Umts Coverage Planning (FILEminimizer)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
CONFIDENTIAL
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www.huawei.com
UMTS Coverage
Planning
ISSUE 4.0
RNP Staff Training Dept.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
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Page 3
References
UMTS Principle
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Page 4
After this course, we will
Understand the purpose of link budget
Understand the uplink budget and its
elements.
Understand the downlink budget and its
elements.
Familiarize some technologies for
coverage enhancement
Objectives
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Page 5
1 Process of UMTS Network Planning
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Contents
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Page 6
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Process of Radio Network Planning
Contents
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Page 7
Definition of Radio Network Planning
This course focus on:
Radio network Planning.
Definition:
Network planning means that network elements (NEs) are selected
according to the network target, network evolution requirement, cost,
and the quality request. To design the configuration, and connection
mode between the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering
implementation.
Radio Network Planning focus on the elements of radio access
network (RAN).
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Page 8
Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G
Importance:
The total cost of mobile network mainly lies in the equipment
investment
Among the three parts of the 3G network (radio access network,
transmission network, and core network), the radio access
network occupies more than 70% investment
The investment in the radio access network depends on the
number and configuration of the base stations
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Page 9
Compare UMTS Network Planning with that of GSM
In GSM system, the frequencies for each cell
are planned in order to control the co-frequency
and adjacent-frequency interference.
If the interference requirement is met, the
number of supported subscribers can be
calculated based on the number of carriers and
the number of timeslots.
The coverage of the GSM system depends on
the transmit power of the transmitter and the
demodulation performance of the receiver.
GSM system mainly offers voice service, and
the GoS and design objective are
correspondingly simple.
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UMTS uses the spread spectrum technology,
11 frequency multiplexing without frequency
planning.
The capacity of each carrier in UMTS is "soft"
because it is related to factors such as
environment and adjacent-cell interference.
The coverage of the UMTS system is related to
the system load. If the system load increases,
the coverage/quality will decrease.
The UMTS system supports services with
different rate and QoS, including voice service,
and their coverage capability is different. In the
network planning, the system performance
shall be optimized through reasonable planning
and radio resource management.
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Page 10
CapacityCoverageQuality
Relationship between capacity, coverage, and quality of the
UMTS system
The UMTS system is a self-interference system, and its
capacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other.
Capacitycoverage (e.g. cell breath)
If the load increases, the capacity and interference will also
increase, and the coverage will shrink
Capacityquality (e.g. outer loop power control)
The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some
connections
Coveragequality (e.g. AMRC)
The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some
connections

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1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Process of Radio Network Planning
Contents
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Page 12
Process of Radio Network Planning
Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)
At the early stage of the project planning, the future network is
preliminarily planned, and the configuration and the number of
RAN NEs are output for preliminary project negotiation and for
cost estimation in contract signing
Pre-planning of radio network
At the mid stage of project planning, based on the dimensioning
output, the future network is planned in detail, and the accurate
network scale and theoretical site location are determined. A pre-
planning report will be output for mid-stage project and cost
estimation in contract signing
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Page 13
Process of Radio Network Planning
Cell planning of radio network
At the later stage of project planning, based on the pre-planning
output, each selected site is surveyed, and the related cell
parameters are determined.
Normally, the cell parameters and planning effect should be
checked through simulation, and the output report would be the
final radio network planning scheme that can guide the project
implementation.
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Page 14
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
Contents
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Page 15
Procedure of Coverage Budget
Planned area and the environment
features
Coverage probability
Indoor coverage
Cell load
System parameters
Equipment performance
Propagation model
Create link budget
Max cell radius
Site area
Site quantity
Maximum path loss
Total area
Site quantity = Total area / site area
Analyze the customers request
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Page 16
Fundamental Principle
TX
Combiner
Duplexer
Feeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BS
Lf_BS
Ga_BS NodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
Combiner
Duplexer
Body
Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
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Page 17
P
a
t
h

