BS5589 1989 Wood Preservation

British Standard
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BRITISH STANDARD
BS 5589:1989
Code of practice for
Preservation of timber
UDC 674.048:634:674
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BS 5589:1989
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the direction
of the Timber Standards Policy
Committee, was published under
the authority of the Board of BSI
and comes into effect on
29 September 1989
BSI 04-1999
First published September 1978
First revision September 1989
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference TIB/30
Draft for comment 87/52668 DC
ISBN 0 580 17083 7
Committees responsible for this
British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Timber
Standards Policy Committee (TIB/-) to Technical Committee TIB/30 upon
which the following bodies were represented:
British Railways Board
British Tar Industry Association
British Wood Preserving Association
British Woodworking Federation
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Fibre Building Board Organization (FIDOR)
Forestry Commission
Timber Growers9 United Kingdom
Timber Research and Development Association
Timber Trade Federation
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
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BS 5589:1989
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Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iv
Section 1. General introduction
1 Scope 1
2 Use of this code 1
3 Performance ratings 1
4 Design considerations 3
5 Means of protection 3
6 Preparation of timber before treatment and handling after
treatment 4
7 Properties of treated timber 8
8 Safety 9
9 Checking preservative treatment 9
Section 2. External woodwork above the damp-proof course in
buildings
10 General 11
11 Hazards 11
12 Performance 11
13 Timber species 11
14 Timber condition 11
15 Preservatives 12
16 Limitations of preservatives 12
17 Methods of application 12
18 Cutting after preservation 12
19 Painting preservative treated timber 12
Section 3. Agricultural and horticultural timbers
20 General 14
21 Hazards 14
22 Performance 14
25 Preservatives 14
Section 4. Timber for use permanently or intermittently in contact
with sea or fresh water
28 General 18
29 Hazards 18
30 Performance 18
33 Preservatives 19
Section 5. Timber for use as packing in cooling towers
35 General 20
36 Hazards 20
37 Performance 20
38 Timber species, quality and condition 20
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BS 5589:1989
ii
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Page
39 Preservatives 20
41 Waste disposal 20
Section 6. Fencing timber
42 General 22
43 Hazards 22
44 Performance 22
47 Preservatives 23
Section 7. Timber for use in prefabricated buildings for temporary
use in termite infested areas
50 General 26
51 Hazards 26
52 Performance 26
55 Preservatives 27
Section 8. Timber in timber frame housing
58 General 29
59 Hazards 29
60 Performance 29
63 Preservatives 29
Table 1 Schedule of preservative processes applicable to
this British Standard 2
Table 2 Hazard categories 4
Table 3 Natural durability and treatability characteristics
of selected timbers 5
Table 4 Expected minimum sapwood retention of CCA
treated timber 10
Table 5 Preservative treatments for external woodwork in
buildings above the damp-proof course (hazard category 3) 13
Table 6 Timber for agricultural and horticultural purposes with
heartwood sufficiently durable to be used without treatment 14
Table 7 Preservative treatments for timber in contact with the
ground, soil or manure; also those likely to become permanently
wet (hazard category 4) 16
Table 8 Preservative treatments for timber subject to intermittent
wetting or damp conditions (hazard category 3) 17
Table 9 Suitability of timber for use in water 19
Table 10 Preservative treatment for timber for use in contact
with water 19
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BS 5589:1989
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Page
Table 11 Preservative treatments for European redwood timber for
use in packing in cooling towers (hazard category 4) 21
Table 12 Timber with heartwood sufficiently durable to be used for
fencing without treatment 22
Table 13 Determination of moisture content of timber to be treated
for use in fencing 23
Table 14 Preservative treatments for fencing timber in
performance category A (desired service life of 40 years) 23
Table 15 Preservative treatments for fencing timber in
performance category B (desired service life of 20 years) 25
Table 16 Preservative treatments for timber for use in buildings
in termite infested areas (hazard category 4 because of termite risk) 28
Table 17 Preservative treatments for timber for use in timber
frame housing 30
Publications referred to Inside back cover
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BS 5589:1989
iv
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Foreword
This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Timber
Standards Policy Committee. BS 5589 was first published in 1978 and amended
in 1982 to include a new section on timber for use in buildings in termite infested
areas. This revision has been prepared to bring the standard up to date. It
includes a new section on timber for use in timber frame housing. This revision of
BS 5589 supersedes BS 5589:1978 which is withdrawn.
In this edition a general introductory section is followed by seven sections, each
of which deals with an area of use for timber. As the need arises, consideration
will be given to the inclusion of further sections dealing with other specific
end-uses. For many of these uses there exist or are planned product specifications
in which detailed attention is given to structural and manufacturing
considerations but in which often only brief consideration can be given to
requirements for durability or preservation. In most cases, this British Standard
considers these latter requirements in more detail and has tried to obtain more
uniformity between them. It is hoped that as new or revised product
specifications are prepared, they will make full reference to the appropriate
sections of this British Standard.
In this revision, the concept of desired service life for a component has been
retained to enable a specifier or user to make a choice of performance
requirement. Alternative treatments can then be selected to achieve the desired
life on the basis of cost and availability. The figures used to categorize desired
service life relate solely to protection against biodegradation and have to be
considered together with the aspects of design, maintenance and service
environment which all contribute to the actual service life of a component.
Clause 3 of this British Standard explains the basis on which service lives were
selected. This basis sometimes differs from that used, either implicitly or
explicitly, in certain other British Standards, e.g. for farm buildings where
considerations such as building financing may be involved. Clause 3 also includes
reference to the proposed European method of classifying decay risk. This
classification is introduced in readiness for the intended harmonization of
approvals for wood preservatives and preserved wood with the European
Economic Community (EEC).
Technical Committee 38 Durability of wood and wood-based products of the
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has just commenced work,
under a mandate from the Commission of the European Economic
Community (EEC), on the classification of biological hazards and durability of
timber, performance of treated timber, and the performance testing of
preservatives. With the publication of European Standards arising from this
work, this British Standard will be amended, revised or withdrawn so as to
remove any conflicting aspects.
BS 5268-5 deals primarily with the requirements for preservative treatment of
timber used structurally in buildings.
Users of the product specifications referred to in this British Standard are
advised to consider the desirability of third party certification of product
conformity with those product specifications based on testing and continuing
surveillance, which may be coupled with assessment of a supplier9s quality
systems against the appropriate Part of BS 5750. Enquiries as to the availability
of third party certification schemes in these cases will be forwarded by BSI to the
Association of Certification Bodies. If a third party certification scheme does not
already exist, users should consider approaching an appropriate body from the
list of Association members.
Users of this British Standard are advised to consider the desirability of
assessment and registration of a supplier9s quality systems against the
appropriate Part of BS 5750 by a third party certification body.
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BS 5589:1989
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Reference was made in the first edition to a series of specifications published by
the British Wood Preserving Association (BWPA). The majority of these have now
been published as British Standards, but a British Standard relating to the use
of boron as a wood preservative remains to be prepared. Reference has therefore
again been made to a BWPA publication following its consideration by the
responsible committee.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to vi,
pages 1 to 30, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
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BS 5589:1989
BSI 04-1999 1
Section 1. General introduction
1 Scope
This British Standard gives recommendations for
the preservative pretreatment of timber to provide
protection against biodegradation in certain
specified end-use situations in the UK
1)
. It
recommends preservatives, processes and
treatment levels suited to the hazards encountered
in use and takes into account the natural durability
and treatability of the timber employed. It does not
deal with treatments regarded as remedial in
nature, with those applied in situ, nor with those
primarily designed to influence the performance of
timber in fire.
The preservative treatment of structural timbers,
particularly those in buildings, is described in
BS 5268-5.
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard
are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Use of this code
This standard is part of a group of British Standards
dealing with the preservative pretreatment of
timber. BS 1282 forms an introduction to the
subject; it gives general information on the
biological hazards to which timber may be exposed,
types of preservative and their properties and the
methods of treatment by which they can be applied.
This code has been written primarily for specifiers
and users of treated timber, and is concerned with
those aspects of the preservative treatment that
affect the end-use of the treated product.
Section 1 covers matters common to all the uses
dealt with in the other sections. In these other
sections specific recommendations are given for the
treatment for individual end-uses. In most cases a
choice of treatment is offered and the level at which
each should be applied is recommended.
To specify a treatment using this British Standard
it is essential to cite both the relevant section for the
proposed end-use and the desired service life. In
addition, the required preservative and process
should be specified in accordance with the relevant
section of this standard. In the choice of the
preservative it is necessary to take into account
factors such as the timber species to be treated, the
need for subsequent painting or glueing, etc.
Those aspects of preservative treatment which are
principally the concern of the preservative
manufacturer and treater are dealt with by a group
of British Standard preservative and processing
specifications. These cover the chemical
compositions of the preservatives and give details of
the processes involved in their application. In most
cases, however, they leave the specifier to choose the
intensity of the treatment applied
2)
.
Table 1 gives a list of processes and relevant British
Standard specifications.
3 Performance ratings
3.1 General
The organisms that can attack wood and conditions
under which the wood becomes degraded are
discussed in BS 1282.
If timber becomes wet and remains wet,
e.g. moisture content exceeds 20 %, then eventually
it is likely to decay. The rate at which this decay
occurs is related to the inherent durability of the
timber, i.e. the degree to which it possesses a
natural resistance to decay. The durability of
heartwood varies with species; the heartwood of
some species possesses a resistance to decay which
renders the process extremely slow, while the
heartwood of others, and the sapwood of all species,
possess little resistance. Timbers in this latter
group, with little natural durability, require
preservative protection when used under wet
conditions.
The incidence of insect attack in the UK is sporadic
since it depends on the introduction of the adult
insects. Where attack may cause serious damage, as
in the case of Hylotrupes bajulus, then preservative
treatment is essential
3)
.
3.2 Service environments
The proposed end-use of the timber may be such
that:
a) the timber is constantly exposed to adverse
conditions;
b) the exposure to adverse conditions is
intermittent;
c) the exposure to adverse conditions is
accidental.
1)
Section seven deals with the preservation of timber for use overseas in termite infested areas.
2)
In the past it was the usual practice to combine into a single British Standard the requirements for the composition of a type of
preservative together with information on processing and the recommended level of treatment for specific uses. For an interim
period recommended levels of treatment will be found both in these older standards and in the newer standards for particular
commodities.
