Design of RC Structures Dr. N.

Subramanian

1

SOLUTION MANUAL OF CHAPTER 19
Example 19.1
1. Design an interior (Type 2) joint of a building. The details of the column and beam
meeting at the joint are given in Table 19.10.

Table 19.10 Section details of interior joint

Parameter
Column Beam Slab
600 mm 600 mm 450 mm 550 mm 125 mm thick
Longitudinal
reinforcement
12 - 22 mm dia (4561 mm
2
)
f
y
= 415 MPa
Top: 5-20 mm dia
(1570 mm
2
)
Bottom: 3 - 20mm
dia (942 mm
2
)
f
y
= 415 MPa
Top: 8 mm at 200 c/c
Bottom: 8 mm at 300 c/c
Height / Span 3200 4200

Assume M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel reinforcement and moderate environment. Also assume that
similar size beams are provided in the perpendicular direction also.

Solution

It is important to point out that for Type 2 connections, the column sizes which are adequate for
member strength requirements may not be adequate to satisfy anchorage and shear requirements
within the joint. Since the L
d
given in IS 456 results in large values (as it does not consider the confined
core), L
d
as per ACI 352 is considered.

Step 1: Check depth of beam and column

For 20 mm bar; the depth required for beam (Table 19.9) is 400 mm. Beam depth provided = 550 mm.
Hence depth is sufficient. Similarly for columns, for 22 mm bar, width required = 440 mm, column width
provided = 600mm. Hence width is sufficient.

Step 2: Compute tension force in beam bars
Force developed in top bars

Force developed in bottom bars

Step 3: Compute column shear

Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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From Table 16 of IS 456, cover for moderate environment = 30 mm
Assuming 8 mm stirrups in beam
Hence, d = 550 - 30 - 8 - 20/2 = 502 mm

( )

( )

Step 4: Compute joint shear
Joint shear V
j
= T
1
+ C
2
+ T
s1
+ T
s2
- V
co1

Where T
s1
& T
s2
are the tension force due to slab reinforcement within effective width of T-beam.
As per clause 23.1.2 of IS 456, the effective width of flange in T-beam should not exceed
(a) L
o
/6 + b
w
+ 6D
f
= (0.7 x 4200)/6 + 450 + 6 x 125 = 1690 mm
(b) b
w
+ b
o
(see Table 5.9 of Chapter 5) = 450 + 2500 = 2950 mm
(Assuming clear span b
o
on either side as 2500 mm and slab thickness as 125 mm)
Hence effective width of slab = 1690 mm
Within this width we have (1690 - 450) / 200 = 6 numbers top bars and (1690 - 450) / 300 = 4 numbers
of bottom bars in the slab. Both bottom and top bars are assumed to be continuous through the
connection.

Hence T
s1
+ T
s2
= (6 + 4) 50 1.25 415/1000 = 259.38 kN
Joint shear = 814.44 + 488.66 + 259.38 - 175.47 = 1387.01 kN

Step 5: Compute joint shear strength

Width of beam = 450 mm = 3/4 600 = 450 mm
= 1.5 as per Clause 8.2.1 Draft IS 13920 (Assuming joint confined on all four faces) with similar beams.
As per Clause 8.2.2 of Draft IS 1920, since b
c
> b
b

Joint width b
j
= Min [ b
c
; b
b
+ 0.5h
c
] = Min (600; 450 + 0.5 600) = 600 mm
Shear strength of joint

Step 6: Compute Transverse reinforcement in joint

As per Clause 8.1.2 and 8.1.3, since the joint is confined by beams, at least half the special confining
reinforcement required at the end of columns should be provided in the joint.
As per clause 7.4.8 of IS 13920, the area of rectangular hoop

]
or

Assuming nominal cover of 40 mm, and tie of 10 mm the size of core is
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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(600 - 90 =510 mm) by (600 - 90 = 510 mm). As it is greater than 300 mm, overlapping hoops or single
hoop with cross ties have to be provided. Thus, h will be 510/2 = 255 mm
A
g
= 600 600 = 360,000 mm
2

A
k
= 510 510 = 260,100 mm
2

A
g
/A
k
- 1 = 0.3840

The spacing of hoops should not exceed (Clause 7.4.6 of Draft IS 13920)
(a) 1/4th of minimum column size = 600/4 =150 mm
(b) not less than 75 mm not more than 100 mm
(c) 6 times diameter of longitudinal bar = 6 22 = 132 mm
Hence choose s = 100mm
Hence A
sh
= 0.18 100 255 25/415 0.3840 = 106.2 mm
2

A
sh
as per second equation = 0.05 255 100 25/415 = 76.8 mm
2
< 106.2 mm
2

Since only 50% of confining reinforcement has to be provided, adopt 8 mm hoops (Area of one leg =
50.26 mm
2
53 mm
2

The hoop details are given in Fig.19.50.

