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Association of Southeast Asian

Nations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations[5] (ASEAN /
si.n/ AH-see-ahn,[6] /zi.n/ AH-zee-ahn)[7] [8] is a
political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast
Asia, hich as formed on ! August "#$% &y Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Sinapo!e and "hailand'[#] Since then, mem&ership has
e(panded to include $!unei, %a&'odia, (aos, Myan&a! )$u!&a* and
+ietna&' )ts aims include accelerating e,ono&i, !o-th, so,ial p!o!ess,
so,io,ultu!al e.olution among its mem&ers, protection of regional peace
and sta&ility, and opportunities for mem&er countries to discuss
differences peacefully'[/0]
ASEAN co*ers a land area of +'+$ million km,, hich is -. of the
total land area of Earth, and has a population of appro(imately $//
million people, hich is !'!. of the orld0s population' The sea area of
ASEAN is a&out three times larger than its land counterpart' )n 1/"1,
its com&ined no&inal 12P had gron to more than 2S3 1'- trillion'[//]
)f ASEAN ere a single entity, it ould rank as the eighth largest
economy in the orld'
4istory
See also5
Me&'e! states
o3 the
Asso,iation o3
Southeast
Asian
4ations

A clicka&le
5ule!
dia!a& shoing the relationships &eteen *arious Asian !eional
o!anisations . d e
The mem&er states of ASEAN
$u!&a
)Myan&a!*
(aos
6+ietna&
"hailand
%a&-
'odia
Philippines
$!unei7
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Sinapo!e
I n d o n e s i a
I n d o n e s i a
I n d o n e s i a
ASEAN as preceded &y an organisation called the Association of
Southeast Asia (ASA), an alliance consisting of the 6hilippines,
7alaysia and Thailand that as formed in "#$"' The &loc itself,
hoe*er, as esta&lished on ! August "#$%, hen 3o!ein &iniste!s of
fi*e countries )ndonesia, 7alaysia, the 6hilippines, Singapore, and
Thailand met at the Thai 8epartment of Foreign Affairs &uilding in
$an8o8 and signed the ASEAN 8eclaration, more commonly knon as
the $an8o8 2e,la!ation' The fi*e foreign ministers Ada& Mali8 of
)ndonesia, 4a!,iso 9a&os of the 6hilippines, A'dul 9aza8 of 7alaysia, S.
9a:a!atna& of Singapore, and "hanat ;ho&an of Thailand are
considered the organisation0s Founding Fathers'[/<]
The moti*ations for the &irth of ASEAN ere so that its mem&ers9
go*erning elite could concentrate on nation 'uildin, the common fear
of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of e(ternal poers in the
"#$/s, and a desire for economic de*elopment'
The &lock gre hen $!unei 2a!ussala& &ecame the si(th mem&er on !
:anuary "#!+, &arely a eek after gaining independence on " :anuary'
[/=]
;ontinued e(pansion
See also5 5nla!e&ent o3 Asso,iation o3 Southeast Asian 4ations
<n 1! :uly "##=, >ietnam &ecame the se*enth mem&er'[/>] ?aos and
7yanmar (@urma) Aoined to years later on 1- :uly "##%'[/5] ;am&odia
as to ha*e Aoined together ith ?aos and @urma, &ut as deferred
due to the country0s internal political struggle' The country later
Aoined on -/ April "###, folloing the sta&ilisation of its go*ernment'
[/5] [/6]
8uring the "##/s, the &loc e(perienced an increase in &oth mem&ership
and dri*e for further integration' )n "##/, 7alaysia proposed the
creation of an 5ast Asia 5,ono&i, %au,us[/7] comprising the then mem&ers
of ASEAN as ell as the 6eople0s Bepu&lic of ;hina, :apan, and South
Corea, ith the intention of counter&alancing the groing influence of
the 2nited States in the Asia-Pa,i3i, 5,ono&i, %oope!ation (A6E;) and in
the Asian region as a hole'[/8] [/#] This proposal failed, hoe*er,
&ecause of hea*y opposition from the 2nited States and :apan'[/8] [<0]
8espite this failure, mem&er states continued to ork for further
integration and AS5A4 Plus "h!ee as created in "##%'
)n "##1, the ;ommon Effecti*e 6referential Tariff (;E6T) scheme as
signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the
region9s competiti*e ad*antage as a production &ase geared for the
orld market' This la ould act as the frameork for the AS5A4
?!ee "!ade A!ea' After the 5ast Asian ?inan,ial %!isis of "##%, a re*i*al of
the 7alaysian proposal as esta&lished in %hian Mai, knon as the
%hian Mai Initiati.e, hich calls for &etter integration &eteen the
economies of ASEAN as ell as the AS5A4 Plus "h!ee countries (;hina,
:apan, and South Corea)'[</]
Aside from impro*ing each mem&er state0s economies, the &loc also
focused on peace and sta&ility in the region' <n "= 8ecem&er "##=,
the Southeast Asian 4u,lea!-@eapon-?!ee Aone "!eaty as signed ith the
intention of turning Southeast Asia into a 4u,lea!-@eapon-?!ee Aone' The
treaty took effect on 1! 7arch "##% after all &ut one of the mem&er
states ha*e ratified it' )t &ecame fully effecti*e on 1" :une 1//",
after the 6hilippines ratified it, effecti*ely &anning all nuclear eapons
in the region'[<<]
East Timor and 6apua Ne Duinea
East Timor su&mitted a letter of application to &e the ele*enth
mem&er of ASEAN at the summit in :akarta in 7arch 1/""' )ndonesia
has shon a arm elcome to East Timor'[<=] [<>] [<5]
Papua 4e- 1uinea as accorded <&ser*er status in "#%$ and Special
<&ser*er status in "#!"'[<6] 6apua Ne Duinea is a Melanesian state'
ASEAN em&arked on a programme of economic cooperation folloing
the $ali Summit of "#%$' This floundered in the midE"#!/s and as
only re*i*ed around "##" due to a Thai proposal for a regional 3!ee
t!ade a!ea'
En*ironment

Satellite image of
the 1//$ haze
o*er $o!neo
At the turn of
the 1"st
century, issues
shifted to include
a regional approach to the en*ironment' The organisation started to
discuss en*ironmental agreements' These included the signing of the
AS5A4 A!ee&ent on "!ans'ounda!y Haze Pollution in 1//1 as an attempt to
control haze pollution in Southeast Asia'[<7] 2nfortunately, this as
unsuccessful due to the out&reaks of the <005 Malaysian haze and the
<006 Southeast Asian haze' <ther en*ironmental treaties introduced &y the
organisation include the %e'u 2e,la!ation on 5ast Asian 5ne!y Se,u!ity,[<8]
the AS5A4 @ildli3e 5n3o!,e&ent 4et-o!8 in 1//=,[<#] and the Asia-Pa,i3i,
Pa!tne!ship on %lean 2e.elop&ent and %li&ate, &oth of hich are responses
to the potential effects of climate change' ;limate change is of
current interest'
Through the @ali ;oncord )) in 1//-, ASEAN has su&scri&ed to the
notion of de&o,!ati, pea,e, hich means all mem&er countries &elie*e
democratic processes ill promote regional peace and sta&ility' Also,
the nonEdemocratic mem&ers all agreed that it as something all
mem&er states should aspire to'[=0]
ASEAN 6lus Three
?eaders of each country felt the need to further integrate the region'
@eginning in "##%, the &loc &egan creating organisations ithin its
frameork ith the intention of achie*ing this goal' AS5A4 Plus "h!ee
as the first of these and as created to impro*e e(isting ties ith
the PeopleBs 9epu'li, o3 %hina, Capan, and South ;o!ea' This as folloed
&y the e*en larger 5ast Asia Su&&it, hich no includes these countries
as ell as )ndia, Australia, Ne Fealand, 2nited States and Bussia' This
ne grouping acted as a prereGuisite for the planned 5ast Asia
%o&&unity, hich as supposedly patterned after the noEdefunct
5u!opean %o&&unity' The AS5A4 5&inent Pe!sons 1!oup as created to
study the possi&le successes and failures of this policy as ell as the
possi&ility of drafting an AS5A4 %ha!te!'
)n 1//$, ASEAN as gi*en o'se!.e! status at the Dnited 4ations 1ene!al
Asse&'ly'[=/] As a response, the organisation aarded the status of
Hdialogue partnerH to the 2nited Nations'[=<]
Free Trade
)n 1//%, ASEAN cele&rated its +/th anni*ersary since its inception,
and -/ years of diplomatic relations ith the 2nited States'[==] <n 1$
August 1//%, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its 3!ee t!ade
a!ee&ents ith ;hina, :apan, South Corea, )ndia, Australia and Ne
Fealand &y 1/"-, in line ith the esta&lishment of the ASEAN Economic
;ommunity &y 1/"='[=>] [=5] )n No*em&er 1//% the ASEAN mem&ers
signed the ASEAN ;harter, a constitution go*erning relations among
the ASEAN mem&ers and esta&lishing ASEAN itself as an international
legal entity'
I
,itation needed
J
8uring the same year, the %e'u 2e,la!ation on
5ast Asian 5ne!y Se,u!ity as signed in %e'u on "= :anuary 1//%, &y
ASEAN and the other mem&ers of the 5AS (Australia, 6eople0s
Bepu&lic of ;hina, )ndia, :apan, Ne Fealand, South Corea), hich
promotes ene!y se,u!ity &y finding ene!y alte!nati.es to ,on.entional 3uels'
I
,itation needed
J
<n 1% Fe&ruary 1//# a Free Trade Agreement ith the ASEAN
regional &lock of "/ countries and Aust!alia and its ,lose pa!tne! 4e-
Aealand as signed, it is estimated that this FTA ould &oost
aggregate D86 across the "1 countries &y more than 2S3+! &illion
o*er the period 1/// 1/1/' [=6] [=7] ASEAN mem&ers together ith the
group9s si( maAor trading partners Australia, ;hina, )ndia, :apan,
Ne Fealand and South Corea ha*e &egan the first round of
negotiations on 1$ 1! Fe&ruary 1/"- in @ali, )ndonesia, on
esta&lishment of the Begional ;omprehensi*e Economic 6artnership'[=8]
The ASEAN ay

