ELASTICITY 125

1. DEFINATION
Elasticity is that property of the material of a
body by virtue of which the body opposes any
change in its shape or size when deforming forces
are applied to it, and recovers its original state
as soon as the deforming forces are removed.
On the basis of defi nati on bodies may be
cl assi fi ed i n two types :
(a) Perfectl y El astic (P.E.) : If body regains its
original shape ans size completely after removal
of force.
Nearest approach P.E. : quartz-fibre
(b) Perfectl y Pl astic (P.P.) : If body does not have
tendency to recover its original shape and size.
Nearest Approach P.P. : Peetty
Li mi t of Elasticity : The maximum deforming
force upto which a body retains its property of
elasticity is called the limit of elasticity of the
material of the body.
2. STRESS
The internal restoring force acting per unit area of
cross-section of the deformed body is called
stress.
If an external force F is applied to the cross
sectional area A of a body, then
Stress o = F/A
Unit of stress : N/m
2
Di mensi on of stress : M
1
L
-1
T
-2
2.1 Types of stress :
Three Types of Stress :
(A) Tensi le Stress : Pulling force per unit area. It is
applied parallel to the length
It causes increase in length or volume
(B) Compressive Stress : Pushing force per unit
area. It is applied parallel to the length
It causes decrease in length or volume
ELASTI CI TY
(C) Tangenti al Stress : Tangential force per unit
area. It causes shearing of bodies.
Note :
1. If the stress is normal to surface called normal
stress.
2. Stress is always normal to surface in case of
change in length of a wire or volume of body.
3. When external force compresses the body
Nature of atomic force will be repulsive.
4. When external forces expanses the body
Nature of atomic force will be attractive.
Di fference between Pressure v/s Stress :
S. No.
3
2
Pressure St ress
Pressure is always normal to
the area.
Stress can be normal or
tangential
May be compressive or
tensile in nature.
Scalar Tensor
Always compressive in nature
1
Ex.1 A 4.0 m long copper wire of cross sectional
area 1.2 cm
2
is stretched by a force of
4.8 10
3
N stress will be -
(A) 4.0 10
7
N/mm
2
(B) 4.0 10
7
KN/m
2
(C) 4.0 10
7
N/m
2
(D) None
Sol. [C]
Stress =
F
A
=
48 10
12 10
3
4 2
.
.

N
m
= 4.0 10
7
N/m
2
3. STRAIN
The change occurred in the unit size of the body
is called strain.
3.1 Types of strai n :
Three Types of Strai n :
(A) Li near Strain : Change in length per unit length
is called linear strain
Li near Strai n =
Change inlength
Original length
=
AL
L
(B) Volume Strai n : Change in volume per unit
volume is called volume
strain.
Volume Strai n
=
Change in volume
Originalvolume
=
AV
V
F
A F V-AV
Volume
sirain
126
(C) Shear St rai n : Angle through which a line
originally normal to fixed surface is turned.
| =
x
L
Note : Strain is unitless.
Ex.2 A copper rod 2m long is stretched by 1mm.
Strain will be -
(A) 10
-4
, volumetric
(B) 5 10
-4
, volumetric
(C) 5 10
-4
, longitudinal
(D) 5 10
-3
, volumetric
Sol. [C] Strain =
A

=
1 10
2
3

= 5 10
4
,
longitudinal
4. THERMAL STRESS
If the ends of a rod are rigidly fixed and its
temperature is changed, then compressive
stresses are set up in the rod. These developed
stress are called thermal stress.
Thermal Stress =Y o At
Y modulus of elasticity
o Coefficient of linear expansion
At change in temperature
Ex.3 A wire of cross sectional area 3mm
2
is just
stretched between two fixed points at a
temperature of 20
0
C. Determine the tension
when the temperature falls to 20
0
C. Coefficient
of linear expansion o = 10
5
/
0
C and
Y =2 10
11
N/m
2
.
(A) 120 KN (B) 20 N
(C) 120 N (D) 102 N
Sol. [C] F =Y A o At
=2 10
11
3 10
6
10
-5
20
F =120 N.
5. WORK DONE IN STRETCHING A WIRE
In stretching a wire work is done against internal
restoring forces. This work is stored in body as
elastic potential energy or strain energy.
If L = length of wire &
A =Cross-sectional Area.
Y =
F A
x L
/
/
F =
YA
L
x
work done to increase dx length
dW =Fdx =
YA
L
xdx
Total work done = W =
0
AL
}
YA
L
xdx
=
1
2