Fig. 19.50 Detailing of joint of Example 19.1

Step 7: Check for flexural strength ratio

Area of steel in column = 12 22 mm bars = 4561 mm
2

p = (4561/600
2
) 100 = 1.267 %; p /f
ck
= 1.267 /25 = 0.05
d' = 40 + 8 + 22/2 = 59 mm
d'/D = 59 / 600 = 0.098 0.10
From chart 44 of SP 16: 1980, for P
u
/(f
ck
bD) = 0 and p/f
ck
= 0.05
M
u
/f
ck
bD
2
= 0.08; M
u
= 0.08 x 25 x 600
3
/ 10
6
= 432 kNm
Note: This will be conservative. In practice, P
u
will be known and hence exact value of P
u
/(f
ck
bD) should
be used)
M
c
= 2 x 432 = 864 kNm
M
B
= 340.71 + 220.78 = 561.49 kNm
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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( )
Hence safe.

Example 19.2 Design of Hanger stirrups
Design the hanger stirrups for a beam-to-girder joint as shown in Fig. 19.51. The factored reaction from
the secondary beam of size 250 mm x 375 mm on each side of the joint is 120 kN. Assume Fe 415 steel
and M25 concrete. Assume that the shear reinforcement in the beam and girder is 2 legged 8 mm of Fe
415 grade.


Fig. 19.51 Hanger stirrups of Exercise 19.2 (a) Beam-girder joint (b) Plan view of joint zone (c) Alternate
bent-up hangers


Solution:
Reaction, V
ur
=200 kN
Step 1: check whether hanger stirrups are required
Check

Hence hanger stirrups are required.

Step 2: Compute tensile force to be carried by hangers
Tensile force to be carried by hanger stirrups on each side

)

Step 3: design of hanger reinforcement
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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Equating the tensile force to the strength of hanger reinforcement,

Thus,

= 207 mm
2

Providing two-legged 8 mm bars as hanger stirrups, we need 207/(250) = 3 sets on either side of the
joint. This should be provided within a distance of D
g
/2 > b
b
/2 on either side, i.e. 600/2 = 300 mm, as
shown in Fig. 9.51(b). As D
b
/2 = 375/2 = 187.5 mm, less than 400/2 = 200 mm, no hanger bars are
necessary in the secondary beam. It is important to note that these hanger stirrups are to be provided in
addition to the shear reinforcement already provided in the girder.

Step 4: Alternate bent-up hanger bars
We can also provide alternate bent-up bars as shown in Fig. 19.44(c).
Equating the strength of bent-up bars with the reaction, we get

Hence, A
bh
= 240 mm
2

Provide two sets of bent-up hangers of size 16 mm, with area = 402 mm
2


Example 19.3 Design of Corbel
Design a corbel to support a factored vertical load of 500 kN, applied at a distance of 140 mm from the
column face. The column is 300 mm x 350 mm in plan. Assume M 30 concrete, Fe 415 steel and
moderate environment.

Solution:
Step 1: Determine ultimate loads on the corbel
Factored vertical load = V
u
= 500 kN, acting at a distance a
v
= 140 mm
In the absence of roller or low-friction support pad,
The horizontal tensile force, N
u
= 0.2V
u
= 0.2 500 = 100 kN
Size of column = 300 mm x 350 mm
Corbel will be placed along the major axis of column.
Hence width of corbel, b
w
= 300 mm.

Step 2: Determination of corbel geometry
Permissible bearing stress, f
br
(clause 34.4 of IS 456) = 0.45 f
ck
= 0.45 x 30 =13.5 MPa
Assume length of bearing plate, l
bp
= 300 mm
Width of bearing plate l
w
=

