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BIOMETRICS

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or more methodologies is used to

achieve required performance, which is
ABSTRACT
called multibiometrics. In this paper we
The automated use of
explained an example of multibiometric
physiological or behavioral
system, which combines fingerprint
characteristics to determine or verify
identification, speech recognition and
identity. To elaborate on this definition,
facial recognition. A neatly sketched
physiological biometrics are based on
figure is used to describe the process in
measurements and data derived from
brief.
direct measurement of a part of the
Biometrics has wide area
human body. Fingerprint, iris-scan,
applications; Most of them are covered
retina-scan, hand geometry, and facial
in this paper.
recognition are leading physiological
Also some of the future applications like
biometrics. Biometric system is the
ATM machine, workstation and network
integrated biometric hardware and
access, travel and tourism and telephone
software used to conduct biometric
transactions are given.
identification or verification. A
generalized biometric system is Heathrow is the first UK

expressed nearly with figure. airport to carry out a large-scale trial of

the iris recognition technology, which
Various biometric
examines a passenger's eye, rather than
technologies are fingerprint
their passport as they go through
identification, speaker recognition, facial
immigration control. This real-time
recognition, hand geometry, signature-
application is explained. There are many
scan, keystroke-scan, palm-scan, etc.
benefits with biometrics. And so the
Among these popular recognition
merits and demerits of it are listed. At
techniques like fingerprint recognition ,
last we predicted how biometrics
facial recognition and speech recognition
changes lifestyle in future.
are clearly explained. An automatic
personal identification system based The structure of this

solely on one methodology often cannot document together with all pictures is

meet the system performance original. The text expresses our own

requirements. So a combination of two understanding on the concepts and is

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based on the documents referred from microprocessors to automate identity

selected books. verification had occupied the minds of
Keywords: Biometrics, biometric individuals and organizations both in the
system, enrollment, template storage, military and commercial sectors. After
network, fingerprint identification, the September 11th terrorist attack,
fingerprint matching, fingerprint Biometrics has gained prominence as
classification, Speaker recognition, being more reliable than current
waterfall, stochastic model, template technologies, for people identification.
model,, Hidden Markov Model, Facial Definition:
recognition, Eigenfaces, Local feature Biometrics involves identifying
analysis, neural networks, a person based on a unique physical
multibiometrics. characteristic that is different from any
INTRODUCTION other person. Biometrics can be either

Thousands of years earlier ‘innate’ such as fingerprints, face or iris;

physiological parameters such as scars, or ‘behavioral’ such as handwriting, gait

complexion, eye color, height, moles, etc or typing

are used to identify the individuals. Style. Biometric characteristics are

Later, in the nineteenth century physical measured using sensors that produce

features and characteristics are used to data values that can then be processed by

identify criminals. This resulted in a a computer using specialized algorithms

variety of measuring devices being for analysis and comparison. Biometric

produced. The idea of measuring system is the integrated biometric

individual physical characteristics hardware and software used to conduct

seemed to stick and the parallel biometric identification or verification.

development of fingerprinting became

the international methodology among How Biometric Systems Works?
police forces for identity verification. Biometric devices and
With this background, it is systems have their own operating
hardly surprising that for many years a methodology, there are some
fascination with the possibility of using generalisations for biometric systems
electronics and the power of implementation as shown in the fig.
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or on a portable token such as a chip

[A] Enrollment: The process whereby a card. The last one is an attractive option
user’s initial biometric sample or for two reasons. Firstly, it requires no
samples are collected, assessed, local or central storage of templates and
processed, and stored for ongoing use in secondly, the user carries their template
a biometric system. These samples are with them and can use it at any
referred as templates. A poor quality authorized reader position. [C] The
template will often cause considerable network. Networks may rely on the
problems for the user, often resulting in vendor’s systems design and message
a re-enrolment. functionality, together with their own

[B] Template storage is an area of software. Or the user can himself design

interest particularly with large scale networking, message passing and

applications which may accommodate monitoring system ,taking advantage of

many thousands of individuals. The the recent generic biometric API’s and

possible options are as follows; Store the accessing the reader functions directly.

template within the biometric reader This provides absolute flexibility and

device or remotely in a central repository control over systems design.

