO
2
x
5.4
What volume of hydrogen gas is needed to react
with 8.57 g P
4
at 25.0 C and 0.961 atm?
A) 10.6 L
B) 0.937 L
C) 661 L
D) 1.83 L
E) none of the above
At Home Practice: Gas Stoichiometry
P
4(s)
+ 6H
2(g)
! 4PH
3(g)

Answer on the next slide!
5.4
What volume of hydrogen gas is needed to react
with 8.57 g P
4
at 25.0 C and 0.961 atm?
A) 10.6 L
B) 0.937 L
C) 661 L
D) 1.83 L
!
PLAN : mass P
4

MM
" # " moles P
4
mole ratio
" # " " " moles H
2
V= nRT / P
" # " " " volume H
2
1)Calculate the moles of H
2
gas :
8.57gP
4
$
1mol P
4
123.88gP
4

$
6mol H
2
1mol P
4
= 0.415mol H
2
3)Calculate the volume of H
2
gas :
T = 25C + 273K = 298K and P = 0.961atm
V =
nRT
P
=
0.415mol $0.0821Latm/ molK $298K
0.961atm
=10.6L
P
4(s)
+ 6H
2(g)
! 4PH
3(g)

At Home Practice: Gas Stoichiometry
5.4
How many L of CO
2
at STP could be produced
from the reaction of 2 L of CH
4
at STP with 2 L
of O
2
at STP?

A) 1 L
B) 2 L
C) 3 L
D) 4 L
E) 5 L
Balance rxn: CH
4
+ 2O
2
! 2H
2
O + CO
2

2L 2L
+1L
O
2
is limitingso 1L of CO
2
is produced
-1L
1L
-2L
0L +1L
At Home Practice: Gas Stoichiometry
5.4
1. Gases are composed of small (points) and widely
separated particles with zero volumes.
Explains:
! Low densities of gas
! High compressibility
Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gases
Explains experimental observations of gases

NO
2
gas
5.5

2. Each gas particle has a constant, random motion,
until it collides with something.
! Collisions are perfectly elastic (no loss of energy).
! Explains: how gases fill containers
3. Particles of a gas behave independently.
! No forces between gas particles.
! Explains: Daltons Law
KMT of Gases
Postulates cont.
4. The average kinetic energy of a gas is
proportional to the temperature (in Kelvin)
KE
ave
" T
kelvin
9.4
KE
ave
= # m x v
2

5.5
19
The distribution of speeds
for nitrogen gas molecules
at three different temperatures
The distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature
v
root mean square
=v
rms
=
3RT
!
#
5.5
Speed Distribution
R = 8.314 J/mol K and M in kg/mol
Calculate the root-mean-square speed of nitrogen
gas at room temperature (25 C).
(Use R=0.0821 Latmmol
-1
K
-1
or R

= 8.314 Jmol
-1
K
-1
)

A) 5.15 x 10
1
m/s
B) 1.62 x 10
1
m/s
C) 5.15 x 10
2
m/s
D) 2.62 m/s
E) 1.61 m/s
For Practice at Home
!
!
v
rms
=
3RT
MM
"
#
$
%
&
'
1/ 2
=
3(8.314Jmol
)1
K
)1
(298K
2.802 (10
)2
kgmol
)1
"
#
$
%
&
'
1/ 2
= 5.15 (10
2
m/sec
!
units :
J
kg
=
kg" m
2
" s
#2
kg
...
kg" m
2
" s
#2
kg
$
%
&
'
(
)
1/ 2
= m/sec
!
units :1J = kg" m
2
" s
#2
5.5
21
Gas diffusion - mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules
of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
NH
3
17 g/mol
HCl

36 g/mol
NH
4
Cl
Rate of diffusion
or rate of effusion
1
!
#
"
molecular path
5.5
Gas effusion a gas under pressure escaping from one
compartment to another by passing through a small opening
rate
1

rate
2

!
2
!
1

#
=
Nickel forms a gas with the formula Ni(CO)
x
. What is the value of
x given that methane (CH
4
) effuses 3.3 times faster than Ni(CO)
x

rate
1
= 3.3 x rate
2

!
1
= 16 g/mol
!
2
=
rate
1

rate
2

( )
2
X M
1
= (3.3)
2
x 16 = 174.2

58.7g/mol + x 28g/mol = 174.2 g/mol x = 4.1 ~ 4
5.5
Grahams law of
effusion