Commonwealth of Australia

Australia
1
Australia
Commonwealth of Australia
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:"Advance Australia Fair"
[1]
</ref>
Capital
Canberra
3518.48S 1497.47E
[2]
Largest city Sydney
Official languages
None
[3]
National language English (de facto)
Demonym
Australian
Aussie
[4]
Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Monarch Elizabeth II
- Governor-General Quentin Bryce
- Prime Minister Tony Abbott
- Chief Justice Robert French
Legislature Parliament
- Upper house Senate
- Lower house House of Representatives
Independencefrom the United Kingdom
- Constitution 1 January 1901
- Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931
Australia
2
- Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 9 October 1942 (with effect
from 3 September 1939)
- Australia Act 3 March 1986
Area
- Total
7,692,024km
2
(6th)
2,969,907sqmi
Population
- 2014estimate
23,371,899
[5]
(52nd)
- 2011census 21,507,717
- Density
2.8/km
2
(233rd)
7.3/sqmi
GDP(PPP) 2013estimate
- Total $998.265 billion (18th)
- Per capita $42,640 (13th)
GDP(nominal) 2013estimate
- Total $1.525 trillion (12th)
- Per capita $67,722 (5th)
Gini(2006) 30.5
medium
HDI (2013) 0.938
very high 2nd
Currency Australian dollar (AUD)
Time zone
various
[6]
(UTC+8 to +10.5)
- Summer(DST) various(UTC+8 to +11.5)
Date format dd-mm-yyyy
Drives on the left
Calling code +61
ISO 3166 code AU
Internet TLD .au
Australia
i
/strelj, -, -i/, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland
of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest
country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century,
[7]
Australia was inhabited by
indigenous Australians, who spoke languages grouped into roughly 250 language groups.
[8]
After the discovery of
the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially
settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew
steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies
were established.
On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Since Federation, Australia
has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and
Australia
3
constitutional monarchy. The federation comprises six states and several territories. The population of 23.1 million is
highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in the eastern states.
Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world's 12th-largest economy. In
2012 Australia had the world's fifth-highest per capita income,
[9]
Australia's military expenditure is the world's
13th-largest. With the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many
international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and
the protection of civil liberties and political rights. Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20,
Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World
Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Pacific Islands Forum.
Etymology
Pronounced [stlj, -li] in Australian English,
[10]
the name Australia is derived from the Latin australis,
meaning "southern". The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz since the early 20th century.
[11]
Australians'
"image of Australia as a 'Land of Oz' is not new, and dedication to it runs deep".
[12]
The spelling Oz is likely to have
been influenced by the 1939 film, though the pronunciation was probably always with a /z/, as it is also for Aussie,
sometimes spelt Ozzie.
[13]
The Baz Luhrmann film Australia (2008) makes repeated reference to The Wizard of Oz,
which appeared just before the wartime action of Australia. Some critics have even speculated that Baum was
inspired by Australia, in naming the Land of Oz: "In Ozma of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a
storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are travelling by ship to Australia. So, like Australia, Oz is somewhere to the
west of California. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent. Like Australia, Oz has inhabited regions bordering on a
great desert. One might almost imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in the
center of the great Australian desert."
[14]
</ref> Aussie is a common colloquial term for "Australian". In neighbouring
New Zealand, but less commonly in Australia itself, the noun "Aussie" is also used to refer to the nation, as distinct
from its residents.
[15]
The sporting anthem C'mon Aussie C'mon is an example of local use of Aussie as synonym for
Australia.
[16]
Legends of Terra Australis Incognitaan "unknown land of the South"date back to Roman times and were
commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on any documented knowledge of the continent. Following
European discovery, names for the Australian landmass were often references to the famed Terra Australis.
The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espritu Santo,
written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original
Spanish name "Tierra Austral del Espritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit) for an island in Vanuatu.
[17]
The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly
discovered lands to the south. Australia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur
dans la Dcouverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny, under the
pen-name Jacques Sadeur.
[18]
Referring to the entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it in An
Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771. By the end of the 18th
century, the name was being used to refer specifically to Australia, with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James
Smith writing of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland" in their 1793
Zoology and Botany of New Holland, and James Wilson including it on a 1799 chart.
The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who pushed for it to be formally adopted as
early as 1804. When preparing his manuscript and charts for his 1814 A Voyage to Terra Australis, he was persuaded
by his patron, Sir Joseph Banks, to use the term Terra Australis as this was the name most familiar to the public.
Flinders did so, and published the following rationale:
There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found
in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the
geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend
Australia
4
it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than
any other which could have been selected.*
[19]
In the footnote Flinders wrote:
*Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term, it would have been to convert it to
AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great
portions of the earth.
This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that text; but in Appendix III, Robert Brown's General remarks,
geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis, Brown makes use of the adjectival form Australian
throughout,the first known use of that form. Despite popular conception, the book was not instrumental in the
adoption of the name: the name came gradually to be accepted over the following ten years.
[20]
The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst of 4
April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledges the receipt of Capt. Flinders' charts of Australia.
On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.
[21]
In 1824, the
Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.
