Tutorials '9892603993 MH-CET/XII Mathematics

5 C O N I C S
A conic is the locus of a point such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point to its distance
from a fixed straight line is constant.
The fixed point is called focus of the conic and is denoted by S. the fixed straight line is called
directrix of the conics and is denoted by d . The constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the
conic and is denoted by e
If S is the focus , d is the directrix P ( x1, y1) is any point on the conic and P d , the e!uation
of the conic is gi"en by PS = e PM .
This property of the conics is called focus-directrix property .
If e # 1 , the conic is called a Parabola
If e $ 1 , the conic is called a Ellipse
If e % 1 , the conic is called a Hyperbola
The general e!uation of a conic is gi"en by a
general second degree e!uation in x and y.
Important Term in Conics
!"is A line about &hich a conic is symmetrical is called an axis of the conic
#erte" The point in &hich an axis of a conic meets the cur"e is called a "ertex of the conics.
$ocal point ' The distance of a point on a conic from its focus is called focal distance
$ocal Chor% ' A chord of a conic passing through its focus is called a focal chord .
&atus 'ectum ' The focal chord of a conic perpendicular to its axis is called is called its latus
rectum.
PARABOLA
(roperties o) (ara*ola
+, The tangent at any point on the parabola bisects the angle bet&een the focal chord through that
point and a line perpendicular to the directrix
2, The intercept on the tangent of the parabola bet&een its point of contact and the directrix
subtends a right angle at the focus.
3, The sub(tangent is bisected at "ertex
-, The circle on a focal radius of a parabola as diameter touches tangent at "ertex .
., The locus of the perpendiculars to the tangent of the parabola from the focus is tangent at
"ertex .
6, If the tangent at the point P and ) of parabola meet at * , then S*
+
# SP. S)
/, Through the "ertex , of the parabola y
2
= 4ax , a line is dra&n perpendicular to any tangent ,
meeting it in P and the parabola in ) , then ,P.,) is constant.
Conics - : 15
Tutorials '9892603993 MH-CET/XII Mathematics
PARABOLA
Definition A parabola is the locus of a point such that its distance from a fixed point is e!ual to
its distance from a fixed straight line.
The e!uation y
2
= 4ax is called standard e!uation of parabola.
The e!uations x = at
2
and y = 2at &here -t. the parameter , are called parametric e!uations
(ara*ola y
2
0 -a" y
2
0 - -a" "
2
0 -ay "
2
0 --ay
/ocus
(a, 0) ((a, 0) (0, a) (0, (a)
1irectrix
x 2 a # 0 x ( a # 0 y 2 a # 0 y ( a # 0
Axis
3!uation of axis
4(axis
y # 0
4(axis
y # 0
5 6axis
x # 0
5 6axis
x # 0
7ertex
(0, 0) origin (0, 0) origin (0, 0) origin (0, 0) origin
8ength 8atus 9ectum
:a :a :a :a
3nds of 8atus 9ectum
(a, +a) (a, (+a) ((a, +a) ((a, (+a) (+a, a) ((+a, a) (+a, (a) ((+a, (a)
3!uation of 8. 9.
x ( a # 0 x 2 a # 0 y ( a # 0 y 2 a # 0
Tangent at "ertex
x # 0, 5 6axis x # 0, 5 6axis y # 0, 4(axis y # 0, 4(axis
3xtent of Parabola
I ; I7 !uadrant II ; III !uadrant I ; II !uadrant III ; I7 !uadrant
Standard 3!uation
(ara*ola In general t&o tangents can
be dra&n to parabola from a
point P( x
1
, y
1
) in its plane
If m
1
and m
+
are the slopes of
the t&o tangents , then

1
+ 1
1
1
+ 1
. ;
x
a
m m
x
y
m m = = +
If the tangents dra&n at P(t)
and )(t) on the parabola
intersect at 9 then
( ) ) (
+ 1 + 1
t t a t t a R + =
y
+
# :ax
Parametric 3!uation x # at
+
, y # +at
3!uation of tangent at
P(x
1
, y
1
)
) ( +
1 1
x x a y y + =
3!uation of tangent at
P ( )
yt = x + at
2
3!uation of tangent in
terms of slope ;
Point of contact
m
a
mx y + =

m
a
m
a +
,
+
E L L I P S E
Ellipse 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
1 a 2 * , 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
1 * 2 a ,
Conics - : 16
Tutorials '9892603993 MH-CET/XII Mathematics
/ocus S( ae , 0 ) S ((ae, 0) S( 0 , be ) S (0, (be)
1irectrix d
e
a
x = , d
e
a
x = d
e
b
x = , d
e
b
x =
Axis ( length )
a<or Axis (x(axis ) # +a
inor Axis (y(axis ) # +b
a<or Axis (x(axis ) # +b
inor Axis (y(axis ) # +a
=entre ( 0, 0 ) ( 0, 0 )
8ength 8atus 9ectum
a
b
+
+
b
a
+
+
3nds of 8atus 9ectum 8 ) , (
+
a
b
ae 8 ) , (
+
a
b
ae
8 ) , (
+
be
b
a
8
) , (
+
be
b
a

3!uation of 8. 9. x # ae , x # ( ae y # be , y # ( be
9elation bet&een a ; b b
+
# a
+
( 1 6e
+
) a
+
# b
+
( 1 6e
+
)
7ertices
A ( a, 0 ) , A.( (a, 0 )
>( 0, b ) , >.( 0, (b )
A ( a, 0 ) , A.( (a, 0 )
>( 0, b ) , >.( 0, (b )
3ccentricity
a
b a
e
+ +