mm. Provide 125 mm

Clear cover for moderate environment (Table 16 of IS 456) = 30 mm
Assuming main bar and anchor bar of 20 mm and stirrups of 10 mm,
Length of corbel, L
= a
v
+ l
w
/2 + Diameter of (anchor bar + framing bar + stirrup) + clear cover
= 140 + 125/2 + (20 + 10 +10) +30 = 242.5 mm
According to the shear friction provisions of ACI code, the nominal shear strength, V
n
, should not exceed
0.16f
ck
b
w
d, 11b
w
d, and (3.3 + 0.064f
ck
) b
w
d. With f
ck
= 30 MPa, this limitation becomes smaller of 4.8b
w
d,
11b
w
d, and 5.22b
w
d. The first limit controls. With V
u
= V
n
, = 0.75, b
w
= 300 mm, we get
or d = 462 mm, Let us assume d = 500 mm
[Check: As per Table 20 of IS 456,
c,max
= 3.5 N/mm
2
, V
u
/bd = 500 1000/(300 500) = 3.33 N/mm
2
<

c,max
. Hence the chosen value of d is OK]
Choose h = 550 mm. Adopt, the depth at the other end (near the load)= 300 mm > d/2
Check for a
v
/d = 140/d = 140/500 =0.28 < 1. Hence ACI method is applicable.
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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The adopted size is shown in Fig. 19.52.

Fig. 19.52 Corbel of Exercise 19.4

Step 3: Compute reinforcement required for shear-friction
The shear-friction reinforcement is given by

mm
2


Step 4: Compute reinforcement required for flexure
The bending moment to be resisted,
M
u
= [V
u
a
v
+ N
u
(h d)] =
[ ()]

kNm
Required area of flexural steel

()
, where

As a first trail, let us assume (d-a/2) = 0.9d

()

()
mm
2

Checking the stress block depth gives

mm
Hence the revised steel area

()

()
mm
2


Step 5: Compute reinforcement for direct tension
Required reinforcement to resist direct tension

mm
2


Step 6: Compute total area of reinforcement at top of corbel
Total steel area at the top of the bracket should not be less than
(a)

mm
2
(b)

mm
2
Minimum steel, A
s,min
= 0.032(f
ck
/f
y
)b
w
d = 0.032(30/415)300500 = 347 mm
2

Hence provide 3 numbers 22 mm bars (Area provided = 1140 mm
2
)
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Step 7: Compute the area of horizontal stirrups
Area of horizontal stirrups, A
h
0.5(A
s
-A
n
) 0.5(1140-322) = 409 mm
2

Provide 3 numbers 10 mm diameter double-legged stirrups, with area = 471 mm
2
; As per ACI code these
should be placed within 2/3d = 2/3 500 = 333 mm, measured from the tension steel. A spacing of 110
mm may be adopted. Provide a pair of 12 mm framing bars at the inside corner of the hoops to improve
anchorage, as shown in Fig. 19.52.

Step 8: Check for anchorage of bars
Anchorage for the 22 mm main bars has to be provided at the loaded end by welding these bars to the
underside of the bearing plate and at the other end by a standard 90 degree bend. The required
development length for 22 mm bar in M 30 concrete (Table 65 of SP 16)= 827 mm (measured from the
face of the column). Assuming a cover of 50 mm and 25 mm bars for the column, available length with
90
o
bend = (350 -50 -25) + 176 (anchorage value of 90
o
bend from Table 67 of SP 16) = 451 mm. Extra
length required 827-451 = 376 mm. Extend the bars into the column for a minimum length of 380 mm.
The hooks should be placed inside the column cage. For the stirrups a standard 135
o
hook should be
provided.

Example 19.4: Tension capacity of anchor without edge effects
Design a single headed bolt installed at the bottom of a 150 mm thick slab to support a service dead
load of 30 kN. Assume M25 concrete and no cracking under service loads.

Solution
Step 1: Determine factored design load

Step 2: Steel strength of anchor in tension
Nominal strength of anchor in tension

Let us assume 20 mm diameter grade 4.6 bolt, in the yield stress, f
ya
= 240 MPa and f
uta
= 400 MPa,
Threaded area of bolt =

( )

244 mm
2
; size of head = 1.65 D = 1.65 x 20 = 33 mm
[see Subramanian (2008)]

Step 3: Concrete breakout capacity
The concrete break out strength of a single anchor in tension in cracked concrete

k
c
= 10,
a
= 1 (normal concrete), = 0.70

3
= 1.25 (no cracking under service load)
f
ck
= 25 MPa; hence f'
c
= 25 x 0.8 = 20 MPa

()

Provide h
ef
= 130 mm

Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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Note: The value of h
ef
can be determined directly, only in the case of a single fastener away from the
edge. Whenever edges are near or there are other adjacent fasteners, the determination of h
ef
is
iterative.