History
Exploration of what was then New Holland (Australia)New Holland by Europeans
until 18121606 Willem Janszoon1606 Luis Vez de Torres1616 Dirk
Hartog1619 Frederick de Houtman1644 Abel Tasman1696 Willem de
Vlamingh1699 William Dampier1770 James Cook17971799 George
Bass18011803 Matthew Flinders
Human habitation of the Australian
continent is estimated to have begun
between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago,
possibly with the migration of people by
land bridges and short sea-crossings from
what is now South-East Asia. These first
inhabitants may have been ancestors of
modern Indigenous Australians. At the time
of European settlement in the late 18th
century, most Indigenous Australians were
hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral
culture and spiritual values based on
reverence for the land and a belief in the
Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders,
ethnically Melanesian, were originally
horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers. The
northern coasts and waters of Australia were
visited sporadically by fishermen from
Maritime Southeast Asia.
The first recorded European sighting of the
Australian mainland, and the first recorded
European landfall on the Australian
continent, are attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in
early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River near the modern town of
Australia
5
Portrait of Captain James Cook, the
first European to map the eastern
coastline of Australia in 1770.
Weipa on Cape York.
[22]
The Dutch charted the whole of the western and
northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the
17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English
explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688
and again in 1699 on a return trip. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped
the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.
With the loss of its American colonies in 1780, the British Government sent a
fleet of ships, the "First Fleet", under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to
establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the
flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788, a date which
became Australia's national day, Australia Day although the British Crown
Colony of New South Wales was not formally promulgated until 7 February
1788. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, the establishment of
farming, industry and commerce; and the exploration and settlement of other
regions.
A British settlement was established in Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803 and it became a
separate colony in 1825.
[23]
The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Western Australia (the Swan
River Colony) in 1828.
[24]
Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836,
Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.
[25]
The Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from
South Australia.
[26]
South Australia was founded as a "free province"it was never a penal colony.
[27]
Victoria and
Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.
[28][29]
A campaign by the
settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in
1848.
Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia's largest
prison for reoffending convicts.
The indigenous population, estimated to have been between 750,000
and 1,000,000 at the time European settlement began, declined for 150
years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease. A
government policy of "assimilation" beginning with the Aboriginal
Protection Act 1869 resulted in the removal of many Aboriginal
children from their families and communitiesoften referred to as the
Stolen Generationsa practice which may also have contributed to the
decline in the indigenous population. The Federal government gained
the power to make laws with respect to Aborigines following the 1967
referendum. Traditional ownership of landaboriginal titlewas not
recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland
(No 2) overturned the legal doctrine that Australia had been terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") before the
European occupation.
[30]
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s
[31]
and the Eureka Rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854
was an early expression of civil disobedience.
[32]
Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained
responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.
[33]
The
Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs,
[34]
defence, and international
shipping.
Australia
6
The Last Post is played at an Anzac Day
ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Similar
ceremonies are held in most suburbs and towns.
On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a
decade of planning, consultation and voting.
[35]
The Commonwealth of
Australia was established and it became a dominion of the British
Empire in 1907. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the
Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the
future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat
of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being
constructed. The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of
the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911. In
1914, Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I, with support
from both the outgoing Commonwealth Liberal Party and the incoming
Australian Labor Party.
[36][37]
Australians took part in many of the
major battles fought on the Western Front. Of about 416,000 who
served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.
Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the
birth of the nationits first major military action.
[38]
The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an
analogous nation-defining event during World War II.
Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the UK.
Australia adopted it in 1942,
[39]
but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the
Australian Parliament during World War II. The shock of the United Kingdom's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat
of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.
[40]
Since 1951,
Australia has been a formal military ally of the US, under the ANZUS treaty.
[41]
After World War II Australia
encouraged immigration from Europe. Since the 1970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy,
immigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted.
[42]
As a result, Australia's demography, culture, and
self-image were transformed.
[43]
The final constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were severed with the
passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and closing the
option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London. In a 1999 referendum, 55% of voters and a majority in
every state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds vote in both Houses
of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing
focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's
traditional allies and trading partners.
Government
Parliament House, Canberra was opened in 1988,
replacing the provisional Parliament House
building opened in 1927.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of
powers. It uses a parliamentary system of government with Queen
Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australia, a role that is distinct
from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The
Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by her
viceroys in Australia (the Governor-General at the federal level and by
the Governors at the state level), who by convention act on the advice
of her ministers. Supreme executive authority is vested by the
Constitution of Australia in the sovereign, but the power to exercise it
is conferred by the Constitution specifically on the
Australia
7
Tony Abbott, Prime Minister of
Australia
Governor-General.
[44]
The most notable exercise to date of the
Governor-General's reserve powers outside the Prime Minister's request was the
dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.
The federal government is separated into three branches:
The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined in section 1 of the
constitution as comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General),
the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the
Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State;
The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose
judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council.
Government House, Canberra, also known as
"Yarralumla", is the official residence of the
Governor-General.
In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each
from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the
Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). The House of
Representatives (the lower house) has 150 members elected from
single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates"
or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each
original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats. Elections for both
chambers are normally held every three years, simultaneously; senators
have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories,
whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the
lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each
election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.
Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and
the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a
system known as the single transferable vote. Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in
every jurisdiction, as is enrolment (with the exception of South Australia). The party with majority support in the
House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has
majority support, the Governor-General has the power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one
that has lost the confidence of Parliament.
There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the Australian Labor
Party and the Coalition which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party.
Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in
upper houses.
Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered
centre-left. Queensland in particular, along with Western Australia and the Northern Territory, are regarded as
comparatively conservative.
[45][46]
Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory are
regarded as comparatively socially liberal. New South Wales has often been regarded as a politically moderate
bellwether state.
Australia
8
Following a partyroom leadership challenge, Julia Gillard became the first female Prime Minister in June 2010. The
most recent federal election was held on 7 September 2013 and resulted in a majority government for the Coalition
with Liberal Party of Australia leader Tony Abbott as Prime Minister-elect. He was sworn into office by the
Governor-General of Australia on 18 September.
States and territories
A clickable map of Australia's states and mainland territories
Australia has six statesNew South
Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD),
South Australia (SA), Tasmania
(TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western
Australia (WA)and two major
mainland territoriesthe Australian
Capital Territory (ACT) and the
Northern Territory (NT). In most
respects these two territories function
as states, but the Commonwealth
Parliament can override any legislation
of their parliaments. By contrast,
federal legislation overrides state
legislation only in areas that are set out
in Section 51 of the Australian
Constitution; state parliaments retain
all residual legislative powers,
including those over schools, state
police, the state judiciary, roads, public
transport and local government, since
these do not fall under the provisions
listed in Section 51.
Each state and major mainland
territory has its own parliamentunicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queenslandand bicameral in
the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as
defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in
South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government
in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a
Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the
Governor-General.
The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Australian Antarctic Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Coral Sea Islands
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South
Wales
Australia
9
Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory; however, under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been
granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its own legislative assembly. The Queen is represented by an
Administrator, currently Owen Walsh.
Foreign relations and military
Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a close association with the United States
through the ANZUS pact, and by a desire to develop relationships with Asia and the Pacific, particularly through
ASEAN and the Pacific Islands Forum. In 2005 Australia secured an inaugural seat at the East Asia Summit
following its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, and in 2011 attended the Sixth
East Asia Summit in Indonesia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, in which the
Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings provide the main forum for co-operation.
Australian Army soldiers conducting a foot patrol
during a joint training exercise with US forces in
Shoalwater Bay (2007).
Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation. It
led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation. Australia is a member of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization, and
has pursued several major bilateral free trade agreements, most
recently the Australia United States Free Trade Agreement and
Closer Economic Relations with New Zealand, with another free trade
agreement being negotiated with Chinathe AustraliaChina Free
Trade Agreementand Japan, South Korea in 2011, AustraliaChile
Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free
Trade Area, and the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership.
Along with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore, Australia is party to the Five Power
Defence Arrangements, a regional defence agreement. A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia
is strongly committed to multilateralism and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries
receive assistance. The 200506 budget provides A$2.5billion for development assistance.
[47]
Australia ranks
seventh overall in the Center for Global Development's 2008 Commitment to Development Index.
[48]
Australia's armed forcesthe Australian Defence Force (ADF)comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the
Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), in total numbering 80,561 personnel (including
55,068 regulars and 25,493 reservists). The titular role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-General,
who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government.
Day-to-day force operations are under the command of the Chief, while broader administration and the formulation
of defence policy is undertaken by the Minister and Department of Defence.
In the 201011 budget, defence spending was A$25.7billion, representing the 13th largest defence budget.
[49]
Australia has been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping, disaster relief and armed conflict; it currently has
deployed approximately 3,330 defence force personnel in varying capacities to 12 international operations in areas
including East Timor, Solomon Islands and Afghanistan.
[50]
Australia
10
Geography and climate
Climatic zones in Australia, based on the Kppen
climate classification.
Australia's landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300sqmi)
is on the Indo-Australian Plate. Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific
oceans,
[51]
</ref> it is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor
seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the
Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's
smallest continent
[52]
and sixth largest country by total area,
[53]
Australiaowing to its size and isolationis often dubbed the "island
continent",
[54]
and is sometimes considered the world's largest
island.
[55]
Australia has 34,218 kilometres (21,262mi) of coastline
(excluding all offshore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive
Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060sqmi).
This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian
Antarctic Territory. Excluding Macquarie Island, Australia lies
between latitudes 9 and 44S, and longitudes 112 and 154E.
The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for
over 2,000 kilometres (1,240mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith, is located in Western
Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the
Australian mainland. Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 metres or 9,006 feet), on the remote Australian territory
of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 metres
(11,457ft) and 3,355 metres (11,007ft) respectively.
Everlastings on Mount Hotham, located in
Victoria
Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with subtropical
rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east,
south-west and east, and dry desert in the centre. It is the flattest
continent, with the oldest and least fertile soils;
[56]
desert or semi-arid
land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest
portion of land. The driest inhabited continent, only its south-east and
south-west corners have a temperate climate. The population density,
2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, is among the lowest in the world,
although a large proportion of the population lives along the temperate
south-eastern coastline.
Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs
parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate,
because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 metres (5,249ft)
in height. The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while
inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland. These include the western plains of New South Wales, and
the Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northernmost point of the
east coast is the tropical-rainforested Cape York Peninsula.