YA
L
(AL)
2
Work done per unit volume =
W
V
=
1
2
Y
[ V =AL]
W
V
=
1
2
Y (strain)
2
W
V
=
1
2
x stress x strain
[ Y =
Stress
Strain
]
W
V
=
1
2

Y
) stress (
2

W
AL
=
1
2

F
A

AL
L
W =
1
2
F AL =
1
2
load x elongation
Ex.4 A spring is stretched by 3cm when a load of
5.4 x 10
6
dyne is suspended from it. Work
done will be-
(A) 8.1 10
6
J (B) 8 10
6
J
(C) 8.0 10
6
ergs (D) 8.1 10
6
ergs
Sol. [D] W =
1
2
x load x elongation
W =
1
2
5.4 10
6
3
W =8.1 10
6
ergs
6. STRESS-STAIN CURVE
If we increase the load gradually on a vertical
suspended metal wire,
In Region OA :
Strain is small (< 2%)
Stress Strain Hook's law is valid.
Slope of line OA gives Young's modulus Y of the
material.
In Region AB : Stress is not proportional to
strain, but wire will still regain its original length
after removing of stretching force.
In region BC : Wire yields strain increases
ELASTICITY 127
128
rapidly with small change in stress. This behavior
is shown up to point C known as yield point.
In regi on CD : Point D correspondes to
maximum stress, which is called point of
breaking or tensile strength.
In region DE : The wire literally flows. The
maximum stress corresponding to D after which
wire begin to flow.
In this region strain increase even if wire is
unloaded and rupture at E.
7. HOOK'S LAW
Stress is proportional to strain with in limit of
proportionality for metal.
E =Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress
Strain
= constant
7.1 Young' s Modulus ( Y ) :
Y =
LinearStress
LinearStrain
=
F A
L L
/
/ A
Note :
(A) For Loaded Wire :
AL =
FL
r Y t
2

Y
FL
A L
A r = =
L
N
M
O
Q
P
A
& t
2
for rigid body AL =0 so Y = i.e.
elasticity of rigid body is infinite.
(B) If same stretching force is applied to different
wire of same material.
AL
L
r
2
[As F and Y are const.]
Greater the value AL, greater will be elongation.
(C) El ongati on of wi re by its own weight :
In this case F = Mg acts at CG of the wire so
length of wire which is stretched will be L/2
AL =
FL
AY
=
( ) / Mg L
r Y
2
2
t
=
MgL
AY 2
=
gL
Y
2
2
[ M = AL]
AL =
gL
Y
2
2
Ex.5 A wire of length 1m and area of cross section
4 x 10
-8
m
2
increases in length by 0.2 cm
when a force of 16 N is applied. Value of Y
for the material of the wire will be
(A) 2 10
6
N/m
2
(B) 2 10
11
kg/m
2
(C) 2 10
11
N/mm
2
(D) 2 10
11
N/m
2
Sol. [D] By Hook's law
Y =
F A
L
/
/
=
FL
A
Y =
16 1
4 10 02 10
8 2

( ) ( . )
= 2 10
11 1
N/m
2
7.2 Bulk Modul us :
B =
Volume stress
Volume strain
=
A
A
P
V
V