3)
See The Building Regulations 1985.
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BS 5589:1989
2
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Table 1 Schedule of preservative processes applicable to this British Standard
Timber in the ground, e.g. fence posts or poles, and
timber in water quickly acquire and retain a high
moisture content, and are thus constantly at risk.
Additionally, timber used in sea or brackish water is
liable to attack by marine organisms; timbers which
have a natural resistance to fungal decay are not
necessarily also resistant to marine borers. Timbers
used in environments of this kind are constantly
exposed to adverse conditions and there is a high
risk of early failure of susceptible species unless
preventive measures are taken.
When outdoor timbers are not in ground contact,
exposure to the weather will cause the moisture
content of the wood to fluctuate and there will be
periods when fungal decay could develop. Protective
coatings such as paints rarely provide complete and
permanent protection from water ingress; thus
preservative treatment of all susceptible external
timbers is advisable.
The exposure of internal timbers to wet conditions
may occur because of design faults, condensation,
failure of other materials, poor workmanship or lack
of maintenance.
In many such instances, should decay occur, the
resultant damage may be easy to remedy; but where
experience has shown that there is a high risk of
decay, or where the resultant damage would be
difficult or expensive to repair, or where the
associated weakening would endanger life or the
integrity of the structure, then preservative
treatment is recommended.
The level of preservative treatment recommended
depends not only on the risk of attack but also on the
expected life of the commodity. In some cases it has
been possible to lay down conditions suited to two
levels of performance, e.g. fencing timber with
desired lives of 20 or 40 years. The performance
requirements in the individual commodity
specifications are based on timbers and levels of
preservation readily available commercially. In
special cases where longer lives are required, a
higher standard of treatment may be achieved by
more severe processing of a restricted number of
timber species.
Preservative and process Essential parameters for specification according to end-use
Creosote (tar oil)
pressure process
Creosote complying with BS 144-1
a
applied in accordance with BS 144-2
b
and
the treatment cycle details given in this British Standard for the required
end-use
Creosote immersion
process
a
applied by complete submersion giving the
immersion period required
Creosote hot-and-cold
open tank process
a
applied in accordance with BS 144-2
b
with
or without reheating
Copper/chromium/
arsenic (CCA) full-cell
process
CCA complying with BS 4072-1 applied in accordance with BS 4072-2 and the
treatment cycle details given in this British Standard for the required end-use
Organic solvent (OS)
double vacuum process
OS preservative complying with BS 5707-1 and applied in accordance with
BS 5707-3 and the treatment cycle details given in this British Standard for
the required end-use
Organic solvent (OS)
immersion process
OS preservative complying with BS 5707-1 applied in accordance with
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
in heavy oil
c
double
vacuum process
PCP in heavy oil
c
complying with BS 5707-2 applied in accordance with
Boron diffusion process Timber treated with disodium octaborate in accordance with the methods
specified in BWPA Manual 1986
a
In preparation. Pending publication, reference should be made to BS 144 and BS 3051.
b
In preparation. Pending publication, reference should be made to BS 913.
c
The reference to heavy oil applies to the boiling range of the solvent given in BS 5707-2.
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BS 5589:1989
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Where risk of attack is intermittent or sporadic in
character, the concept of performance for the
treated timber has less meaning, since the hazard
may or may not present itself and its severity is
unlikely to be known in advance. Treatments for
commodities in this category are rated, therefore, in
terms of period of effectiveness, i.e. the time during
which the preservative can be expected to remain in
sufficient quantity to provide effective protection.
It is essential to realize that the life cited in a
performance clause (clauses 12, 22, 30, 37, 44, 52
and 60) of this British Standard is not a guarantee
of performance but merely indicates the service life
against which the specifications for timber treatment
were drawn up, assuming good design and normal
conditions of use. It relates solely to the resistance of
the timber to biodegradation and it has to be borne
in mind that other factors, such as mechanical
damage or failure of other elements of the
construction, may limit the life of the complete
commodity. The lives predicted have in some cases
not been established by direct service evidence and
therefore may be subject to revision as more
experience is gained.
3.3 European hazard categories
It is clear from the considerations in 3.2 that timber
in service may be attacked by wood-destroying
organisms if certain conditions arise or prevail and
that the probability that this might happen can be
predicted from an understanding of the
environmental conditions that are likely to exist for
the various service situations in which timber is
used. In other words, different service situations can
be associated with a level of risk that fungal decay
or insect attack will occur. Thus in a persistently
wet environment the chance of fungal attack
occurring is higher than in a relatively dry
situation. Where the timber will be constantly
damp, treatment with an appropriate preservative
or the use of a naturally durable timber may be
considered essential; where the timber will always
be dry, treatment with a preservative or the
property of natural durability may be unnecessary.
This philosophy has been developed by the
European Homologation Committee into a simple
rating system employing hazard categories
(see Table 2). Thus each timber component in use
can be related to a particular hazard category,
allowing a common understanding of the
preservation requirements for that component
within the EEC. Hazard categories are assigned to
each section in this British Standard in preparation
for the intended harmonization of preservation
requirements throughout the EEC.
4 Design considerations
This British Standard is not a design code for timber
components or structures. However, detailed design
of a structure which includes timber can have such
an important influence on the timber9s durability
that it is essential that the design be considered in
conjunction with the possible need for preservative
treatment.
In some cases, the risk of timber degradation by
biological agents can be minimized by design of the
structure concerned. Where a design cannot
practically provide acceptable immunity, it will
have to be modified and reinforced by the use of
naturally durable timbers or timbers treated with
preservative. In other situations, such as timber in
contact with the ground, or in dock and harbour
work, design can do little to reduce the hazard; in
these circumstances the use of naturally durable
timbers or appropriate preservative treatment is
essential if adequate service life is to be achieved.
Where possible, reference is made to other
standards dealing with features and details of
construction which constitute good practice.
Examples of design features to consider are
provision of adequate moisture barriers, throating
of ledges and cills, adequate ventilation of cavities,
provision of damp-proof courses and vapour
barriers, attention to the sealing of end-grain and
joints and avoidance of water traps.
It should not be assumed that the use of a naturally
durable or preservative treated timber obviates the
need for good design and workmanship. The
preservative treatments recommended for the
various commodities in subsequent sections are
complementary to good design and workmanship,
not a substitute for it.
5 Means of protection
The recommendations in most of the individual
sections of this code provide an option of choosing a
timber
4)
with sufficient natural durability (or
resistance to insect attack) or a less durable timber
which requires preservative protection. If reliance is
placed on natural durability alone it should be
realized that this is a property of only the heartwood
of the timber concerned. The sapwood of all timber
is susceptible to decay and, with certain exceptions
(notably spruce and other timbers in which
heartwood is not distinct), it is only the sapwood
that is attacked by wood-boring insects. On the
other hand, marine borers can also attack
heartwood. For many softwoods and certain
hardwoods, the exclusion of sapwood is not a
practical proposition.
4)
Timbers have been named throughout according to their standard names listed in BS 589 and BS 881.
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BS 5589:1989
4
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Table 2 Hazard categories
If an amount of sapwood is present, the loss of which
would render the commodity unfit for its intended
use, or where the sapwood is indistinguishable from
the heartwood, consideration should be given to the
need for preservative treatment. Such consideration
should take into account the proposed end-use but
disregard the durability rating of the heartwood.
The preservative treatments recommended are
restricted to those for which there is a suitable
British Standard or BWPA (see Table 1)
specification and which are available commercially
in the UK. All wood preservatives used in the UK
have to be approved under the Control of Pesticides
Regulations, 1986
5)
. The recommendations in this
British Standard take into account both the natural
durability, in the UK, of the timbers concerned and
their treatability as defined in BRE Digest 296.
Table 3 is derived from BRE Digest 296 and gives
information on the most commonly used timbers. It
also gives guidance where available on the
treatability of the sapwood of these timbers.
6 Preparation of timber before
treatment and handling after
treatment
6.1 Before treatment
6.1.1 General. It is essential that timber submitted
for preservative treatment is in a suitable condition
as in 6.1.2 to 6.1.5.
6.1.2 Condition of timber. The timber should be free
from all signs of attack by wood-destroying fungi or
insects.
NOTE Timber showing signs of attack by sap-stain fungi or
pinhole borers is acceptable, subject to agreement between the
interested parties.
As preservative treatment of seasoned timber does
not afford protection against deep-seated infection
or dote, care should be taken to exclude timber
infected with incipient decay.
The surfaces of the timber should be free from
extraneous matter, e.g. water, mud, dirt and inner
and outer bark. They should also be free from any
paint, polish, or other surface finish.
If timber is frozen penetration is limited. Care
should be taken not to treat timber in this condition.
6.1.3 Moisture content. It is essential that the
moisture content of the timber is at the correct
level
6)
for the type of treatment to be received.
For boron diffusion it is essential that the moisture
content be greater than 50 %.
Undried timber or timber with a moisture content
higher than 28 % may be prepared by the Boulton
Process for treatment with creosote as specified in
BS 144-2
7)
, though extreme caution should be
exercised when using this procedure.
All other treatments require the moisture content to
be below 28 % throughout the zone to be treated.
For creosote and CCA treatment it is essential to
dry to this moisture content before treatment, and
for certain end-use situations a lower moisture
content may be required.
Since organic solvent preservatives do not affect the
moisture content of treated wood, commodities
should be treated with these preservatives in their
final machined state and at the moisture content
consistent with their end-use.
Methods for determining moisture content are
detailed in, for example, BS 4072-2
6)
.
Hazard
category
Risk of fungal decay Examples
1 Where conditions of use involve negligible risk Joinery inside dwellings, e.g. stairs and
architraves
2 Where there is low risk Timber in normal pitched roofs; joists in
ground floors
3 Where experience has shown there is a high risk Cladding and external joinery
4 Where there is a continually hazardous
environment and unacceptable risk
Fence posts; sleepers; freshwater lockgates
M As for category 4, but in the marine environment Marine piling, piers and jetties
5)
The Health and Safety Executive is the approving body.
6)
For poles the moisture content requirements and method of determination are given in BS 1990-1.