Australia
11
Topographic map of Australia
The landscapes of the northern part of the countrythe Top End and
the Gulf Country behind the Gulf of Carpentaria, with their tropical
climateconsist of woodland, grassland, and desert. At the north-west
corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The
Kimberley, and below that the Pilbara. To the south of these and
inland, lie more areas of grassland: the Ord Victoria Plain and the
Western Australian Mulga shrublands. At the heart of the country are
the uplands of central Australia; prominent features of the centre and
south include the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson,
Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous
Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast.
The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents,
including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El NioSouthern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought,
and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia. These factors cause
rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly
summer-rainfall (monsoon) climate. The southwest corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate. Much of the
southeast (including Tasmania) is temperate.
Environment
Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to
tropical rainforests, and is recognised as a megadiverse country. The fungi typify that diversity; the total number that
occur in Australia, including those not yet discovered, has been estimated at around 250,000 species, of which
roughly 5% have been described.
[57]
Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and
long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. Approximately 85% of flowering
plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic. Australia
has the greatest number of reptiles of any country, with 755 species.
The koala and the eucalyptus form an iconic
Australian pair
Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species,
particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions, wattles replace
them in drier regions and deserts as the most dominant species. Among
well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and
echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and
wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra. Australia is
home to many dangerous animals including some of the most
venomous snakes in the world.
[58]
The dingo was introduced by
Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around
3000 BCE. Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after
first human settlement, including the Australian megafauna; others
have disappeared since European settlement, among them the
thylacine.
Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions,
are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species. The federal
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of
threatened species. Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of
Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar
Convention, and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia was ranked 51st of 163 countries
Australia
12
in the world on the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.
Climate change has become an increasing concern in Australia in recent years, and protection of the environment is a
major political issue.
[59][60]
In 2007, the First Rudd Government signed the instrument of ratification of the Kyoto
Protocol. Nevertheless, Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower
than those of only a few other industrialised nations. Rainfall in Australia has slightly increased over the past
century, both nationwide and for two quadrants of the nation, According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011
Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Nia
weather pattern, however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures,
with 20022011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 C above the
long-term average". Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to
chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought. Throughout much of the continent, major
flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and
inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in 2010, 2011 and 2012 after the
2000s Australian drought.
Economy
The Super Pit gold mine in Kalgoorlie, Australia's
largest open cut mine.
Australia is a wealthy country with a market economy, a relatively
high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate of poverty. In terms of
average wealth, Australia ranked second in the world after Switzerland
in 2013, and the nation's poverty rate increased from 10.2 per cent to
11.8 per cent, from 2000/01 to 2013. It was identified by the Credit
Suisse Research Institute as the nation with the highest median wealth
in the world and the second-highest average wealth per adult in 2013.
The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including
Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well
as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.
With the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the
Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest in the world.
Ranked third in the Index of Economic Freedom (2010), Australia is the world's twelfth largest economy and has the
fifth highest per capita GDP (nominal) at $66,984. The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2011
Human Development Index and first in Legatum's 2008 Prosperity Index. All of Australia's major cities fare well in
global comparative livability surveys; Melbourne reached first place on The Economist's 2011, 2012 and 2013
world's most livable cities lists, followed by Sydney, Perth, and Adelaide in sixth, eighth, and ninth place
respectively.Wikipedia:VerifiabilityTalk:Australia#2011 source for 2013 data Total government debt in Australia is
about $190 billion 20% of GDP in 2010. Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest
household-debt levels in the world.
Australia
13
Destination and value of Australian exports in 2006
The Holden VF Commodore. Holden, together
with Ford and Toyota spearhead Australia's
automotive industry.
An emphasis on exporting commodities
rather than manufactured goods has
underpinned a significant increase in
Australia's terms of trade since the start of
the 21st century, due to rising commodity
prices. Australia has a balance of payments
that is more than 7% of GDP negative, and
has had persistently large current account
deficits for more than 50 years. Australia
has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6%
for over 15 years, in comparison to the
OECD annual average of 2.5%. Australia
was the only advanced economy not to
experience a recession due to the global
financial downturn in 20082009. However,
the economies of six of Australia's major
trading partners have been in recession,
which in turn has affected Australia,
significantly hampering its economic growth
in recent years. From 2012 to early 2013,
Australia's national economy grew, but
some non-mining states and Australia's
non-mining economy experienced a
recession.
The Hawke Government floated the
Australian dollar in 1983 and partially
deregulated the financial system. The Howard Government followed with a partial deregulation of the labour market
and the further privatisation of state-owned businesses, most notably in the telecommunications industry. The
indirect tax system was substantially changed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% Goods and Services Tax
(GST). In Australia's tax system, personal and company income tax are the main sources of government revenue.
In May 2012, there were 11,537,900people employed (either full- or part-time), with an unemployment rate of
5.1%.
[61]
Youth unemployment (1524) stood at 11.2%. Data released in mid-November 2013 showed that the
number of welfare recipients had grown by 55%. In 2007 228,621 Newstart unemployment allowance recipients
were registered, a total that increased to 646,414 in March 2013.