B =
V P
V
A
A
7.3 Compressi bility :
k =
1
B
=
1
V

A
A
V
P
F
H
G
I
K
J
7.4 Modulus of Rigidity :
q =
tan
tan
gentialstress
gentialstrain
q =
F A /
|
Only solid can have shearing as these have
definite shape.
8. POISSION'S RATIO
o =
Lateralstrain
Linearstrain
=
d D
L L
/
/ A
o =
dL
LD A
Interatomic force constant = Young Modulus x
Interatomic distance.
Ex.6 The volume of a solid rubber ball (C) when it
is carried from the surface to the bottom of
a 200m deep lake decreases by 0.1%. The
value for bulk modulus elasticity for rubber
will be
(A) 2 10
9
Pa (B) 2 10
6
Pa
(C) 2 10
4
Pa (D) 2 10
-4
Pa
Sol. [A] B =
A
A
PV
V
F
Al
L
L
D
d
Al
ELASTICITY 129
Given, AP =hdg =200 x 10
3
x 10
AP =2 10
5
N/m
2
AV
V
=
01
100
.
=10
3
B =
2 10
10
6
3
x

= 2 10
9
N/m
2
Examples
based on
Stress, strain & work done i n
stretching a wi re
Ex.7 A steel wire is 4.0 m long and 2 mm in
diameter. Young's modulus of steel is
1.96 10
11
N/m
2
. If a mass of 20 kg is
suspended from it the elongation produced
will be -
(A) 2.54 mm (B) 1.27 mm
(C) 0.64 mm (D) 0.27 mm
Sol. [B]
Y =
strain
stress
=
L /
A / F
l
=
l A
L F
l =
Y A
L F
=
11 2 3
10 96 . 1 ) 10 (
4 8 . 9 20
t

=1.27 10
3
m =1.27 mm
Ex.8 A brass rod is to support a load of 400 N. If
its elastic limit is 4.0 10
8
N/m
2
its minimum
diameter must be -
(A) 1.13 mm (B) 2.26 mm
(C) 3.71 mm (D) 4.52 mm
Sol. [A]
Limiting stress =4.0 10
8
N/m
2
A
F
=
A
400
= 4.0 10
8
or A = 10
6
m
2
D =
2 / 1
A 4
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
2 / 1
6
10 4
|
|
.
|

\
|
t

= 1.13 10
3
m =1.13 mm
Ex.9 The compressibility of water is 5 10
10
m
2
/N.
If it is subjected to a pressure of 15 MPa,
the fractional decrease in volume will be -
(A) 3.3 10
5
(B) 5.6 10
4
(C) 7.5 10
3
(D) 1.5 10
2
Sol. [C] Compressibility
_ =
K
1
=
p V
V
A
A
= 5 10
10
Fractional decrease in volume =
V
V A
=_ A p
= 5 10
10
15 10
6
=7.5 10
3
Ex.10 The Young's modulus of steel is 2 10
11
N/m
2
and its coefficient of linear expansion is
1.1 10
5
per deg. The pressure to be
applied to the ends of a steel cylinder to
keep its length constant on raising its
temperature by 100C, will be -
(A) 5.5 10
4
N/m
2
(B) 1.8 10
6
N/m
2
(C) 2.2 10
8
N/m
2
(D) 2.0 10
11
N/m
2
Sol. [C]
Increase in length on heating
Al = o L AT
To annul this increase if pressure applied is
p then
p =Y
L
l A
=Yo AT
=2 10
11
1.1 10
5
100
=2.2 10
8
N/m
2
9. RELATION BETWEEN Y, K,
Y =3k (1 2o) ....(1)
q =
Y
21 ( ) + o
....(2)
From (1)
o =
1
2
[1
Y
k 3
] ....(3)
From (2) o =
Y
2q
1 ....(4)
From equation (3) & (4)
1
2

1
3

(
Y
k
=
Y
2q
1
9
Y
=
q
3
+
1
k
Y =
9
3
q
q
k
k +
From (1) & (2)
Y =3k (1 2o) & Y =2q (1 + o)
3k (1 2o) =2q (1 + o)
o =
3 2
6 2
k
k