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[D] Verification: The verification of the finger. The uniqueness of a

process requires the user to claim an fingerprint can be determined by
identity by either entering a PIN or the pattern of ridges and furrows
presenting a token, and then verify this as well as the minutiae points.
claim by providing a live biometric to be Minutiae points are the locations
compared against the claimed reference on your fingerprint where the
template. There will be a resulting match ridges will stop or split into two,
or no match accordingly. A record of or intersect. Fingerprint matching
this transaction will then be generated techniques can be placed into
and stored, either locally within the two categories: minutiae-based
device or remotely via a network and and correlation based. In
host (or indeed both). minutiae-based matching a
[E] Transaction storage: Some devices fingerprint is initially enrolled
will store a limited number of into an archive. Instead of storing
transactions internally, scrolling over as the entire image of the
new transactions are received. fingerprint, only the minutiae
[F] The network (again): Here the points are kept. An algorithm is
network handles transactions, which is used to translate the minutiae
of critical importance in some points into a code, which is
applications. called the template. Later, when
the person has their fingerprint
Popular Biometric Methodologies:
scanned, the minutiae points are
1.Finger Print Identification:
recognized, placed through the
• Finger Print Matching: Among
algorithm and the code is
all the biometric techniques,
compared to the template. But it
fingerprint-based identification is
is difficult to extract the minutiae
the oldest method, which has
points accurately when the
been successfully used in
fingerprint is of low quality.
numerous applications. A
Local ridge structures cannot be
fingerprint is made of a series of
completely characterized by
ridges and furrows on the surface
minutiae. The correlation-based

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techniques require the precise the number of ridges present in four

location of a registration point directions (0 degree, 45 degree, 90
and are affected by image degree, and 135 degree).
translation and rotation. So an 2.Speaker Recognition:
alternate representation of It involves recognizing people
fingerprints is tried, which will based on their voices. Systems plot
capture more local information frequencies that the voice produces
and yield a fixed length code for every 1/100th of a second to form a
the fingerprint. "waterfall." The "waterfall" is a three-
• Fingerprint Classification: An dimensional image that is a map of the
automatic recognition of people voice for one second. A line graph of
based on fingerprints requires curved and straight arrows note the
that the input fingerprint be transitions between phonemes, the
matched with a large number of smallest units of speech. A database
fingerprints in a database . The stores this information until it is needed.
input fingerprint is required to be Voiceprint determines resonance of the
matched only with a subset of the cavities in the throat with vocal-tract
fingerprints in the database to geometry from a voice sample. Different
reduce the search time and languages, different voice samples,
computational complexity. stuffy noses etc cannot fool this method.
There are two types of models that have
been used extensively in speaker
verification and speech recognition
systems: stochastic models and template
models. The stochastic model treats the
speech production process as a
parametric random process and assumes
that the parameters of the underlying
An algorithm classifies fingerprints into
stochastic process can be estimated in a
five classes namely, whorl, right loop,
precise, well-defined manner. The
left loop, arch, and tented arch, as
template model attempts to model the
shown in figure. The algorithm separates
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speech production process in a non-
parametric manner by retaining
number of sequences of feature vectors
derived from multiple utterances of the
same word by the same person. A very
popular stochastic model for modeling
the speech production process is the
Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The
model is a doubly embedded stochastic
process where the underlying stochastic
process is not directly observable (it is
hidden). The HMM can only be viewed
through another set of stochastic
processes that produce the sequence of
observations. Thus, the HMM is a finite-
state machine, where a probability
density function p(x | s_i) is associated
with each state s_i. The states are
connected by a transition network, where
the state transition probabilities are
a_{ij} = p(s_i | s_j). A fully connected
three-state HMM is depicted in figure
For the Hidden Markov models, the
matching score is the probability that the
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model generated a given set of feature
a vectors.
3.Facial Recognition:
• Eigenfaces: Developed by
Viisage Technology. First, a
camera captures the image of a
person. The face is mapped into a
variety of coefficients depending
on the features, which becomes
128 digits, otherwise called a
"vector." The vector is the code
for the person. When the person
presents him/herself later to be
identified, he/she must present a
PIN or bar code and then allow
the camera to take a picture. The
difference between the face's
vector and the database's vector
for the PIN or bar code are
placed on a coordinate system
called "face space" and the
differences between the two of
them are determined.If distance
between the images is small
enough, access is granted, else
denied
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Local Feature Analysis: Local Neural Networks: Neural Networks

Feature Analysis (LFA) is another is a slight bit more complicated than the
algorithm. First, the camera takes a "eigenfaces" method. A series of
picture of the face and cuts out the neurons, or processing units, are
background and other faces. LFA is connected together. A programmer sets
based on idea that all faces are made of the rules of how the neurons recognize
building blocks. However, every face patterns. If the actual output is greatly
uses different building blocks and puts different than the computed output, then
them together in a unique manner. LFA the neurons will adjust itself to fit the
translates the building blocks into a code situation. More situations lead to more
called "face print." The "face print" is shifts in neurons, which lead to better
stored in a database for identification. results.
LFA is also used for verification.

