Vermelding onderdeel organisatie

Bio-I nspiredDesign
Bioscaling: does size matter?
Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering
Department of BioMechanical Engineering
Just Herder
February 17, 2010 2
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scaling effects
Fleas can jump 130 times as high as their height
(St Pauls for a human) and 350 times as far as
their body length (football field for a human)
Kangaroos can jump only around 10 m far
http://www.earth1.net/~bwalker
February 17, 2010 3
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Fleas can jump > 100 times
their body height and
length
Why cannot elephants do
the same thing?
Very often: Area to volume
ratio
Nicolas Deveaux
February 17, 2010 4
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Example: spherical organisms (0.4 um 14 mm)
A=4R
2
V= 4R
3
/3
Hence A/V=3/R
Oxygen uptake proportional with volume
Oxygen transport proportional with area
From: W. Nachtigall, Biomechanik, 2000
February 17, 2010 5
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Example: spherical organisms (0.4 um 14 mm)
A=4R
2
V= 4R
3
/3
Hence A/V=3/R
Oxygen uptake proportional with volume
Oxygen transport proportional with area
Organisms greater than around 20 mm need organs
dedicated to oxygen uptake (e.g. lungs).
From: W. Nachtigall, Biomechanik, 2000
February 17, 2010 6
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
trees
The Giant Trees of the Styx Valley in Souther Tasmania
The worlds most slender chimney (Halsbrucke
Esse near Freiberg, Sachsen, compared with
grass and upscaled Fagus Sylvatica
February 17, 2010 7
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Trees: height versus trunk diameter
From: W. Nachtigall, Biomechanik, 2000
February 17, 2010 8
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Constant ratio of
deflection/length
would require =2
McMahon and Kronauer, 1976
February 17, 2010 9
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
However, measurements (via eigenfrequency) suggest
D=L
3/2
or L=D
2/3
McMahon and Kronauer, 1976
February 17, 2010 10
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Heart beat versus body mass
Simplifying assumption: Assume
scaling law for accellerating mass:
1
3
2 2
2
2 2
1
:
m
F mx mr Vr
F Vr
A A
S S S S
Equal and
S S S

= = =
= =
=
= =
l
l
&&
JC Cool, 2004
February 17, 2010 11
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
10
-2
10
-1
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
h
e
a
r
t

b
e
a
t

[
1
/
m
i
n
]
body mass [kg]
mouse
hedgehog
cat
human
horse
elephant
theoretical
actual
JC Cool, 2004
February 17, 2010 12
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Energetical scaling laws
Heat production versus heat transfer through skin
Per kg larger animals need less food (more efficient)
No warm-blooded animals smaller than mouse-size
2
2
1
3
:
:
V
V
m
Demand S S
S S
Then S
S S

=
= =
l
l
l
l
JC Cool, 2004
February 17, 2010 13
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
10
-2
10
-1
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
2*10
6
5*10
5
10
5
2*10
4
O
x
y
g
e
n

u
p
t
a
k
e

[
m
m
3
/
k
g
h
r
]
body mass [kg]
mouse
rat
rabbit
human
horse
elephant
theoretical
actual
dog
1
3
1
V
m
m
S
S S
S

= =
l
JC Cool, 2004
February 17, 2010 14
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Gulliver: 12 times bigger than lilliputters. According to the
story he needs 12
3
times as much food, is that correct?
http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/.a/6a00d83451c45669e20120a5ddcabc970c-popup
February 17, 2010 15
2008 J ust L. Herder
Scalingeffects
Gulliver: 12 times bigger than lilliputters. According to the
story he needs 12
3
times as much food, but in reality he
would need only 12
2
.
http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/.a/6a00d83451c45669e20120a5ddcabc970c-popup