Step 4: Pull out strength in Tension

p
= 10 if there is cracking
N
p
= (8A
brg
f'
c
) for a headed bolt
The bearing area of heads and nuts, A
brg
is not found in Appendix D of ACI 318. It can be approximately
calculated as (diameter of head may be taken as 1.5d
a
)

N
pn
= 1 60.6 = 60.6 kN

Hence provide grade 4.6 headed bolt of 20 mm diameter an embedment length of 130 mm (see Fig.
19.53).

Fig. 19.53 Designed anchor of Exercise 19.4
Note: Concrete side face blowout in tension is not applicable as there is no free edge near the anchor. It
has to be noted that concrete break-out capacity governs.

Example 19.5
Determine the ultimate shear capacity of a hexagonal load cast-in place anchor of diameter 20 mm and
120 mm embedment depth. Assume M25 concrete and the concrete is cracked.

Solution

Step 1: Compute steel strength in shear

Assuming f
ya
= 240 MPa and f
uta
= 400 MPa
A
se,V
= 244 mm
2
(as in Exercise 19.4)
V
sa
= 0.6 244 400 / 10
3
= 58.56 kN
V
sa
= 0.65 58.56 = 38.06 kN

Step 2: Compute concrete breakout strength in shear
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The anchor is not located near a free edge; hence concrete breakout does not apply to this anchor

Step 3: Compute concrete pryout strength in shear
Concrete pryout strength, V
cp
= k
cp
N
cp

Since h
ef
> 65mm, k
cp
= 2.0
N
cp
= N
a
from tension calculations (see Example 19.4)

()

V
cp
= 2 58.78 = 117.56 kN
= 0.70 for concrete pryout under condition B (In the absence supplementary reinforcement)
V
cp
= 0.70 117.56 = 82.29 kN
Hence design shear strength = 38.06 kN
Note: Steel strength governs the design because the anchor is not near a free edge.

Example 19.6 Shear capacity of anchor with edge effects
Determine the concrete- breakout capacity in shear for a 16 mm diameter threaded anchor embedded
in a 150 mm deep un-cracked concrete section. Assume M 25 concrete with h
ef
= 100 mm, c
1
= 150 mm
and c
2
= 120 mm (See Fig. 19.54).


Fig. 19.54 Anchor of Exercise 19.6

Solution
Calculate concrete breakout capacity in shear

A
vo
= 4.5 c
1
2
= 4.5 x 150
2
= 101,250 mm
2


Step 1: Determine A
v

This section will not allow the full depth of the concrete breakout section to develop. Hence A
v
should
be calculated accordingly (see Fig.19.35)
1.5c
a1
= 1.5 150 = 225 mm > 150 mm. Hence use 150 mm in calculating A
v

c
2
= 120 mm < 1.5c
1

Hence A
v
= 150 (1.5 150 + 120) = 51750 mm
2

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Step 2: Calculate basic breakout capacity in shear

[(

l
e
= h
ef
for headed studs = 100 mm
d
a
= 16 mm,
a
= 1 (normal concrete)

[(

] ()

()

Hence 28.44 kN is chosen

Step 3: Calculate modification factors

)
= 0.7 + 0.3 (120/225) = 0.86

( )

Step 4: Compute nominal break out capacity in shear

Hence V
n1
= (51,750/101,250) 0.86 1.25 1.5 28.44 = 23.44 kN

V
n1
= 0.7 23.44 = 16.4 kN

It has to be noted that break out capacity of concrete near a corner should be calculated in both
orthogonal directions towards the free edge. Hence, the above calculations should be performed with c
1

= 120 mm and c
2
= 150 mm and V
n2
determined. The lesser of V
n1
and V
n2
is taken as the critical breakout
capacity of the embedment in shear.


Example 19.7
Determine the ultimate capacity of the cast-in place anchor group with the configuration shown in Fig.
19.55.
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

11


Fig. 19.52Configuration of the cast in place anchor group of Exercise 19.7
Assume 16 mm diameter hexagonal head anchors, h
ef
= 200 mm, thickness of concrete =
750 mm, M25 concrete, f
uta
= 40 MPa and applied tension, N
u
= 175 kN and shear V
u
=
30 kN

Determine the ultimate capacity of the cast-in place anchor group with the configuration shown in Fig.
19.49.

