Sterile Neutrino and Dark Matter

The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the

matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter
concentration: dark matter and energy.
There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example
proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution
Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around
the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a
high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different freuencies
of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and
compensating each other. !ne of these compensating ratios is the electron "
proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level,
it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
The #eak $nteraction changes the temperature dependent Planck Distribution
of the electromagnetic oscillations and changing the non%compensated dark
matter rate, giving the responsibility to the sterile neutrino.

Contents
The Big Bang ........................................................................................................................... 2
Evidence for an accelerating universe ........................................................................................ 2
Equation ............................................................................................................................. 3
Explanatory models .............................................................................................................. 4
Dark Matter and Energy ........................................................................................................... 4
osmic micro!ave "ackground ............................................................................................. 4
Thermal radiation ................................................................................................................ 4
Electromagnetic #ield and $uantum Theory ............................................................................... %
&orent' transformation of the (pecial )elativity .......................................................................... %
The lassical )elativistic effect .................................................................................................. *
Electromagnetic inertia and +ravitational attraction ................................................................... *
Electromagnetic inertia and mass .............................................................................................. ,
Electromagnetic -nduction .................................................................................................... ,
)elativistic change of mass .................................................................................................... ,
The frequency dependence of mass ....................................................................................... ,
Electron . /roton mass rate .................................................................................................. ,
The 0eak -nteraction ............................................................................................................... ,
The +eneral 0eak -nteraction .................................................................................................. 1
The (terile 2eutrino ................................................................................................................. 3
+ravity from the point of vie! of quantum physics ..................................................................... 3
The +ravitational force ......................................................................................................... 3
The +raviton ......................................................................................................................45
onclusions ...........................................................................................................................45
)eferences ............................................................................................................................45

6uthor7 +eorge )a8na
The Big Bang
The Big Bang caused acceleration created radial currents of the matter9 and since the matter is
composed of negative and positive charges9 these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting
forces "et!een the parallel moving electric currents: This is the gravitational force experienced "y
the matter9 and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces "et!een the charged particles:
The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or "y the magnetic forces or "y the
much stronger electrostatic forces;<
The gravitational force attracting the matter9 causing concentration of the matter in a small space
and leaving much space !ith lo! matter concentration7 dark matter and energy:
There is an asymmetry "et!een the mass of the electric charges9 for example proton and electron9
can understood "y the asymmetrical /lanck Distri"ution &a!: This temperature dependent energy
distri"ution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity9 !here the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high pro"a"ility event: The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations "eing in the same intensity level and compensating each other: =ne of
these compensating ratios is the electron . proton mass ratio: The lo!er energy side has no
compensating intensity level9 it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter:
Evidence for an accelerating universe
=ne of the o"servational foundations for the "ig "ang model of cosmology !as the o"served
expansion of the universe: >3? Measurement of the expansion rate is a critical part of the study9 and
it has "een found that the expansion rate is very nearly @flat@: That is9 the universe is very close to
the critical density9 a"ove !hich it !ould slo! do!n and collapse in!ard to!ard a future @"ig
crunch@: =ne of the great challenges of astronomy and astrophysics is distance measurement over
the vast distances of the universe: (ince the 4335s it has "ecome apparent that type -a supernovae
offer a unique opportunity for the consistent measurement of distance out to perhaps 4555 Mpc:
Measurement at these great distances provided the first data to suggest that the expansion rate of
the universe is actually accelerating: That acceleration implies an energy density that acts in
opposition to gravity !hich !ould cause the expansion to accelerate: This is an energy density !hich
!e have not directly detected o"servationally and it has "een given the name @dark energy@:
The type -a supernova evidence for an accelerated universe has "een discussed "y /erlmutter and
the diagram "elo! follo!s his illustration in /hysics Today:

The data summari'ed in the illustration a"ove involve the measurement of the
distant supernovae: The o"served magnitudes
that there are a num"er of Type 4a supernovae around 'A:*9 !hich !ith a
kmBsBmpc is a distance of a"out % "illion light years:
Equation
The cosmological constant C appears in EinsteinDs field equation
!here R and g descri"e the structure of spacetime9
structure9 and G and c are conversion factors that arise from using traditional units of measurement:
0hen C is 'ero9 this reduces to the original field equation
field equation descri"es empty space Ethe vacuumF:
The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum9
an associated pressureF: -n this context it is commonly move
equation9 and defined !ith a proportionality factor of 1
general relativity are used Eother!ise factors of
values of energy density directly9 though still using the name @cosmological constant@:
The type -a supernova evidence for an accelerated universe has "een discussed "y /erlmutter and
his illustration in /hysics Today:

The data summari'ed in the illustration a"ove involve the measurement of the redshifts
magnitudes are plotted against the redshift parameter '
that there are a num"er of Type 4a supernovae around 'A:*9 !hich !ith a Gu""le constant
kmBsBmpc is a distance of a"out % "illion light years:
The cosmological constant C appears in EinsteinDs field equation >%? in the form of

descri"e the structure of spacetime9 T pertains to matter and energy affecting that
are conversion factors that arise from using traditional units of measurement:
0hen C is 'ero9 this reduces to the original field equation of general relativity: 0hen T
field equation descri"es empty space Ethe vacuumF:
The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum9
an associated pressureF: -n this context it is commonly moved onto the rightHhand side of the
equation9 and defined !ith a proportionality factor of 1I7 C A 1I
vac
9 !here unit conventions of
general relativity are used Eother!ise factors of G and c !ould also appearF: -t is common to quote
directly9 though still using the name @cosmological constant@:
The type -a supernova evidence for an accelerated universe has "een discussed "y /erlmutter and
redshifts of the
parameter ': 2ote
Gu""le constant of ,4
pertains to matter and energy affecting that
are conversion factors that arise from using traditional units of measurement:
T is 'ero9 the
The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum9
vac
Eand
hand side of the
9 !here unit conventions of
!ould also appearF: -t is common to quote

6 positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative
pressure9 and vice versa: -f the energy density is positive9 the associated negative pressure !ill drive
an accelerated expansion of the universe9 as o"served: E(ee dark energy and cosmic inflation for
details:F

