Republic of the Philippines

Southern Luzon State University

College of Allied Medicine
Lucban, Quezon
A.Y. 2013-2014
Testicular Enalrgement

A Case Study Presented to
The Faculty of College of Allied Medicine
Southern Luzon State University
Lucban, Quezon


Submitted to:
Mrs. Carolina Pedrido
(Clinical Instructor)

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Related Learning Experience

Submitted by:
Jonar V. Siudad
BSN III A
Group 2

I. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
After establishing Nurse-Patient Interaction, thorough physical
assessment, providing care to the client and study of the clients condition,
student will gain knowledge, develop skills and enhance attitude through the
utilization of the nursing process on the care and management of the patient
with Testicular Enlargement.

Specific Objectives
On completion of this case study the student will be able to:
Understand what Coronary Artery Disease is.
Identify its clinical manifestations.
Determine the health status of the patient through:
o General and Demographic Data
o History of Present Illness
o Past Medical History
o Family Health History
o Physical Examination
Build trusting relationship with both the patient and significant others.
Utilize skills in performing physical examination to the patient.
Analyze laboratory results and correlate it with patients present
condition.
Familiarize self to some medical and diagnostic procedures related to
the patients present condition.
Trace the pathophysiology of the disease.
Determine the relevance of the drugs or medication to the patient.
Formulate nursing diagnosis and provide necessary nursing
management and interventions.
Determine the rationale behind the applied nursing interventions.
Render quality-nursing care through implementation of the Nursing
Care Plan.
Evaluate effectiveness of Nursing Care Plan and medical
management.
Provide continuity of care by giving health teachings not only to patient
but also as well the Significant Others.



II. INTRODUCTION




http://www.healthline.com/health/scrotal-swelling
http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/testicular-tumours










































III. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system includes
the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex
glands, and penis. These organs work together
to produce sperm, the male gamete, and the
other components of semen. These organs also
work together to deliver semen out of the body
and into the vagina where it can fertilize egg
cells to produce offspring

Scrotum
The scrotum is a sac-like organ made of skin and muscles that houses the
testes. It is located inferior to the penis in the pubic region. The scrotum is made
up of 2 side-by-side pouches with a testis located in each pouch. The smooth
muscles that make up the scrotum allow it to regulate the distance between the
testes and the rest of the body. When the testes become too warm to support
spermatogenesis, the scrotum relaxes to move the testes away from the bodys
heat. Conversely, the scrotum contracts to move the testes closer to the bodys
core heat when temperatures drop below the ideal range for spermatogenesis.

Testes
The 2 testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads responsible for the
production of sperm and testosterone. The testes are ellipsoid glandular organs
around 1.5 to 2 inches long and an inch in diameter. Each testis is found inside
its own pouch on one side of the scrotum and is connected to the abdomen by a
spermatic cord and cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscles contract and relax
along with the scrotum to regulate the temperature of the testes. The inside of
the testes is divided into small compartments known as lobules. Each lobule
contains a section of seminiferous tubule lined with epithelial cells. These
epithelial cells contain many stem cells that divide and form sperm cells through
the process of spermatogenesis.

Epididymis
The epididymis is a sperm storage area that wraps around the superior and
posterior edge of the testes. The epididymis is made up of several feet of long,
thin tubules that are tightly coiled into a small mass. Sperm produced in the
testes moves into the epididymis to mature before being passed on through
the male reproductive organs. The length of the epididymis delays the release
of the sperm and allows them time to mature.