Over the past decade, inflation has typically been 23% and the base interest rate 56%. The service sector of the
economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, accounts for about 70% of GDP. Rich in natural
resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as
iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and natural
resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance.
Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.
[62]
Australia is the
world's fourth largest exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes $5.5 billion per year to the nation's
economy.
Australia
14
Demographics
Nearly three quarters of Australians live in
metropolitan cities and coastal areas. The beach is
an integral part of the Australian identity.
For almost two centuries the majority of settlers, and later immigrants,
came from the British Isles. As a result the people of Australia are
primarily of British and/or Irish ethnic origin. The 2011 Census asked
respondents to provide a maximum of two ancestries with which they
most closely identify. The most commonly nominated ancestry was
English (36.1%), followed by Australian (35.4%),
[63]
Irish (10.4%),
Scottish (8.9%), Italian (4.6%), German (4.5%), Chinese (4.3%),
Indian (2.0%), Greek (1.9%), and Dutch (1.7%). Asian Australians
make up 12% of the population.
Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I.
Nevertheless, its population density, 2.8 inhabitants per square
kilometre, remains among the lowest in the world. Much of the population increase came from immigration.
Following World War II and through to 2000, almost 5.9million of the total population settled in the country as new
immigrants, meaning that nearly two out of every seven Australians were born in another country. Most immigrants
are skilled, but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees. By 2050, Australia's
population is currently projected to reach around 42 million.
[64]
In 2011, 24.6% of Australians were born elsewhere and 43.1% of people had at least one overseas-born parent; the
largest immigrant groups were those from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, India, Italy, Vietnam, and
Philippines.
Over 80 percent of Australia's population is of European ancestry, and most of the rest are of Asian heritage, with a
smaller minority of indigenous (Aboriginal) background. Following the abolition of the White Australia policy in
1973, numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on a
policy of multiculturalism. In 200506, more than 131,000people emigrated to Australia, mainly from Asia and
Oceania. The migration target for 201213 is 190,000, compared to 67,900 in 199899.
The Barossa Valley is a wine-producing region in
South Australia. Fewer than 15% of Australians
live in rural areas.
[citation needed]
The Indigenous populationmainland Aborigines and Torres Strait
Islanderswas counted at 548,370 (2.5% of the total population) in
2011, a significant increase from 115,953 in the 1976 census. The
increase is partly due to many people with Indigenous heritage
previously having been overlooked by the census due to undercount
and cases where their Indigenous status had not been recorded on the
form.
Indigenous Australians experience higher than average rates of
imprisonment and unemployment, lower levels of education, and life
expectancies for males and females that are 1117 years lower than
those of non-indigenous Australians. Some remote Indigenous
communities have been described as having "failed state"-like
conditions.
In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older
population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2004, the average age of the civilian population
was 38.8 years.
[65]
A large number of Australians (759,849 for the period 200203;
[66]
1 million or 5% of the total
population in 2005) live outside their home country.
Australia
15
Language
Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the de facto national
language.
[67]
Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs
slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.
[68]
General Australian serves as the standard
dialect. According to the 2011 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 81% of the
population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (1.7%), Italian (1.5%), Arabic (1.4%),
Cantonese (1.3%), Greek (1.3%), and Vietnamese (1.2%); a considerable proportion of first- and second-generation
migrants are bilingual. A 20102011 study by the Australia Early Development Index found the most common
language spoken by children after English was Arabic, followed by Vietnamese, Greek, Chinese, and Hindi.
[69]
Between 200 and 300 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European
contact, of which only about 70 have survived. Many of these are exclusively spoken by older people; only 18
Indigenous languages are still spoken by all age groups. At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous
Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at
home. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 5,500 deaf people.
Religion
Religion in Australia
Religion Percent
Roman Catholic 25.3%
Anglican 17.1%
Other Christian 18.7%
Buddhism 2.5%
Islam 2.2%
Hinduism 1.3%
Judaism 0.5%
Other 0.8%
No religion 22.3%
Undefined or not stated 9.4%
Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from
making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any
religion. In the 2011 census, 61.1% of Australians were counted as Christian, including 25.3% as Roman Catholic
and 17.1% as Anglican; 22.3% of the population reported having "no religion"; 7.2% identify with non-Christian
religions, the largest of these being Buddhism (2.5%), followed by Islam (2.2%), Hinduism (1.3%) and Judaism
(0.5%). The remaining 9.4% of the population did not provide an adequate answer.
Australia
16
WR Thomas, A South Australian Corroboree,
1864, Art Gallery of South Australia. Aboriginal
Australians developed the animist religion of the
Dreamtime.
Prior to European settlement in Australia, the animist beliefs of
Australia's indigenous people had been practised for millennia. In the
case of mainland Aboriginal Australians, their spirituality is known as
the Dreamtime and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the
land. The collection of stories that it contains shaped Aboriginal law
and customs. Aboriginal art, story and dance continue to draw on these
spiritual traditions. In the case of the Torres Strait Islanders who
inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, spirituality and
customs reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea.
The 1996 Australian census counted more than 7000 respondents as
followers of a traditional Aboriginal religion.
St Mary's Catholic Cathedral,
Sydney, built to a design by William
Wardell. About a quarter of
Australians are Roman Catholic.
