Chapter 1 - Progression

1
BY
SMK.TANJUNG PAUH&
SMK. TUNKU ANUM

2

1.1 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A. Characteristic of Arithmetic Progression (AP)
EXAMPLE 1

For the following arithmetic progressions ,

3 , 8 , 13 , .

determine the difference between two consecutive terms. Hence ,
state the common difference of the arithmetic progression

Step Solution
1. State the sequences of AP
and its term.
T T T
3 1 2
3 , 8 , 13 , ................
2. Determine the difference
between two consecutive
trems
T T
T T
2 1
3 2
8 3 5
13 8 5
= =
= =

3. State the common
difference
commondifference d , 5 =

PRACTICE 1.1

1 , 3 , 5 , .
state the common difference of the arithmetic progression

Step Solution
1. State the sequences of AP
and its term.

2. Determine the difference
between two consecutive
trems

3. State the common
difference

3

PRACTICE 1.2

4 , 7 , 10 ,
state the common difference of the arithmetic progression.

answer d : 3 =

EXERCISE 1

For each of the following arithmetic progressions ,
state the common difference of the arithmetic progression.

3 1 1
( ) 2 , 3 , 4 , .............
4 2 4
( ) 10 , 6 , 2 , ......................
a
b

answer a d
b d
3
: ( )
4
( ) 4
=
=

4

B. Determine Arithmetic Progression (AP)

EXAMPLE 2

Determine whether the following sequence is an arithmetic
progression or not.
4 , 7 , 10 ,

Step Solution
1. State the sequence of AP
and its term
T T T
3 1 2
4 , 7 , 10 , ................
2. Calculate the value of
d
1 2 1
2 3 2
7 4 3
10 7 3
d T T
d T T
= = =
= = =

3. Determine :

1 2 1 2
d d or d d = =
1 2
d d =

4.
1 2
1 2
If d d AP
If d d not AP
=
=
The sequence is an AP

PRACTICE 2.1

progression or not.
3 , 5 , 7 ,

Step Solution
and its term

d

3. Determine :

1 2 1 2
d d or d d = =

4.
1 2
1 2
If d d AP
If d d not AP
=
=

5

PRACTICE 2.2

Determine whether the following arithmetic progression or not

(a) 2 , 6 , 10 , .
(b) -4 , -2 , 0 ,

EXAMPLE 3

progression or not.
6 , 2 , 0 ,

Step Solution
and its term
T T T
3 1 2
6 , 2 , 0 , ................
d
1 2 1
2 3 2
2 6 4
0 2 2
d T T
d T T
= = =
= = =

3. Determine :

1 2 1 2
d d or d d = =
1 2
d d =

4.
1 2
1 2
If d d AP
If d d not AP
=
=
The sequence is not an AP
6

PRACTICE 3.1

progression or not.
23 , 19 , 12 ,

Step Solution
and its term

d

3. Determine :

1 2 1 2
d d or d d = =

4.
1 2
1 2
If d d AP
If d d not AP
=
=

PRACTICE 3.2

Determine whether the following arithmetic progression or not

(a) 8 , 6 , 2 , .

(b) -4 , -2 , 2 ,

7

C. Finding the n
th
term of an Arithmetic Progression

Note:

n
T a n d
a first term
d common difference
( 1) = +
=
=

EXAMPLE 4

State the first term and the common difference of the arithmetic
progression 1 , 5 , 9 , ..
Hence , find the 6
th
terms of arithmetic progression

Step Solution
State the sequence of AP and its
term
T T T
3 1 2
1 , 5 , 9 , ................
Determine the value of a a 1 =

Determine the value of d
d T T
d
2 1
5 1 4
=
= =

Substitute the values of a , d and
n into the formula:
n
T a n d ( 1) = +
T
6
1 (6 1)(4) = +

Simplify
T
T
6
6
1 20
21
= +
=
======

PRACTICE 4.1

Hence , find the 6
th

Step Solution
term

Determine the value of a
Substitute the values of a , d and
n into the formula:
n
T a n d ( 1) = +