7)
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Table 3 Natural durability and treatability characteristics of selected timbers
Common name
a
or commercial designation
b
Natural durability
(heartwood only)
c

Treatability
d
Heartwood Sapwood
Abura P MR P
Afrormosia VD ER n/a
Afzelia VD ER n/a
Agba P R P
Alder P P n/a
Ash European P MR MR
Balau (not including red balau) D/VD
e
n/a n/a
Basralocus VD ER n/a
Beech European P P P
silver ND ER P
Birch European P P P
paper ND MR MR
yellow P MR P
Cedar western red (imported) D R R
western red (British grown) MD R R
Chestnut European horse P P P
sweet D ER n/a
Douglas fir larch (USA and Canada) MD R/ER n/a
Ekki VD ER MR
Elm Dutch ND MR P
English ND MR n/a
rock ND R n/a
white ND MR P
wych ND R n/a
Fir balsam ND R n/a
Douglas (British grown) MD R MR
Douglas (north American coastal) MD R n/a
Douglas (north American mountain) MD ER n/a
grand ND R P
noble ND MR n/a
silver ND MR P
Greenheart VD ER n/a
Guarea VD ER P
Hem-fir (USA and Canada) ND R n/a
Attention is drawn to the footnotes at the end of the table.
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Common name
a
or commercial designation
b
Natural durability
(heartwood only)
c

Treatability
d
Heartwood Sapwood
Hemlock western ND R n/a
Idigbo D ER MR
Iroko VD ER n/a
Jarrah VD ER n/a
Kapur Malaysian VD ER n/a
Sabah VD ER n/a
Karri D ER n/a
Kempas D R n/a
Keruing Malaysian MD R MR
Sabah MD MR MR
Larch Dunkeld (UK) MD R MR
European MD R MR
Japanese MD R MR
Tamarack MD R n/a
Western MD R n/a
Lauan
f f f
Lime P P P
Louro red D ER
e
MR
Mahogany African MD ER MR
American D ER n/a
Makor VD ER MR
Merbau D n/a n/a
Meranti
f f f
Oak American red ND P n/a
American white D ER MR
European D ER P
Japanese D
e
n/a n/a
Tasmanian MD R P
Turkey MD ER P
Obeche ND R P
Okan VD ER R
Opepe VD MR n/a
Padauk Andaman VD MR n/a
Burma VD ER n/a
Attention is drawn to the footnotes at the end of the table.
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BS 5589:1989
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Common name
a
or commercial
designation
b

Natural durability
(heartwood only)
c
Treatability
d
Heartwood Sapwood
Pine American pitch MD R P
Canadian red ND MR P
Caribbean pitch D MR P
Corsican ND MR P
Jack ND MR P
lodgepole ND R n/a
maritime MD R P
Parana ND MR P
Ponderosa ND MR P
Radiata ND P P
Scots ND MR P
Western white ND MR P
yellow ND MR P
Southern yellow group ND MR P
Ramin P P P
Redwood European ND MR P
Sapele MD R MR
Seraya
f f f
Southern pine (USA) ND MR P
Spruce Eastern Canadian ND R n/a
Engelmann ND R n/a
European (Whitewood) ND R n/a
pine-fir (SPF) (Canadian) ND R n/a
Sitka ND R MR
Sycamore P P P
Teak VD ER n/a
Utile D ER n/a
Walnut African MD R n/a
Western whitewoods (USA) ND R n/a
Whitewood European ND R n/a
a
The common names used in this table are defined in BS 589 and BS 881.
b
Where a timber consignment is purchased under a commercial designation, e.g. hem-fir or spruce-pine-fir (SPF), the commercial
designation should be referred to in this list, not the individual species within the consignment.
c
Durability grades are:
VD
D
MD
ND
P
very durable
durable
moderately durable
non-durable
perishable
The durability of the sapwood of all species is either perishable or non-durable.
d
Treatability groups are:
ER
R
MR
P
n/a
extremely resistant
resistant
moderately resistant
permeable
data not available
Further details on durability and treatability may be found in BRE Digest 296.
e
Provisional rating. Balau can include some species assessed as MD.
f
The hardwoods known severally as meranti, seraya or lauan (shorea, parashorea and pentacme species) are sold commercially in
mixed groups according to colour. The individual species within each group can have different durability and treatability properties
and it is therefore difficult to assign a single rating to a mixed species consignment. In general, the species concerned vary from
non-durable to durable and fall into the treatability groups R and ER. However, where the timbers are used for external joinery
(section 2 of this British Standard) they should be regarded as in need of treatment and belonging to treatability group MR
(see clause 13).
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6.1.4 Fabrication before treatment. All cutting,
drilling, profiling and sanding of the timber should
be carried out before treatment. All wood waste
arising from these operations should be removed
before treatment.
Sawn timbers rated as resistant to
preservative, 75 mm or thicker and intended for
exterior use, may benefit from incising before
treatment.
6.1.5 Mixed charges. Timbers for which different
schedules are appropriate, due to either size or
species, should not be treated in the same charge,
unless the most intense schedule can be applied
without detriment to the more easily treatable
timbers. If charges of mixed species or timber of
different resistance to penetration are to be treated,
the treatment schedule should be that appropriate
to the most resistant of the timber species present
and the largest section size.
6.2 After treatment
6.2.1 General. It is essential that timbers which are
cross-cut, notched or drilled for bolts after any
impregnation treatment have the exposed surfaces
or bolt holes liberally treated by brushing, spraying
or dipping with a wood preservative as
recommended by the manufacturer unless
otherwise specified in the relevant commodity
specification. It should be understood that this does
not restore the full value of the original treatment.
If rip-sawing or profiling is carried out after
treatment, it is essential to retreat the timber in
accordance with the original specification.
6.2.2 Copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA). Timber
treated with CCA preservatives becomes wet during
processing and a period of redrying may be required
after treatment. Even where the nature of the
commodity does not require such redrying, a period
of 7 days before use should be allowed for the
preservative salts to fix, i.e. become non-leachable.
It is essential to stack timber carefully during this
period because wetting and drying will cause timber
movement and in some cases may cause distortion.
It is essential that metal fittings are of a suitable
composition and that they are not applied to the
treated wood until this fixing period has elapsed
(see BS 4072-2).
6.2.3 Creosote and organic solvent (OS)
preservatives. The moisture content of timber is not
increased by treatment with creosote or organic
solvent preservatives and in this respect the product
can be used immediately after treatment. However
for organic solvent preservatives in certain
situations, e.g. prior to painting or for enclosed use,
time should be allowed for the carrier solvent to
evaporate before further processing or installation.
Evaporation can be facilitated by open stacking,
preferably under cover in a well ventilated area, and
will normally take 2 to 7 days according to uptake of
preservative and prevailing conditions.
6.2.4 Boron diffusion. Boron diffusion treatment is
carried out on green timber at source and treated
timber is usually supplied already dried. For most
purposes timber treated in this way can be
machined or worked on site without retreatment of
cut surfaces, with the exception of longitudinal
conversion of timber more than 50 mm thick, which
is not recommended. It is essential to protect
boron-treated timber against wet weather
conditions during prolonged storage.
7 Properties of treated timber
7.1 General
The main types of preservative employed (creosote,
water-borne and organic solvent) have widely
different secondary properties which influence the
field in which each has a particular value. Where
these properties impose a limitation on their use for
a particular commodity this is noted in the
appropriate section of this standard. Some general
comments on the utilization of treated wood are
given in this clause.
7.2 Strength
Normal preservative treatment does not affect the
strength properties of timber to any extent that is of
practical significance.
7.3 Metal components
Under some conditions, metal fastenings may
become corroded through contact with CCA treated
timber and the preservative manufacturer should
be consulted about any possible interactions of this
kind (see BS 4072-2 for fuller information).
Provided the timber remains dry there is little risk
of interaction of treated wood with ferrous metal
fittings. Where corrosion of steel or galvanized steel
may be expected to occur, even with untreated
timbers, corrosion is more severe in the presence of
CCA preservatives. It is important not to apply any
metal fittings until the period of fixation of these
preservatives is complete.
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There is very little service evidence on which to base
advice on the interaction of preservative treated
wood with other metals.
Precautions should be taken to avoid contact
between uncoated aluminium sheeting and
copper-containing preservatives.
7.4 Adhesives, sealants and weatherseals
The interaction of adhesives, sealants and
weatherseals with preservatives is a complex
subject and cannot be adequately covered in general
terms. Use of these materials with preservative
treated timber should not be undertaken without
first having sought advice from the manufacturer.
7.5 Decorative finishes
In general, timber treated with a water-borne or
organic solvent preservative, which is formulated
for subsequent painting, can be painted or stained
normally. However, it is important that an adequate
drying period should be left between preservative
treatment and finishing. This can vary for different
preservative types and the manufacturer9s advice
should be followed.
However, highly porous zones are sometimes
encountered, particularly in European redwood,
which can rapidly absorb excessive amounts of
preservative solution.
Such timber can give rise to finishing problems,
particularly if treated with organic solvent
preservatives, and extended drying periods will be
necessary.
Copper naphthenate preservatives may give rise to
staining problems with light coloured paints.
Timber treated with creosote or PCP in heavy oil is
not recommended for overpainting.
7.6 Flammability
The solvents commonly used for applying organic
solvent preservatives are flammable and it is
essential that care be exercised in applying such
materials. However, once the solvent has
evaporated from treated wood the timber is no more
flammable than untreated wood.
When the surface of creosoted timber has dried, the
timber is no easier to ignite than untreated timber,
but it has different burning characteristics from
those of untreated timber.
8 Safety
8.1 Solutions
All preservatives should be handled with care and in
accordance with The Control of Pesticides
Regulations 1986 and manufacturers9 specific
instructions.
8.2 Treated timber
When handling freshly treated timber, protective
gloves should be worn. For timber treated with
creosote or organic solvent preservatives adequate
ventilation is also required. CCA-treated timber
should be held for 48 h or till drip dry, whichever is
the longer, before dispatch or erection.
No special precautions are necessary in handling
timber treated with water-borne salts or organic
solvent preservatives once the timber has dried, but
it is essential to observe the normal practice of
washing hands before handling food or smoking.
Timber treated with creosote or PCP in heavy oil
does not dry out in the same way as that treated
with water-borne or organic solvent preservatives,
and continued precautions may be necessary if the
surface is oily.