This section needs additional citations for .e!i3i,ation' 6lease


help i&p!o.e this a!ti,le &y addin ,itations to !elia'le sou!,es' 2nsourced
material may &e challenged and remo*ed' (:anuary 1/"-)

ASEAN
mem&ers0
flags in
Ca8a!ta
Since the
postE
independence phases of Southeast Asian states, efforts ere made to
implement regional foreign policies, &ut ith a unifying focus to refrain
from interference in domestic affairs of mem&er states'
There as a mo*e to unify the region under hat as called the
KASEAN Way9 &ased on the ideals of nonEinterference, informality,
minimal institutionalisation, consultation and consensus, nonEuse of
force and nonEconfrontation' ASEAN mem&ers (especially Singapore)
appro*ed of the term KASEAN Way9 to descri&e a regional method
of &ultilate!alis&'
Thus the signing of the "!eaty o3 A&ity and %oope!ation in Southeast Asia
adopted fundamental principles5[=#]
7utual respect for the independence, so*ereignty, eGuality,
territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations
The right of e*ery State to lead its national e(istence free
from e(ternal interference, su&*ersion or coercion
NonEinterference in internal affairs
Settlement of differences or disputes in a peaceful manner
Benunciation of the threat or use of force
Effecti*e regional cooperation
The KASEAN ay9 is said to contri&ute dura&ility and longe*ity
ithin the organisation, &y promoting regional identity and enhancing a
spirit of mutual confidence and cooperation'[>0] ASEAN agreements are
negotiated in a close, interpersonal process' The process of
consultations and consensus is designed to engender a democratic
approach to decision making' These leaders are ary of any effort to
legitimise efforts to undermine their nation or contain regional coE
operation'
;ritical reception

Boyal Thai Em&assy in 4elsinki


flying its on national flag as ell as Asean flag
The ASEAN ay can &e seen as di*ergent from the conte(tual
contemporary political reality at the formati*e stages of the
association' A critical distinction is made &y A&ita. A,ha!ya, that the
KASEAN Way9 indicates La process of Kregional interactions and
cooperation &ased on discreteness, informality, consensus &uilding and
nonEconfrontational &argaining styles9 that contrasts ith Kthe
ad*ersarial posturing, maAority *ote and other legalistic decisionE
making procedures in Western multilateral organisations9H'[>/]
4oe*er, critics argue
I
-hoE
J
that the ASEAN Way ser*es as the maAor
stum&lingE&lock to it &ecoming a true diplomacy mechanism' 8ue to the
consensusE&ased approach e*ery mem&er has a *eto, so contentious
issues must remain unresol*ed until agreements can &e reached'
7oreo*er, it is claimed that mem&er nations are directly and indirectly
ad*ocating that ASEAN &e more fle(i&le and allo discourse on
internal affairs of mem&er countries'
Additionally, the preference for informal discussions to ad*ersarial
negotiations limits the le*erage of diplomatic solutions
I
-hi,hE
J
ithin
ASEAN'
7ichael Mahuda,[><] e(plains, in his &ook )nternational 6olitics of the
Asia 6acific (1//-) second and re*ised edition, the limitations of the
ASEAN ay' )n summary of his argument, unlike the 5u!opean Dnion,
Kthe ASEAN Way9 has made ASEAN mem&ers ne*er aspired to an
economic and political union' )t as designed to sustain the
independence and so*ereignty of mem&er states and to encourage
regional and national sta&ility' ASEAN differed in assessment of
e(ternal threat and they operated ithin conditions in hich legality
and the rule of la ere not generally consolidated ithin mem&er
states' ASEAN asn9t a rule making &ody su&Aecting its mem&ers to
the discipline of adhering its las and regulations' )t as operated
through consensus and informality' Also, the mem&er states a*oided to
confront certain issues if they ere to result in conflicts'[>=]
7eetings
ASEAN Summits

A &ill&oard in
:akarta
elcoming
ASEAN Summit
1/"" delegates
The
organisation
holds meetings,
knon as the
AS5A4 Su&&it,
here heads o3
o.e!n&ent of
each mem&er
meet to discuss
and resol*e
regional issues,
as ell as to
conduct other
meetings ith other countries outside of the &loc ith the intention of
promoting e(ternal relations'
The ASEAN ?eaders0 Formal Summit as first held in $ali, Indonesia in
"#%$' )ts third meeting as held in Manila in "#!% and during this
meeting, it as decided that the leaders ould meet e*ery fi*e years'
[>>] ;onseGuently, the fourth meeting as held in Sinapo!e in "##1
here the leaders again agreed to meet more freGuently, deciding to
hold the summit e*ery three years'[>>] )n 1//", it as decided to meet
annually to address urgent issues affecting the region' 7em&er nations
ere assigned to &e the summit host in alpha&etical order e(cept in
the case of $u!&a hich dropped its 1//$ hosting rights in 1//+ due
to pressure from the Dnited States and the 5u!opean Dnion'[>5]
@y 8ecem&er 1//!, the ASEAN ;harter came into force and ith it,
the ASEAN Summit ill &e held tice in a year'
The formal summit meets for three days' The usual itinerary is as
follos5
?eaders of mem&er states ould hold an internal organisation
meeting'
?eaders of mem&er states ould hold a conference together
ith foreign ministers of the ASEAN Begional Forum'
A meeting, knon as ASEAN 6lus Three, is set for leaders of
three 8ialogue 6artners (PeopleBs 9epu'li, o3 %hina, Capan, South
;o!ea)
A separate meeting, knon as ASEANE;EB, is set for another
set of leaders of to 8ialogue 6artners (Aust!alia, 4e- Aealand)'
I
,itation needed
J
ASEAN Formal Summits
No 8ate ;ountry 4ost 4ost leader
"st
1- 1+
Fe&ruary
"#%$
Indonesia
$ali Soeha!to
1nd
+ = August
"#%%
Malaysia ;uala (u&pu! Hussein Fnn
-rd
"+ "=
8ecem&er
"#!%
Philippines
Manila %o!azon AGuino
+th
1% 1#
:anuary
"##1
Sinapo!e
Sinapo!e 1oh %ho8 "on
=th
"+ "=
8ecem&er
"##=
"hailand
$an8o8 $anha!n Silpa-a!,ha
$th
"= "$
8ecem&er
+ietna&
Hanoi Phan +Hn ;hIi
"##!
%th
= $
No*em&er
1//"
$!unei $anda! Se!i
$ea-an
Hassanal $ol8iah
!th
+ =
No*em&er
1//1
%a&'odia
Phno& Penh Hun Sen
#th
% ! <cto&er
1//-
Indonesia
$ali Mea-ati Soe8a!noput!i
"/th
1# -/
No*em&er
1//+
(aos
+ientiane $ounnhan +o!a,hith
""th
"1 "+
8ecem&er
1//=
Malaysia
;uala (u&pu! A'dullah Ah&ad $ada-i
"1th
"" "+
:anuary
1//%
"
Philippines
1
%e'u 1lo!ia Ma,apaal-A!!oyo
"-th
"! 11
No*em&er
1//%
Sinapo!e
Sinapo!e (ee Hsien (oon
"+th
-
1% Fe&ruary
" 7arch
1//#
"/ "" April
1//#
"hailand
%ha A&, Hua
Hin
Pattaya A'hisit +e::a:i.a
"=th
1- <cto&er
1//#
"hailand
%ha A&, Hua
Hin
"$th
-
! # April
1/"/
+ietna&
Hanoi
4uyJn "Kn 2Ln
"%th
1! -"
<cto&er
1/"/
+ietna&
Hanoi
"!th
+
% ! 7ay
1/""
Indonesia
Ca8a!ta
Susilo $a&'an
Mudhoyono
"#th
+
"+ "#
No*em&er
1/""
Indonesia
$ali
1/th
- + April
1/"1
%a&'odia
Phno& Penh
Hun Sen
1"st "% 1/
Phno& Penh
No*em&er
1/"1
%a&'odia
11nd
1+ 1= April
1/"-
$!unei
$anda! Se!i
$ea-an
Hassanal $ol8iah
1-rd
# "/
<cto&er
1/"-
$!unei $anda! Se!i
$ea-an
"
6ostponed from "/ "+ 8ecem&er 1//$ due to "yphoon Dto!'
1
hosted the summit &ecause @urma &acked out due to enormous pressure from 2S and E2
-
This summit consisted of to parts'
The first part as mo*ed from "1 "% 8ecem&er 1//! due to the <008 "hai politi,al
,!isis'
The second part as a&orted on "" April due to protesters entering the summit *enue'
+
Indonesiahosted tice in a ro &y sapping years ith $!unei, as it ill
play host to AP5% (and the possi&ility of hosting the 1<0 summit hich ultimately fell
to 9ussia) in 1/"-'
8uring the fifth Summit in @angkok, the leaders decided to meet
HinformallyH &eteen each formal summit5[>>]
ASEAN )nformal Summits
No 8ate ;ountry 4ost 4ost leader
"st
-/ No*em&er
"##$
Indonesia
Ca8a!ta Soeha!to
1nd
"+ "$
8ecem&er "##%
Malaysia ;uala (u&pu!
Mahathi!
Moha&ad
-rd
1% 1!
No*em&er "###
Philippines
Manila Coseph 5st!ada
+th
11 1=
No*em&er 1///
Sinapo!e
Sinapo!e 1oh %ho8 "on
East Asia Summit
7ain article5 5ast Asia Su&&it