Simplify

8

PRACTICE 4.2

Hence , find the 5
th

SOLUTION:

answer T
5
: 17 =

EXERCISE 4

State the first term and the common difference of each of the
following arithmetic progression. Hence , find the terms of the
arithmetic progression given in a bracket
th
th
th
a terms
b terms
c terms
( ) 5 , 8 , 9 , ..............(16 )
( ) 3 , 2 , 7 , ...........(5 )
1 5
( ) , , 2 , ............(5 )
2 4

answer a T
b T
c T
16
5
5
: ( ) 50
( ) 17
7
( )
2
=
=
=

9

EXAMPLE 5

The first three terms of an arithmetic progression are
4 , 4 2 5 k k and k + + . Find the value of k

Step Solution
term
T T T
k k k
3 1 2
4 , 4 , 2 5 + +
State the equation of
characteristic of AP:
T T T T
2 1 3 2
=
k k k k 4 ( 4) 2 5 ( 4) + = + +

Find the value of k
k
k
k
8 1
8 1
7
= +
=
=
=====

PRACTICE 5.1
4 , 4 2 5 k k and k + + . Find the value of k

Step Solution
term

characteristic of AP:
T T T T
2 1 3 2
=

Find the value of k

PRACTICE 5.2

2 , 2 4 4 k k and k + . Find the value of k
answer k : 10 =

10

D. Finding the number of term in an Arithmetic Progression

EXAMPLE 6

What is the number of terms in the arithmetic progression
9 , 3 , 3 , ...... , 57?

Step Solution
State the sequence and its term
n
T T T T
3 1 2
9 , 3 , 3 , ................57

d T T
d
2 1
3 ( 9) 6
=
= =

n
T
n
T
a n d
57
( 1) 57
=
+ =

Substitute the value of a and d to
fine the n
n 9 ( 1)(6) 57 + =

Simplify
n
n
n
n
( 1)(6) 57 9
66
1
6
11 1
12
= +
=
= +
=
=====

PRACTICE 6.1

1 , 4 , 7 , ...... , 100?

Step Solution
n
T
Substitute the value of a and d to
fine the n

Simplify

11

PRACTICE 6.2

6 , 3 , 12 , ...... , 84?

SOLUTION:

answer n : 11 =

EXERCISE 6

(a) What is the number of terms in the arithmetic progression
4 , 1 , 6 , .......... , 71

answer n : 16 =

(b) The first term , second and last terms of an arithmetic
progression are 23 , 29 and 209 respectively. Find the
number of terms in the arithmetic progression.

answer n : 25 =

12

E. Finding the sum of the first n term of an Arithmetic
Progression

Note:

| | | |
n n
n
n n
S a n d or S a l
a first term
d common difference
l last term
n number of terms
S sumof the first n term
2 ( 1)
2 2
= + = +
=
=
=
=
=

EXAMPLE 7

Find the sum of the first 10 term of the arithmetic progression
26 , 20 , 14 , ........

Step Solution
T T T
3 1 2
26 , 20 , 14 , ................

d
d
20 26
6
=
=

Find the sum of the first 10 term
through the fromula
| |
n
n
S a n d 2 ( 1)
2
= +
| | S
10
10
2(26) (10 1)( 6)
2
= +

Simplify
| | S
S
10
10
5 52 54
10
=
=
=======

13

PRACTICE 7.1

8 , 3 , 2 , ........

Step Solution
Substitute the values of a, d and
n into the formula
| |
n
n
S a n d 2 ( 1)
2
= +

Simplify

PRACTICE 7.2

14 , 17 , 20 , ........