=
b
a b
e
+ +

=
1istance bet&een foci 2ae 2be
1istance bet&een
directrices e
a +
e
b +
Standard 3!uation
Ellipse
1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
Parametric
3!uation
x = a cos , y = b
sin
3!uation of tangent
at
P(x1, y1)
1
+
1
+
1
= +
b
yy
a
xx
3!uation of tangent
at
P ( )
1
sin cos
= +
b
y
a
x
3!uation of tangent
in
terms of slope ;
Point of contact
+ + +
b m a mx y + =

c
b
c
m a
+ +
,
3!uation of 1irector
=ircle
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ b
2
H Y P E R B O L A
Hyper*ola 1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x
1
+
+
+
+
=
a
x
b
y

/ocus S( ae , 0 ) S ((ae, 0) S( 0 , be ) S (0, (be)
Conics - : 17
Tutorials '9892603993 MH-CET/XII Mathematics
1irectrix 1
e
a
x = , d
e
a
x = d
e
b
x = , d
e
b
x =
Axis ( length )
Trans"erse Axis (x(axis ) # +a
=on<ugate Axis (y(axis ) # +b
Trans"erse Axis (x(axis ) # +b
=on<ugate Axis (y(axis ) # +a
=entre ( 0, 0 ) ( 0, 0 )
8ength 8atus 9ectum
a
b
+
+
b
a
+
+
3nds of 8atus 9ectum 8 ) , (
+
a
b
ae 8 ) , (
+
a
b
ae
8 ) , (
+
be
b
a
8
) , (
+
be
b
a

3!uation of 8. 9. x # ae , x # ( ae y # be , y # ( be
9elation bet&een a ; b b
+
# a
+
(e
+
61) a
+
# b
+
(e
+
61)
7ertices
A ( a, 0 ) , A.( (a, 0 )
>( 0, b ) , >.( 0, (b )
A ( a, 0 ) , A.( (a, 0 )
>( 0, b ) , >.( 0, (b )
3ccentricity
a
b a
e
+ +
+
=
b
b a
e
+ +
+
=
1istance bet&een foci 2ae 2be
1istance bet&een
directrices e
a +
e
b +
Standard 3!uation
Hyper*ola

1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x
Parametric 3!uation x = a sec , y = b tan
3!uation of tangent at
P(x1, y1)
1
+
1
+
1
=
b
yy
a
xx
3!uation of tangent at
P ( )
1
tan sec
=
b
y
a
x
3!uation of tangent in
terms of slope ;
Point of contact
+ + +
b m a mx y =

c
b
c
m a
+ +
,
3!uation of 1irector
=ircle
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
b
2
Ellipse :
Definition : A ellipse is the locs of a point in a plane sch that ratio of its !istance from a fixe!
point an! fixe! strai"ht line is a constant less than one#
The e!uation 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
is called standard e!uation of ellipse
Conics - : 18
Tutorials '9892603993 MH-CET/XII Mathematics
The e!uations x = a cos

and y = b sin &here - . the parameter, are called parametric
e!uations
In general t&o tangents can be dra&n from a point P ( x1 , y1) to the ellipse 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x

If m1 and m+ are slopes of these tangents then
+
1
+
1
+ 1
+ 1
+
a x
y x
m m

= +
and
+ +
1
+ +
1
+ 1
.
a x
b y
m m

=
(roperties o) ellipse
+, The sum of the focal distance of a point on the ellipse is e!ual to the length of the ma<or axis.
3' The sum of the focal distance of a point on the ellipse 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
is +a
+) If p1 , p+ are the length of the perpendicular segments from the foci of the ellipse 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x

to any tangent, then p1 . p+ # b
+
3'
The product of the lengths of perpendicular segments from the foci on any tangent to the ellipse
1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
is b
+
?) The intercept on any tangent to an ellipse bet&een its point of contact and the directrix
subtends right angle at the corresponding focus. 3'
If the tangent at a point P on an ellipse meets a directrix in ) , then the segment P) subtends
right angle at the corresponding focus
:) The focus of the foot of the perpendicular from a focus of the ellipse, 1
+
+
+
+
= +
b
y
a
x
on any
tangent is its auxiliary circle.
Hyperbola :
Definition ' A hyperbola is the locus of a point in a plane such that ratio of its distance from a
fixed point and fixed straight line is a constant greater than one.
The e!uation 1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x
is called standard e!uation of hyperbola
Conics - : 19
Tutorials '9892603993 MH-CET/XII Mathematics
The e!uations x = a sec

and y = b tan &here -. the parameter , are called parametric
e!uations
In general t&o tangents can be dra&n from a point P ( x1 , y1) to the hyperbola 1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x

If m1 and m+ are slopes of these tangents then
+
1
+
1
+ 1
+ 1
+
a x
y x
m m

= +
and
+ +
1
+ +
1
+ 1
.
a x
b y
m m

=
(roperties o) Hyper*ola
1) The difference bet&een the focal distance of a point on the hyperbola is e!ual to the length of
its trans"erse axis. 3'
If P is any point on the hyperbola 1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x
, and S , S are the foci , then @ SP 6 S P @ # +a .
+) The product of the lengths of the perpendicular from the foci and any tangent to the hyperbola
1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x
is e!ual to b
+
.
?) The tangent at a point P on a hyperbola bisects the angle bet&een the focal radii to the point
P.
:) The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus on the hyperbola 1
+
+
+
+
=
b
y
a
x
on
any tangent is its auxiliary circle.

Conics - : 20