6articipants of the East Asia Summit


ASEAN
ASEAN 6lus Three
ASEAN 6lus Si(
<&ser*er
The 5ast Asia Su&&it (EAS) is a panEAsian forum held annually &y the
leaders of "$ countries in East Asia and the region, ith ASEAN in a
leadership position' The summit has discussed issues including trade,
energy and security and the summit has a role in !eional ,o&&unity
'uildin'
The mem&ers of the summit are all "/ mem&ers of ASEAN plus ;hina,
:apan, South Corea, )ndia, Australia and Ne Fealand' These nations
represent nearly half of the orld0s population' )n <cto&er 1/"/,
Bussia and the 2nited States ere formally in*ited to participate as
full mem&ers, ith presidents of &oth countries to attend the 1/""
summit'[>6]
The first summit as held in Cuala ?umpur on "+ 8ecem&er 1//= and
su&seGuent meetings ha*e &een held after the annual ASEAN ?eaders9
7eeting'
7eeting ;ountry ?ocation 8ate Note
?i!st
5AS
Malaysia

;uala
(u&pu!
"+
8ecem&er
1//=
9ussiaattended as a guest'
Se,ond
5AS
Philippin
es
%e'u %ity
"=
:anuary
1//%
Bescheduled from "- 8ecem&er
1//$'
%e'u 2e,la!ation on 5ast Asian
5ne!y Se,u!ity
"hi!d
5AS
Sinapo!
e
Sinapo!e
1"
No*em&er
1//%
Singapore 8eclaration on
;limate ;hange, Energy and the
En*ironment[>7]
Agreed to esta&lish 5,ono&i,
9esea!,h Institute 3o! AS5A4 and 5ast
Asia
?ou!th
5AS
"hailand

%ha-
a&and
Hua Hin
1=
<cto&er
1//#
The date and location of the
*enue as rescheduled se*eral
times, and then a Summit
scheduled for "1 April 1//# at
Pattaya, Thailand as cancelled
hen protesters stormed the
*enue' The Summit has &een
rescheduled for <cto&er 1//#
and transferred again from
6huket[>8] to ;haEam and 4ua
4in'[>#]
?i3th
5AS
+ietna&
Hanoi
-/
<cto&er
1/"/[50]
<fficially in*ited the 2S and
Bussia to participate in future
EAS as fullEfledged
mem&ers[>6]
SiNth
5AS
Indonesia

$ali
"#
No*em&er
1/""
The Dnited States and 9ussia to
Aoin the Summit'
Se.enth
5AS
%a&'odi
a
Phno&
Penh
1/
No*em&er
1/"1
5ihth
5AS
$!unei
$anda! Se!i
$ea-an
"/
<cto&er
1/"-
4inth
5AS
$u!&a(
7yanmar)
4aypyida-

T@A
;ommemorati*e summit
7ain article5 AS5A4 ?!ee "!ade A!ea
A commemorati*e summit is a summit hosted &y a nonEASEAN country
to mark a milestone anni*ersary of the esta&lishment of relations
&eteen ASEAN and the host country' The host country in*ites the
heads of go*ernment of ASEAN mem&er countries to discuss future
cooperation and partnership'
7eeting 4ost
?ocatio
n
8ate Note
ASEAN :apan
;ommemorati*e
Summit
Capan
"o8yo
"", "1
8ecem&e
r 1//-
To cele&rate the
-/th anni*ersary of
the esta&lishment of
relations &eteen
ASEAN and :apan'
The summit as also
nota&le as the first
ASEAN summit held
&eteen ASEAN and
a nonEASEAN
country outside the
region'
ASEAN ;hina
;ommemorati*e
Summit
%hina
4annin
-/, -"
<cto&er
1//$
To cele&rate the
"=th anni*ersary of
the esta&lishment of
relations &eteen
ASEAN and ;hina
AS5A4O9epu'li, o3
;o!ea %o&&e&o!ati.e
Su&&it
9epu'li, o3
;o!ea
Ce:u-do
", 1
:une
1//#
To cele&rate the
1/th anni*ersary of
the esta&lishment of
relations &eteen
ASEAN and Bepu&lic
of Corea
AS5A4OIndia
%o&&e&o!ati.e Su&&it
India
4e-
2elhi
1/, 1"
8ecem&e
r 1/"1
To cele&rate the
1/th anni*ersary of
the esta&lishment of
relations &eteen
ASEAN and )ndia'
Begional Forum