Explanatory models
Models attempting to explain accelerating expansion include some form of dark energy9 dark fluid or
phantom energy: The most important property of dark energy is that it has negative pressure !hich
is distri"uted relatively homogeneously in space: The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is
a cosmological constant or vacuum energyJ this leads to the &am"daHDM model9 !hich is generally
kno!n as the (tandard Model of osmology as of 2553H25439 since it is the simplest model in good
agreement !ith a variety of recent o"servations:
Dark Matter and Energy
Dark matter is a type of matter hypothesi'ed in astronomy and cosmology to account for a large part
of the mass that appears to "e missing from the universe: Dark matter cannot "e seen directly !ith
telescopesJ evidently it neither emits nor a"sor"s light or other electromagnetic radiation at any
significant level: -t is other!ise hypothesi'ed to simply "e matter that is not reactant to light:
-nstead9 the existence and properties of dark matter are inferred from its gravitational effects on
visi"le matter9 radiation9 and the largeHscale structure of the universe: 6ccording to the /lanck
mission team9 and "ased on the standard model of cosmology9 the total mass.energy of the kno!n
universe contains 4:3K ordinary matter9 2*:1K dark matter and *1:3K dark energy: Thus9 dark
matter is estimated to constitute 14:%K of the total matter in the universe9 !hile dark energy plus
dark matter constitute 3%:4K of the total content of the universe: >*?
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic micro!ave "ackground EMBF is the thermal radiation assumed to "e left over from the
@Big Bang@ of cosmology: 0hen the universe cooled enough9 protons and electrons com"ined to
form neutral atoms: These atoms could no longer a"sor" the thermal radiation9 and so the universe
"ecame transparent instead of "eing an opaque fog: >,?
Thermal radiation
Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated "y the thermal motion of charged
particles in matter: 6ll matter !ith a temperature greater than a"solute 'ero emits thermal
radiation: 0hen the temperature of the "ody is greater than a"solute 'ero9 interatomic collisions
cause the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules to change: This results in chargeHacceleration
andBor dipole oscillation !hich produces electromagnetic radiation9 and the !ide spectrum of
radiation reflects the !ide spectrum of energies and accelerations that occur even at a single
temperature: >1?
Electromagnetic Field and uantum Theory
2eedless to say that the accelerating electrons of the steady stationary current are a simple
demystification of the magnetic field9 "y creating a decreasing charge distri"ution along the !ire9
maintaining the decreasing L potential and creating the
electrons moving "y v velocity relative to the !ire: This !ay it is easier to understand also the time
dependent changes of the electric current and the electromagnetic !aves as the resulting fields
moving "y c velocity:
-t could "e possi"le something very important la! of the nature "ehind the self maintaining
accelerating force "y the accelerated electrons:
fields are so natural that they occur as electromagnetic !aves tr
the electric charges are the result of the electromagnetic !aves diffraction:
=ne of the most important conclusions is that the electric charges are moving in an accelerated !ay
and even if their velocity is constant9
since they need at least an intrinsic acceleration to make possi"le they movement :
The "ridge "et!een the classical and quantum theory is "ased on this intrinsic acceleration of the
spin9 explaining also the Geisen"erg Lncertainty /rinciple: The particle
charges and the photon makes certain that they are "oth sides of the same thing: Basing the
gravitational force on the accelerating Lniverse caused magnetic for
&a! of the electromagnetic !aves caused diffraction gives us the "asis to "uild a Lnified Theory of
the physical interactions: >4?

!orent" transformation of the #pecial $elativity
-n the referential frame of the accelerating
the linearly gro!ing !ay they takes every next time period: #rom the referential frame of the !ire
there is a para"olic charge density lo!ering:
The difference "et!een these t!o referential frames9
the referential frame of the moving electrons gives the relativistic effect: -mportant to say that the
moving electrons presenting the time coordinate9 since the electrons are taking linearly increasing