Fig. 19.49 Configuration of cast-in-place anchor group of example 19.7
Assume 20mm diameter hexagonal head anchors, h
ef
= 300 mm, thickness of concrete = 1000 mm, M30
concrete, f
uta
= 40MPa and applied tension, N
u
= 300 kN and shear V
u
= 40 kN

Solution

Since the anchor group is concentrically loaded, each anchor is subjected to the same tension and shear
forces.

Step 1: Compute steel strength in tension
N
sn
= A
se,N
f
uta

Threaded area for 16 mm dia anchor bolt = 157 mm
2

N
sn
= 157 400/10
3
= 62.8 kN
N
sn
= 0.75 62.8 = 47.1 for single anchor
= 4 47.1 = 188.4 kN for the anchor group > 175 kN (N
u
)

Step 2 Concrete breakout strength in tension

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For this exercise, A
N
and A
N0
will not be equal, as the multi anchor group will have larger breakout area
than a single anchor. The edge distance of 300 mm is equal to 1.5 h
ef
(= 1.5 200); hence the full failure
cone will be developed.

)(

)
= (300 + 250 + 1.5 x 200)(1.5 x 200 + 250 + 1.5 x 200)
= 850 850 = 722.5 10
3
mm
2

1
= 1, as the tensile force is applied at centroid of anchor group.
Since c
1
= 1.5 h
ef
, edge effects need not be considered

3
= 1.0 as concrete cracking is expected

4
= 1.0 for cast-in place anchors

()

()()()() = 253.68 kN
= 0.70 for concrete breakout under condition B
N
ng
= 0.70 253.68 = 177.58 kN for the group > 175 KN (N
u
)

Step 3: Compute pullout strength in tension
N
pn
=
p
N
p

p
= 1.0 as cracking is expected
N
p
= 8A
brg
f'
c

Assuming the head size = 1.65 x 16 = 26.4 mm
Approximate

f'
c
= 0.8 x 25 = 20 MPa
N
pn
= 8 346 20 / 1000 = 55.36 kN
= 0.70 for pull out under condition B
N
pn
= 0.7 55.36 = 38.75 kN for a single anchor
= 4 38.75 = 155 kN for the anchor group < 175 kN (N
u
)
The anchor fails in this condition, Hence the diameter has to be increased to 20 mm or concrete of
grade M 30 is to be used.

Step 4: Concrete side-face blowout in tension
Concrete side - face blowout applies only when
h
ef
> 2.5 c
1
= 2.5 300 = 750 mm
As h
ef
= 200 mm this failure mode is not applicable
The governing case in pull-out in tension = 155 kN

Step 5: Compute Steel Strength in shear
V
sa
= 0.6A
se,v
f
uta
= 0.6 157 400 / 10
3
= 37.68 kN
Since Fe 240 steel is ductile, the strength reduction factor for steel failure, = 0.65
V
sa
= 0.65 37.68 = 24.49 kN for single anchor
= 4 24.49 = 97.96 kN for anchor group

Step 6: Compute concrete breakout strength in shear
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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For this example, there are two anchors located along the free edge

[(

](

) [( ) ]( )

5
= 1.0 as shear force is applied at the centroid

6
= 1.0 as there is only a single free edge

7
= 1.0 as concrete cracking is expected

8
=

=1.5
l
e
= h
ef
= 200 mm, d
a
= 16 mm

[(

[(

] ()

()

Hence V
n0
= 85.98 kN

= 0.70 for concrete break out under condition B
V
ng
= 0.7 x 164.8 = 115.35 kN for the group.

Step 7: Compute concrete pryout strength in shear

V
cpg
= k
cp
N
cpg

k
cp
= 2.0 for h
ef
65 mm
N
cpg
= N
ng
from tension calculation = 253.68 kN
V
cpg
= 2 x 253.68 = 507.36 kN
= 0.70 for concrete pryout under condition B
V
cpg
= 0.70 507.36 = 355.155 kN

Governing case in shear is steel strength in shear = 97.96 kN > 30 kN (V
u
)

Step 8: Tension and shear interaction
Tension and shear interaction is considered when both the tension and shear stresses are greater than
20%

Both are greater than 20 percent. Hence interaction must be considered

; 1.129 + 0.306 = 1.435 > 1.2

Hence the anchor group is not adequate to carry the applied tension and shear. The diameter of anchor
has to be increased to 20 mm.

Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

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Step 9: Splitting failure
The minimum center to center spacing
s
min
= 4d
a
= 4 16 = 64 s
1
and s
2
= 250 mm
The minimum edge requirement = minimum cover = 40 mm < c
1
= 300 mm
Hence there is no danger of splitting failure.