If it is necessary to machine or sand treated timber,
an efficient dust extraction system should be used.
8.3 Waste disposal
There are mandatory requirements governing the
safe disposal of wood-preservative and treated-wood
wastes, e.g. The Control of Pollution Act 1974. For
information concerning the recommended methods
for the disposal of these materials reference should
be made to DOE Waste Management
Paper No. 16: Wood Preserving Wastes.
It is essential that wood waste from treated timber
is not used for animal litter.
9 Checking preservative treatment
9.1 General
There are two aspects of preservative treatment
which the user commonly wishes to check. The first
is whether the treatment has been carried out at all
and the second is whether it has been carried out
according to the specified procedure. The former is
more easily verified than the latter.
9.2 Detection of preservative
The chemicals used in wood preservation comprise a
diverse range of substances differing in the ease
with which they can be detected in wood in situ.
Creosote is recognizable by its odour and colour;
copper-containing preservatives such as CCA and
copper naphthenate colour the wood green.
Other preservatives are usually colourless. Some
products may be detected by spray reagents but
others may need chemical analysis (see BS 5666-2).
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9.3 Quantitative requirements
9.3.1 General. For most preservatives there is a
chemical procedure whereby it is possible to
estimate the amount of preservative in a sample of
treated wood (see BS 5666). Although this
information does not allow a direct conclusion as to
whether or not the specified treatment has been
carried out it can often provide an indication of the
type of treatment given.
9.3.2 Boron diffusion and creosote treatments.
Timber treated by the boron diffusion process is
required by its specification to have a defined
cross-sectional loading and a defined core loading on
the basis of an 80 % compliance (see BWPA
Manual 1986). Creosote treatments are specified in
terms of a minimum average net retention and an
extended pressure period.
9.3.3 Other treatments. For preservative processes
other than boron diffusion and creosote,
specifications are defined in terms of processing
parameters and thus there are no defined loading
requirements. Verification of treatment thus rests
on knowledge of the process carried out.
Many treatment plants are largely automatic in
their operation (though with the possibility of
operator intervention) and many preservation
processors issue treating certificates to assure
customers that the requirements of any
specification named on a certificate have been
satisfied. However the only certain way to be sure
that treatment has been carried out as required is to
witness all aspects of the treatment process.
NOTE With organic solvent preservatives, most preservative
manufacturers will express an opinion concerning the loading of
preservative in timber which is likely to result from a given
treatment schedule. However, there is insufficient agreement to
permit information on this aspect to be included in this British
Standard. When appropriate data have been generated and
collected, it is expected that these will be published as an
amendment to this code.
In the case of CCA preservatives, analysis of species
with permeable and moderately resistant sapwood
[excluding those species where the sapwood and
heartwood cannot be differentiated, e.g. whitewood
(see Table 3)] can provide a good indication of
whether the recommendations of this British
Standard have been complied with. With these
species the sapwood should be fully penetrated and
have a minimum sapwood retention as shown in
Table 4.
Table 4 Expected minimum sapwood
retention of CCA treated timber
Any sample providing a result significantly below
the values given in Table 4 is unlikely to have been
treated as recommended by this British Standard.
For those few timber species with more resistant
sapwood the retentions quoted in Table 4 apply to
that portion of the sapwood which is fully
penetrated by the preservative.
Treatment solution
concentration
Minimum sapwood
retention
g/L
kg/m
3
20 8
30 12
40 16
50 20
60 24
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Section 2. External woodwork above the damp-proof
course in buildings
NOTE It is essential to read this section in conjunction with
section 1.
10 General
This section gives recommendations for the species
and preservative treatment of any external
woodwork in a building that is situated above the
damp-proof course of the building. It does not cover
the quality requirements for such woodwork, for
which guidance should be sought in BS 1186-1 for
joinery woodwork and BS 5268-2 for structural
timbers. Examples of items covered by this section
are as follows:
11 Hazards
External woodwork above the damp-proof course in
buildings is exposed to intermittent wetting, and if
timbers of low natural durability or those
containing sapwood are used decay may occur.
Attack by wood-boring beetles is very rare on
painted external woodwork. Occasionally it may be
found in unpainted external components where
sapwood is present.
12 Performance
Two performance categories are defined:
performance category A: desired service life
of 60 years;
performance category B: desired service life
of 30 years.
13 Timber species
The heartwood of those timbers rated as durable
(see Table 3) or better (D or VD) may be used
untreated for performance category A, and those
rated as moderately durable or better (MD, V or VD)
may be used untreated for performance category B.
All other timbers require treatment; any timbers
which contain quantities of sapwood, the loss of
which would render the commodity unfit for its
intended use or where the sapwood is
indistinguishable from the heartwood, require
treatment.
Those hardwoods known severally as meranti,
seraya, or lauan (shorea, parashorea and pentacme
species) vary in their natural durability and cannot
be assigned satisfactorily to any one durability class
when described by current commercial
nomenclature. For the present and for the purposes
of this British Standard they should be regarded as
requiring treatment.
Mixed charges of timber for which different
schedules are appropriate, due to either size or
species, should not be treated in the same charge,
unless the most intense schedule can be applied
without detriment to the more easily treatable
timbers. The treatment schedule for charges of
mixed species of timber of different resistance to
penetration should be that appropriate to the most
resistant of the timber species and the largest
section size, present in the given charge.
14 Timber condition
The timber before treatment should be in a suitable
condition as recommended in 6.1.
Good preservation of these commodities requires
maximum end-grain penetration. This is usually
greatest when timbers are treated before assembly,
although other considerations, such as any need to
machine after assembly, may make it preferable to
treat at a later stage.
For fabricated components, those materials which
are used to hold the individual members together
should be of equivalent durability to the treated
timber. Thus wooden dowels should be of an
appropriate durability rating or treated as defined
under clause 13; adhesive should be of an exterior
grade and should not break down in service.
Since organic solvent preservatives do not affect the
moisture content of treated wood, commodities
should be treated with these preservatives in their
final machined state and at the moisture content
consistent with their end-use, e.g. for external
joinery 16 3 % (m/m) and for internal joinery
between 10 2 % (m/m) and 15 2 % (m/m)
according to the type of heating installed in the
building (see BS 1186).
window frames
casements and sashes
surrounds for non-wooden windows
doors (excluding flush doors
a
)
door-frames
porches
cladding
soffits
fascias
barge boards
framing
purlins only where all or part of the member
rafters is exposed to the weather
joists
a
Flush doors are not included because of the difficulties in
establishing suitable treatments.
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15 Preservatives
The following preservatives may be used. Their
suitability for specific uses is given in Table 5.
a) CCA water-borne preservatives complying
with BS 4072-1.
b) Coal tar creosote complying with BS 144-1
8)
.
c) Organic solvent preservatives complying with
class F or class F/N of BS 5707-1.
NOTE With this class of preservative the inclusion of a
water repellent in the formulation is advantageous, but not
essential.
d) Disodium octaborate complying with the
BWPA Manual 1986.
16 Limitations of preservatives
Reference should be made to section 1, particularly
with respect to the compatibility of the preservative
with paints, finishes, adhesives, and sealants.
Water-borne treatment with CCA preservatives will
cause swelling of the wood. The original dimensions
will normally be recovered on redrying, but the
timber should be carefully stacked during this
process to avoid distortion. If grain-raising is
unacceptable, planed timber should not be treated
with water-borne preservatives.
17 Methods of application
17.1 General
The treatments to be used depend upon the
performance category required and the treatability
of the timber species used. These are given in
Table 5.
17.2 Vacuum/pressure processes
CCA preservative solutions should be applied by a
full-cell process in accordance with BS 4072-2.
Creosote should be applied in accordance with
BS 144-2
9)
. Use of an empty-cell process is normally
to be preferred, except for resistant timbers. The
end requirement of processes using creosote is
specified in terms of a minimum average net
retention and an extended pressure period.
17.3 Double vacuum process
The application of organic solvent preservatives by
the double vacuum process should comply with
BS 5707-3.
17.4 Immersion
Organic solvent preservatives and creosote
complying with BS 144-1
8)
may be applied by
immersion. It is essential that the timber is
completely submerged in the preservative for the
period specified in Table 5.
17.5 Boron diffusion
This process has to be carried out on timber that has
not dried since felling and should comply with the
BWPA Manual 1986. Seasoned timber cannot be
treated by this process.
18 Cutting after preservation
As far as possible all sawing, planing, cross-cutting,
drilling or other woodworking should be carried out
before treatment. If this is not practicable, any
surface exposed by drilling, cross-cutting, etc.,
subsequent to treatment should be given two liberal
brush or spray applications of the preservative
solution as recommended by the appropriate
manufacturer. This is particularly important where
horns are cut off on site. These recommendations do
not apply to boron diffusion treated timber.
19 Painting preservative treated
timber
Timber freshly treated with creosote cannot be
overpainted. With other preservatives it is
important that the solvent be allowed to evaporate
from the treated timber and that the timber be
allowed to dry to the moisture content recommended
by the manufacturer before overpainting. This
particularly applies to water-borne preservatives of
the CCA and disodium octaborate types.
For timber treated with organic solvent
preservatives or with disodium octaborate, it is
essential that the surfaces to be exposed to the
weather are painted or given some other protective
finish which will be maintained in service.
Although most organic solvent preservatives
complying with BS 5707-1 are suitable for
overpainting, etc., paint compatibility is not a
requirement of that standard. Users should satisfy
themselves of the compatibility of the particular
preservative with their paint or finish.
8)
In preparation. Pending publication, reference should be made to BS 144 for treatment by the pressure process and
BS 3051 for treatment by immersion.