PASEAN full mem&ers


PASEAN o&ser*ers
PASEAN candidate mem&ers
PPASEAN 6lus Three
PPPEast Asia Summit
PPPPPPASEAN Begional Forum
The ASEAN Begional Forum (ABF) is a formal, official, multilateral
dialogue in Asia 6acific region' As of :uly 1//%, it consists of 1%
participants' ABF o&Aecti*es are to foster dialogue and consultation,
and promote confidenceE&uilding and pre*enti*e diplomacy in the
region'[5/] The ABF met for the first time in "##+' The current
participants in the ABF are as follos5 all the ASEAN mem&ers,
Australia, @angladesh, ;anada, the 6eople0s Bepu&lic of ;hina, the
5u!opean Dnion, )ndia, :apan, North Corea, South Corea, 7ongolia, Ne
Fealand, 6akistan, 6apua Ne Duinea, Bussia, East Timor, 2nited
States and Sri ?anka'[5<] The 9epu'li, o3 %hina (also knon as "ai-an)
has &een e(cluded since the esta&lishment of the ABF, and issues
regarding the Taian Strait are neither discussed at the ABF meetings
nor stated in the ABF ;hairman0s Statements'
<ther meetings
Aside from the ones a&o*e, other regular[5=] meetings are also held'
[5>] These include the annual ASEAN 7inisterial 7eeting[55] as ell as
other smaller committees'[56] 7eetings mostly focus on specific topics,
such as de3en,e[5=] or the en.i!on&ent,[5=] [57] and are attended &y
Ministe!s, instead of heads of go*ernment'
Another Three
The AS5A4 Plus "h!ee is a meeting &eteen ASEAN, ;hina, :apan, and
South Corea, and is primarily held during each ASEAN Summit' 2ntil no
;hina, :apan and South Corea ha*e not yet formed Free Trade Area
(FTA), the meeting a&out FTA among them ill &e held at end of 1/"1'
[58]
Asia Europe 7eeting
The AsiaO5u!ope Meetin (ASE7) is an informal dialogue process initiated
in "##$ ith the intention of strengthening cooperation &eteen the
countries of Europe and Asia, especially mem&ers of the 5u!opean
Dnion and ASEAN in particular'[5#] ASEAN, represented &y its
Secretariat, is one of the += ASE7 partners' )t also appoints a
representati*e to sit on the go*erning &oard of Asia-5u!ope ?oundation
(ASEF), a socioEcultural organisation associated ith the 7eeting'
ASEAN Bussia Summit
The ASEAN Bussia Summit is an annual meeting &eteen leaders of
mem&er states and the P!esident o3 9ussia'
ASEAN Foreign 7inisters 7eeting
The ++th annual meeting as held in @ali on "$ to 1- :uly 1/""'
)ndonesia proposed a unified ASEAN tra*el *isa to ease tra*el ithin
the region for citizens of ASEAN mem&er states'[60] The +=th annual
meeting as held in 6hnom 6enh, ;am&odia' For the first time in the
history of ASEAN there as no diplomatic statement issued &y the
&loc at the end of the meeting' This as due to tensions o*er ;hina0s
claim of onership o*er near the entirety of the South ;hina Sea and
the counterclaim to such onership &y neigh&ouring states'
Economic community
ASEAN has emphasised regional cooperation in the Lthree pillarsN,
hich are security, sociocultural integration, and economic integration'
[6/] The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic
integration &y creating an ASEAN Economic ;ommunity (AE;) &y 1/"='
[6<] The a*erage economic groths of ASEAN0s mem&er nations during
"#!# 1//# as Singapore ith $'%- percent, 7alaysia ith $'"=
percent, )ndonesia ith ='"$ percent, Thailand ith ='/1 percent, and
the 6hilippines ith -'%# percent' This economic groth as greater
than the a*erage AsiaE6acific Economic ;ooperation (AP5%)
economic groth, hich as 1'!- percent'[6=]
From ;E6T to AE;
A ;ommon Effecti*e 6referential Tariff (;E6T) scheme to promote
the free flo of goods ithin ASEAN lead to the AS5A4 ?!ee "!ade A!ea
(AFTA)'[6<] The AFTA is an agreement &y the mem&er nations of
ASEAN concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries' The
AFTA agreement as signed on 1! :anuary "##1 in Singapore'[6>]
When the AFTA agreement as originally signed, ASEAN had si(
mem&ers, namely, @runei, )ndonesia, 7alaysia, the 6hilippines, Singapore
and Thailand' >ietnam Aoined in "##=, ?aos and @urma in "##%, and
;am&odia in "###' The latecomers ha*e not fully met the AFTA0s
o&ligations, &ut they are officially considered part of the AFTA as
they ere reGuired to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and
ere gi*en longer time frames in hich to meet AFTA0s tariff
reduction o&ligations'[65]
The ne(t step is ASEAN Economic ;ommunity (AE;) ith main
o&Aecti*es are to create a5
single market and production &ase
highly competiti*e economic region
region of eGuita&le economic de*elopment
region fully integrated into the glo&al economy
Since 1//%, the ASEAN countries gradually loer their import duties
among them and targeted ill &e zero for most of the import duties
at 1/"='[66]
Since 1/"", AE; has agreed to strengthen the position and increase
the competiti*e edges of s&all and &ediu& ente!p!ises (S7E) in the
ASEAN region'[67]
;omprehensi*e )n*estment Area
The ASEAN ;omprehensi*e )n*estment Area (A;)A) ill encourage the
free flo of in*estment ithin ASEAN' The main principles of the A;)A
are as follos[68]
All industries are to &e opened up for in*estment, ith
e(clusions to &e phased out according to schedules
National treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN in*estors
ith fe e(clusions
Elimination of in*estment impediments
Streamlining of in*estment process and procedures
Enhancing transparency
2ndertaking in*estment facilitation measures
Full realisation of the A;)A ith the remo*al of temporary e(clusion
lists in manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining is
scheduled &y 1/"/ for most ASEAN mem&ers and &y 1/"= for the
;?7> (;am&odia, ?ao 68B, @urma, and >ietnam) countries'[68]
Trade in Ser*ices
An ASEAN Frameork Agreement on Trade in Ser*ices as adopted
at the ASEAN Summit in @angkok in 8ecem&er "##='[6#] 2nder AFAS,
ASEAN 7em&er States enter into successi*e rounds of negotiations to
li&eralise trade in ser*ices ith the aim of su&mitting increasingly
higher le*els of commitments' The negotiations result in commitments
that are set forth in schedules of specific commitments anne(ed to
the Frameork Agreement' These schedules are often referred to as
packages of ser*ices commitments' At present, ASEAN has concluded
se*en packages of commitments under AFAS'[70]
Single A*iation 7arket
The AS5A4 Sinle A.iation Ma!8et (ASEANESA7), is the region0s maAor
a*iation policy geared toards the de*elopment of a uni3ied and sinle
a.iation &a!8et in Southeast Asia &y 1/"=' The a*iation policy as
proposed &y the ASEAN Air Transport Working Droup, supported &y
the ASEAN Senior Transport <fficials 7eeting, and endorsed &y the
ASEAN Transport 7inisters'[7/] The ASEANESA7 is e(pected to fully