Spermatic Cords and Ductus Deferens
Within the scrotum, a pair of spermatic cords connects the testes to the
abdominal cavity. The spermatic cords contain the ductus deferens along with
nerves, veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels that support the function of the
testes.
The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a muscular tube that
carries sperm superiorly from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity to the
ejaculatory duct. The ductus deferens is wider in diameter than the epididymis
and uses its internal space to store mature sperm. The smooth muscles of the
walls of the ductus deferens are used to move sperm towards the ejaculatory
duct through peristalsis.
Seminal Vesicles
The seminal vesicles are a pair of lumpy exocrine glands that store and
produce some of the liquid portion of semen. The seminal vesicles are about 2
inches in length and located posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to
the rectum. The liquid produced by the seminal vesicles contains proteins and
mucus and has an alkaline pH to help sperm survive in the acidic environment of
the vagina. The liquid also contains fructose to feed sperm cells so that they
survive long enough to fertilize the oocyte.
Ejaculatory Duct
The ductus deferens passes through the prostate and joins with the urethra at a
structure known as the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct contains the ducts
from the seminal vesicles as well. During ejaculation, the ejaculatory duct opens
and expels sperm and the secretions from the seminal vesicles into the urethra.
Urethra
Semen passes from the ejaculatory duct to the exterior of the body via the
urethra, an 8 to 10 inch long muscular tube. The urethra passes through the
prostate and ends at theexternal urethral orifice located at the tip of the penis.
Urine exiting the body from the urinary bladder also passes through the urethra.
Prostate
The prostate is a walnut-sized exocrine gland that borders the inferior end of the
urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra. The prostate produces a large portion
of the fluid that makes up semen. This fluid is milky white in color and contains
enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals to support and protect sperm during
ejaculation. The prostate also contains smooth muscle tissue that can constrict to
prevent the flow of urine or semen.
Cowpers Glands
The Cowpers glands, also known as the bulbourethral glands, are a pair of
pea-sized exocrine glands located inferior to the prostate and anterior to the
anus. The Cowpers glands secrete a thin alkaline fluid into the urethra that
lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acid from urine remaining in the urethra
after urination. This fluid enters the urethra during sexual arousal prior to
ejaculation to prepare the urethra for the flow of semen.
Penis
The penis is the male external sexual organ located superior to the scrotum and
inferior to the umbilicus. The penis is roughly cylindrical in shape and contains
the urethra and the external opening of the urethra. Large pockets of erectile
tissue in the penis allow it to fill with blood and become erect. The erection of the
penis causes it to increase in size and become turgid. The function of the penis is
to deliver semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse. In addition to its
reproductive function, the penis also allows for the excretion of urine through the
urethra to the exterior of the body.
Semen
Semen is the fluid produced by males for sexual reproduction and is ejaculated
out of the body during sexual intercourse. Semen contains sperm, the male
reproductive gametes, along with a number of chemicals suspended in a liquid
medium. The chemical composition of semen gives it a thick, sticky consistency
and a slightly alkaline pH. These traits help semen to support reproduction by
helping sperm to remain within the vagina after intercourse and to neutralize the
acidic environment of the vagina. In healthy adult males, semen contains around
100 million sperm cells per milliliter. These sperm cells fertilize oocytes inside the
female fallopian tubes.













IV. OVERVIEW OF THE DISEASE
Review of Related Literature
Definition
An enlarged testicle is a common symptom of injury, inflammation or infection. Testicle
enlargement results from swelling, a lump, or a cyst within the testicle. Other conditions
that cause swelling in the scrotum may appear to be an enlarged testicle. Injury leading
to swelling is a common cause of enlarged testicle, and inflammation of the testicle for
any reason can also cause swelling. Depending on the cause, enlargement may occur
in one or both testicles, and may be accompanied by pain, swelling or fever.

Infections of the epididymis or testicle itself are common causes of enlarged testicle. A
scrotal cyst (spermatocele) or varicose veins (varicocele) can also result in the
appearance of an enlarged testicle. In rare cases, enlargement of the testicle is a
symptom of testicular cancer, a condition that is commonly associated with a painless
lump. Mumps, a viral infection, can lead to an enlarged testicle along with other
symptoms, such as swollen salivary glands, sore throat, and fever. An inguinal hernia,
when the abdominal contents protrude into the groin, can be mistaken for an enlarged
testicle.

Causes
Enlarged testicle is a common symptom of injury, inflammation or infection. Testicle
enlargement results from swelling of the soft tissues, a lump, or a cyst within the
testicle. Injury leading to swelling is a common cause of an enlarged testicle.