Since the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships in 1788, Christianity has
grown to be the major religion. Consequently, the Christian festivals of
Christmas and Easter are public holidays, the skylines of Australian cities and
towns are marked by church and cathedral spires, and the Christian churches
have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare
services in Australia. The Catholic education system operates as the largest
non-government educator, accounting for about 21% of all secondary enrolments
as of 2010, with Catholic Health Australia similarly being the largest
non-government provider. Christian welfare organisations also play a prominent
role in national life, with organisations such as the Salvation Army, St Vincent
de Paul Society and Anglicare having widespread support. Such contributions are
recognised on Australia's currency, with the presence of Christian ministers such
as Aboriginal writer David Unaipon ($50); founder of the Royal Flying Doctor
Service, John Flynn ($20); and Catherine Helen Spence ($5) who was Australia's
first female candidate for political office. Other significant Australian religious
figures have included Mary MacKillop, who in 2010 became the first Australian
to be recognised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church and Church of Christ
pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls who, like Martin Luther King, Jr. in the United States, led a movement against racial
inequality in Australia and was also the first indigenous Australian to be appointed as a state governor.
For much of Australian history the Church of England (now known as the Anglican Church of Australia) was the
largest religious affiliation, however multicultural immigration has contributed to a decline in its relative position,
with the Roman Catholic Church benefiting from the opening of post-war Australia to multicultural immigration and
becoming the largest group. Similarly, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism have all been expanding in the post
war decades. To a lesser extent, smaller affiliations including the Bah' Faith, Sikhism, Wicca and Paganism have
also seen a significant increase in numbers. In the 2001 census there were, 17,381 Sikhs, 11,037 Bah's, 10,632
Pagans and 8,755 Wiccans in Australia.
An international survey, made by the private and not-for profit German think-tank, the Bertelsmann Foundation,
found that "Australia is one of the least religious nations in the western world, coming in 17th out of 21 [countries]
surveyed" and that "Nearly three out of four Australians say they are either not at all religious or that religion does
not play a central role in their lives."
[70]
While weekly attendance at church services in 2001 was about 1.5
million
[71]
(about 7.8% of the population),
[72]
a survey of 1,718 Australians by the Christian Research Association at
the end of 2009 suggested that the number of people attending religious services per month in Australia has dropped
from 23% in 1993 to 16% in 2009, and while 60% of 15 to 29-year-old respondents in 1993 identified with Christian
Australia
17
denominations, 33% did in 2009.
Education
School attendance, or registration for home schooling,
[73]
is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is the
responsibility of the individual states and territories so the rules vary between states, but in general children are
required to attend school from the age of about 5 up until about 16. In some states (e.g., WA, NT & NSW), children
aged 1617 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship.
Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003. However, a 201112 report for the
Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50%. In the
Programme for International Student Assessment, Australia regularly scores among the top five of thirty major
developed countries (member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Catholic
education accounts for the largest non-government sector.
Australia has 37 government-funded universities and two private universities, as well as a number of other specialist
institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level. The University of Sydney is Australia's
oldest university, having been founded in 1850, followed by the University of Melbourne three years later. Other
notable universities include those of the Group of Eight leading tertiary institutions, including the University of
Adelaide (which boasts an association with five Nobel Laureates), the Australian National University located in the
national capital of Canberra, Monash University and the University of New South Wales.
The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.
[74]
There is a state-based system
of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.
Approximately 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications, and the tertiary
graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. The ratio of international to local students in tertiary
education in Australia is the highest in the OECD countries.
[75]
Health
Australia has the fourth highest life expectancy in the world after Iceland, Japan and Hong Kong.
[76]
Life expectancy
in Australia in 2010 was 79.5 years for males and 84.0 years for females. Australia has the highest rates of skin
cancer in the world, while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for
7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity
third at 7.5%.
[77][78]
Australia ranks 35th in the world
[79]
and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of
obese adults.
Total expenditure on health (including private sector spending) is around 9.8% of GDP. Australia introduced
universal health care in 1975. Known as Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as
the Medicare levy, currently set at 1.5%. The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the
Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice.
Australia
18
Culture
The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was
the first building in Australia to be listed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.
Since 1788, the basis of Australian culture has been strongly
influenced by Anglo-Celtic Western culture.
[80][81]
Distinctive cultural
features have also arisen from Australia's natural environment and
Indigenous cultures.
[82][83]
Since the mid-20th century, American
popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through
television and cinema.
[84]
Other cultural influences come from
neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration
from non-English-speaking nations.
[85]
Arts
Bailed up by Tom Roberts depicts the robbing of
a coach from the gold fields by bushrangers.
Australian visual arts are thought to have begun with the cave
paintings, rock engravings and body painting of its Indigenous peoples.
The traditions of Indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally,
through ceremony and the telling of Dreamtime stories. From the time
of European settlement, a theme in Australian art has been the natural
landscape, seen for example in the works of Albert Namatjira,
[86]
Arthur Streeton and others associated with the Heidelberg School, and
Arthur Boyd.
[87]
The country's landscape remains a source of inspiration for Australian
modernist artists; it has been depicted in acclaimed works by the likes
of Sidney Nolan,
[88]
Fred Williams,
[89]
Sydney Long,
[90]
and Clifton
Pugh.