+
q
q
....(5)
130
From equation (5)
3k (1 2o) =2q (1 + o)
1 2o > 0 [if o is ( +Ve)]
1
2
> o
1 + o > 0 (if o is (-Ve)]
1 + o >0
o > - 1
Thus o lies between 1/2 and 1.
Ex.11 For a given material, the Young's modulus is
2.4 time that of rigidity modulus . It's
poisson's ratio is
(A) 1.2 (B) 1.02
(C) 0.2 (D) 2
Sol. [C]
y = 2q (1 + o)
y =2.4 q
2.4 q =2q (1 + o)
(1 + o) =1.2
o = 0.2
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. No one material is perfectly elastic in the
universe.
2. After applying force on a body, if relative
displacement is negligible, it can be
considered as rigid body.
3. Steel is more elastic than rubber.
4. Structural material have always elastic
properties.
5. Braking stress is independent of length of
the wire.
6. The breaking stress needed to break a wire
is called tensile strength.
7. Young's modulus =
Longitudinalstress
Longitudinalstrain
8. Modulus of rigidity =
Shearstress
Shearstrain
9. Breaking stress depend on the material of
the wire.
10. Elasticity increases on adding impurities.
11. Poission ratio is unit-less quantity.
12. Compressibility =
1
BulkModulus
13. Elasticity decreases on increasing
temperature.
14. Liquid and gases have only volume elasticity.
15. A carbon filament which is highly elastic at
ordinary temperatures becomes plastic when
heated by the current through it. This proves
that elasticity decreases with increasing
temperature.
16. A substance temporarily loses its elastic
properties when a continuous strain is applied
over it. This is known as the state of elastic
fatigue.
17.
F
F
1
2
=
A
A
1
2

L
L
2
1
=
r
r
1
2
2
2

L
L
2
1
L
N
M
O
Q
P
Yissame
L L A A
1 2
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
18. In spring work done
W =1/2 kx
2
19. Work done in increasing spring extension
from l
1
to l
2
= W = 1/2 k(l
2
2
l
1
2
)
20. If the weight suspended from the wire and its
original length is same.
(only Al and r is changed)
A l r
2
= constant
21. Two wire having
Y Y
F F
1 2
1 2
=
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
AL
L
r
2

A
A
L
L
2
1
=
L
L
2
1

r
r
1
2
2
2
22. Two wires having
Y Y
L L
1 2
1 2
=
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
AL o
F
r
2

A
A
L
L
2
1
=
F r
F r
2 1
2
1 2
2
23. Due to tension intermolecular distance
between atom is increase and therefore P.E.
at the wire is increased and with removal of
force interatomic distance is reduced and so
is the P.E. This change in P.E. appears as
heat in the wire and thus temperature is
increase.
ELASTICITY 131
24. Due to continued use, original length of the
spring is increased and thus elasticity is
decreased.
25. The value of modulus of elasticity is
independent of the magnitude of the stress
and strain depend only on nature of material
of the body.
26. Greater the value of Y, B, q, more elastic is
material.
27. Y and q exists only for solids.
28. As liquid and gases cannot be deformed
along one dimension only and cannot sustain
shear strain that's why Y and q does not
exists.
29. Bulk of modulus exists for solid liquid & gas.
30. E
solid
> E
liquid
> E
gas
31. Isothermal Elasticity E
u
=P
Adiabatic Elasticity E
|
= P
E
|
> E
u
32. With rise in temperature Y, B, q decreases
because distance between atom increases.
132
Ex1 A wire of length 1m is stretched by a force
of 10N. The area of cross-section of the wire
is 2 10
6
m
2
& y is 2 10
11
N/m
2
. Increase
in length of the wire will be -
(A) 2.5 10
5
cm (B) 2.5 10
5
mm
(C) 2.5 10
-5
m (D) None
Sol. [C] Stress =F/A = 10/(2 10
-6
)
=5 10
6
N/m
2
Strain =
Stress
Y
=
5 10
2 10
6
11