SOLUTION:

answer S
12
: 366 =

14

EXERCISE 7

Find the sum of

(a) the first 12 term of the arithmetic progression
30 , 23 , 16 , .........

answer S
15
: 285 =

(b) the first 10 term of the arithmetic progression
5.8 , 4.9 , 4.0 , .........

answer S
10
: 17.5 =

EXAMPLE 8

Find the sum of the arithmetic progression 4 , 1 , 6 , ..... , 71

Step Solution
n
T T T T
3 1 2
4 , 1 , 6 , ......, 71
Determine the value of a, d and l a d l 4 , 5 , 71 = = =

n
T
n
T
a n d
71
( 1) 71
=
+ =

Find the value of n
n
n
n
n
4 ( 1)( 5) 71
( 1)( 5) 71 4
75
1
5
15 1 16
+ =
=
= + =

Substitute the values of a, l and n
into the formula
| |
n
n
S a l
2
= +
| | S
16
16
4 ( 71)
2
= +

Simplify
| | S
S
16
16
8 67
536
=
=
========

15

PRACTICE 8.1

Find the sum of the arithmetic progression 17 , 26 , 35 , ..... ,188

Step Solution
Determine the value of a, d and l
n
T
Find the value of n

Substitute the values of a, l and n
into the formula
| |
n
n
S a l
2
= +

Simplify

PRACTICE 8.2

Find the sum of the arithmetic progression 63 , 59 , 55 , ..... , 81

SOLUTION:

answer : 333

16

E. Finding the sum of a specific number of consecutive
terms of an Arithmetic Progression

EXAMPLE 9

Find the sum from the 5
th
term to the 20
th
term of the arithmetic
progression 23 , 27 , 31 , .

Step Solution
Determine the value of a and d
a
d
23
27 23 4
=
= =

Determine the sum of specific
number of consecutive term of
Aritmethic progression
S
S S S
T T T T T T
20
4 20 4
1 2 3 4 5 20
........
+ + + + + +

Finding the sum of first 4
th

term through the formula
| |
n
n
S a n d 2 ( 1)
2
= +
| | S
4
4
2(23) (4 1)(4)
2
= +

S
4
2(58) 116 = =
th

term through the formula
| |
n
n
S a n d 2 ( 1)
2
= +
| | S
S
20
20
20
2(23) (20 1)(4)
2
10(122) 1220
= +
= =

S S
20 4

1220 116
1104
=
=====

PRACTICE 9.1

th
term to the 19
th
progression 35 , 40 , 45 , .

Step Solution

Determine the value of a and d

Determine the sum of specific
number of consecutive term of
Aritmethic progression

th
term
through the formula
| |
n
n
S a n d 2 ( 1)
2
= +

th
term
through the formula
| |
n
n
S a n d 2 ( 1)
2
= +

S S
19 9

answer : 1025

17

PRACTICE 9.2

th
term to the 30
th
progression 6 , -2 , -10 , .
answer : 2656

SOLUTION:

F. Finding the number of terms a given sum

EXAMPLE 10

Given that the sum of the first n terms of the arithmetic progression
24 , 27 , 30 , .. is 486 , find the value of n

Step Solution
Determine the value of a , d .
a
d
24
27 24 3
=
= =

State the equation involving the
sum of arithmetic progression
n
S 486 =
Substitute the value of a and d
through the formula ;
n
n
a n d S 2 ( 1)
2
+ = (

n
n
n n
n n
2
2(24) ( 1)3 486
2
48 3 3 2(486)
3 45 972 0
+ = (

+ = (

+ =

Factorize the quadratic equation
to find the values of n
n n
n or n
( 27)( 12) 0
27 12
+ =
= =

The number of terms must be
positive integer
n 12 =
=======

18

PRACTICE 10.1

10 , 14 , 18 , .. is 570 , find the value of n

Step Solution
Determine the value of a , d .
State the equation involving the
sum of arithmetic progression

Substitute the value of a and d
through the formula ;
n
n
a n d S 2 ( 1)
2
+ = (

Factorize the quadratic equation
to find the values of n

The number of terms must be
positive integer

answer n : 15 =

PRACTICE 10.2
-9 , -5 , -1 , .. is 90 , find the value of n
answer n : 10 =

SOLUTION:

19

1.2 GEOMECTRIC PROGRESSION

A. Characteristic of geometric progression ( GP )

EXAMPLE 11

Determine the common ratio , r of the following GP
4 , 8 , 16 , ...

