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CL 201 - Surveylng
LecLure on
8emoLe Senslng -
WhaL ls remoLe senslng
We sLudled aerlal survey ln LhaL lnformaLlon
abouL Lhe earLh's surface ls collecLed from a
conslderable dlsLance wlLh alrcrafLs mounLed
wlLh cameras
Aerlal phoLogrammeLry ls Lhe orlglnal form of
remoLe senslng
CollecLlon of such lnformaLlon from space by
Lhe developmenL and deploymenL of saLelllLes
are referred Lo as remoLe senslng
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8emoLe Senslng
lL ls Lhe sclence and arL of obLalnlng lnformaLlon
abouL an ob[ecL area, or phenomenon Lhrough
Lhe analysls of daLa acqulred by a devlce LhaL ls
noL ln conLacL wlLh Lhe ob[ecL area, or
phenomenon under lnvesLlgaLlon.
lL conslsLs of collecLlng, processlng, and
lnLerpreLlng lnformaLlon abouL a LargeL wlLhouL
belng ln physlcal conLacL wlLh lL
lL ls used Lo sLudy physlcal and chemlcal
characLerlsLlcs of ob[ecLs from a dlsLance
1he maln advanLage of remoLe senslng ls LhaL
lL provldes a synopLlc vlew by whlch daLa
coverlng a large area of earLh can be capLured
lnsLanLaneously and can Lhen be processed Lo
generaLed map-llke producLs
1hls meLhod ls resLrlcLed Lo whlch employ
elecLromagneLlc radlaLlon as Lhe means of
deLecLlng and measurlng Lhe earLh resources
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ln a remoLe-senslng sysLem, daLa are collecLed by
hlghly sophlsLlcaLed sensors mounLed on alrcrafL or
saLelllLes
1he phoLographs/dlglLal daLa are lnLerpreLed
vlsually/dlglLally Lo produce LhemaLlc maps and oLher
resource lnformaLlon
1hus, lL lncludes all Lhe meLhods of obLalnlng plcLures
or oLher forms of elecLromagneLlc records of Lhe
earLh's surface from a dlsLance, Lhelr processlng and
lnLerpreLaLlon
MosL of Lhe 8S meLhods use reflecLed lnfrared bands,
Lhermal lnfrared bands or mlcrowave porLlon of Lhe
elecLromagneLlc specLrum
1wo baslc processes
1. uaLa-acqulslLlon process - conslsLs of - a)energy
sources, b) propagaLlon of energy Lhrough Lhe
aLmosphere, c) energy lnLeracLlon wlLh earLh surface
feaLures, d) re-Lransmlsslon of energy Lhrough Lhe
aLmosphere, e) alrborne and space-borne sensors,
and f) sensor's daLa ln plcLorlal and/or dlglLal form
2. uaLa-analysls process - conslsLs of - a) vlewlng,
lnLerpreLlng devlces for plcLorlal daLa and a compuLer
Lo analyze dlglLal sensor daLa, b) compleLlon of
lnformaLlon ln Lhe form of hard copy maps and Lables
or as compuLer flles, c) presenLaLlon of Lhe
lnformaLlon Lo Lhe users who apply lL Lo Lhelr
declslon-maklng process.
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8emoLe senslng
8emoLe senslng means senslng of Lhe earLh's
surface from space by maklng use of
properLles of elecLromagneLlc waves emlLLed,
reflecLed, or defracLed by Lhe sense ob[ecLs,
for Lhe purpose of lmprovlng resource
managemenL, land use and Lhe proLecLlon of
envlronmenL
ueflnlLlons
Def|n|t|ons varlous deflnlLlons of remoLe senslng are glven below:
1echnlque of acqulrlng daLa abouL an ob[ecL wlLhouL Louchlng lL.
1he non-conLacL recordlng of lnformaLlon from varlous specLral reglons of
elecLromagneLlc specLrum (ulLravloleL, vlslble, lnfrared, and mlcrowave
reglons) by means of varlous lnsLrumenLs (camera, scanners, lasers, llnear
arrays, and/or frame arrays) whlch are locaLed on plaLforms such as
ground, alrcrafL or spacecrafL, and Lhe analysls of acqulred lnformaLlon by
means of vlsual and dlglLal lmage processlng.
