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Department name
Renesas Mobile Corporation
Rev. 0.00
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2012/3/28
LTE on Shared Bands (LEONARD)
Kari Rikkinen

TEKES TRIAL seminar 15.02.2012
Introduction
LTE on Shared Bands (LEONARD)
RME research project in Tekes Trial programme
one of the parallel industry projects related to the CORE
project
duration 1.1.2011-31.12.2011 (an extension project included in
Tekes Trial programme in 2012)

Project focus
LTE technology applicability to shared band operation
LTE and WLAN technology coexistence in same frequency band
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LTE on Shared Bands - examples
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*)
*) ERC Dec 11(06)
IMT possible in 3.4-3.8 GHz
Possible frequency bands for shared band
operation with LTE technology
ISM
2.4GHz/ 5GHz
Open for use if the regulation requirements are met (example of regulation requirements in Europe in separate
slide)
Unlicensed spectrum also available on frequency band below 1GHz (e.g. 902-928 MHz on ITU-R region 2)

Television White Spaces
In general, TVWS spectrum (e.g., within 470-790 MHz band in Europe) can be one of suitable resources to
extend LTE systems operation
Currently very diverse spectrum utilization opportunities (e.g. in Europe)
Spectrum could be allocated for secondary use in spectrum blocks of N x TV channel bandwidth (N 1)
TV channel bandwidth 6 MHz in US, and 8 MHz in Europe
FCC has defined rules and regulations for operation
No secondary system coexistence requirements (yet)
Main intention is to protect the incumbent user
OFCOM has decided to make the TVWS license-exempt as long as the primary user is not interfered

Satellite Bands
Satellite bands are seemingly an attractive option for shared band operation due to large amount of
spectrum allocated for different satellite systems
However the protection of the incumbent users can be difficult in spectrum received for downlink (space-to-
earth) transmission
In principle similar problem as with TV WS case (how secondary system would detect the location of
primary system receivers)
Secondary operation is not currently allowed in satellite bands ?

New IMT-A Bands
WRC-2007 identified new IMT-A bands beyond 3 GHz (3.4-3.6 GHz, 3.6-3.8 GHz) are suitable frequency
bands for local area/femto cell deployments
No decision yet how these bands will be allocated to different operators, and thus not clear if there will be
any portion of the spectrum which shared between multiple operators/systems

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LTE on Shared Bands - Motivation
Why LTE technology based solutions for shared bands
Additional capacity to cellular system operation
Increased capacity needs and shortage of licensed spectrum Opportunistic
use of additional capacity available on shared (e.g. unlicensed) bands
Using the same technology in licensed band and unlicensed band operation
simplifies system operation

New markets and development opportunities for LTE technology based
radio systems
Deployment of LTE local area solutions to shared bands
Wireless broadband internet access, e.g., in rural areas

New applications and communication solutions for LTE modem
technology
Machine to machine (M2M) communications
Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to infrastucture (V2I) communications
Ad-hoc networking of devices, mesh networks, short range communications
etc

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Spectrum sharing principles
Spectrum sharing principles can be categorized e.g. as follows
1)
:

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Collaborative use of
IMT spectrum
(cellular operators)
Authorized spectrum
access (ASA)
ISM band usage
Secondary usage of
TV White Space
spectrum
LEONARD focus
1) Peter Anker Cognitive Radio, the market and regulator, presentation, IEEE DySPAN 2010
Regulations and specifications for devices
operating in ISM band (Europe)
Additionally, devices operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band need to meet specifications as described in ETSI EN 300
328 (latest spec version is V1.8.0, 2011-07), which defines requirements for data transmission equipment
operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and using wide band modulation techniques
EN300 328
wideband modulation based systems (other than frequency hopping based systems) need to provide spectrum sharing
capabilities either by non-continuous transmission (duty cycle requirements) or by some detect and avoid mechanism
(separate requirements for listen before talk/non-listen before talk based detect and avoid solutions), or
can operate without any specific functional requirements for spectrum sharing if maximum rf output power level is less
than 10 dBm
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Regulatory requirements:
ERC RECOMMENDATION 70-03 RELATING TO THE USE OF SHORT RANGE DEVICES (SRD), Annex 3: Wideband
Data Transmission systems
Local area deployment environment on Shared
Band (example case)
8
What modifications are needed to LTE to be able to claim that LTE system can
provide adequate spectrum sharing mechanism to facilitate sharing between various
radio access technologies
*)