= 2.5 10
5
l = L x strain = 1 2.5 10
5
l = 2.5 10
5
m
Ex.2 A stress of 1kg/mm
2
is applied on a wire. If
the modulus of elasticity of the wire is
10
10
dyne/cm
2
, then the percentage increase
in the length of the wire will be
(A) 0.007 (B) 0.0098
(C) 98 (D) 9.8
Sol. [B]
A
L
=
Mg
AY
=
1000 980 100
10 001
12

.
Al = 0.0098 cm.
Ex.3 A uniform steel wire of density 7800kg/m
3
is
2.5 m long and weighs 15.6 10
3
kg. It
extends by 1.25 mm when loaded by 8kg.
Calculate the value of young's modulus for
steel.
(A) 1.96 10
11
N/m
2
(B) 19.6 10
11
N/m
2
(C) 196 10
11
N/m
2
(D) None
Sol. [A] Volume = Mass/density
Area of cross-section =volume/length
=
mass
density length
=
156 10
7800 25
3
.
.

=8 10
7
m
2
Y =
F
A L

A
=
8 98 25
8 10 125 10
7 3



. .
( ) .
Y =1.96 10
11
N/m
2
Ex.4 Length of wire is doubled, when 20 x 10
8
N/m
2
stress is applied on it. Modulus of elasticity
in N/m
2
will be
(A) 20 10
8
(B) 20 10
9
(C) 20 10
10
(D) 10 10
8
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Sol. [A] Y =
MgL
r t
2
A
but Mg/tr
2
= 20 10
8
& Al = L then
Y =20 10
8
N/m
2
Ex.5 A steel wire of uniform cross-section of 2mm
2
is heated upto 50
0
C and clamped rigidly at
two ends. If the temperature of wire falls to
30
0
then change in tension in the wire will
be, if coefficient of linear expansion of steel
is 1.1 10
-5
/
0
C and young's modulus of
elasticity of steel is 2 10
11
N/m
2
.
(A) 44 N (B) 88 N
(C) 132 N (D) 22 N
Sol. [B]
F =Y o AtA
A =2 10
6
m
2
Y =2 11 N/m
2
o = 1.1 10
5
t =50 30 = 20
0
C
F =2 10
11
1.1 10
5
20 2 x 10
6
=88N.
Hence correct answer is (B)
Ex.6 The work done in increasing the length of a
one meter long wire of cross-sectional area
1mm
2
through 1mm will be (Y =2 x 10
11
N/m
2
)
(A) 250 J (B) 10 J
(C) 5 J (D) 0.1 J
Sol. [D] Work done on the wire
W =
1
2
F l =
1
2
stress x volume x strain
W =
1
2
Y strain
2
volume
W =
1
2
Y
A
2
2
L
AL =
YA L
L
A
2
2
W =
2 10 10 10
2 1
11 6 6

=0.1 J
Ex.7 A metallic wire is suspended by suspending
weight to it. If s is longitudinal strain and Y
its young's modulus of elasticity. Potential
energy per unit volume will be
(A)
1
2
Y
2
S
2
(B)
1
2
Y
2
S
(C)
1
2
YS
2
(D) 2YS
2
ELASTICITY 133
Sol. [C]
Potential energy per unit volume = u
=
1
2
stress strain
But Y =
stress
strain
stress =Y x strain = Y x S
Potential energy per unit volume = u
=
1
2
x (YS)S =
1
2
YS
2
Ex.8 The lengths and radii of two wires of same
material are respectively L, 2L, and 2R, R.
Equal weights are applied on then. If the
elongations produced in them are l
1
and l
2
respectively then their ratio will be
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 4 : 1
(C) 8 : 1 (D) 1 : 8
Sol. [D]

1
2
=
L r
L r
1 2
2
2 1
2
L
1
= L, L
2
= 2L, r
1
= 2R., r
2
=R

1
2
=
L
L 2

R
R
2
2
4
=
1
8
Ex.9 The ratio of radii of two wires of same
material is 2:1. If these wires are stretched
by equal force, then the ratio of stresses
produced in them will be
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1
Sol. [C] stress =
Force
Area
=
F
r t
2
stress S
1
2
r