Sclence and arL of obLalnlng lnformaLlon abouL an ob[ecL, area, or
phenomenon Lhrough Lhe analysls of daLa acqulred by a devlce LhaL ls noL
ln conLacL wlLh Lhe ob[ecL, area, or phenomenon under lnvesLlgaLlon
(Llllesand and klefer, 2000)
hoLogrammeLry and remoLe senslng are Lhe arL, sclence, and Lechnology
of obLalnlng rellable lnformaLlon abouL physlcal ob[ecLs and Lhe
envlronmenL, Lhrough Lhe process of recordlng, measurlng, and
lnLerpreLlng lmagery and dlglLal represenLaLlons of energy paLLern derlved
from non-conLacL sensor sysLems (Colwell, 1997, AS8S comblned
deflnlLlon)

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8emoLe senslng procedure
kemote sens|ng |n Ind|a
lndla, one of Lhe leadlng naLlons ln space sclence, has dlrecLed lLs efforLs ln
Lhree maln areas (8eference ):
uevelopmenL of remoLe senslng saLelllLes under lndlan 8emoLe Senslng SaLelllLe
(l8S) serles
uevelopmenL of communlcaLlon and meLeorologlcal saLelllLes under lnSA1 serles
uevelopmenL of dlfferenL Lypes of launch vehlcles Lo puL Lhe saLelllLes ln proper
orblLs.
ln lndla, ueparLmenL of Space wlLh lS8C (headquarLer aL 8angalore) as Lhe
nodal agency ls responslble for coordlnaLlng all efforLs ln space Lechnology.
naLlonal 8emoLe Senslng Agency (n8SA aL Pyderabad) ls responslble for
saLelllLe daLa dlssemlnaLlon Lo Lhe user communlLy.
So far nlne l8S saLelllLes have been launched: l8S-1A, l8S-18, l8S-1C, l8S-1u,
l8S-3 and l8S-4 (CCLAnSA1), and 1echnology LxperlmenL SaLelllLe (1LS),
and l8S-6 (8LSCu8CLSA1), CA81CSA1-1.
1he flrsL Lwo l8S-1A and 18 have compleLed Lhelr useful llfe and Lhe
remalnlng slx forms Lhe largesL consLellaLlon of remoLe senslng saLelllLes ln
Lhe world offerlng a varleLy of daLa ln dlfferenL specLral bands and varlous
spaLlal resoluLlons.
1he 1echnology LxperlmenL SaLelllLe (1LS) was launched on board SLv-C3
on CcLober 22, 2001. lL ls an experlmenLal saLelllLe Lo demonsLraLe and
valldaLe ln orblL Lechnology LhaL could be used ln Lhe fuLure saLelllLe of lS8C.
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Some of Lhe Lechnologles LhaL are belng demonsLraLed ln 1LS are alLlLude
and orblL conLrol sysLem, hlgh Lorque reacLlon wheels, new reacLlon conLrol
sysLem wlLh opLlmlzed LhrusLers and a slngle propellanL Lank, llghL welghL
spacecrafL sLrucLure, solld sLaLe recorder, x-band phased array anLenna,
lmproved saLelllLe poslLlonlng sysLem, mlnlaLurlzed 11C and power sysLem
and Lwo-mlrror-on-axls camera opLlcs. 1LS also carrles a panchromaLlc
camera wlLh a spaLlal resoluLlon of 1m.
lnSA1 sysLem ls Lhe largesL domesLlc saLelllLe communlcaLlon sysLem ln Asla
aclflc 8eglon comprlslng of four saLelllLes, lnSA1-2C, lnSA1-2u, lnSA1-2L
and lnSA1-38. 8esldes Lhese saLelllLes, lnSA1-1u, whlch was launched ln !une
1990, ls used for meLeorologlcal lmaglng and a few oLher servlces even afLer
eleven years of operaLlon. lnSA1-28 launched ln !uly 1993 ls
decommlssloned from regular servlces buL ls used for SaLelllLe Alded Search
and 8escue and uaLa 8elay Servlces and sclenLlflc experlmenLs.
1he successful flrsL LesL-fllghL of Ceo-synchronous SaLelllLe Launch vehlcle
(CSLv-u1) from SrlharlkoLa on Aprll 18, 2001 has been a slgnlflcanL mllesLone
of Lhe lndlan space programme. AnoLher lmporLanL evenL durlng Lhls perlod
ls Lhe successful fllghL of SLv-C3 on CcLober 22, 2001 from SrlharlkoLa. ln
Lhls flfLh consecuLlve successful fllghL, SLv placed Lhree saLelllLes-lndla's
1echnology LxperlmenL SaLelllLe (1LS), 8elglan 8C8A and Cerman 8l8u lnLo
polar sun-synchronous orblL Lhus esLabllshlng Lhe rellablllLy of SLv for
launchlng mulLlple saLelllLes.
8emoLe senslng - how Lo analyze?
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SaLelllLe lmagery from remoLe senslng
Land-use map