L
o
s
s
CableLoss
AntennaGain
NodeB
Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss

Radio Link Budget - Uplink
UE Transmit Power
NodeB Antenna Gain
UE Antenna Gain
SHO Gain against
fast fading
SHO Gain against
Slow fading
Slow fading margin
Fast fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss
Maximum
allowable
path loss
NodeB reception sensitivity
Legend
Antenna Gain
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
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Page 18
Algorithm Introduction
PL_UL=Pout_UE + Ga_BS + Ga_UE + Ga_SHO Mpc Mf
MI M_BN Lp Lb S_BS
PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
M_BN: Margin for Background Noise (related to the electromagnetic
environment)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver at the connector at the antenna side
(related to factors such as service and multi-path environment, etc)
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Page 19
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
1. Max Power of TCH
2. Body Loss
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna
4. EIRP
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna
6. Cable Loss
7. Noise Figure (BS)
8. Required Eb/No (BS)
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver
10. UL Cell Load
11. Interference Margin
12. Background Noise Level
13. Margin for Background Noise
14. Fast Fading Margin
15. SHO Gain over Fast Fading
16. Minimum Signal Strength
Required
17. Penetration Loss
18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading
19. Edge coverage Probability
20. Slow Fading Margin
21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Page 20
1. Max Power of TCH (dBm) Hardware Para.
For a UE, the maximum power of traffic channel is usually the
nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set
in the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream
commercial mobile and the requirement of the operator.
Grade of UE power TS 25.101 v3.7.0 2001-066.2.1
Power Class
Nominal maximum
output power
Tolerance
1 +33dBm +1/-3dB
2 +27dBm +1/-3dB
3 +24dBm +1/-3dB
4 +21dBm +2/-2dB
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Page 21
2. Body Loss (dB) System Para.
For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB.
Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, the UE is
relatively not so close to the body, so the body loss is 0 dB
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi) Hardware Para.
Generally, assume that the receiver and transmitter gain of the UE
antenna are both 0 dBi
4. EIRP (dBm)
UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
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Page 22
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi) Hardware Para.
Kathrein 741794
Frequency range
1710~2170MHz (dual band
for DCS and UMTS)
Polarization +45
O
, -45
O
Gain 18.5dBi
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)
Horizontal: 63
O

Vertical:6.5
O
Electrical tilt Fixed, 2
O
Kathrein 741790
Frequency range 1920~2170MHz
Polarization Vertical
Gain 11dBi
HPBW Vertical: 7
O
Electrical tilt Fixed, 0
O
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Page 23
Bracket
Upper
jumper
Feeder
Lower
jumper
6. Cable Loss (dB) Hardware Para.
Including the loss of the feeders and all of the connectors.
Lower jumper
Connector (between jumper, feeder, cabinet, and lightning
arrester)
Feeder
Upper jumper
Other connecter loss is assumed 0.8 dB.
Frequency (Hz)
Feeder 2G 900M 450M
7/8 6.1 4.03 2.7
5/4 4.5 2.98 1.9
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Page 24
7. Noise Figure of the receiver (dB) Hardware Para.
It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier. It refers to
the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of the receiver system
NF = SNR
i
/ SNR
o

= (S
i
/ N
i
) / (S
o
/ N
o
)
Thermal noise of receiver:
PN = K*T*BW*NF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF(dB)
G1
NF1
G2
NF2
Gn
NFn
1 2 1 1
2
1
...
1
...
1

+ +
+ =
n
n
Total
G G G
NF
G
NF
NF NF
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Page 25
7. Noise Figure of the receiver (dB) (Cont.)
To calculate the Noise Figure of a receiver, normally only the first
two or three components need to be considered.
NodeB f
NodeB f f
f
NodeB
f TMA Without Total
NF NF
NF NF NF
G
NF
NF LinerValue NF
=
+ =
+ =