[91]
Australian artists influenced by modern American and European art include cubist Grace Crowley,
[92]
surrealist James Gleeson,
[93]
and pop artist Martin Sharp.
[94]
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art is the only art
movement of international significance to emerge from Australia and "the last great art movement of the 20th
century"; its exponents have included Emily Kngwarreye.
[95][96]
Art critic Robert Hughes has written several
influential books about Australian history and art, and was described as the "world's most famous art critic" by The
New York Times. The National Gallery of Australia and state galleries maintain Australian and overseas collections.
Australia has one of the world's highest attendances of art galleries and museums per head of populationfar more
than Britain or America.
[97]
Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council.
There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well-known for its
famous soprano Joan Sutherland. At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading
opera singers. Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has
a publicly funded theatre company.
Australia
19
Performance of Aboriginal song and dance in the
Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney
Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the
works of writers such as Banjo Paterson, Henry Lawson, and Dorothea
Mackellar captured the experience of the Australian bush.
[98]
The
character of the nation's colonial past, as represented in early literature,
is popular with modern Australians. In 1973, Patrick White was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature,
[99]
the first Australian to have
achieved this. Australian winners of the Man Booker Prize have
included Peter Carey and Thomas Keneally; David Williamson, David
Malouf, and J. M. Coetzee, who recently became an Australian citizen,
are also renowned writers,
[100]
and Les Murray is regarded as "one of
the leading poets of his generation".
Media
The Australian cinema industry began with the 1906 release of The Story of the Kelly Gang, which is regarded as
being the world's first feature-length film; but both Australian feature film production and the distribution of
British-made features declined dramatically after World War I as American studios and distributors monopolised the
industry, and by the 1930s around 95% of the feature films screened in Australia were produced in Hollywood. By
the late 1950s feature film production in Australia had effectively ceased and there were no all-Australian feature
films made in the decade between 1959 and 1969.
Thanks to initiatives by the Gorton and Whitlam federal governments, the New Wave of Australian cinema of the
1970s brought provocative and successful films, some exploring the nation's colonial past, such as Picnic at Hanging
Rock and Breaker Morant,
[101]
while the so-called "Ocker" genre produced several highly successful urban-based
comedy features including The Adventures of Barry McKenzie and Alvin Purple. Later hits included Mad Max and
Gallipoli. More recent successes included Shine and Rabbit-Proof Fence. Notable Australian actors include Judith
Anderson, Errol Flynn, Nicole Kidman, Naomi Watts, Hugh Jackman, Heath Ledger, Geoffrey Rush, and Cate
Blanchettcurrent joint director of the Sydney Theatre Company.
Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special
Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, and numerous public,
non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper, and there are two national
daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review. In 2010, Reporters Without Borders placed
Australia 18th on a list of 178 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United
Kingdom (19th) and United States (20th). This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of
commercial media ownership in Australia;
[102]
most print media are under the control of News Corporation and
Fairfax Media.
Australia
20
Cuisine
The Pavlova has been consumed in Australia
since the 20th century.
The food of Indigenous Australians was largely influenced by the area
in which they lived. Most tribal groups subsisted on a simple
hunter-gatherer diet, hunting native game and fish and collecting native
plants and fruit. The general term for native Australian flora and fauna
used as a source of food is bush tucker. The first settlers introduced
British food to the continent, and much of that is now considered
typical Australian food; the Sunday roast has become an enduring
tradition for many Australians. Since the beginning of the 20th century,
food in Australia has increasingly been influenced by immigrants to
the nation, particularly from Southern European and Asian cultures.
Australian wine is produced in 60 distinct production areas totalling
approximately 160,000 hectares, mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country. The wine regions in each of
these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of local climates and soil types. The
predominant varieties are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Smillon, Pinot noir, Riesling, and
Sauvignon blanc.
[103]
In 1995, an Australian red wine, Penfolds Grange, won the Wine Spectator award for Wine of
the Year, the first time a wine from outside France or California achieved this distinction.
Sport
Cricket has been an important part of Australia's
sporting culture since the 19th century.
[104]
Approximately 24% of Australians over the age of 15 regularly
participate in organised sporting activities. Australia has strong
international teams in cricket, field hockey, netball, rugby league, and
rugby union, having been Olympic or world champions at least twice
in each sport in the last 25 years for both men and women where
applicable. Australia is also powerful in track cycling, rowing, and
swimming, having consistently been in the top-five medal-winners at
Olympic or World Championship level since 2000. Swimming is the
strongest of these sports; Australia is the second-most prolific medal
winner in the sport in Olympic history.
Some of Australia's most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are swimmers Dawn Fraser,
Murray Rose, Shane Gould, and Ian Thorpe; sprinters Shirley Strickland, Betty Cuthbert, and Cathy Freeman; tennis
players Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, Ken Rosewall, Evonne Goolagong, and Margaret Court; cricketers Donald
Bradman and Shane Warne; three-time Formula One world champion Jack Brabham; five-time motorcycle grand
prix world champion Mick Doohan; golfers Greg Norman and Karrie Webb; cyclist Hubert Opperman, prodigious
billiards player Walter Lindrum and basketball players Andrew Bogut and Lauren Jackson. Nationally, other popular
sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, squash, surfing, soccer, and motor racing. The annual
Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest.