Step Solution
T T T
3 1 2
4 , 8 , 16 , .....
Determine the common ratio
through the equation:
T T
r or
T T
3 2
1 2
=

r
8
2
4
= =
=======

PRACTICE 11.1

2 , 6 , 18 , ...

Step Solution

Determine the common ratio
through the equation:
T T
r or
T T
3 2
1 2
=

PRACTICE 11.2
2 , 8 , 32 , ...
SOLUTION:

answer r : 4 =

EXERCISE 11

a
b
c
( ) 3 , 6 , 12 , ...
( ) 54 , 18 , 6 , .....
1 1 1
( ) , , , .....
2 4 8

answer a
b
c
: ( ) 2
1
( )
3
1
( )
2

20

B. Determining whether a sequence is a geometric progression

EXAMPLE 12

Determine whether the given sequence is a geometric progression;
5 , 10 , 15 , .

Step Solution
State the three consecutive terms
in a given numb er sequence
T T T
3 1 2
5 , 10 , 20 , .....
Calculate the values of
T T
and
T T
3 2
1 2

T
T
T
T
2
1
3
2
10
2
5
20
2
10
= =
= =

- If
T T
T T
3 2
1 2
= ,
then the number sequence is a
GP
- If
T T
T T
3 2
1 2
= ,
then the number sequence is not
a GP
T T
T T
3 2
1 2
=
Then the number sequence is GP

PRACTICE 12.1

3 , 9 , 18 , .

Step Solution
State the three consecutive terms
in a given numb er sequence

Calculate the values of
T T
and
T T
3 2
1 2

- If
T T
T T
3 2
1 2
= , then the
number sequence is a GP
- If
T T
T T
3 2
1 2
= , then the
number sequence is not a GP

21

PRACTICE 12.2


(a) 3 , 6 , 12 , .
(b) 1 , 3 , 5 ,

SOLUTION:

EXERCISE 12


(a) 4 , 8 , 16 , .

(b) -3 , 9 , 27 , .

(c)
2 4 6
, , , .................. p p p

answer a GP
b not GP
c GP
: ( )
( )
( )

22

C. Finding the n
th
term of a GP

n
n
T ar r
AGP canbewrittenas
a ar ar ar
1
2 3
, 0
, , , , ...........
= =

EXAMPLE 13

Find the indicated term for the following GP

4 , 8 , 16 , 8
th
term

Step Solution
Find the value of r
T
r
T
2
1
8
2
4
= = =
Determine the value of n n 8 =
Substitute the values of a , r
and n into the formula ,
n
n
T ar
1
=
T
T
8 1
8
8
4(2)
4(128) 512
=
= =
=============

PRACTICE 13.1


2 , 6 , 18 , 8
th
term

Step Solution

Find the value of r

Determine the value of n

Substitute the values of a , r
and n into the formula ,
n
n
T ar
1
=

23

PRACTICE 13.2


th
term 3 , 6 , 12 ................. 9

SOLUTION:

answer : 768

EXERCISE 13

(a) Find

i. the 7
th
term of the geometric progression
64 , 16 , 4 ,

ii. the 8
th
term of the geometric progression
6 , 18 , 54 , .

(b) If 12 , 6 , 3 , is a geometric progression, find the 8
th

term of geometric progression

answer a i.
ii
b
1
: ( )
64
. 13,122
3
( )
32

24

D. Finding the number of terms in GP

EXAMPLE 14

Determine the number of terms , n in the following GP

6 , 18 , 54 , .. , 4374

Step Solution
Find the value of r
T
r
T
2
1
18
3
6
= = =
State the equatiuon of
n
T
n
n
T
ar
1
4374
4374
=
=

Substitute the value of a and r ( )
n 1
6 3 4374
=
Solve the equation to find n
n
n
n
n
1
1 6
4374
3 729
6
3 3
1 6
6 1 7
= =
=
=
= + =
=========