) 1 (
1
) (
_ _
In case if no TMA:
Feeder NodeB
Antenna
G_NodeB
NF_NodeB
Gn
NFn
G_f
NF_f
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
_ _
dB NF dB er LossofFeed
dB NF dB NF dB NF
NodeB
NodeB Feeder TMA Without Total
+ =
+ =

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Page 26
7. Noise Figure of the receiver (dB) (Cont.)
f tma
nodeB
tma
f
tma TMA With Total
G G
NF
G
NF
NF LinerValue NF
+ =
1
1
) (
_ _
In case if TMA is used:
G_f
NF_f
G_NodeB
NF_NodeB
G_tma
NF_tma
Feeder NodeB
Antenna
TMA
Normally, the NF of the TMA is very small (TYP 1.5dB), and the gain
is high (TYP 12dB or 24dB). So we can get a lower total NF of the
receiver system with TMA than if without TMA. Thus we could get a
better receiver performance.
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Page 27
8. Eb/No Required (dB) System Para.
Obtained through link simulation. It is variational according to the
service and the signal environment:
Mode of the receiver diversity
Multi-path environment
Bearer type (service)
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)
= PN(dB) + Eb/No Required (dB) Processing Gain
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB) + Eb/No (dB)
- 10lg[3.84Mcps/Rb(bps)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kbps)] + Eb/No (dB)
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Page 28
10. Uplink Cell Load Network Target
Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell
The higher the uplink load, the higher the uplink interference
If the uplink load is approach 100% (NEVER reach in the live network),
the uplink interference will approach infinite, then the corresponding
capacity will be the maximum capacity
( ) ( )
( )

+
+ = + =
N
j j j
N
j UL
v R
W
EbvsNo
i L i
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1 q
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Page 29
UL
N
j
N
TOT
L
P
I
NoiseRise
q
=
= =
1
1
1
1
1
50% Load 3dB
60% Load 4dB
75% Load 6dB
11. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)
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Page 30
12. Background Noise Level (dBm)
External electromagnetic interference sources:
Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar, television
station, and so)
Automobile ignition
Lightning