Australia has participated in every summer Olympics of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games. Australia
hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney,
[105]
and ranked among
the top six medal-takers for the games of 2000, 2004 and 2008. In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Australia
was placed 10th in the medal table. Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 Commonwealth Games and
will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian
Open tennis grand slam tournament, international cricket matches, and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix.
Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the annual AustraliaNew Zealand Bledisloe Cup is keenly
watched. The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the summer Olympics, FIFA World
Australia
21
Cup, Rugby League State of Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football
League.
[106]
Skiing in Australia began in the 1860s and snow sports take place in the Australian Alps and parts of
Tasmania.
Other activities
Research published by The Economist in February 2014 showed that gambling is a significant activity in Australia.
Per capita, Australian adults lose, on average, more than A$1,100 annually through gambling and the nation is
ranked sixth in a list of the highest amount of gambling losses by country. Since 1877, the Melbourne Cup horse race
has been celebrated as a public holiday in the state of Victoria, and upon visiting the event in 1895, writer Mark
Twain stated: "Nowhere in the world have I encountered a festival of people that has such a magnificent appeal to
the whole nation. The Cup astonishes me."
Notes
[1] Australia's royal anthem is "God Save the Queen", played in the presence of a member of the Royal family when they are in Australia. In all
other appropriate contexts, the national anthem of Australia, "Advance Australia Fair", is played.<ref> It's an Honour Symbols Australian
National Anthem (http:/ / www. itsanhonour.gov. au/ symbols/ anthem. cfm) and DFAT "The Australian National Anthem" (http:/ / www.
dfat. gov. au/ facts/ nat_anthem. html);
[2] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Australia& params=35_18. 48_S_149_7. 47_E_type:country
[3] English does not have de jure status. UNIQ-ref-0-4adfd5a5c3f4b952-QINU
[4] See entry in the Macquarie Dictionary.
[5] [5] The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the
date shown in the citation.
[6] There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see Time in Australia.
[7] [7] Davison, Hirst and Macintyre, pp. 157, 254.
[8] Walsh, Michael (1991) "Overview of indigenous languages of Australia" in Suzane Romaine (ed.) Language in Australia, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-33983-9.
[9] Data refer mostly to the year 2012. World Economic Outlook Database-October 2013 (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2013/
02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?pr. x=39& pr. y=6& sy=2012& ey=2012& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1&
c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,624,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,135,321,716,243,456,248,722,469,942,253,718,642,724,643,576,939,936,644,961,819,813,172,199,132,733,646,184,648,524,915,361,134,362,652,364,174,732,328,366,258,734,656,144,654,146,336,463,263,528,268,923,532,738,944,578,176,537,534,742,536,866,429,369,433,744,178,186,436,925,136,869,343,746,158,926,439,466,916,112,664,111,826,298,542,927,967,846,443,299,917,582,544,474,941,754,446,698,666&
s=NGDPDPC& grp=0& a=), International Monetary Fund. Accessed on 8 October 2013.
[10] Australian pronunciations: Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ISBN 1-876429-14-3
[11] The Oxford English Dictionary records a first occurrence in 1908, in the form Oss. Oz is often taken as an oblique reference to the fictional
Land of Oz in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939), based on L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).<ref>Jacobson, H.
(1988) In the Land of Oz, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-010966-8.
[12] The Americana Annual: 1988, Americana Corporation, vol.13, 1989, p.66, ISBN 0-7172-0220-8.
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Australia
22
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[53] [53] "Smallest continent and sixth largest country (in area) on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans."
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Australia
23
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Australia
24
References
Bibliography
Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart (1999). The Oxford Companion to Australian History.
Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-553597-9.
Jupp, James (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-80789-1.
Smith, Bernard; Smith, Terry (1991). Australian painting 17881990. Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.
ISBN0-19-554901-5.
Teo, Hsu-Ming; White, Richard (2003). Cultural history in Australia. University of New South Wales Press.
ISBN0-86840-589-2.
Further reading
Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN
0-631-17962-3
Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds) (2011). The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture Cambridge University
Press, Port Melbourne, Victoria. ISBN 978-0-521-88857-8
Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50668-5.
Powell JM (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge, U.K.:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25619-4
Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ (2000) Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and
environment. London: Arnold; NY: OUP; 0340720336 paper 0-340720328 hard.
External links
Wikimedia Atlas of Australia
About Australia (http:/ / www. dfat. gov. au/ geo/ australia/ ) from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
website
Governments of Australia website (http:/ / www. gov. au/ ) (federal, states and territories)
Australian Government website (http:/ / www. australia. gov. au/ )
Australian Bureau of Statistics (http:/ / www. abs. gov. au/ )
Community organisations portal (http:/ / www. community. gov. au/ )
Tourism Australia (http:/ / www. australia. com/ )
Australia travel guide from Wikivoyage
Australia (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ as. html) entry at The World
Factbook
Australia (http:/ / ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ australia. htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Australia (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Oceania/ Australia) on the Open Directory Project
Geographic data related to Australia (http:/ / www. openstreetmap. org/ browse/ relation/ 80500) at
OpenStreetMap
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