MultiBiometrics:

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A biometric system, which relies only on speaker verification in making a

a single biometric identifier in making a personal identification as shown in
personal identification, is often not able figure.
to meet the desired performance Applications:
requirements.
• Time Attendance
We introduce a multimodal biometric • Access control
system, which integrates face • Identification card and
recognition, fingerprint verification, and Immigration checks
speaker verification in making a • Police records, Patient
personal identification. This system management in hospitals
takes advantage of the capabilities of • Customer identification, Loyalty
each individual biometric. A multimodal programs
biometric system integrates face
recognition, fingerprint verification, and
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• Security systems and Preventing incorporating a biometric,

identity theft would enable them to
• Membership management in participate in various
clubs, libraries etc. frequent flyer and border

Future Applications: control systems as well as

paying for their air ticket,
 ATM machine use:
hotel room, hire care etc.
Most of the leading banks
 Telephone transactions:
have been experimenting
Many telesales and call
with biometrics for ATM
center managers have
machine use and as a
pondered the use of
general means of
biometrics.
combating card fraud.
 Workstation and network
Real-time Application:
access: Many are U.K Airport Tests Passenger Eye ID’s:
viewing this as the Heathrow is the first UK airport to carry
application, which will out a large-scale trial of the iris
provide critical mass for recognition technology, which examines
the biometric industry a passenger's eye, rather than their
and create the transition passport as they go through immigration
between sci-fi device to control. The aim is to speed up the
regular systems movement of passengers through the
component, thus raising terminal and detect illegal immigrants.
public awareness and Each passenger will have an image of
lowering resistance to the one of his or her eye's iris stored on
use of biometrics in computer. Instead of showing their
general. passport on arrival they will go into a
kiosk where in seconds a camera will
 Travel and tourism:
check that the pattern of their iris
There are multi
matches computer records. It is hoped
application cards for
the technology could have future
travelers which,
security benefits, with UK airports still

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on alert following 11 September. The
entire procedure only takes a few
seconds and there is no contact with the
body or with lasers or other potentially
harmful light sources. Passengers taking
part are being asked to carry their
passports during the trial period should
immigration officials want to check their
details.
Benefits:
 Increased security when
controlling access to confidential
data and IT systems
 Reduced risk of fraudulent use
of identity by employees
 Enhanced user convenience
 Increased costs savings due to
reduced password maintenance
costs
 User convenience due to no
passwords to remember or reset
and faster login
 Privacy – ability to transact
anonymously
Demerits:
An automatic personal
identification system based solely on
fingerprints or faces is often not able to
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meet the system performance
requirements.
In case of face recognition, face will
sometimes change with time or injury,
and that poses a problem
Face recognition is fast but not reliable.
Fingerprint verification is reliable but
inefficient in database retrieval.
Some voice recognition systems has
some problems since the voice changes
with a human’s mood and illness
and background noise poses some
problems.
Biometrics in Future:
In future with Biometrics,
one can go to shopping without money
purse or credit card. It just needs to place
his/her finger on the reader device and
can debit money from their bank
accounts. In credit cards system if a
mother and daughter have a joint
account, then they cannot know how
much each one uses. But with biometrics
mother will know her daughter secretly
buying beer bottles. The biometrics
market is expected to grow to $1.8
billion by 2004.
Conclusion:
Biometrics makes automated use
of physiological or behavioral
characteristics to determine or verify
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identity. Finger biometrics are most [2]. Implementing Biometric Security

popular and one of the most accurate and
cost effective solutions. Hand geometry,
signature-scan, keystroke-scan, palm-
scan are some more biometric
technologies in use. With Biometrics
there is no problem of ID being stolen.
Many institutions and organizations are
trying to use this technology.
by John Chirillo, Scott Blaul "IN THE
REALM OF computer security,
biometrics.
[3]. www.blackwell-synergy.com
[4]. www.biometrics.org
[5]. www.cic.gc.ca

References:
[1]. A Machine Learning Approach by S.
Y. Kung, M. W. Mak, S. H. Lin.

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