Depending on the cause, enlargement may occur in one or both testicles, and it may be
accompanied by pain, swelling or fever. Infections of the epididymis or testes can cause
enlarged testicles. In rare cases, enlargement of the testicle is a symptom of testicular
cancer, a condition commonly associated with a painless lump.
Common causes
Cancer of the testicle
Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis)
Inguinal hernia, which may be mistaken for an enlarged testicle
Mumps (viral infection that can cause inflammation of the testicle)
Orchitis (inflammation of the testicle)
Scrotal sac infection
Spermatocele (cyst in the scrotum)
Testicular torsion
Trauma or injury
Varicose veins in the scrotum (varicocele), which may appear as an enlarged testicle

Risk Factors

Symptoms
Abdominal pain or pressure
Difficult or painful urination, or burning with urination (dysuria)
Discharge or pus from the end of the penis
Fever
Pain associated with ejaculation
Pain in the testicle
Scrotum that feels swollen or heavy
Testicle lump

Laboratory Studies
These tests may include:
ultrasound: an imaging technique that uses sound waves to create an image of the
testicles, scrotum, and abdomen
blood test: a small amount of blood can be tested for the presence of tumor cells,
infections, and more
biopsy: involves removing a small tissue sample from the testicle with specialized
equipment; the sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing










V. CASE STUDY PROPER
Patient Data
Name: Patient X
Case number: 0024425
Ward: Surgery Department/ General Male Ward
Bed no.: 225
Address: Purok Antipolo Brgy. Canda Ilaya, Lopez, Quezon
Age: 52y/o
Sex: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Birthday: March 26,1961
Status: Married
Place of birth: Lopez, Quezon
Chief Complaint: Difficulty Of Breathing
Admission date: August 26,2013
Discharge Date: Unknown
Diagnosis: Left Testicular Tumor
Attending Physician: Dr. Combalicer, Mario Donato M.

A. General Study
General Assessment
Conscious and coherent
Not in respiratory distress
Febrile
With body malaise
Body Structure
Body parts look equal bilaterally and are in relative proportion to each
other
Stout
Body wt: 66kg

Vital Signs:
Body
Temperature

Pulse Rate

Respiratory Rate

Blood Pressure
Day 1 36.1 C 103bpm 30 breaths/min 130/90mmHg
Day 2 38.0 C 109bpm 27 breaths/min 160/110mmHg
Day 3 37.3 C 105bpm 28 breaths/min 110/90mmHg

Physical Assessment
Integumentary
With good skin turgor
With fair skin color

HEENT
Head
symmetrical with rounded skull contour
with long black hair
lice were noted on the head

Eyes
eyelashes are short, evenly spaced and slightly curled outward.
no swelling noted
With slightly pale conjunctiva
With whitish sclera
Ears
auricle is of equal size and similar in appearance
no discharges noted
Nose
same color as the face, symmetrical in appearance
no changes in nares upon respiration
nasal septum is intact and on midline
no redness or swelling noted on the nasal mucosa
nasal discharges noted, whitish in color, scanty in amount
Mouth
pale and dry lips
gums are pinkish in color, moist
tongue is in central position, moves freely and has no tenderness
Neck
no palpable neck mass noted
no neck rigidity noted
Thorax and Lungs
chest is symmetrical with skin intact
chest wall is intact
with wheezing breath sounds are heard on both lung fields upon auscultation
Heart
with normal heart rhythm.
Abdomen
soft and non-tender upon palpation
no palpable mass noted
no complaints of abdominal pain
Extremities
Upper
well-flexed
with fresh lesions/wounds noted
has normal sensation with pinkish nail beds and a capillary refill time of 1-2
seconds
Lower
with slightly pale nail beds
with capillary refill time of 1-2 seconds upon blanching
with edema noted on both legs, grade 1

History of Present Illness
Few hour prior to admission that patient experienced sudden difficulty of
breathing upon gathering some coconuts. According to the patient, at the same time
she had notice her both feet edematous and made her less conscious and dizzy.

Past Medical History
According to the patient, she had been hospitalized 2 years ago for complaint of
hypertension. But she only took 3 days in the hospital and went home to continue the
treatments. But right after her medications, she hasnt continue all her medications due
to financial problems.

Family Health History
According to the patient, their family has no history of heart attack but had show
present hypertension on her father side.
Personal and Social History:
The patient is a plain housewife. She had stopped smoking for about 2 years ago
after her last hospitalizations but a heavy alcoholic drinker with her friends and her
daughters friends. She eats alot of rice and more on meat and vegetables including
street foods.