S
S
1
2
F
H
G
I
K
J =
r
r
2
1
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
Given
r
r
1
2
=
2
1

S
S
1
2
=
1
4
Ex.10 The compressibility of water is 5 x 10
-10
m
2
/N.
Find the decrease in volume of 100ml of water
when subjected to a pressure of 15 MPa.
(A) 0.75 ml (B) 0.75 mm
(C) 0.75 mm (D) 7.5 mm
Sol. [A]
compressibility =
1
K
=
A
A
V
V P
AV =(V AP)
1
K
AV =(100 15 10
6
) 5 10
10
AV =0.75 ml
Ex.11 The upper end of a wire 1 meter long and
2mm radius is clamped. The lower end is
twisted through an angle of 45
0
. The angle of
shear is.
(A) 0.09
0
(B) 0.9
0
(C) 9
0
(D) 90
0
Sol. [A]
u =
r
L
|
=
( / ) 2 1000 45
1
0
= 0.09
0
.
134
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
1. INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
The force of interaction between two molecules
depends on the spatial distribution of the electrons
and the separation between the molecules. The
forces are due to the electrostatic interactions of
electrons and nuclei of the molecules. The forces
may be attractive or repulsive depending upon
the separation between the molecules. These
forces are termed as intermolecular forces.
(A) The variation of inter atomic force with
distance between two molecules is shown in
following diagram.
At a fix distance r
0
the attractive and repulsive
forces acting between the molecules counter
balances each other so there is no net force
between the molecules. The distance r
0
is of
the order of 10
-10
m. The distance r
0
is also
termed as intermolecular distance.
(B) For r >r
0
the net force between molecules is
attractive. For r < r
0
the net force between
the molecules is repulsive.
2. INTERMOLECULAR POTENTIAL ENERGY
The molecules exert forces of attraction on each
other so they possess potential energy. The
potential energy U is related with the
inter-molecular force as-
F =
dU
dr
(a) The variation of intermolecular potential energy
with the distance r between two molecules is
plotted in following graph. These curve may
have different shapes for different materials
but their general behaviour is same.
(b) At intermolecular separation r =r
0
the P.E.
is minimum.
(c) At this position the molecules is in state of
stable equilibrium.
(d) At distance r > r
0
potential energy is
negative.
(e) For distance r <r
0
the potential energy is
positive.
3. STATES OF MATTER
Molecules also possess K.E. due to temperature
of the matter. The ratio of kinetic and potential
energy of the molecules decide whether the
matter is in solid, Liquid or in gaseous phase.
(A) Soli d State :
(i) Solids have fixed shapes and fixed volumes.
(ii) At ordinary temperatures the mean kinetic
energy of molecules is very small compared
with their potential energy. Hence the
molecules are rigidly connected to each other
and remains at their respective sites.
(B) Li quid State :
(i) A liquid has fixed volume but no fixed shape.
(ii) The mean kinetic energy of liquid molecules
is much larger then that for solid. As a result
of this these molecules can move freely in
the container. However this energy is not
sufficient for the molecules to escape from
the surface of the liquid.
(i ii ) Liquid possess properties like surface
tension, Capilliarity etc.
C. Gaseous State :
(i) Gases have neither fixed shape nor fixed
volume.
(ii) A molecule belonging to gaseous phase is
always in a state of random motion capable
of moving freely because the intermolecular
forces between the molecules is almost
negligible.
4. VARIOUS TYPES OF BONDS
(i) In solids molecules form bonds with each
other.
(ii) Various types of bonds exits between
molecules but all of them are electrostatic in
nature.
F
F
O
P
S
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