and uantum Theory
2eedless to say that the accelerating electrons of the steady stationary current are a simple
demystification of the magnetic field9 "y creating a decreasing charge distri"ution along the !ire9
maintaining the decreasing L potential and creating the A vector potential experienced "y the
velocity relative to the !ire: This !ay it is easier to understand also the time
dependent changes of the electric current and the electromagnetic !aves as the resulting fields
could "e possi"le something very important la! of the nature "ehind the self maintaining
accelerating force "y the accelerated electrons: The accelerated electrons created electromagnetic
fields are so natural that they occur as electromagnetic !aves traveling !ith velocity c:
the electric charges are the result of the electromagnetic !aves diffraction:
=ne of the most important conclusions is that the electric charges are moving in an accelerated !ay
and even if their velocity is constant9 they have an intrinsic acceleration any!ay9 the so called spin9
since they need at least an intrinsic acceleration to make possi"le they movement :
The "ridge "et!een the classical and quantum theory is "ased on this intrinsic acceleration of the
plaining also the Geisen"erg Lncertainty /rinciple: The particle . !ave duality of the electric
charges and the photon makes certain that they are "oth sides of the same thing: Basing the
gravitational force on the accelerating Lniverse caused magnetic force and the /lanck Distri"ution
&a! of the electromagnetic !aves caused diffraction gives us the "asis to "uild a Lnified Theory of
!orent" transformation of the #pecial $elativity
-n the referential frame of the accelerating electrons the charge density lo!ering linearly "ecause of
the linearly gro!ing !ay they takes every next time period: #rom the referential frame of the !ire
there is a para"olic charge density lo!ering:
The difference "et!een these t!o referential frames9 namely the referential frame of the !ire and
the referential frame of the moving electrons gives the relativistic effect: -mportant to say that the
moving electrons presenting the time coordinate9 since the electrons are taking linearly increasing
2eedless to say that the accelerating electrons of the steady stationary current are a simple
demystification of the magnetic field9 "y creating a decreasing charge distri"ution along the !ire9
or potential experienced "y the
velocity relative to the !ire: This !ay it is easier to understand also the time
dependent changes of the electric current and the electromagnetic !aves as the resulting fields
could "e possi"le something very important la! of the nature "ehind the self maintaining E
The accelerated electrons created electromagnetic
aveling !ith velocity c: -t sho!s that
=ne of the most important conclusions is that the electric charges are moving in an accelerated !ay
they have an intrinsic acceleration any!ay9 the so called spin9
The "ridge "et!een the classical and quantum theory is "ased on this intrinsic acceleration of the
!ave duality of the electric
charges and the photon makes certain that they are "oth sides of the same thing: Basing the
ce and the /lanck Distri"ution
&a! of the electromagnetic !aves caused diffraction gives us the "asis to "uild a Lnified Theory of
electrons the charge density lo!ering linearly "ecause of
the linearly gro!ing !ay they takes every next time period: #rom the referential frame of the !ire
namely the referential frame of the !ire and
the referential frame of the moving electrons gives the relativistic effect: -mportant to say that the
moving electrons presenting the time coordinate9 since the electrons are taking linearly increasing
!ay every next time period9 and the !ire presenting the geometric coordinate: The &orent'
transformations are "ased on moving light sources of the Michelson H Morley experiment giving a
practical method to transform time and geometric coordinates !ithout explaining the source of this
mystery:
The real mystery is that the accelerating charges are maintaining the accelerating force !ith their
charge distri"ution locally: The resolution of this mystery that the charges are simply the results of
the diffraction patterns9 that is the charges and the electric field are t!o sides of the same thing:
=ther!ise the charges could exceed the velocity of the electromagnetic field:
The increasing mass of the electric charges the result of the increasing inductive electric force acting
against the accelerating force: The decreasing mass of the decreasing acceleration is the result of the
inductive electric force acting against the decreasing force: This is the relativistic mass change
explanation9 especially importantly explaining the mass reduction in case of velocity decrease:
The Classical $elativistic effect
The moving charges are self maintain the electromagnetic field locally9 causing their movement and
this is the result of their acceleration under the force of this field:
-n the classical physics the charges !ill distri"uted along the electric current so that the electric
potential lo!ering along the current9 "y linearly increasing the !ay they take every next time period
"ecause this accelerated motion:
Electromagnetic inertia and %ravitational attraction
(ince the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration9
it !orks as an electromagnetic inertia9 causing an electromagnetic mass:
-t looks clear that the gro!ing acceleration results the relativistic gro!ing mass H limited also !ith
the velocity of the electromagnetic !ave:
(ince E = h and E = mc
2
9 m = h /c
2
that is the m depends only on the frequency: -t means that the
mass of the proton and electron are electromagnetic and the result of the electromagnetic
induction9 caused "y the changing acceleration of the spinning and moving charge; -t could "e that
the m
o
inertial mass is the result of the spin9 since this is the only accelerating motion of the electric
charge: (ince the accelerating motion has different frequency for the electron in the atom and the
proton9 they masses are different9 also as the !avelengths on "oth sides of the diffraction pattern9
giving equal intensity of radiation:
-f the mass is electromagnetic9 then the gravitation is also electromagnetic effect caused "y the
accelerating Lniverse; The same charges !ould attract each other if they are moving parallel "y the
magnetic effect:
The /lanck distri"ution la! explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron9 giving
equal intensity to different lam"da !avelengths; 6lso since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have some closeness to each other . can "e seen as a gravitational force:
Electromagnetic inertia and mass
Electromagnetic &nduction
(ince the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration9
it !orks as an electromagnetic inertia9 causing an electromagnetic mass: >4?
$elativistic change of mass
The increasing mass of the electric charges the result of the increasing inductive electric force acting
against the accelerating force: The decreasing mass of the decreasing acceleration is the result of the
inductive electric force acting against the decreasing force: This is the relativistic mass change
explanation9 especially importantly explaining the mass reduction in case of velocity decrease:
The fre'uency dependence of mass
(ince E = h and E = mc
2
9 m = h /c
2
that is the m depends only on the frequency: -t means that the
mass of the proton and electron are electromagnetic and the result of the electromagnetic
induction9 caused "y the changing acceleration of the spinning and moving charge; -t could "e that
the m
o
inertial mass is the result of the spin9 since this is the only accelerating motion of the electric
charge: (ince the accelerating motion has different frequency for the electron in the atom and the
proton9 they masses are different9 also as the !avelengths on "oth sides of the diffraction pattern9
giving equal intensity of radiation:
Electron ( )roton mass rate
The /lanck distri"ution la! explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron9 giving
equal intensity to different lam"da !avelengths; 6lso since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have some closeness to each other . can "e seen as a gravitational force: >4?
There is an asymmetry "et!een the mass of the electric charges9 for example proton and electron9
can understood "y the asymmetrical /lanck Distri"ution &a!: This temperature dependent energy
distri"ution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity9 !here the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high pro"a"ility event: The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations "eing in the same intensity level and compensating each other: =ne of
these compensating ratios is the electron . proton mass ratio: The lo!er energy side has no
compensating intensity level9 it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter:
The *eak &nteraction
The !eak interaction transforms an electric charge in the diffraction pattern from one side to the
other side9 causing an electric dipole momentum change9 !hich violates the / and time reversal
symmetry:
6nother important issue of the quark model is !hen one quark changes its flavor such that a linear
oscillation transforms into plane oscillation or vice versa9 changing the charge value !ith 4 or H4: This
kind of change in the oscillation mode requires not only parity change9 "ut also charge and time
changes E/T symmetryF resulting a right handed antiHneutrino or a left handed neutrino:
The right handed antiHneutrino and the left handed neutrino exist only "ecause changing "ack the
quark flavor could happen only in reverse order9 "ecause they are different geometrical
constructions9 the u is 2 dimensional and positively charged and the d is 4 dimensional and
negatively charged: -t needs also a time reversal9 "ecause anti particle Eanti neutrinoF is involved:

The neutrino is a 4B2spin creator particle to make equal the spins of the !eak interaction9 for
example neutron decay to 2 fermions9 every particle is fermions !ith M spin: The !eak interaction
changes the entropy since more or less particles !ill give more or less freedom of movement: The
entropy change is a result of temperature change and "reaks the equality of oscillator diffraction
intensity of the Max!ell.Bolt'mann statistics: This !ay it changes the time coordinate measure and
makes possi"le a different time dilation as of the special relativity:
The limit of the velocity of particles as the speed of light appropriate only for electrical charged
particles9 since the accelerated charges are self maintaining locally the accelerating electric force:
The neutrinos are / symmetry "reaking particles compensated "y time in the /T symmetry9 that is
the time coordinate not !orks as in the electromagnetic interactions9 consequently the speed of
neutrinos is not limited "y the speed of light:
The !eak interaction THasymmetry is in con8unction !ith the THasymmetry of the second la! of
thermodynamics9 meaning that locally lo!ering entropy Eon extremely high temperatureF causes the
!eak interaction9 for example the Gydrogen fusion:
/ro"a"ly "ecause it is a spin creating movement changing linear oscillation to 2 dimensional
oscillation "y changing d to u quark and creating anti neutrino going "ack in time relative to the
proton and electron created from the neutron9 it seems that the anti neutrino fastest then the
velocity of the photons created also in this !eak interaction<