9)
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B
S
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5
8
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:
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9
8
9

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0
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-
1
9
9
9
1
3
Table 5 Preservative treatments for external woodwork in buildings above the damp-proof course
a
(hazard category 3)
Performance
category
Timber
treatability
rating
b
Copper/chromium/arsenic by
full-cell process
c
Creosote by
pressure process
Organic solvent preservatives by double vacuum
process
d
Period of
immersion for
organic
solvent
preservatives
d

or creosote
Boron
diffusion
d
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
Minimum
net
retention
Extended
pressure
period
Initial vacuum Pressure stage Final vacuum
stage
Vacuum Period Pressure Period Vacuum Period
min min g/L kg m
3
min bar min bar min bar min min
A
Desired
service life
of 60 years
P and MR
(20 mm
thick or less)
30 60 30 100 60 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 60
e
Not
recommended
P and MR
(thicker
than 20 mm)
30 90 30 100 60 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Not
recommended
R and ER 60 180 30 100 120
Not recommended
Not
recommended
Not
recommended
B
Desired
service life
of 30 years
P and MR 30 60 20
f
80 60 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 3
e
Recommended
R and ER 30 90 30 80 120 0.83 10 1 60 0.83 20 Not
recommended
Recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83 20
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
Pa = 750 mm Hg. All pressures quoted are gauge pressures, i.e. relative to normal atmospheric pressure as zero.
a
For the purposes of this table, the following apply:
a) western hemlock, when used specifically for door construction, should be treated as a MR timber;
b) the hardwoods known severally as meranti, seraya, or lauan (shorea, parashorea and pentacme species), when used for joinery purposes, should be treated as MR timbers;
c) if the heartwood is of adequate natural durability (see clause 13) the relevant treatability rating should be taken as that of the sapwood (see Table 3).Mixed timber consignments
should be rated equivalent to the least treatable timber species in the consignment.
b
P = permeable, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, ER = extremely resistant.
c
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of preservative is likely. In these instances a Lowry empty cell
process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and solution concentration may be used.
d
These treatments are restricted to woodwork in which the surface or surfaces exposed to the weather will be painted or given some other protective finish which will be maintained
in service.
e
Pinus species only.
f
Lowry empty-cell process in accordance with BS 4072-2 may be used as an alternative using a solution concentration of 30 g/L.
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BS 5589:1989
14
BSI 04-1999
Section 3. Agricultural and horticultural timbers
section 1.
20 General
and preservative treatment of timber intended for
use in buildings for the housing of livestock, the
growing of vegetables, fruit and flowers and the
storage of equipment and produce. It does not cover
fencing, which is dealt with in section 6. Examples
of items covered by this section are as follows:
agricultural: timber in buildings and equipment
for housing livestock or the storage of farm
products and machinery;
horticultural: timber in buildings and equipment
for the growing, storage and processing of
produce.
21 Hazards
The timbers most liable to decay are those which
remain wet for long periods. They include timber in
contact with the ground, soil or manure and timber
in buildings with a high condensation risk, such as
certain animal houses, glass houses, and buildings
used for drying and storing crops.
Timbers which are subject to intermittent wetting,
although at lower risk, may also decay.
Insects are not important as a cause of damage to
external timbers, but the sapwood of internal
timbers in farm buildings may be attacked.
Table 6 Timber for agricultural and
horticultural purposes with heartwood
sufficiently durable to be used without
treatment
22 Performance
of 50 years;
of 20 years.
23 Timber species
23.1 Timber not requiring treatment
The heartwood of timber species with the durability
ratings shown in Table 6 can be used in the
situations shown without preservative treatment.
All sapwood is non-durable; where the cross section
contains some sapwood, the loss of which would
render the commodity unfit for its intended use,
treatment is required.
23.2 Timber requiring treatment
Timber species with a durability rating less than the
appropriate rating shown in Table 6 for the desired
performance category should be treated
appropriately as described in clauses 24 to 27.
24 Timber condition
Cutting of timber after treatment should not be
permitted if the cut end is intended for use in the
ground or in permanently damp conditions.
25 Preservatives
suitability for specific uses is given in Table 7 and
Table 8.
with BS 4072-1.
10)
.
c) PCP in heavy oil complying with BS 5707-2.
d) Organic solvent preservatives complying with
class F or class F/N of BS 5707-1.
Wood treated with any of the preservatives named
in clause 25 is suitable for most horticultural or
agricultural purposes, provided that any
restrictions on use associated with approval of the
preservative under The Control of Pesticides
Regulations are observed. In addition the following
precautions should be observed.
Performance
category
Situation
Timbers in contact
with the ground, soil
or manure; also those
likely to become
permanently wet
(hazard category 4
a
)
Timbers subject
to intermittent
wetting (hazard
category 3
a
)
A
Desired
service life
of 50 years
Very durable (VD)
b
Durable or
better
(D or VD)
b
B
Desired
service life
of 20 years
Durable or better
(D or VD)
b
Moderately
durable or
better
(MD, D or VD)
b
a
See Table 2.
b
See Table 3.
10)
In preparation. Pending publication, reference should be made to BS 144 for treatment by the pressure process and
BS 3051 for treatment by immersion.
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BS 5589:1989
BSI 04-1999 15
Seed boxes, internal timbers in greenhouses and
any other timbers which will come into intimate
contact with plants should not be treated with a
preservative containing pentachlorophenol. With
any organic solvent preservative and coal tar
creosote, the solvent should be allowed to evaporate
before the wood is put into service.
Timbers freshly treated with CCA preservatives
which are to come into contact with animals or
foodstuffs should not be put into service until at
least 7 days after treatment and subsequent
thorough hosing with water. With any organic
solvent preservative, the solvent should be allowed
to evaporate before the wood is put into service.
Foodstuffs should not be stored in contact with
timber which has been treated with organic solvent
preservatives or creosote, because of the risk of
chemical migration or tainting. Some commodities,
e.g. apples, are very susceptible to tainting and
special advice should be sought regarding
appropriate preservatives for their storage
conditions.
Creosoted timbers which will come into regular
contact with animals should be treated by a process
which minimizes the bleeding which may occur with
preservative in service.
27.1 General
The treatments to be used depend upon the
performance category required and the timber used.
These are given in Table 7 and Table 8.
CCA preservative solutions should be applied by the
Creosote should be applied under pressure in
accordance with BS 144-2
11)
. Use of an empty-cell
process is normally to be preferred, except for
resistant timbers. The end requirement of processes
using creosote is specified in terms of a minimum
average net retention and an extended pressure
period.
27.3 Hot-and-cold open tank process
When creosote is applied by the hot-and-cold open
tank method the process should be in accordance
with BS 144-2
12)
, but, where bleeding is to be
minimized, there should be a final reheating stage
of 80 C to 95 C before removing the timber from
the tank.
The application of organic solvent preservatives and
PCP in heavy oil by the double vacuum process
should comply with BS 5707-3.
27.5 Immersion
13)
may be applied by
11)
In preparation. Pending publication reference should be made to BS 913.
12)
13)
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5
8
9
:
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9
8
9
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6

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0
4
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9
9
9
Table 7 Preservative treatments for timber in contact with the ground, soil or manure; also those likely to become permanently
wet (hazard category 4
e
)
Performance
category
Timber form
and
treatability
rating
a
full-cell process
b
Creosote by
pressure process
Creosote by
hot-and-cold
open tank
process
PCP in heavy oil by double vacuum process
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
Minimum
average
net
retention
Extended
pressure
period
Initial vacuum
stage
Pressure stage Final vacuum
stage
Applied
vacuum
Period Applied
pressure
Period Applied
vacuum
Period
min min g/L kg/m
3
min bar min bar min bar min
A
Desired
service life
of 50 years
c
Round:
P and MR
30 60 30 120 120 Not
recommended
Not recommended
Sawn: P and MR
Round: R and ER
30 90 30 120 120 Not
recommended
Not recommended
Sawn: R and ER 60 180 30 120 180 Not
recommended
Not recommended
B
Desired
service life
of 20 years
Round: P and
MR
30 60 20
d
100 60 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10
Sawn: P and MR 30 90 30 100 60 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10
Round: R and ER 30 90 30 100 90 Recommended Not recommended
Sawn: R and ER 60 180 30 100 120 Recommended Not recommended
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
a
b
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of preservative is likely. In these instances a Lowry
empty-cell process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and solution concentration may be used.
c
Species with non-durable, resistant heartwood, e.g. spruces, are excluded from this performance category.
d
e
See Table 2.
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S
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9
:
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8
9

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-
1
9
9
9
1
7
Table 8 Preservative treatments for timber subject to intermittent wetting or damp conditions (hazard category 3
e
)
Performance
category
Timber form
and
treatability
rating
a
full-cell process
b
Creosote by
pressure process
Creosote by
hot-and-cold
open tank
process
PCP in heavy oil by double vacuum process Organic solvent preservatives by double vacuum
process
Organic solvent
preservatives
d

and creosote by
immersion
process
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
Minimum
net
average
retention
Extended
pressure
period
stage
Vacuum Period Pressure Period Vacuum Period Vacuum Period Pressure Period Vacuum Period
min min g/L kg/m
3
min bar min bar min bar min bar min bar min bar min
A
Desired
service life
of 50 years
Round:
P and MR
30 60 30 110 60 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Sawn:
P and MR
greater
than 20 mm
thickness
30 90 30 110 90 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Sawn:
P and MR less
than 20 mm
thickness
30 60 30 110 90 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Round:
R and ER
30 90 30 110 120 Recommended Not recommended Not recommended Not
recommended
Sawn:
R and ER
recommended
B
Desired
service life
of 20 years
Sawn or
round:
P and MR
30 60 20
c
90 60 Recommended 0.5 10 1 10 0.83 10 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 Immersion
time 10 min.
Suitable for boards
up to 20 mm thick
only
Sawn or
round:
R and ER
30 90 30 90 90 Recommended 0.83 60 1 60 0.83 10 0.83 10 1 60 0.83 20 Not
recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83 20
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
Pa = 750 mm Hg. All pressures quoted are gauge pressures, i.e.relative to normal atmospheric pressure as zero.
a
b
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of preservative is likely. In these instances a Lowry empty-cell process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and
solution concentration may be used.
c
d
These treatments are restricted to woodwork of which the exposed surface will be painted or given some other protective finish which will be maintained in service.
e
See table 2.
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BS 5589:1989
18
BSI 04-1999
Section 4. Timber for use permanently or
intermittently in contact with sea or fresh water
section 1.
28 General
This section gives recommendations for the species,
preservative treatment and other aspects of solid
timber, generally in large dimensions, intended for
use in locations in and around the British Isles in
which it is permanently or intermittently immersed
in sea water or fresh water. It does not cover the
timber packing in cooling towers, which is dealt
with in section 5.