R
e
p
u
l
s
i
o
n
r
r
0
B
A
O
U
r
F
E
D r
0
C
ELASTICITY 135
(i ii ) Name of various types of bonds which may
exist in solids are
(i) ionic (ii) covalent(iii) vander Waal's Binding (iv)
metallic(v) hydrogen bonding.
4.1 Ioni c Bond :
(i) The cause of this binding is transfer of one
or more electron from one atom to another
atom by which positive and negative ions are
formed.
(ii) The electrostatic force of attraction between
these ions is the cause of ionic bond. Crystal
containg binding of this type are termed as
ionic solids.
Exampl es: NaCl, CsCl, LiF etc.
4.2 Covalent Bond :
(i) This arises due to sharing of electron between
neutral atoms.
This bond is highly directional in nature
e.g. in silicon, germanium etc.
(i ii ) Such solids are generally semiconductor in
nature.
4.3 Molecular bonding :
(i) Such bonds are formed between non polar
molecules.
(ii) Such a bonding is due to a weak force as
present between two electric dipoles.
Example : CH
4
, Cl
2
, CO
2
etc.
4.4 Metall ic Bond and Metals :
(i) These bonds result due to interaction between
the positive crystal lattice and free electron
gas.
(ii) These bonds are formed between the atoms
having low ionisation energy.
Exampl e : Cu, Al, Na, Ag etc.
POINTS TO REMEMBER
(1) Metallic bonds forms between atom having
small number of valence electrons.
(2) Net dipole moment of non polar molecules is
zero.
Example : O
2
, H
2
, CO
2
, CH
(3) Cohesive force : The attractive inter-molecular
force acting between the molecules of same
material is called, cohesive force e.g. water-
water molecule.
(4) Adhesive force : the attractive molecular force
acting between different types of molecules for
example force acting between glass and water
molecules.
(5) The magnitude of r
0
is of the order of 10
-10
m.
(6) Characteristics of inter-molecular forces-
These are short range forces.
These do not obey inverse square law.
Their nature is electromagnetics.
(7) Phenomena like viscosity, surface tension,
wetting of a surface by a liquid, capillarity etc
can be explained on the basis of inter molecular
forces.
(8) The physical propoerties of three states of
matter can be explained on the basis of these
force.
(9) When a molecule is brought from infinity
towards to another molecules then U decreases
in positive direction i.e. increases in the
negative direction.
(10) There are three states of matter on the basis
of potential energy.
(11) For the solids, which can be easily
compressed, the melting point is low and
temperature coefficient of expansion is high.
136
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 What type of bonds are there in GaAs ?
(A) Ionic and covalent
(B) Ionic and hydrogen
(C) Covalent and Vander wall's
(D) Ionic and Vander Waal's
Sol. [A]
In GaAs ionic and covalent bonds are present.
Ex.2 In non-polar molecules the positive and
negative charge centres-
(A) Do not coincide
(B) coincide
(C) sometimes coincide and sometimes do
not coincide
(D) nothing can be predicted.
Sol. [B]
In non-polar molecules the positive and
negative charge centres coincide.
Ex.3 In diamond crystal lattice, the angle enclosed
by the bonds between different carbon atoms
is-
(A) 109
0
28' (B) 90
0
(C) 60
0
(D) 45
0
Sol. [A]
In diamond lattice the angle enclosed by the
bonds between different carbon atoms is
109
0
28'.
Ex.4 The structure of diamond lattice is equivalent
to-
(A) Ne (B) Ar
(C) Si and Ge (D) K and Ni
Sol. [C]
The structure of diamond lattice is equivalent
to that of semiconductors Ge and Si.
Ex.5 If the potential energy between two atoms is
U =
A
r
12

B
r
6
then the binding energy U
b
in
equilibrium position will be-
(A) A
2
/4B (B) B
2
/4A
(C) 2A/B
4
(D) None
Sol. [B]
Binding energy U
B
O
= potential energy at
infinite distance-potential energy at
equilibrium distance
U
B
O
=U
r =

U
r r =
0
U
r =
= 0 and r
0
=
2
16
A
B
F
H
G
I
K
J
/

U
B
O
=0
A
A
B
2
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
B
A
B
2
=
B
A
2
4
+
B
A
2
2
U
B
O
=
B
A
2
4