6 quark flavor changing sho!s that it is a reflection changes movement and the /H and TH symmetry
"reaking: This flavor changing oscillation could prove that it could "e also on higher level such as
atoms9 molecules9 pro"a"ly "ig "iological significant molecules and responsi"le on the aging of the
life:

-mportant to mention that the !eak interaction is al!ays contains particles and antiparticles9 !here
the neutrinos EantineutrinosF present the opposite side: -t means "y #eynmanNs interpretation that
these particles present the "ack!ard time and pro"a"ly "ecause this they seem to move faster than
the speed of light in the reference frame of the other side:

#inally since the !eak interaction is an electric dipole change !ith M spin creatingJ it is limited "y the
velocity of the electromagnetic !ave9 so the neutrinoNs velocity cannot exceed the velocity of light:

The %eneral *eak &nteraction
The 0eak -nteractions THasymmetry is in con8unction !ith the THasymmetry of the (econd &a! of
Thermodynamics9 meaning that locally lo!ering entropy Eon extremely high temperatureF causes for
example the Gydrogen fusion: The arro! of time "y the (econd &a! of Thermodynamics sho!s the
increasing entropy and decreasing information "y the 0eak -nteraction9 changing the temperature
dependent diffraction patterns: 6 good example of this is the neutron decay9 creating more particles
!ith less kno!n information a"out them:
The neutrino oscillation of the 0eak -nteraction sho!s that it is a general electric dipole change and
it is possi"le to any other temperature dependent entropy and information changing diffraction
pattern of atoms9 molecules and even complicated "iological living structures:
0e can generali'e the !eak interaction on all of the decaying matter constructions9 even on the
"iological too: This gives the limited lifetime for the "iological constructions also "y the arro! of
time: There should "e a ne! research space of the $uantum -nformation (cience the Dgeneral
neutrino oscillationD for the greater then su"atomic matter structures as an electric dipole change:
There is also connection "et!een statistical physics and evolutionary "iology9 since the arro! of
time is !orking in the "iological evolution also:
The #luctuation Theorem says that there is a pro"a"ility that entropy !ill flo! in a direction opposite
to that dictated "y the (econd &a! of Thermodynamics: -n this case the -nformation is gro!ing that
is the matter formulas are emerging from the chaos: (o the 0eak -nteraction has t!o directions9
samples for one direction is the 2eutron decay9 and Gydrogen fusion is the opposite direction:
The #terile +eutrino
By definition the sterile neutrino does not participate in the electromagnetic and !eak interactions9
only the gravitational force gives its mass: There should "e one strange neutrino that changes the
diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillations leaving the lo! frequencies side of the /lanck
Distri"ution &a! !ith nonHcompensated high frequency side: (ince the neutrino oscillation and the
general !eak interaction this sterile neutrino can "e oscillate to another measura"le neutrino:
The change of the temperature at the Big Bang !as the main source for this asymmetry and the
creation of the dark matter "y the Baryogenesis:>45? &ater on also the !eak interaction can change
the rate of the dark matter9 "ut less influencing it9 see the temperature changes of the dark side in
the /lanck Distri"ution &a!:
The 0eak -nteraction "asically an electric dipole change and transferring the electric charge from
one side of the diffraction pattern to the other side: -f there is no other side Edark matterF9 the
neutrino oscillation helps to change the frequency of the electromagnetic oscillations9 causing real
diffraction patterns and leaving the non . compensated side of the /lanck Distri"ution curve for the
invisi"le Dark Matter:
%ravity from the point of view of 'uantum physics
The %ravitational force
The gravitational attractive force is "asically a magnetic force:
The same electric charges can attract one another "y the magnetic force if they are moving parallel
in the same direction: (ince the electrically neutral matter is composed of negative and positive
charges they need 2 photons to mediate this attractive force9 one per charges: The Bing Bang caused
parallel moving of the matter gives this magnetic force9 experienced as gravitational force:
(ince graviton is a tensor field9 it has spin A 29 could "e 2 photons !ith spin A 4 together:
Oou can think a"out photons as virtual electron . positron pairs9 o"taining the necessary virtual
mass for gravity:
The mass as seen "efore a result of the diffraction9 for example the proton . electron mass rate
MpA4145 Me: -n order to move one of these diffraction maximum Eelectron or protonF !e need to
intervene into the diffraction pattern !ith a force appropriate to the intensity of this diffraction
maximum9 means its intensity or mass:

The Big Bang caused acceleration created radial currents of the matter9 and since the matter is
composed of negative and positive charges9 these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting
forces "et!een the parallel moving electric currents: This is the gravitational force experienced "y
the matter9 and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces "et!een the charged particles:
The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or "y the magnetic forces or "y the
much stronger electrostatic forces;<


The %raviton
-n physics9 the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitation in
the frame!ork of quantum field theory: -f it exists9 the graviton is expected to "e massless E"ecause
the gravitational force appears to have unlimited rangeF and must "e a spinH2 "oson: The spin
follo!s from the fact that the source of gravitation is the stressHenergy tensor9 a secondHrank tensor
Ecompared to electromagnetismDs spinH4 photon9 the source of !hich is the fourHcurrent9 a firstHrank
tensorF: 6dditionally9 it can "e sho!n that any massless spinH2 field !ould give rise to a force
indistinguisha"le from gravitation9 "ecause a massless spinH2 field must couple to Einteract !ithF the
stressHenergy tensor in the same !ay that the gravitational field does: This result suggests that9 if a
massless spinH2 particle is discovered9 it must "e the graviton9 so that the only experimental
verification needed for the graviton may simply "e the discovery of a massless spinH2 particle: >2?
Conclusions
The gravitational force attracting the matter9 causing concentration of the matter in a small space
and leaving much space !ith lo! matter concentration7 dark matter and energy:
There is an asymmetry "et!een the mass of the electric charges9 for example proton and electron9
can understood "y the asymmetrical /lanck Distri"ution &a!: This temperature dependent energy
distri"ution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity9 !here the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high pro"a"ility event: The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations "eing in the same intensity level and compensating each other: =ne of
these compensating ratios is the electron . proton mass ratio: The lo!er energy side has no
compensating intensity level9 it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter:
The electric currents causing self maintaining electric potential is the source of the special and
general relativistic effects: The Giggs #ield is the result of the electromagnetic induction: The
+raviton is t!o photons together: >3? The sterile neutrino >44? disappears in the neutrino oscillation:

$eferences
>4? 3 Dimensional (tring Theory
6uthor7 +eorge )a8na
/u"lisher7 6cademia:edu
http7BB!!!:academia:eduB31344%4B3PDimensionalP(tringPTheory
>2? +raviton /roduction By T!o /hoton and ElectronH/hoton /rocesses -n Qalu'aHQlein Theories
0ith &arge Extra Dimensions
http7BBarxiv:orgBa"sBhepHphB3353332
>3? Giggs #ield and $uantum +ravity
6uthor7 +eorge )a8na
/u"lisher7 6cademia:edu
http7BB!!!:academia:eduB44%11*3BGiggsP#ieldPandP$uantumP+ravity
>4? The Magnetic field of the Electric current
6uthor7 +eorge )a8na
/u"lisher7 6cademia:edu
https7BB!!!:academia:eduB313333%BThePMagneticPfieldPofPthePElectricPcurrent

>%? http7BBen:!ikipedia:orgB!ikiBEinsteinPfieldPequations

>*? http7BBen:!ikipedia:orgB!ikiBDarkPmatter

>,? http7BBen:!ikipedia:orgB!ikiBosmicPmicro!aveP"ackground

>1? http7BBen:!ikipedia:orgB!ikiBThermalPradiation

>3? http7BBhyperphysics:phyHastr:gsu:eduBh"aseBastroBunivacc:html

>45? http7BBen:!ikipedia:orgB!ikiBBaryogenesis

>44? http7BBen:!ikipedia:orgB!ikiB(terilePneutrino