Examples of items covered by this section are as
follows:
marine piling
structural timbers in piers, jetties, quays,
dolphins, etc.
lock and dock gates and sluices
revetments on inland waterways
timber used in sea defence works
wooden foundations and piers for bridges
structural timbers in cooling towers
ship9s timbers
The choice of ship hull or superstructure timbers
will be influenced by the working properties of
individual species. For these items, where CCA
water-borne preservatives are involved,
post-treatment drying is essential before use in
order to minimize movement after construction
(see 6.2).
29 Hazards
Timber for the fabrication of structures in fresh
water can be subjected to severe and rapid attack by
wood-rotting fungi. In sea water, particularly in
warmer waters, there is the additional hazard of
attack by marine boring organisms such as
Limnoria spp and Teredo spp as well as decay by
fungi.
30 Performance
The timber species and treatments in this section
are intended to provide the maximum protection to
timber in use. The service life is determined by the
extent of fungal decay and marine borer attack,
which depends on the severity of the conditions of
exposure; in practice, such conditions can be very
variable, particularly in the case of timber in sea
water. The minimum life expected from preserved
timber is as follows:
a) in fresh water: 30 years;
b) in sea water: 15 years.
The life of a structure may however be limited by
other factors such as mechanical damage or
corrosion of fastenings.
31 Timber species
Table 9 gives the suitability of timbers for use in
permanent or intermittent contact with sea or fresh
water.
The timbers listed in column 1 of Table 9 may be
used untreated. They have a high natural resistance
to wood-rotting fungi, and also possess sufficient
resistance to attack by marine borers to give a good
performance in sea water in temperate countries.
However, these timbers are not always readily
obtainable. It is important to remember that it is
only the heartwood of these timbers which is
resistant to marine borers; the sapwood is usually
very susceptible to attack and should be removed.
Particular care should be taken with those timbers
where the sapwood can easily be mistaken for
heartwood and where a large proportion of sapwood
can be present.
In order to obtain the high and consistent standard
of preservative treatment necessary where the
timbers listed in column 3 of Table 9 are used in sea
and fresh water, consideration should be given to
using the timber in the round. The band of sapwood
on the outside of round timber is normally much
more permeable than the heart-wood and can be
penetrated completely with a high loading of
preservative. This can provide a much higher degree
of protection than that to be expected from the
limited preservative penetration often obtained in
the heartwood of timber classed as resistant or
extremely resistant.
32 Timber condition
Large sections of timber of certain species which are
difficult to impregnate with preservative
(see Table 9) should be incised to the pattern laid
down in BS 144-2
14)
before treatment. In other
cases, whilst incising is not necessary from the point
of view of preservative penetration, it may be
advantageous as a means of reducing the severity of
splitting in service. Timber less than 75 mm thick
should not be incised unless specifically requested
by the purchaser.
14)
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BS 5589:1989
BSI 04-1999 19
33 Preservatives
with BS 4072-1.
b) Coal tar creosote complying with type 1 of
BS 144-1
15)
(high residue).
34.1 General
The treatment parameters are given in Table 10.
34.2 Full-cell process
BS 144-2
16)
. The end requirement of processes using
creosote is specified in terms of a minimum average
net retention and an extended pressure period.
Table 9 Suitability of timber for use in water
Table 10 Preservative treatment for timber for use in contact with water
15)
16)
Species suitable for use untreated in
sea water (hazard category M
a
)
Species suitable for use untreated in
fresh water (hazard category 4
a
)
Species suitable, if treated, for use in
sea water (hazard category M
a
) and
fresh water (hazard category 4
a
)
Afrormosia All timber rated as Beech
Andaman padauk very durable (VD)
c
Elm
Basralocus
b
Redwood or Scots pine
Ekki
b
American pitch pine
Greenheart
b
or Caribbean pitch pine
Iroko Douglas fir
Jarrah European larch
Kapur or Japanese larch
Okan
b
Opepe
b
a
See Table 2.
b
Species generally believed to be the best for marine work.
c
See Table 3.
Timber
species
Copper/chromium/arsenic by full-cell
process
Creosote by pressure process
Fresh (hazard category 4
a
) and sea water
(hazard category M
a
)
Fresh water (hazard
category 4
a
)
Sea water (hazard category M
a
)
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
b
Minimum
average net
retention
Extended
pressure
period
Minimum
average net
retention
Extended
pressure
period
min min g/L kg/m
3
min kg/m
3
min
Redwood or
Scots pine 160 180 200 180
Beech 160 120 400 180
Douglas fir 60 180 50 160 180 180 240
Pitch pine 160 180 200 180
Larch 160 180 180 240
Elm 160 120 200 180
NOTE For sawn timber, incising before treatment is recommended for all species except beech and elm; heartwood of redwood need
be incised only for use in sea water.
a
See Table 2.
b
Where high populations of Limnoria or Teredo are known to exist, it may be necessary to increase solution strengths.
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BS 5589:1989
20
BSI 04-1999
Section 5. Timber for use as packing in cooling
towers
section 1.
35 General
and preservative treatment of timber used for the
small dimension packing timbers in water cooling
towers. It applies to all cooling tower timbers with a
minimum dimension of less than 50 mm, including
splash bars, eliminator louvres, air-sealing walls,
doors and door-frames, and packing support
structures. It does not cover the species and
treatment of the larger structural members of such
towers, which are dealt with in section 4.
For packing timbers, strict limitations are imposed
on the timber species, the preservatives and the
method of application.
36 Hazards
In view of the relatively small cross section of the
packing timbers, attack by fungi, particularly soft
rot fungi, is an extremely severe hazard in cooling
towers. Failure of untreated timber in this
environment, which is characterized by high
moisture content and moderately high
temperatures, can occur within a few years.
37 Performance
Cooling towers are normally required to give service
for as many years as the plant with which they are
associated. Chemical plant is normally written off
after 10 to 15 years and electricity generating plant
after 25 to 30 years.
Two performance categories are therefore defined:
of 30 years;
of 15 years.
Evidence at present available suggests that, for the
same treatment, the expected life with sea water is
rather less than that with fresh water.
38 Timber species, quality and
condition
Redwood (Pinus sylvestris) has proved satisfactory
in practice and is the only timber which can be
recommended.
Before treatment the timber should be in a suitable
condition as recommended in 6.1. In addition, the
quality of the timber as regards knots, grain and
other defects should comply with BS 4485-4.
Timber should be bundled in such a manner as to
allow access of the solution to all its surfaces and to
permit ease of handling.
39 Preservatives
The following two types of preservative may be
used. Their suitability for specific uses is given in
Table 11.
with BS 4072-1.
b) Coal tar creosote complying with type 1 of
BS 144-1
17)
(high residue).
40.1 General
BS 144-2
18)
. The end requirement of processes using
creosote is specified in terms of a minimum average
net retention and an extended pressure period.
41 Waste disposal
Waste timber from cooling towers and other timbers
treated with a solution of CCA with a concentration
of 50 g/L or higher should not be disposed of by open
burning on bonfires.
NOTE For further information reference should be made to
DOE Waste Management Paper No. 16 Wood Preserving
Wastes.
17)
18)
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BS 5589:1989
BSI 04-1999 21
Table 11 Preservative treatments for European redwood timber for use in packing in cooling
towers (hazard category 4
a
)
Performance
category
Copper/chromium/arsenic by full-cell process Creosote by pressure process
Fresh and sea water Fresh and sea water
Vacuum
period
Pressure period Solution
concentration
Minimum average
net retention
Extended pressure
period
min min g/L kg/m
3
min
A
Desired
service life
of 30 years
15 120 50 240 180
B
Desired
service life
of 15 years
15 90 40 240 120
a
See Table 2.
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Section 6. Fencing timber
section 1.
42 General
and preservative treatment of timber used for
fencing with a life expectancy of 20 years or more in
normal use. It does not describe the design or
construction of wood fencing, but attention is drawn
to BS 1722 which cover these aspects for different
types of fences using wood components.
This section defines two performance categories. It
gives recommendations concerning the degree of
natural durability which is necessary if timber is to
perform satisfactorily without treatment, and
concerning the preservative treatment which should
be applied to achieve satisfactory performance with
less durable timber, both in contact with the soil and
not in contact with the soil.
Experience has shown that fencing timbers often
fail to give adequate service owing to inadequate
drying prior to treatment. Procedures to be followed
to ensure that timber is dry enough to be treated are
reiterated and expanded upon in this section.
Examples of items covered by this section are as
follows:
fence posts, gateposts and struts
gravel boards
rails
timbers of gates
boarding and slats
droppers
post caps
dowels
43 Hazards
In the UK, decay at the ground-line and in joints is
the most common cause of failure in untreated wood
fencing. Compared to ground-line hazards, timbers
not in contact with the ground are subject to a lower
fungal risk. The risk to fencing from insect attack is
negligible.
44 Performance
of 40 years;
of 20 years.
Certain common species of timber grown in or
imported into the UK have low natural durability
and also react poorly to preservative treatment.
These species are therefore only included in
performance category B.
45 Timber species
45.1 Timber not requiring treatment
The heartwood of the timber rated in accordance
with Table 12 is sufficiently durable for wood
fencing without preservative treatment. Whenever
an amount of sapwood is present, the loss of which
would render the commodity unfit for its intended
use, the fencing components should be treated with
preservative.
45.2 Timber requiring treatment
Timber species with a durability rating less than the
appropriate rating shown in Table 12 for the desired
performance category should be treated
appropriately as described in clauses 47, 48 and 49.
Table 12 Timber with heartwood
sufficiently durable to be used for fencing
without treatment
46 Timber condition
46.1 General
46.2 Moisture content
Moisture content should not exceed 28 % when
measured with a calibrated moisture meter of the
electrical resistance type, fitted with insulated
probes that can be hammered into wood to the depth
specified in Table 13.
Performance
category
Type of component
Timbers in ground
contact, e.g. posts,
struts, gravel
boards (hazard
category 4
a
)
Timbers not in
ground contact,
e.g. rails, gate
timbers,
boarding (hazard
category 3
a
)
A
Desired
service life
of 40 years
Very durable
(VD)
b
Durable or
better (D or
VD)
b
B
Desired
service life
of 20 years
Durable or better
(D or VD)
b
Moderately
durable or
better (MD, D
or VD)
b
a
See Table 2.
b
See Table 3.