*) ERC RECOMMENDATION 70-03,
Possible solutions to enable co-existence
A list of considered solutions to provide
additional capability to LTE technology
based system to coexist with other radio
access technologies
Listen Before Talk
Sense the channel with LTE radio prior to the
transmission
Brute Force (Greedy)
Operate without any coexistence concern
Detect and Avoid
Interference detection, other RAT / same RAT
detection
Dynamic Frequency Agility
DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection), DCS,
Bandwidth scaling, extra carriers, etc..
Frequency Hopping
LTE hops over a larger bandwidth and avoids
interfering
Hybrid Framing
Use WLAN to reserve channel for LTE
Discontinuous Operation (time division)
Transmission gaps to allow other technologies to
operate (different approach than LBT, here no
sensing is done )
Higher Layer Coordination
802.19.1 like approach where the coordination is left
for higher layers and radio changes are kept in
minimum
Carrier Aggregation
PCC on licensed band and SCC is used
opportunistically on shared band (ISM)

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LTE Coexistence and Operation Features
Listen Before Talk
Brute Force
Detect and Avoid
Dynamic Frequency Agility
Frequency Hopping
Hybrid Framing
Discontinuous Operation (Time
Division)
Higher Layer Coordination
Carrier Aggregation
Alternative approaches (1)
Higher layer coordination in LTE architecture
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In general, central coexistence
unit (CCU) is necessary to
coordinate the RATs on shared
band.
Depending on the coexistence
scenario, the central coexistence
unit can be implemented at
network management system
(NMS) level, or at LTE core
network level.
The central coexistence unit
consists of three elements:
database, manager and gateway.
The central coexistence unit can
provide the coordination
decisions for RATs, or just
provide the tunnels for the
coordination information
exchange at higher layer.
A: CCU can obtain the shared band information from external networks.
B: CCU can obtain the shared band information through the spectrum sensing from the
nodes/UEs.
C: Inter/virtual MME connection for multiple LTE CNs (different operators)
D: Virtual X2 connection for HeNBs.
E: Interworking connection between LTE CN and other RAT network/AP(such as the Wa/Wn
connection for WLAN)
F: Interworking connection between LTE CN and other RAT UE (such as Wu for WLAN)
G: Connection to the CCU.
LTE Core
Network A

LTE UE
A

LTE eNB
A
/shared

External
networks
(Internet)

Shared
band
information

Other Wireless
Network(s) on
shared band
(Network/AP)

Other Wireless application
UE

LTE Core
Network B

LTE UE
B

LTE eNB
B

A
B
C
D
E
F
G G
Central
Coexistence
Unit (CCU)
Alternative approaches (2)
Listen Before Talk - LTE

Listen-Before-Talk (LBT)
or sometimes called Listen-
Before-Transmit (or
Spectrum Opportunity
Detection)
A technique where a
transmitter first senses its
radio environment before it
starts a transmission.
LBT in general can be used
by a radio device to find a
network the device is
allowed to operate on or to
find a free radio channel to
operate on
Continuous transmission of
control channels require
special arrangements
The main principle of LBT-
LTE illustrated in the figure

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Alternative approaches (3)
Low Power LTE

In the Low Power LTE
scheme the maximum
transmit power is limited to
10 dBm No need for any
specific spectrum sharing
mechanisms to fulfill
regulatory requirements for
ISM band operation.
Spectrum sensing and
dynamic channel selection
mechanism is still beneficial
to decide optimum spectrum
resources for operation
Examples of spectrum usage
with low power LTE is
illustrated in the figure

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Analysis Results Summary
In order to utilize current LTE on shared
bands with very minimal modifications
to the LTE radio protocol stack and air
interface the most suitable way would
be to use higher layer coordination.
Higher layer coordination would in
practice mean that LTE access point or
the LTE network is connected to a
central entity which allocates and
manages the spectrum utilization in a
given band.
An example of such central coordination
function would be 802.19.1 like
function.
If such approach was taken the main
research questions would most probably
be above the radio layers, in LTE case in
the core network of an operator,
possibly requiring multioperator
cooperation (connect the coordination
functions of different operators).
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To complement the LTE with minimal
changes approach, new approaches
have been considered allowing
uncoordinated operation on shared
bands while still aiming to utilize LTE
physical layer and protocol elements as
far as possible
Potential schemes include LTE with listen
before talk functionality and a low power
LTE version with dynamic channel
selection mechanism

Further work will include
Further development of LTE based
schemes for uncoordinated operation in
shared bands
Performance analysis to verify and
demonstrate proper functionality of the
new concepts
Additionally, some of the new LBT/LTE
principles may be able to verify with
CWCs WARP platform as part of the
CORE project collaboration
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THANKS
Renesas Electronics Corporation
2010 Renesas Mobile Corporation. All rights reserved.