li&eralise air tra*el &eteen mem&er states in the ASEAN region,
alloing ASEAN countries and airlines operating in the region to
directly &enefit from the groth in air tra*el around the orld, and
also freeing up tourism, trade, in*estment and ser*ices flos &eteen
mem&er states'[7/] [7<] Since " 8ecem&er 1//!, restrictions on the
third and fourth 3!eedo&s o3 the ai! &eteen capital cities of mem&er
states for air passengers ser*ices ha*e &een remo*ed,[7=] hile from
" :anuary 1//#, full li&eralisation of air freight ser*ices in the region
took effect'[7/] [7<] <n " :anuary 1/"", full li&eralisation on fifth
freedom traffic rights &eteen all capital cities took effect'[7>]
The ASEAN Single A*iation 7arket policy ill supersede e(isting
unilateral, &ilateral and multilateral air ser*ices agreements among
mem&er states hich are inconsistent ith its pro*isions'
FreeEtrade agreements ith other countries
ASEAN has concluded free trade agreements ith ;hina (e(pecting
&ilateral trade of 3=// &illion &y 1/"=),[75] Corea, :apan, Australia,
Ne Fealand, and )ndia'[76] ASEANE)ndia &ilateral trade crossed the 3
%/ &illion target in 1/"1 (target as to reach the le*el only &y 1/"=)'
I
,itation needed
J
The agreement ith 6eople0s Bepu&lic of ;hina created
the AS5A4O%hina ?!ee "!ade A!ea (A;FTA), hich ent into full effect
on " :anuary 1/"/' )n addition, ASEAN is currently negotiating a free
trade agreement ith the 5u!opean Dnion'[77] Bepu&lic of ;hina
(Taian) has also e(pressed interest in an agreement ith ASEAN &ut
needs to o*ercome diplomatic o&Aections from ;hina'[78]
ASEAN si( maAors
ASEAN si( maAors refer to the si( largest economies in the area
ith economies many times larger than the remaining four ASEAN
countries'
%ount!y 12P )no&inal* 12P )PPP*
!$%,+$!,///,// ",1!+,%!#,///,//
Indonesia / /
"hailand
+//,#"$,///,//
/
$%+,-++,///,///
Malaysia
-"1,+"-,///,//
/
=1=,/-#,///,///
Sinapo!e
1!%,-%+,///,//
/
--#,/"#,///,///
Philippines
1%!,1$/,///,//
/
+%",1=+,///,///
+ietna&
"%/,/1/,///,//
/
-=!,!!#,///,///
8e*elopment gap
When >ietnam, ?aos, 7yanmar, and ;am&odia Aoined ASEAN in the late
"##/s, concerns ere raised a&out a certain de*elopmental di*ide
regarding a gap in a*erage per capita D86 &eteen older and the
neer mem&ers' )n response, the )nitiati*e for ASEAN )ntegration ()A))
as formed &y ASEAN as a !eional inte!ation policy ith the principal
goal of &ridging this de*elopmental di*ide, hich, in addition to
disparities in pe! ,apita 12P, is manifested &y disparities in dimensions
of human de*elopment such as li3e eNpe,tan,y and lite!a,y !ates' <ther
than the )A), other programmes for the de*elopment of the 7ekong
@asin E here all four neer ASEAN mem&ers are located E that
tend to focus on in3!ast!u,tu!e de*elopment ha*e &een effecti*ely
enacted' )n general, ASEAN does not ha*e the financial resources to
e(tend su&stantial grants or loans to the ne mem&ers' Therefore, it
usually lea*es the financing of these infrastructure proAects to
inte!national 3inan,ial institutions and to de.eloped ,ount!ies' Ne*ertheless, it
has mo&ilised funding from these institutions and countries and from
the ASEANE$ ()ndonesia, 7alaysia, 6hilippines, @runei 8arussalam,
Singapore, and Thailand) themsel*es for areas here the de*elopment
gap needs to &e filled through the )A) programme' <ther programmes
intended for the de*elopment of the ASEANE+ take ad*antage of the
geographical pro(imity of the ;?7> countries and tend to focus on
infrastructure de*elopment in areas like t!anspo!t, tou!is&, and po-e!
t!ans&ission'[7#]
From ;7) to A7B<
8ue to Asian financial crisis of "##% to "##! and long and difficult
negotiations ith Inte!national Moneta!y ?und, ASEANO- agreed to set up
a mainly &ilateral currency sap scheme knon as the 1/// ;hiang 7ai
)nitiati*e (;7)) to anticipate another financial crisis or currency turmoil
in the future' )n 1//$ they agreed to make ;7) ith multilateralisation
and called as ;7)7' <n - 7ay 1//#, they agreed to make a currency
pool consist of contri&ution 3-!'+ &illion each &y ;hina and :apan,
3"#'1 &illion &y South Corea and totally 31+ &illion &y all of ASEAN
mem&ers, so the total currency pool as 3"1/ &illion'[80] A key
component has also nely &een added, ith the esta&lishment of a
sur*eillance unit'[8/]
The ASEANO- 7acroeconomic and Besearch <ffice (A7B<) started
its operation in Singapore in 7ay 1/""'[8<] )t performs a key regional
sur*eillance function as part of the 3"1/ &illion of %hian Mai )nitiati*e
7ultilateralisation (;7)7) currency sap facility that as esta&lished
&y Finance 7inister and ;entral @ank Do*ernors of ASEAN countries
plus ;hina, :apan and South Corea in 8ecem&er 1//#'[8=]
According to some analysts, the amount of 3"1/ &illion is relati*ely
small (co*er only a&out 1/ percent of needs), so coordination or help
from )nternational 7onetary Fund is still needed'[8>] <n - 7ay 1/"1
ASEANO- finance ministers agreed to dou&le emergency reser*e fund
to 31+/ &illion'[85]
Foreign 8irect )n*estment
)n 1//#, realised ?o!ein 2i!e,t In.est&ent (F8)) as 3-%'# &illion and
increase &y toEfold in 1/"/ to 3%='! &illion' 11 percent of F8) came
from the 5u!opean Dnion, folloed &y ASEAN countries themsel*es &y
"$ percent and then folloed &y :apan and 2S'
)ntraEASEAN tra*el
With the institutionalisation of *isaEfree tra*el &eteen ASEAN
mem&er states, intraEASEAN tra*el has &oomed, a sign that
endea*ours to form an ASEAN ;ommunity shall &ear fruit in years to
come' )n 1/"/, +% percent or -+ million out of %- million tourists in
ASEAN mem&erEstates ere from other ASEAN countries'[86]
)ntraEASEAN trade
2ntil end of 1/"/, )ntraEAsean trade ere still lo hich mainly of
them ere mostly e(porting to countries outside the region, e(cept
?aos and 7yanmar ere ASEANEoriented in foreign trade ith !/
percent and =/ percent respecti*ely of their e(ports ent to other
ASEAN countries'[87]
ASEAN ;apital 7arket Forum
ASEAN ;apital 7arket Forum (A;7F) consist of5
ASEAN ?inkage, until end of 1/"- only has - stock e(change
mem&ers5 @ursa 7alaysia, Singapore E(change and Stock E(change
of Thailand, &ut co*er %/ percent of transaction *alues of %
ASEAN Stock E(changes,[88] ith o&Aecti*e to integrate ASEAN
Stock E(changes to compete ith )nternational Stock E(changes
7utual Becognigtion of 8isclosure Standards, ith o&Aecti*e to
harmonise and eGual of ASEAN Standards
7utual Becognition of ;ollecti*e of )n*estment Scheme (;)S),
ith o&Aecti*e to harmonise all regulations in ASEAN hich related
ith ;)S, some countries are still categorised as Financial Action
Task Force (FATF) NonE;ooperati*e ;ountry hich are not
ma(imum to do ith &oney launde!in and te!!o!is&
;harter
7ain article5 AS5A4 %ha!te!