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BS 5589:1989
BSI 04-1999 23
When determining the suitability of a charge of
timber for preservation, moisture readings should
be made on no fewer than (n/2) separate
components, where n is the total number of
components in the charge. The components to be
measured should be taken from random positions in
the charge. The number of heartwood and sapwood
faces sampled should reflect the relative proportions
of these types of wood in the charge as a whole.
If preferred, the oven-dry method of determining
moisture content as described in BS 5666-1 may be
used in place of a moisture meter.
To achieve the recommended moisture content
of 28 % (m/m) timber can be either air dried or kiln
dried. For either process it is essential that fencing
timber is debarked and stacked so that air can
circulate freely. In winter little natural drying is
likely, therefore kiln drying may be the only
effective solution.
46.3 Cutting after treatment
All cutting, drilling, profiling and shaping of the
timber should be carried out before treatment.
Under no circumstances should posts be cut near or
below ground level after treatment. Any
subsequently exposed surface should be treated
with two liberal brush or spray applications of an
appropriate preservative, recommended by the
manufacturer; but it should be understood that this
does not restore the full value of the original
treatment and failure to comply with these
recommendations can negate the value of the
treatment.
Table 13 Determination of moisture content
of timber to be treated for use in fencing
47 Preservatives
suitability for specific uses is given in Table 14 and
Table 15.
with BS 4072-1. The minimum concentration of
solution recommended for this use is given in
Table 14 and Table 15.
19)
.
c) PCP in heavy oil complying with BS 5707-2.
d) Organic solvent preservatives complying with
type F of BS 5707-1.
Reference should be made to 7.3 and 7.5 regarding
corrosion of metal components and overpainting.
49.1 General
The treatment parameters required depend upon
the performance category and wood species chosen.
These are given in Table 14 and Table 15.
BS 144-2
20)
. Use of an empty-cell process is
normally to be preferred for fencing timbers, except
for resistant timbers. The end requirement of
processes using creosote is specified in terms of a
minimum average net retention and an extended
pressure period.
49.3 Hot-and-cold open tank process
Creosote should be applied by the method described
in BS 144-2
21)
.
The application of organic solvent preservatives and
PCP in heavy oil by the double vacuum process
should comply with BS 5707-3.
49.5 Immersion
22)
may be applied by
Type of timber Length of
electrodes
within the
timber
Maximum
indicated
moisture
content in
any
sample %
(a) All sapwood 25 mm, or
sapwood
thickness
if less
(b) Heartwood of wood
species other than those
listed in (c):
posts 25 mm 28
other components 12 mm
(c) Heartwood of sweet
chestnut, dahoma,
danta, guarea, kapur,
kempas, oak
5 mm
19)
In preparation. Pending publication, reference should be made to BS 144 for treatment by the pressure process or BS 3051 for
treatment by immersion.
20)
21)
22)
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9
9
Table 14 Preservative treatments for fencing timber in performance category A (desired service life of 40 years)
Situation of
use
Timber form
and
treatability
rating
a
Copper/chromium/arsenic
b
by
full-cell process
Creosote by
pressure process
Creosote by
hot-and-cold
open tank
process
process
c
Organic solvent
preservatives
d

and creosote by
immersion
process
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
Minimum
net
average
retention
Extended
pressure
period
Initial vacuum Pressure stage Final vacuum Initial vacuum Pressure stage Final vacuum
min min g/L
kg/m
3 min bar min bar min bar min bar min bar min bar min
In ground
contact
e.g. posts,
struts, gravel
boards
d

(hazard
category 4
e
)
Round
P + MR
30 60 30 120 120 Not
recommended
Not recommended Not recommended Not
recommended
Round
R + ER
30 90 30 120 180 Not
recommended
recommended
Sawn or cleft
P + MR
30 90 30 120 120 Not
recommended
recommended
Sawn or cleft
E + ER
60 180 30 120 180 Not
recommended
recommended
Not in ground
contact
(hazard
category 3
ee
)
Round
P + MR
30 60 30 110 60 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Round
R + ER
recommended
Sawn or cleft
P + MR 20 mm
thick or less
30 60 30 100 60 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Sawn or cleft
P + MR
thicker
than 20 mm
30 90 30 110 90 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Sawn or cleft
R + ER
recommended
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
Pa = 750 mm Hg. All pressures quoted are gauge pressures, i.e.relative to normal atmospheric pressure as zero.
a
b
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of preservative is likely. In these instances a Lowry empty-cell process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and solution
concentration may be used.
c
These treatments are restricted to woodwork of which the exposed surfaces will be painted or given some other protective finish which will be maintained in service.
d
Species with non-durable, resistant heartwood, e.g.spruces, are excluded from this performance category.
e
See Table 2.
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5
Table 15 Preservative treatments for fencing timber in performance category B (desired service life of 20 years)
Situation
of use
Timber
form and
treatability
rating
a
full-cell process
b
Creosote by pressure
process
Creosote by
hot-and-cold
open tank
process
process
c
Organic
solvent
preservatives
c

and creosote
by immersion
process
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
Minimum
net
average
retention
Extended
pressure
period
Initial vacuum Pressure stage Final vacuum Initial vacuum Pressure stage Final vacuum
min min g/L kg/m
3
min bar min bar min bar min bar min bar min bar min
In ground
contact,
e.g. posts,
struts,
gravel
boards
(hazard
category
4
ee
Round
P + MR
30 60 20
d
100 60 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 Not recommended Not
recommended
Round
R + ER
30 90 30 100 60 Recommended 0.83 60 1 60 0.83 10 Not recommended Not
recommended
Sawn or cleft
P + MR
30 90 30 100 90 Recommended 0.67 30 1 30 0.67 10 Not recommended Not
recommended
Sawn or cleft
R + ER
recommended
Not in
ground
contact
(hazard
category
3
ee
Round
P + MR
30 60 20
d
90 60 Recommended 0.5 10 1 10 0.83 10 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 Not
recommended
Round
R + ER
30 90 30 90 90 Recommended 0.83 60 1 60 0.83 10 0.83 10 1 60 0.83 20 Not
recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83
Sawn or cleft
P + MR
30 60 20
d
90 60 Recommended 0.5 10 1 10 0.83 10 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20 Immersion
time 10 min.
Suitable for
board up
to 20 mm thick
only
Sawn or cleft
R + ER
30 90 30 90 90 Recommended 0.83 60 1 60 0.83 10 0.83 10 1 60 0.83 20 Not
recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83 20
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
a
b
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of preservative is likely. In these instances a Lowry empty-cell process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and solution
c
These treatments are restricted to woodwork of which the exposed surfaces will be painted or given some other protective finish which will be maintained in service.
d
e
See Table 2.
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BS 5589:1989
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Section 7. Timber for use in prefabricated buildings
for temporary use in termite infested areas
section 1.
50 General
and preservative treatment of prefabricated timber
buildings, for temporary use, for export to countries
where termites are a major timber pest. This section
makes no recommendations concerning the
treatment of other timber products, but attention is
drawn to requirements for the treatment of plywood
given in BS 6566-7.
Where termites occur, timber buildings should not
be in direct contact with the ground and the
preservatives recommended in this British
Standard are designed for out-of-ground contact
situations. However, copper/chromium/arsenic
preservatives are also suitable for ground contact
situations. In certain non-interior or non-domestic
applications, creosote is also a suitable preservative
for use in termite infested areas.
Many countries have regulations concerning the
importation and use of treated timber and it is
essential to take these into consideration when
considering export to such countries.
NOTE The Technical Help to Exporters service of BSI can
provide information on requirements in certain countries.
51 Hazards
51.1 Termites
Where termites occur, they usually constitute the
major hazard. The sapwood of all timbers is
susceptible to attack and the heartwood of most
commonly used species is also vulnerable. In
general terms, termites are to be found in all land
areas between latitudes 40 N and 40 S. There are
two basic types: drywood termites and subterranean
termites.
Drywood termites need no contact with the ground,
and where they occur most timbers are prone to
attack, including furniture, wooden cabinets, etc.
They are found only in certain areas near the sea,
i.e. islands and coastal regions.
Subterranean termites are ground dwelling and are
much more widespread. From nests in the ground
they enter buildings by constructing covered
runways from soil particles. They can penetrate
concrete slabs and traverse brick or metal
foundations until timber is reached.
51.2 Other insects
Other insect pests may occur in termite regions.
These include Lyctid and Bostrychid powder post
beetles which attack the sapwood of hardwoods, and
the house longhorn beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus)
which attacks the sapwood of softwoods.
51.3 Fungal decay
When wood becomes wet and remains wet it is liable
to decay. Conditions suitable for fungal decay may
occur due to the local climate, to condensation, or to
local habits, e.g. in certain regions it is common
practice to wash down the interior of homes
frequently with water. Climatic conditions in
regions where termites exist are also likely to be
conducive to fungal decay.
52 Performance
52.1 General
The preservative treatments recommended in this
section are intended to prevent insect attack and
fungal decay. It is necessary to treat all timber,
including joinery, against termite damage, even for
temporary structures, since attack can be initiated
very quickly.
52.2 Design considerations
This section is not a design code for prefabricated
timber buildings, but it is essential that detailed
design is considered in conjunction with the choice
of a preventative treatment against termites.
Particular attention is drawn to the need to take
into account local habits regarding food preparation
in order to prevent treated surfaces coming into
contact with foodstuffs.
In addition, it is highly desirable for the soil beneath
the buildings to be treated with insecticide prior to
erection, thus forming a barrier through which it is
difficult for subterranean termites to penetrate.
NOTE Information on building design and soil treatment can
be obtained from the Overseas Division, Building Research
Establishment, Department of the Environment, Garston,
Watford.
53 Timber species
53.1 General
European redwood (Scots pine), European
whitewood (spruce), western hemlock and Douglas
fir are the main timbers used, and all require
preservative treatment.
53.2 Resistant timbers
The heartwood of a small number of hardwood
species does have a certain resistance to termite
attack. The degree of resistance is variable and
depends not only on the timber but the locality in
which it is being used, the species of termite and
various other factors. For most purposes it is more
economic and far safer to use a less durable timber
properly treated with a suitable wood preservative.