PRACTICE 14.1


4 , 12 , 36 , .. , 2916

Step Solution
Find the value of r
n
T
Substitute the value of a and r

25

PRACTICE 14.2


28 , 56 , 112 , .. , 448

SOLUTION:

answer n : 5 =

EXERCISE 14

(a) What is the number of terms in the geometric progression
4 , 8 , 16 , ., 256

(b) Calculate the number of terms for each of the progression
below:

i. 2 , 6 , 18 , . 1458

ii. 1 , -2 , 4 , ..1024

answer a n
b i n
ii n
: ( ) 7
( ) . 7
. 11
=
=
=

26

EXAMPLE 15

Determinethe number of terms , n , in the following GP

320 , 160 , 80 , . , 5

Step Solution
Find the value of r
T
r
T
2
1
160 1
320 2
= = =
n
T
n
n
T
ar
1
5
5
=
=

n 1
1
320 5
2
| |
=
|
\ .

n
n
n
n
1
1 6
1 5 1
2 320 64
1 1
2 2
1 6
6 1 7
| |
= =
|
\ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
=
= + =
=========

PRACTICE 15.1

Determinethe number of terms , n , in the following GP

128 , 64 , 32 , . , 1

Step Solution
Find the value of r
n
T


answer n : 8 =

27

PRACTICE15.2

Determine the number of terms , n , in the following GP

16 , 8 , 4 , . ,
1
32

SOLUTION :

answer n : 10 =

E. Finding the sum of the first n terms of a GP

n
n
n
n
a r
S r
r
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
(1 )
, 1
1
= >
= <

EXAMPLE 16

Find the sum of the first 6 terms of the GP 4 , 12 , 36 , ..

Step Solution
Find the value of r
T
r
T
2
1
12
3
4
= = =
Substitute the value of a , r and n
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

( )
S
S
S
6
6
6
6
4 3 1
3 1
4(729 1)
2
1456
=
=
========

28

PRACTICE 16.1


Step Solution
Find the value of r

into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

answer : 762

PRACTICE 16.2


answer : 635
SOLUTION:

EXERCISE 16

Find the sum of the indicated first n term of the following GP :

i. 2 , 4 , 8 . ; S
6

ii. 3 , 9 , 27 ; S
27

answer i
ii
: . 126
. 88572

29

EXAMPLE 17


Step Solution
Find the value of r
T
r
T
2
1
4 1
16 4
= = =
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
(1 )
, 1
1
= <

S
S
S
7
7
7
7
1
16 1
4
1
1
4
15.999
0.75
21.33
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

=
=
=
========

PRACTICE 17.1


Step Solution
Find the value of r
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
(1 )
, 1
1
= <

answer : 7.969

30

PRACTICE 17.2


answer : 62.48

SOLUTION:

EXERCISE 17

Find the sum of

(a) the first 7 terms of the GP 64 , 16 , 4 , ..

answer : 85.31
(b) the first 5 terms of the GP
1 1 1
, , , .....
2 6 18

answer : 0.7469

EXAMPLE 18

Find the sum of the GP 7 , 14 , 28 , . , 448

Step Solution
Find the value of r r
14
2
7
= =
n
T
n
n
T
ar
1
448
448
=
=

Substitute the values of a and r
to find the value of n
n 1
7(2) 448
=
Solve the problem
n
n
n
n
1
1 6
448
2 64
7
2 2
1 6
6 1 7
= =
=
=
= + =

Substitute the values of a , r and
n into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

( )
S
S
7
7
7
7 2 1
2 1
889
=
=======

31

PRACTICE 18.1


Step Solution
Find the value of r
n
T

to find the value of n

Solve the problem
Substitute the values of a , r and
n into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

answer : 3280
PRACTICE 18.2


answer : 13 120
SOLUTION:

EXERCISE 18


answer : 4372

32

F. Finding the sum of a specific number of consecutive terms of
a GP

EXAMPLE 19

Find the sum from 3
rd
term to the 9
th
term of the GP
3 , 6 , 12 ,

Step Solution
6
2
3
= =
Determine the sum of the
specific term
S
S S S
T T T T
9
2 9 2
1 2 3 9
........
+ + + +