The
Secretariat of ASEAN at :alan SisingamangaraAa No'%/A, South
Ca8a!ta, )ndonesia
<n "= 8ecem&er 1//!, the mem&ers of ASEAN met in the )ndonesian
capital of Ca8a!ta to launch a charter, signed in No*em&er 1//%, ith
the aim of mo*ing closer to Han E2Estyle communityH'[8#] The charter
turns ASEAN into a legal entity and aims to create a single freeE
trade area for the region encompassing =// million people' P!esident o3
Indonesia Susilo $a&'an Mudhoyono stated that HThis is a momentous
de*elopment hen ASEAN is consolidating, integrating and transforming
itself into a community' )t is achie*ed hile ASEAN seeks a more
*igorous role in Asian and glo&al affairs at a time hen the
international system is e(periencing a seismic shiftH, he added,
referring to climate change and economic uphea*al, and concluded
HSoutheast Asia is no longer the &itterly di*ided, arEtorn region it
as in the "#$/s and "#%/sH' The fundamental principles include5
a) respect for the independence, so*ereignty, eGuality, territorial
integrity and national identity of all ASEAN 7em&er StatesP
&) shared commitment and collecti*e responsi&ility in enhancing regional
peace, security and prosperityP
c) renunciation of aggression and of the threat or use of force or
other actions in any manner inconsistent ith inte!national la-P
d) reliance on peaceful settlement of disputesP
e) nonEinterference in the internal affairs of ASEAN 7em&er StatesP
f) respect for the right of e*ery 7em&er State to lead its national
e(istence free from e(ternal interference, su&*ersion and coercionP
g) enhanced consultations on matters seriously affecting the common
interest of ASEANP
h) adherence to the rule of la, good go*ernance, the principles of
democracy and constitutional go*ernmentP
i) respect for 3unda&ental 3!eedo&s, the promotion and protection of
human rights, and the promotion of so,ial :usti,eP
A) upholding the Dnited 4ations %ha!te! and international la, including
international humanitarian la, su&scri&ed to &y ASEAN 7em&er
StatesP
k) a&stention from participation in any policy or acti*ity, including the
use of its territory, pursued &y an ASEAN 7em&er State or nonE
ASEAN State or any nonEState actor, hich threatens the
so*ereignty, territorial integrity or political and economic sta&ility of
ASEAN 7em&er StatesP
l) respect for the different cultures, languages and religions of the
peoples of ASEAN, hile emphasising their common *alues in the spirit
of unity in di*ersityP
m) the centrality of ASEAN in e(ternal political, economic, social and
cultural relations hile remaining acti*ely engaged, outardElooking,
inclusi*e and nonEdiscriminatoryP and
n) adherence to multilateral trade rules and ASEAN0s rulesE&ased
regimes for effecti*e implementation of economic commitments and
progressi*e reduction toards elimination of all &arriers to regional
economic integration, in a marketEdri*en economy'[#0]
4oe*er, the onoin lo'al 3inan,ial ,!isis as stated as &eing a threat
to the goals en*isioned &y the charter,[#/] and also set forth the idea
of a proposed human rights &ody to &e discussed at a future summit in
Fe&ruary 1//#' This proposition caused contro*ersy, as the &ody
ould not ha*e the poer to impose sanctions or punish countries ho
*iolate citizens0 rights and ould therefore &e limited in effecti*eness'
[#<] The &ody as esta&lished later in 1//# as the AS5A4
Inte!o.e!n&ental %o&&ission on Hu&an 9ihts (A);4B)' )n No*em&er 1/"1,
the ;ommission adopted the AS5A4 Hu&an 9ihts 2e,la!ation'
;ultural acti*ities
The organisation hosts cultural acti*ities in an attempt to further
integrate the region' These include sports and educational acti*ities as
ell as riting aards' E(amples of these include the AS5A4 Dni.e!sity
4et-o!8, the AS5A4 %ent!e 3o! $iodi.e!sity, the AS5A4 Futstandin S,ientist
and "e,hnoloist A-a!d, and the SingaporeEsponsored AS5A4 S,hola!ship'
ASEAN 7edia ;ooperation
The ASEAN 7edia ;ooperation (A7;) set digital tele*ision standards,
policies and create in preparation for &roadcasters to transition from
analogue to digital &roadcasting, &etter promote media colla&oration
and information e(change to enhance *oice, understanding, and
perspecti*e &eteen ASEAN people on the international stage'
The ASEAN mem&er countries aim media sector toards digitalisation
and further regional media coaction' A7; esta&lishes partnerships
&eteen ASEAN nes media, and cooperate on information sharing,
photo sapping, technical cooperation, e(change programmes, and
facilitating Aoint nes co*erage and e(change of nes footage'
The concept as stressed during the ""th A7B) ;onference[#=]
adopting the theme5 N7edia ;onnecting 6eoples and @ridging ;ultures
Toards <ne ASEAN NationN' ASEAN 7inisters &elie*ed that the ne
and traditional media are important mediums to connect ASEAN people
and &ridging the cultural gap'
Accessing information toards the goal of creating a <ne ASEAN
nation reGuires participation among the nation mem&ers and its citizens'
8uring the "!th ASEAN Summit[#>] in 7ay 1/"", the ;hair stated the
important role of a participatory approach among people and
stakeholders of ASEAN toards a LpeopleEoriented , people centred
and ruleE&ased ASEANN'
Se*eral key initiati*es that ere initiated under the A7;5[#5]
AS5A4 Media Po!tal , The ne ASEAN 7edia 6ortal[#6] as
launched "$ No*em&er 1//% &y the ASEAN SecretaryEDeneral, 7r
<ng Ceng Mong, and itnessed &y Singapore9s 7inister for
)nformation, ;ommunications and the Arts, 8r ?ee @oon Mang' The
said portal aims to pro*ide a oneEstop site that contains
documentaries, games, music *ideos, and multimedia clips on the
culture, arts and heritage of the ASEAN countries to shocase the
rich ASEAN culture and the capa&ilities of its media industry'
AS5A4 4e-sMa8e! P!o:e,t , an initiati*e launched in 1//# that
trains students and teachers to produce informational *ideo clips
a&out the lifestyle in their country' The proAect as initiated &y
Singapore to ork closely ith =// primary and secondary
students, aging from # to "$ years old, along ith their mentors
from the "/ ASEAN countries to produce informati*e *ideos
promoting their respecti*e country9s culture' Students underent
training for the Nes7aker softare use, *ideo production and
responsi&le internet use and hope to de*elop the language skills and
story narration among the said students' Engaging the youth using
ne media is an approach to create a <ne Asean ;ommunity as
stressed &y 8r Soeung Bathcha*y, 8eputy SecretaryEDeneral of
ASEAN for ASEAN SocioE;ultural ;ommunity5 LBaising ASEAN
aareness amongst the youth is part and parcel of our efforts to
&uild the ASEAN ;ommunity &y 1/"=' 2sing );T and the media, our
youths in the region ill get to kno ASEAN &etter, deepening their
understanding and appreciation of the cultures, social traditions and
*alues in ASEAN'N[#7]
ASEAN 8igital @roadcasting 7eeting, an annual forum for ASEAN
mem&ers to set digital tele*ision standards and policies, and to
discuss progress in the implementation of the &lueprint to
sitcho*er from analogue to digital T> &roadcasting &y 1/1/'
8uring the ""th ASEAN 8igital @roadcasting 7eeting,[#8] mem&ers
updated the status on 8T> implementation and agreed to inform
ASEAN mem&ers on the Duidelines for ASEAN 8igital Sitcho*er'[##]
An issue as raised on the a*aila&ility and afforda&ility of Set Top
@o(es (ST@), thus ASEAN mem&ers ere asked to make policies to
determine funding for the ST@, methods of allocation, su&sidies and
re&ates and other methods for the allocation of ST@' )t as also
agreed in the meeting to form a task force to de*elop ST@
specifications for 8>@ET1 to ensure efficiency'
AS5A4Qs 4eNt "op %he3 and "he (eend o3 the 1olden "alis&an, to
interacti*e games de*eloped to raise aareness a&out ASEAN, and
its people, places and cultures
Ne media and social media
8uring the //th AS5A4 Ministe!s 9esponsi'le 3o! In3o!&ation &eetin held in
Cuala ?umpur, 7alaysia, ASEAN leaders recognised the emergence of
ne and social media as an important tool for communications and
interaction in ASEAN today' The 7inisters agreed that efforts should
&e made to le*erage on social media to promote ASEAN aareness
toards achie*ing an ASEAN community &y 1/"=' )nitially, ASEAN ill
consolidate the ASEAN ;ulture and )nformation 6ortal and the ASEAN
7edia 6ortal to incorporate ne media elements'
SEA Write Aard