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BS 5589:1989
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54 Timber condition
54.1 General
If timber is to be treated with an organic solvent
preservative its moisture content should be suitable
for the region where it will be used; it should
normally be 15 % or less. It is advisable to dry the
timber to the end-use moisture content before
treatment.
The moisture content of timber to be treated with
CCA preservative should not exceed 28 %.
54.3 Fabrication
It is emphasized that for maximum protection all
shaping, boring, cutting or machining should be
done before treatment with any preservative. It is
preferable to treat materials before assembly.
55 Preservatives
Table 16.
b) Organic solvent preservatives complying with
type F/N or type N of BS 5707-1.
For organic solvent preservatives, since the
treatments applied for termite protection result in
high uptake of preservative, it is essential that
sufficient time be allowed for solvent to dry before
further fabrication.
57.1 General
BS 5707-3.
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BS 5589:1989
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Table 16 Preservative treatments for timber for use in buildings in termite infested areas
(hazard category 4
d
because of termite risk)
Timber treatability
rating
a

full-cell process
b
Organic solvent preservative by double vacuum
process
c
Vacuum
period
Pressure
period
Solution
concentration
min min g/L bar min bar min bar min
P and MR
20 mm thick or less
30 60 30 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20
P and MR
thicker than 20 mm
R and ER
38 mm thick or less
30 90 30 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20
R and ER
thicker than 38 mm
30 90 30 0.83 10 1 60 0.83 20
0.83 10 2 15 0.83 20
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
Pa = 750 mm Hg. All pressures are quoted as gauge pressures, i.e. relative to normal atmospheric
pressure as zero.
a
b
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of
preservative is likely. In these instances a Lowry empty-cell process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and solution
c
These treatments are restricted to woodwork of which the exposed surfaces will be painted or given some other protective finish
which is maintained in service.
d
See Table 2.
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BS 5589:1989
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Section 8. Timber in timber frame housing
section 1.
58 General
and preservative treatment of structural and
non-structural timbers used in the construction of
timber frame houses but excluding components
covered in section 2. It does not deal with the
preservative treatment of internal timber
undertaken primarily to prevent insect attack. The
effect of these exclusions, combined with the very
low risk of biodeterioration to internal components,
has the effect of concentrating the scope of this
section on components in external wall frameworks.
Such components are structural; the need for their
preservation and acceptable ways in which this may
be achieved are considered in BS 5268-5. This
section considers in greater detail those components
peculiar to timber frame construction but does not
conflict with the guidance given in BS 5268.
59 Hazards
External wall frameworks in timber frame housing
are not directly exposed to the weather and the
designs for such buildings aim at keeping these
components dry, i.e. below the moisture content
threshold for decay. Failure of the weatherproof
cladding, leakage of plumbing, condensation arising
from damaged vapour barriers or ground moisture
permeating defective damp-proof courses can lead to
timber being at risk of decay in situations where
detection may be delayed and remedial action
difficult. In such circumstances, preservation
treatment of components should be considered in
order to reinforce the protection afforded by good
design and maintenance. Various hazard categories
are proposed for different components and
circumstances of use; similarly the hazard category
can vary with the source of moisture and its
persistence.
60 Performance
The preservative treatments recommended in this
section for susceptible timbers are intended to
prevent premature decay and to provide protection
for the expected life of the building. This would not
normally be less than 60 years. However, it should
be emphasized that the protection afforded by the
preservative treatments will not provide complete
immunity from deficiencies in design,
workmanship or maintenance and it is essential
that remedial measures be instituted as soon as
signs of dampness become apparent.
61 Timber species
Timber rated as moderately durable or better (MD,
D or VD) may be used untreated for all components
listed in Table 17 except sole plates below
damp-proof course membranes and timber set in
concrete, in which case a timber rated as durable or
better (D or VD) should be used. Timber of lower
durability (including sapwood) requires
preservative treatment. The timbers commonly
used in the UK fall into the latter category and, in
addition, are often commercial mixtures of species
with different behaviour in respect of preservative
treatment.
The treatments recommended in this section take
into account such species groupings and in general
are determined by those constituent species which
are the most resistant to treatment.
62 Timber condition
62.1 General
After preservative treatment and before
installation, the moisture content of the component
should be reduced, so that it is in accordance with
Table 1 of BS 5268-2:1984.
62.3 Fabrication
All machining, cutting and drilling should be
carried out before treatment; post-treatment
working of the timber should be eliminated if the
full protective value of preservative treatment is to
be obtained. If minor disruption of the protective
treatment is inevitable, as for notching for service
on site, the protection should be reinstated in
accordance with 6.2.
NOTE This recommendation does not apply to timber treated
by the boron diffusion process.
63 Preservatives
Table 17.
b) Organic solvent preservatives complying with
type F/N of BS 5707-1.
c) Disodium octaborate complying with the
BWPA Manual 1986.
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BS 5589:1989
30
BSI 04-1999
64.1 General
The treatment parameters required depend on the
timber species used. These are given in Table 17.
64.2 Vacuum/pressure process
full-cell process in accordance with the conditions
given in BS 4072-2.
BS 5707-3.
64.4 Boron diffusion
This process has to be carried out on timber that has
not dried since felling and should comply with the
BWPA Manual 1986. Seasoned timber cannot be
treated by this process.
Table 17 Preservative treatments for timber for use in timber frame housing
Component Timber
treatability
rating
a
full-cell process
b
Organic solvent preservatives by double vacuum
process
Boron
diffusion
Vacuum
0.8 bar
period
Pressure
12.4 bar
period
Solution
concentration
min min g/L bar min bar min bar min
Recommended
Timber frames
that form a
separate inner
leaf
c
or where
there is a space
behind the
exterior frame
(hazard category
2
f
)
P and MR 30 60
20
d 0.33 3 0 3 0.67 20
R and ER 30 90 30 0.83 10 1 60 0.83
20
e
Recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83
20
e
Timber frames
where exterior
finishes are fixed
directly to the
sheathing or
studs with no air
space (hazard
category 3
f
)
P and MR 30 60 30 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Recommended
R and ER 30 120 30 0.83 10 1 60 0.83
20
e
Recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83
20
e
Sole plates, or
bottom member
of frame when
acting as a sole
plate, above the
damp proof
course (hazard
category 3
f
)
P and MR 30 60 30 0.33 5 1 5 0.67 20 Recommended
R and ER 30 120 30 0.83 10 1 60 0.83
20
e
Recommended
0.83 10 2 15 0.83
20
e
Sole plates below
damp proof
course
membrane or
timbers set into
concrete (hazard
category 4
f
)
P and MR 30 30
Not recommended Not
recommended
R and ER 60 180 30
NOTE 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
Pa = 750 mm Hg. All pressures are quoted as gauge pressures, i.e.relative to normal atmospheric pressure as zero.
a
b
In consignments identified by the supplier as consisting of 80 % or more sapwood (class P and MR), excessive uptake of preservatives is likely. In these
instances a Lowry empty-cell process with the same pressure and final vacuum stages and solution concentration may be used.
c
If bottom member of the frame acts as the sole plate it should be treated accordingly.
d
Lowry empty-cell process in accordance with BS 4072-2, may be used as an alternative using a solution concentration of 30 g/L.
e
Commercial mixed species and European whitewood can be highly absorptive of preservative and this will result in excessive uptake with risks of post-
treatment bleeding of preservative from individual pieces. Such bleeding can have a deleterious effect on materials such as damp-proof courses and
plasterboard. Even protracted drying times may not prevent such problems. In such cases, and where indicated in the table for R and ER timber
treatability rating, the alternative schedules detailed below may be used subject to agreement between the specifier and processor.
Alternative schedules
bar min bar min bar min
0.17 10 1 40 0.83 20
0.33 0 2 15 0.83 20
f
See Table 2.
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BS 5589:1989
BSI 04-1999
Publications referred to
BS 144:1973, Specification for coal tar creosote for the preservation of timber.
BS 144, Wood preservation by means of coal tar creosotes.
BS 144-1, Preservative specification
23)
.
BS 144-2, Method for timber treatment
23)
.
BS 589, Nomenclature of softwoods.
BS 881, Nomenclature of commercial timbers, including sources of supply.
BS 913, Specification for wood preservation by means of pressure creosoting.
BS 1186, Timber for and workmanship in joinery.
BS 1186-1, Specification for timber.
BS 1282, Guide to the choice, use and application of wood preservatives.
BS 1722, Fences.
BS 1990, Wood poles for overhead power and telecommunication lines.
BS 1990-1, Specification for softwood poles.
BS 3051, Specification for coal tar creosotes for wood preservation (other than creosotes to BS 144).
BS 4072, Wood preservation by means of copper/chromium/arsenic compositions.
BS 4072-1, Specification for preservatives.
BS 4072-2, Wood preservation by means of copper/chromium/arsenic compositions.
BS 4485, Specification for water cooling towers.
BS 4485-4, Structural design of cooling towers.
BS 5268, Structural use of timber.
BS 5268-2, Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship.
BS 5268-5, Preservative treatments for constructional timber.
BS 5666, Methods of analysis of wood preservatives and treated timber.
BS 5666-1, Guide to sampling and preparation of wood preservatives and treated timber for analysis.
BS 5666-2, Qualitative analysis.
BS 5707, Solutions of wood preservatives in organic solvents.
BS 5707-1, Specification for solutions for general purpose applications, including timber that is to be
painted.
BS 5707-2, Specification for pentachlorophenol wood preservative solution for use on timber that is not
required to be painted.
BS 5707-3, Methods of treatment.
BS 5750, Quality systems
24)
.
BS 6566, Plywood.
BS 6566-7, Specification for classification of resistance to fungal decay and wood borer attack.
BWPA Manual 1986
25)
.
BRE Digest 296 Timbers: their natural durability and resistance to preservative treatment, 1985
26)
Department of Environment Waste Management Paper No. 16: Wood preserving Wastes
24)
.
23)
In preparation.
24)
Referred to in the foreword only.
25)
Formerly BWPA 105 The preservation of softwood timber by means of disodium octaborate. Available from the British Wood
Preserving Association, Building No. 6, The Office Village, 4 Romford Road, Stratford, London E15 4EA.
26)
Available from the Building Research Station, Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
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BS 5589:1989
BSI
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London
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