Find the sum of the first 2
nd

terms of GP through the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

( )
S
2
2
3 2 1
9
2 1
= =

th
terms
of GP through the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

( )
S
9
9
3 2 1
1533
2 1
= =

specific term
S S
9 2
1533 9
1524
=
=
=====

PRACTICE 19.1

Find the sum from 4
th
term to the 8
th
term of the GP
1 , 4 , 16 ,

Step Solution
Find the value of r
specific term

rd
terms
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

th
terms
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

specific term

answer : 21 842
33

PRACTICE 19.2

Find the sum from 5
th
term to the 11
th
term in the GP
4 , 8 , 16 , ........

answer : 2 752

SOLUTION:

G. Finding the number of terms in a GP

EXAMPLE 20

The sum of the first n terms of the GP 6 , 12 , 24 , . is 1530.
Find the value of n

Step Solution
12
2
6
= =
n
S
n
S 1530 =
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >

n
6(2 1)
1530
2 1

Solve the problem to find n
n
n
n
n
n
8
6(2 1) 1530
1530
2 1 255
6
2 255 1 256
2 2
8
=
= =
= + =
=
=
====

34

PRACTICE 20.1

Find the value of n

Step Solution
Find the value of r
n
S
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
( 1)
, 1
1
= >


answer n : 6 =

PRACTICE 20.1

Find the value of n

answer n : 6 =
SOLUTION:

35

EXAMPLE 21

The sum of the first n terms of the GP 5 , -10 , 20 , . is -425.
Find the value of n

Step Solution
10
2
5
= =
n
S
n
S 425 =
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
(1 )
, 1
1
= <

n
5(1 ( 2) )
425
1 ( 2)

=

n
n
n
n
n
8
6(1 ( 2) ) 3( 425)
1275
1 ( 2) 255
5
1 255 ( 2)
( 2) ( 2)
8
=
= =
+ =
=
=
====

PRACTICE 21.1

The sum of the first n terms of the GP 5 , -15 , 45 , . is -100.
Find the value of n

Step Solution
Find the value of r
n
S
into the formula
n
n
a r
S r
r
(1 )
, 1
1
= <


answer n : 4 =

36

PRACTICE 21.2

The sum of the first n terms of the GP -3 , 9 , -27 , . is -183.
Find the value of n

answer n : 5 =

SOLUTION:

H. Sum of infinity of GP

a
S r
r
, 1
1
= <

EXAMPLE 22

Find the sum to infinity of the GP 12 , 4 ,
4
3
, ..

Step Solution
Determine the value a a 12 =
4 1
12 3
= =
into the formula
a
S r
r
, 1
1
= <

S
12
1
1
3

Simplify
S
S
12 12(3)
2 2
3
18
= =
=
======

37

PRACTICE 22.1

Find the sum to infinity of the GP 2 , 1 ,
1
2
, ..

Step Solution
Determine the value a
Find the value of r
into the formula
a
S r
r
, 1
1
= <

Simplify

answer : 4

PRACTICE 22.2

Find the sum to infinity of the GP 20 , -12 ,
36
5
, ..

answer
4
:
3

SOLUTION:

38

I. Reccuring decimal

EXAMPLE 31

Express the reccuring decimal 0.121212. as a simple fraction in
its simplest form

Step Solution
Describe the reccuring decimal
0.121212 .
=0.12 + 0.0012 + 0.000012 + .
Determine the value of a a 0.12 =
0.0012
0.01
0.12
= =
into the formula
a
S r
r
, 1
1
= <

S
0.12
1 0.01

Simplify
S
0.12 4
0.99 33
= =
============

PRACTICE 31.1

its simplest form

Step Solution
Describe the reccuring decimal
Find the value of r
into the formula
a
S r
r
, 1
1
= <

Simplify

answer
32
:
33

39

PRACTICE 31.2

its simplest form

answer
7
:
33

SOLUTION:

EXERCISE 31

(a) Express the reccuring decimal 0.666666. as a simple
fraction in its simplest form

answer
2
:
3

(b) Express the reccuring decimal 0.575757. as a simple

answer
19
:
33

(c) Express the reccuring decimal 0.123123. as a simple

answer
41
:
333

Chapter 1 - Progression

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