?ogo of the SEA Write Aard


The S.5.A. @!ite A-a!d is a lite!a!y a-a!d gi*en to Southeast Asian poets
and riters annually since "#%#' The aard is either gi*en for a
specific ork or as a recognition of an author0s lifetime achie*ement'
Works that are honoured *ary and ha*e included poetry, sho!t sto!ies,
no*els, plays, 3ol8lo!e as ell as scholarly and religious orks'
;eremonies are held in @angkok and are presided &y a mem&er of the
"hai !oyal 3a&ily'
ASA)4?
ASA)4? or the Asso,iation o3 Southeast Asian Institutions o3 Hihe! (ea!nin is a
nonEgo*ernmental organisation founded in "#=$ that stri*es to
strengthen higher learning institutions, espescially in tea,hin, research,
and pu'li, se!.i,e, ith the intention of culti*ating a sense of regional
identity and interdependence'
4eritage 6arks
ASEAN 4eritage 6arks[/00] is a list of natu!e pa!8s launched "#!+ and
relaunched in 1//+' )t aims to protect the region0s natural treasures'
There are no -= such protected areas, including the "u''ataha 9ee3
Ma!ine Pa!8 and the ;ina'alu 4ational Pa!8'[/0/]
ASEAN 4eritage Sites
Site ;ountry Site ;ountry
Alaunda- ;athapa
4ational Pa!8
$u!&a
Ao 6hangE
nga 7arine
National 6ark
"hailand
Apo 4atu!al Pa!8
Philippines
I&pe!ial %ityR
HuS
+ietna&
$u8it $a!isan
Selatan 4ational
Pa!8
Indonesia
1unun (euse!
4ational Pa!8
Indonesia
1unun Mulu
4ational Pa!8
Malaysia
Ha (on $ay
+ietna&
Hoi An An,ient
"o-n
+ietna&
Mounts Ilit-
$a,o 4ational
Pa!8
Philippines
Inda-yi (a8e
@ildli3e San,tua!y
$u!&a
InlT (a8e
@ildli3e
San,tua!y
$u!&a
;aen ;!a,han
4ational Pa!8
"hailand
;e!in,i Se'lat
4ational Pa!8
Indonesia
;ha8a'o!azi
4ational Pa!8
$u!&a
;hao Mai
4ational Pa!8
"hailand
;ina'alu 4ational
Pa!8
Malaysia
;o&odo
4ational Pa!8
Indonesia
I&pe!ial %itadel o3
"han (on
+ietna&
(a&pi ;yun
@ildli3e
9ese!.e
$u!&a
(o!entz 4ational
Pa!8
Indonesia
Mein&hala
;yun @ildli3e
San,tua!y
$u!&a
Mu ;o Su!inEMu
;o Si&ilan Ma!ine
4ational Pa!8
"hailand
Nam 4a
6rotected
Area
(aos
Phon 4ha-;e $an
4ational Pa!8
+ietna&
6reah
7oni*ong
(@okor)
National 6ark
%a&'odia
Pue!to P!in,esa
Su'te!!anean 9i.e!
4ational Pa!8
Philippines
Sunei $uloh
@etland
9ese!.e
Sinapo!e
"a&an 4ea!a
4ational Pa!8
Malaysia
"a!utao Ma!ine
4ational Pa!8
"hailand
Tasek 7erim&un
Wildlife
Sanctuary
$!unei
Thung MaiE
4uay Cha
Chaeng
National 6ark
"hailand
D:un ;ulon
4ational Pa!8
Indonesia
+i!a,hey 4ational
Pa!8
%a&'odia
Ceraton
Moya8a!ta
Indonesia
MU SVn
+ietna&
%itadel o3 Ho
2ynasty
+ietna&
Mount Malindan
Philippines
+ian %ity
Philippines
"aal +ol,ano
Philippines
Mayon +ol,ano
Philippines
Songs and music
"he AS5A4 @ay , the official regional anthe& of ASEAN' 7usic
&y Cittikhun Sodprasert and Sampo TriudomP lyrics &y 6ayom
>alaiphatchra'
ASEAN Song of 2nityor AS5A4 Hy&n' 7usic &y 9yan
%aya'ya''
?et 2s 7o*e Ahead, an ASEAN song' ;omposed &y
;andra 8arusman'
AS5A4 9ise , ASEAN0s +/th Anni*ersary song' 7usic &y 2i,8
(eeP lyrics &y Ste3anie Sun'
Education and human de*elopment
As the Hcollecti*e entity to enhance regional cooperation in edu,ationH,
the ASEAN Education 7inisters ha*e determined four priorities that
ASEAN efforts toard impro*ed education ould address5 (")
6romoting ASEAN aareness among ASEAN citizens, particularly youthP
(1) Strengthening ASEAN identity through educationP (-) @uilding
ASEAN hu&an !esou!,es in the field of educationP and (+) Strengthening
ASEAN uni*ersity netorking'[/0<] Nations such as 7alaysia, Singapore,
)ndonesia, Thailand, and the 6hilippines ha*e e(perienced rapid
de*elopment o*er the past 1/ years, and this has &een *isi&ly e*ident
in their educational systems' Each country has de*eloped uniGue E yet
interconnected through ASEAN initiati*es E human and physical
infrastructure to pro*ide youth education, a primary determinant in
future capa&ilities and sustained e,ono&i, !o-th for the entire region'
[/0=] >arious programmes and proAects ha*e &een and are currently in
the process of &eing de*eloped to fulfil these directi*es and to reach
these future goals'[/0<]
At the ""th ASEAN Summit in 8ecem&er 1//=, ASEAN ?eaders set
ne directions for regional education colla&oration hen they elcomed
the decision of the ASEAN Education 7inisters to con*ene the ASEAN
Education 7inisters9 7eetings (ASE8) on a regular &asis' The ?eaders
also called for ASEAN Education 7inisters to focus on enhancing
regional cooperation in education'[/0>] The ASEAN Education 7inisters
7eeting, hich meets annually, o*ersees ASEAN cooperation efforts
on education at the ministerial le*el' With regard to implementation,
such programmes and acti*ities resulting from such efforts are for the
most part carried out &y the ASEAN Senior <fficials on Education
(S<7EE8), hich reports to the ASEAN Education 7inisters 7eeting'
S<7EE8 also manages cooperation on hihe! edu,ation through the
AS5A4 Dni.e!sity 4et-o!8 (A2N)' The A2N as esta&lished to assist
ASEAN in (") promoting cooperation among ASEAN scholars,
academics, and scientists in the regionP (1) de*eloping academic and
professional human resources in the regionP (-) promoting information
dissemination among the ASEAN academic communityP and (+) enhancing
the aareness of regional identity and the sense of HASEANEnessH
among mem&ers'[/0<]
Education indicators outlined hereafter &elong to primary, secondary,
and tertiary le*els' P!i&a!y edu,ation is generally defined as the le*el of
education here children are pro*ided ith &asic reading, riting, and
mathematical skills together ith elementary understanding of such
su&Aects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art,
and music' Se,onda!y edu,ation continues to &uild up on the knoledge
pro*ided &y primary education and aims at laying the foundations for
lifelong learning and human de*elopment ith more ad*anced material
and learning mechanisms' "e!tia!y edu,ation, hether or not leading to an
ad*anced research Gualification, reGuires minimally the successful
completion of secondary education for admission and entails the le*el
of education ithin some college or uni*ersity'[/05]
School enrollment and participation
6articipation in formal education is usually measured &y the metric
1!oss 5n!oll&ent 9atio (DEB) and Net Enrollment Batio (NEB)' The NEB
demonstrates the e(tent of participation in a gi*en ageEspecific le*el
of education' The purpose of the DEB is to sho the total enrollment
in a le*el of education regardless of age' The DEB is e(pressed as a
percentage of the official schoolEage population corresponding to the
same le*el of education'[/06]
6rimary education
We can make a fe o&ser*ations &ased on reported data on primary
education enrollment' @runei 8arussalam had almost reached "//. net
enrollment &y 1//", hile )ndonesia has sloly mo*ed donard from
close to that enrolment percentage thereafter' The 6hilippines has
&een inching closer and closer to this target in recent years' The data
indicate to groups of countries E one hich has consistently
attained a net enrollment ratio of more than #/. (@runei 8arussalam,
)ndonesia, the 6hilippines, and Singapore) and the other group ith
around !/. (;am&odia, (ao P29 and 7yanmar)' >ietnam started in the
loer group and has mo*ed to the upper group in the last fe
decades' Thailand has not pro*ided data for &oth se(es, &ut the
separate net enrolment ratio for girls and &oys indicates that the
o*erall ratio ould &e &eteen !$. and !%., and as such ould &e
closer to the higher group' The primary net enrolment ratios of &oys
ere almost alays higher than those of girls for all reporting
countries e(cept 7alaysia' For Singapore and )ndonesia since "##!,
hoe*er, the net enrolment ratios for girls and &oys ere not
significantly different' A marked idening of gender gap as noticea&le
in the 6hilippines in "##% &ut in "### the net enrolment ratios for girls
e(ceeded that for &oys'[/07]
)t is also useful to look at retainment and e33i,ien,y rates in education
throughout ASEAN' The effecti*eness of efforts to e(tend literacy
depends on the a&ility of the education system to ensure full
participation of schoolEage children and their successful progression
to reach at least !ade 5, hich is the stage hen they are &elie*ed
to ha*e firmly acGuired lite!a,y and nu&e!a,y' The usual indicator to
measure the le*el of this efficiency achie*ement is the proportion of
pupils starting !ade / reaching grade = of primary education'[/08]
7ost reporting countries in ASEAN ha*e steadily impro*ed retention
rates of pupils through =th grade' At the top are 7alaysia, Singapore,
and Thailand, hich ha*e shon consistent sur*i*al rates of close to
"//., indicating a *ery high retention of children in school through at
least =th grade' Among the rest of the countries ith rates ranging
from =%. to !#. toards the end of the past century, 7yanmar has
maintained the largest impro*ements o*er the years'[/0#]
Secondary education