For a specific area, it is recommended to estimate the local
interference through frequency spectrum test
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Page 31
13. Margin for Background Noise Level (dB) Environment Para.
Suppose the thermal noise of the receiver is P dBm, the
background interference level is N dBm, then received signal
should be larger than before to overcome the noise, so the
margin for the background noise should be:
Margin for Background Noise =
10log (10
P/10
+ 10
N/10
) dBm - P dBm
In link budget tool, if we dont consider the
environment interference, we can set the
background noise to a sufficient lower value
lower than the PN, e.g. -100dBm. Thus the
Background Noise Margin is 0dB.
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Page 32
14. Fast Fading Margin (dB) System Para.
Also is called Power Control Margin
In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the
receiver is the simulation result based on the assumed ideal
power control.
In an actual system, the transmitter power is limited, this will
take non-ideal factors in the closed loop power control
So some power should be reserve for fast power control. It is
the fast fading margin.
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Page 33
15. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB) System Para.
The soft handover gain includes two parts:
Multiple unrelated soft handover branches lower the required
margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover macro diversity
combining gain
The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the Macro Diversity
Combination gain and it reduces the request for fast fading
margin
This value is obtained through simulation. Typically it is 1.5 dB.
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Page 34
16. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
The required minimum signal level is:
Receiver Sensitivity + the losses and margins the gains
Minimum Signal Strength Required
= Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) + Body Loss (dB)
+ Interference Margin (dB) + Background Noise Margin (dB)
+ Fast Fading Margin (dB)
- Gain of Antenna (dBi) - SHO Gain over fast fading (dB)
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Page 35
17. Penetration Loss (dB) Environment Para.
Indoor penetration loss refers to the signal level difference between
the average strength near the wall outside the building and that of
inside the building.
The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the
radio wave, and so on. In link budget, assume that the penetration
loss is subject to the lognormal distribution.
It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage by an outdoor
base station. Inside the building it should be covered by special
indoor coverage system.
In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration
loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare
the planning results of different tenders.
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Page 36
18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB) Std. dev. of indoor path loss
Suppose the standard deviation of the path loss outdoor is X
dB, that of the Penetration Loss is Y dB, the standard
deviation of path loss indoor can be get by sqrt( X
2
+ Y
2
)
Environment Para.
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Page 37
19. (Cell) Edge coverage Probability Coverage request
If the transmit power of a UE hits the maximum threshold, but still cannot
overcome the path loss to guaranty the lowest receive level, the radio link will
drop or the UE will fail to access the network.
If the designed signal level at the edge of a cell equals to the Minimum Signal
Strength Required, the actual measurement result will obey the normal
distribution.
X
This means there is a probability of 50% that the UE cannot access the network.
If we design a smaller cell radius, the user will be nearer to the station, so the signal
will be better and the probability to access the network will be higher.
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Page 38
20. Slow Fading Margin (dB) Envn. Para. due to Edge coverage Probability
Slow Fading Margin (dB) =
NORMSINV (required edge coverage Probability) Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
Edge Reliability:50%
Edge Reliability:75%
Key point: Property of normal distribution
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Page 39
21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
The soft handover gain includes two parts:
Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the required
margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover macro
diversity combination gain
The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell gain
Obtained through simulation
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Page 40
Summary: path loss at the edge of a cell
Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the path
loss at the edge can be calculated if the fading margin and soft
handover gain for providing the required edge/area coverage
probability and the penetration loss of indoor coverage are
considered.
Path Loss (dB) =
EiRP (dBm)
+ SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
- Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
- Penetration Loss (dB)
- Slow Fading Margin (dB)
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Page 41
Summary of Uplink budget
UE Power Body Loss
Ga_UE_Antenna
Sensitivity of Receiver - SHO Gain over fast fading
- Gain of Antenna + Fast Fading Margin + Body Loss +
Interference Margin
+ Margin for Background Noise
f(edge coverage Probability)
* Std. dev. of Slow Fading
EIRP + SHO Gain over Slow Fading - Slow Fading Margin - Minimum Signal Required
Sensitivity of Receiver = PN + required Eb/No Processing Gain
PN = 10lg ( K*T*B*NF ) = -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB) ;
NF is the equivalent noise figure of the receiver at the antenna connecter
Processing Gain = 10lg[3.84Mcps/Rb(Kbps)]
So the Sensitivity of Receiver =
-174 (dBm/Hz) +NF (dB) +10lg[Rb (bps)] +Eb/No (dB)
Margin for Background Noise
= 10log (10
P /10
10
N/10
) dBmP dBm
standard deviation of path loss outdoor : X dB,
standard deviation of Penetration Loss: Y dB,
Std. dev. of Slow Fading = Sqrt(X
2
+ Y
2
)
Maximum Path Loss
- Penetration Loss
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Page 42
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
Contents
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Page 43
Radio Link Budget - Downlink
NodeB Transmit Power
NodeB Antenna Gain
UE Antenna Gain
SHO Gain against
fast fading
SHO Gain against
Slow fading
Slow fading margin
Fast fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss
Maximum
allowable
path loss
UE reception sensitivity
Legend
Antenna Gain
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
P
a
t
h

L
o
s
s
CableLoss
AntennaGain
NodeB
Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss

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Page 44
Algorithm
PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS + Ga_BS + Ga_UE + Ga_SHO
Mpc Mf MI Lp Lb S_UE
PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the UE
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system load)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (for indoor coverage only)
Lb: Body loss
S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service
and multi-path condition)
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Page 45
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Max Power of TCH
Cable Loss
Gain of BS Tx Antenna
EIRP
Gain of UE Rx Antenna
Body Loss
Noise Figure (UE)
Required Eb/No (UE)
Sensitivity of UE Receiver
DL Cell Load
Interference Margin
Background Noise Level
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Fast Fading Margin
Minimum Signal Strength Required
Penetration Loss
Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Edge coverage Probability
Slow Fading Margin
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Page 46
Max Power of TCH (dBm)
All the users in the same cell share the power of the transmitter
simultaneously. So for each user, the UE can only get all of the total
power. We can only set a maximum power for each channel.
General rule: Set different maximum power for different channels,
to ensure the coverage of the main service is the same as that of
the pilot channel.
Channel
DL Max Power per Ch
(typical)
Pilot Channel 33dBm
12.2K Voice 30dBm
64K VP 36dBm
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Page 47
Downlink Cell Load
Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:
1. Downlink cell load factor at the receiver:

This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power,
and the higher the downlink interference.
When the downlink cell load approach 100% , the corresponding
capacity is the limit capacity of the downlink.
2. Downlink cell load at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell transmit
power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power.
The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.
( ) ( )
(
+ =
N
j
j
j j j DL
v
W
R
No Eb i
1
/ 1 o q
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Page 48
Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
Noise rise on downlink:

If define the load factor according to the downlink transmitter, the
formula will be:

In link budget tool
(j) is orthogonality factor on edge of the cell. It is related to environment, cell radius
and can be obtained by simulation.
f(j) is interference factor on edge of the cell. 1.78 (=2.5dB) is a worst value.
) , 0 (
)] ( ) ( [ 1 ) (
max
j CL N
P
j f j j NoiseRise
o
DL
+
+ + = q o
)
`
+ + =
= =
=

+
+ +
N
n
j CL
n CL
No j CL
P j f j
No
j CL P j f j No
No
j I
n Tx CIR
j NoiseRise
CCH
DL
TX TOT
1
) , 0 (
) , 0 (
) , 0 ( 1
)] ( ) ( [
) , 0 ( / ) 0 ( )] ( ) ( [ ) (
] ) ( _ [ 1
) (
q
o
o

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Page 49
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
Contents
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Page 50
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
TMA
Located just under the antenna
Low noise amplifier
Helps to improve the uplink receive
sensitivity and enhances the uplink
coverage
About 0.7dB loss in the downlink
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Page 51
Academic calculation about TMA
Academic calculation about TMA improve the uplink receive sensitivity
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Page 52
The example of academic calculation about TMA improve
the uplink receive sensitivity
Example of academic calculation about TMA
Equipment Noise Figure Gain
TMA 1.45 12
7/8"Cable30m + 0.6dB Connector Loss 2.433 -2.433
NodeB 2.2
Receiver Chain Noise Figure
Without TMA: 2.433+2.2 dB = 4.633 dB
With TMA: 1.57 dB
4.633-1.57 = 3.063 dB
So get a 3.063dB gain for uplink when using TMA
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Page 53
4-Antennas Reception Diversity
Two ways to realize 4-Antennas reception
diversity
Two Cross-polarization antennas
Four antennas
4-Antennas reception diversity helps to
improve the performance of the uplink
receiver
Improve the uplink coverage/capacity
To realize 4-Antennas reception diversity,
there is a requirement for the NodeB
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Page 54
4RxDiv principle diversity gain
Resist fast fading
Correlation combination
Gain relates to multi-path,
service, speed, antenna
performance
2RxDiv> 4RxDiv
Reduce the requirement of
Eb/No
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Page 55
Area Channel
Eb/No
improvement
Capacity-based
gain
Coverage-based
gain
High-density
urban area
TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
Common urban
area
TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
Suburb RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
Rural area RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
Compared with a double-antenna reception diversity, 4-antenna
reception diversity requires lower Eb/No
Gain of 4-antenna reception diversity (compared with double-antenna
reception diversity)
Thank you
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