4igh school students in ?aos


assem&le a Aigsa puzzle map of Southeast Asia' ?aos is a mem&er of
ASEAN &ut most students kno little a&out the other # mem&er
countries' The map is one of many handsEon acti*ities offered &y $i
$!othe! Mouse, a notEforEprofit literacy and education proAect'
@y 1//", @runei 8arussalam, 7yanmar, Singapore, 7alaysia, and the
6hilippines had achie*ed impro*ements in net enrolment ratios for
secondary education of "".E"#. o*er those of "##/ or "##"'
>ietnam e(perienced the fastest groth rate in net enrolment &eteen
the years "##- and "##!' Singapore, the country ith the highest
o*erall achie*ement, has maintained consistently high net enrolment
rates of a&o*e #/. since "##+' With regard to gender differences,
the difference in the ratios of females to males ranges from /'1.E$.
(for the si( countries for hich these ratios are a*aila&le5 )ndonesia,
7alaysia, 6hilippines, Singapore, Thailand, and >ietnam)' HThe o*erall
pattern is that girls seem to e(hi&it apprecia&ly higher net enrolment
ratios for secondary education, e(cept in the case of Singapore
here the ratios for girls and &oys con*erged in the second half of
the reporting period'H[//0]
Tertiary education
While the 46AEs (Hih Pe!3o!&in Asian 5,ono&ies) and ASEANE$ (the $
oldest ASEAN mem&ers) ha*e in*ested hea*ily in pu'li, edu,ation, and,
unlike many other de*eloping nations, ha*e concentrated on primary
and secondary schooling, tertiary education has &een left largely to
the pri*ate sector'[///] Tertiary education in Southeast Asia is, in
general, relati*ely eak' )n most cases uni*ersities are focused on
teaching and ser*ice to go*ernment rather than a,ade&i, !esea!,h'
Additionally, uni*ersities in Southeast Asia, &oth in terms of academic
salaries and research infrastructure (li&raries, la&oratories), tend to
&e nancially handicapped and poorly supported' 7oreo*er, regional
academic Aournals cater to their 0home0 informed audiences and
respond less to international standards hich makes uni*ersal or
regional 'en,h&a!8in dif cult' [//<]
2ni*ersity Netork
The AS5A4 Dni.e!sity 4et-o!8 (A2N) is a consortium of Southeast
Asian uni*ersities' )t as originally founded in No*em&er "##= &y ""
uni*ersities ithin the &e&'e! states'[//=] ;urrently A2N comprises 1$
6articipating 2ni*ersities'[//>]
The Southeast Asia Engineering Education 8e*elopment Netork
(SEE8ENET) 6roAect, as officially esta&lished as an autonomous
su&Enetork of the AS5A4 Dni.e!sity 4et-o!8 (A2N) in April 1//"0'
AD4/S552-4et aimed at promoting human resources de*elopment in
engineering in ASEAN' The Netork consists of /# leadin Me&'e!
Institutions (selected &y the 7inistries in charge of higher education
of respecti*e countries) from "/ ASEAN countries ith the support
of "" leading Capanese Suppo!tin Dni.e!sities (selected &y :apanese
Do*ernment)' A2NQSEE8ENet is mainly supported &y the :apanese
Do*ernment through the :apan )nternational ;ooperation Agency
(CI%A), and partially supported &y the ASEAN Foundation'
A2NQSEE8ENet acti*ities are implemented &y the A2NQSEE8ENet
Secretariat ith the support of the :);A 6roAect for A2NQSEE8E
Net, no &ased at ;hulalongkorn 2ni*ersity, Thailand'
6u&lic efforts
Financial resources
Do*ernments ha*e a *ested interest in in*esting in education and other
aspects of hu&an ,apital infrastructure, especially those go*ernments
of rapidly de*eloping nations such as those ithin ASEAN' )n the short
run, in*estment spending directly supports a!eate de&and and groth'
)n the longer term, in*estments in physical infrastructure, in
p!odu,ti.ity enhancements &y &usinesses, and especially in the pu&lic
pro*ision of education and health se!.i,es determine the potential for
groth'[//5]
To measure the in.est&ents in education &y go*ernments, e use the
metrics of pu&lic current eNpenditu!e on primary education as a percent
of 12P and e(penditure per pupil as a percent of D86' These to
indi,ato!s are &ased on pu&lic current e(penditure at all go*ernment
le*els on all pu&lic primary schools and su&sidies to pri*ate educational
institutions, teachers and pupils' )n some instances regarding figures
used in these calculations, data on current pu&lic e(penditure on
education may refer only to the 7inistry of Education, e(cluding other
ministries that spend a part of their &udget on educational acti*ities'
[/05]
6rimary education e(penditure in the reporting ASEAN countries is
usually loer than -. of D86, ith the e(ception of )ndonesia, hich
reported =.' To countries that sho noticea&le rising trends are the
6hilippines and ?ao 68B' 7alaysia has e(perienced a gradual donard
trend throughout the "##/s &ut sta&ilised around the year 1///'
)ndonesia e(perienced a sharp decline in primary education e(penditure
as a percent of D86 &eteen "##= and "### from almost "/. to =.'
Singapore has maintained a sta&le /'$. up until 1/// and increased
slightly to /'%. in 1//"'[//6]
While the pu&lic current e(penditure on primary education as
percentage of D86 can ne*er &e close to "//., it is theoretically
possi&le to ha*e the pu&lic current e(penditure per pupil as
percentage of 12P pe! ,apita to reach or e(ceed "//.' E(cept for
Singapore, this indicator fluctuates somehat, &ut seems to ha*e
sta&ilised at around "/. for to reporting countries of ASEAN at the
end of the "##/s decade' Since "##$, the indicator has steadily risen
in the 6hilippines reaching almost "+. &y "##!' 2pard or donard
trend for this indicator can ha*e many causes hich include sharp
changes in enrolment rates of go*ernment e(penditures on primary
education'[//6]
Scholarship
The AS5A4 S,hola!ship is a scholarship programme offered &y
Singapore to the # other &e&'e! states for secondary school, Aunior
college, and uni*ersity education' )t co*ers accommodation, food,
medical &enefits R accident insurance, school fees, and e(amination
fees'[//7] Scholarship recipients ho then perform ell in the 1%5
Ad.an,ed (e.el E(amination may apply for ASEAN 2ndergraduate
Scholarships, hich are tailored specifically for undergraduate
institutions in Singapore and in other ASEAN mem&er countries'[//8]
Singapore has effecti*ely used this programme to attract many of the
&est students from the ASEAN region o*er the past se*eral years,
and scholars for the most part tend to remain in Singapore to pursue
undergraduate studies through the ASEAN 2ndergraduate Scholarship
programme'[//#]
Education as a determinant of human de*elopment
Statistically, edu,ational attain&ent (as measured &y a*erage years of
schooling) strongly correlates ith su&seGuent in,o&e le*els and
de*elopment capa&ilities' An impro*ement in educational attainment ill
ha*e a positi*e effect on a country0s income and hu&an de.elop&ent
)hu&anity* groth'[/<0]
)t is therefore e*ident that Huni*ersal access to, and completion of,
primary or &asic education is a sel3-e.ident goal upon hich the
foundations for &uilding the human capacity rests' )ncreased
participation, regardless of se(, in secondary and tertiary le*els of
education is a necessary step to &e a&le to mo*e forard in the
process of achie*ing eGuity, ,apa,ity 'uildin, access to in3o!&ation,
and strengthening s,ien,e'H[//6]
?iteracy rates
(ite!a,y indicators pro*ide us ith a measure of the num&er of
literate persons ithin the population ho are capa&le of using ritten
ords in daily and to continue to learn'[/</] The literacy rate
essentially reflects the cumulati*e accomplishment of education in
spreading literacy' The literacy rate is usually linked to school
enrolment ratios and school retainment rates (through at least grade
=) of primary education, &oth of hich contri&ute to the literate
population'
The data of literacy rates in reporting countries of "= to 1+ years
old reflect outcomes of the &asic education process and is therefore
considered an accepted measure of the effecti*eness of that
country0s edu,ation syste&0s in*estment in children' Among the eight
ASEAN countries reporting si( ha*e made significant progress toards
"//. literacy &y 1///' This progress is compra&le ith mem&er
countries of the F!anisation 3o! 5,ono&i, %o-ope!ation and 2e.elop&ent
(<E;8), an impressi*e accomplishment' <*erall, there is not much
disparity &eteen male and female literacy ith the e(ceptions of
;am&odia and ?ao 68B, here the literacy rate for females is a&out
"/. loer than that of males in "###' The results of o*erall
impro*ement in literacy rates, though, indicate positi*e effecti*eness
of the primary education systems of these countries throughout the
"##/s'[/<<] [/<=]
;ountry
Mear
(most
recent)
Adult
("=O)
?iteracy
Bate Total
Adult
7en
Adult
Wome
n
Mouth
("=E1+)
?iteracy
Bate Total
Mouth
7en
Mouth
Women
$!unei
1//# #=. #%. #+. "//. "//. "//.
%a&'odia
1//! %!. !=. %". !%. !#. !$.
Indonesia
1//! #1. #=. !#. ##. "//. ##.
(aos
1//= %-. !1. $-. !+. !#. %#.
Malaysia
1//# #1. #=. #/. ##. #!. ##.
1//# #1. #=. #/. #$. #$. #=.
$u!&a
Philippines
1//! #=. #=. #$. #!. #%. #!.
Sinapo!e
1//# #=. #%. #1. "//. "//. "//.
"hailand
1//= #+. #$. #1. #!. #!. #!.
+ietna&
1//# #-. #=. #". #%. #%. #$.
?ooking at adult (defined as the entire population "= and older)
literacy rates, e can see that most reporting countries ha*e made
significant progress in this demographic as ell' All &ut to reporting
countries reached adult literacy rates of around #/. or &etter'
?ooking at the differences in literacy rates &y se(, e can see a
*isi&le ende! ap' This gap is most apparent in ;am&odia and ?aos,
ith percentage differences &eteen adult men and adult omen
literacy rates of "+. and "#., respecti*ely'[/<>] <nly in the
6hilippines is the literacy rate among omen higher than among men'
Sports
Southeast Asian Dames
The Southeast Asian 1a&es, commonly knon as the SEA Dames, is a
&iennial multiEsport e*ent in*ol*ing participants from the current ""
countries of Southeast Asia' The games is under regulation of the
Southeast Asian Dames Federation ith super*ision &y the Inte!national
Fly&pi, %o&&ittee ()<;) and the Fly&pi, %oun,il o3 Asia'
ASEAN 6ara Dames

?ogo of the ASEAN 6ara Dames'


The AS5A4 Pa!a 1a&es is a &iennial multiEsport e*ent held after e*ery
Southeast Asian Dames for athletes ith physical disa&ilities' The
games are participated &y the "" countries located in Southeast Asia'
The Dames, patterned after the Pa!aly&pi, 1a&es, are played &y
physically challenged athletes ith &o'ility disa'ilities, .isual disa'ilities,
FES6); Dames Q Asian 6ara Dames
The ?5SPI% 1a&es, also knon as the Far East and South 6acific
Dames for the persons ith disa&ility, as the &iggest multiEsports
games in Asia and South 6acific region' The FES6); Dames ere held
nine times and &oed out, a success[/<5] in 8ecem&er 1//$ in the #th
FES6); Dames in Cuala ?umpur, 7alaysia' The Dames reEemerged as
the <0/0 Asian Pa!a 1a&es in 1uanzhou, ;hina' The 1/"/ Asian 6ara
Dames de&uted shortly after the conclusion of the /6th Asian 1a&es,
using the same facilities and *enue made disa'ility-a,,essi'le' The
inaugural Asian 6ara Dames, the parallel e*ent for athletes ith
physical disa&ilities, is a &ulti-spo!t e.ent held e*ery four years after
e*ery Asian 1a&es'
Foot&all ;hampionship
The AS5A4 ?oot'all %ha&pionship is a &iennial ?oot'all competition
organised &y the AS5A4 ?oot'all ?ede!ation, accredited &y ?I?A and
contested &y the national teams of Southeast Asia nations' )t as
inaugurated in "##$ as Tiger ;up, &ut after Asia Pa,i3i, $!e-e!ies
terminated the sponsorship deal, HTigerH as renamed HASEANH'
ASEAN 1/-/ F)FA World ;up &id
:anuary 1/""5 As a result of ASEAN Foreign ministers at (o&'o8
meeting, they agreed &id to host the ?I?A @o!ld %up in <0=0 as a single
entity'[/<6]
7ay 1/""5 ASEAN ill go ahead ith its &id for the F)FA 1/-/ World
;up' )t as a follo up to the agreement reached in :anuary &efore'
[/<7]
ASEAN 8efence )ndustry ;olla&oration
)ndonesia, 7alaysia, Singapore and Thailand ha*e esta&lished defence
industries' To cut cost and plan to &e selfEsufficient &y 1/-/,
)ndonesia and 7alaysia ha*e agreed to promote the creation of the
ASEAN 8efence )ndustry ;olla&oration (A8);)'[/<8] The 2nited States
military reportedly has said that A8); could ha*e additional &enefits
&eyond cost sa*ings for ASEAN mem&ers, including facilitating a set of
standards, similar to NAT<, that ill impro*e interopera&ility among
ASEAN and 2'S' militaries and increase the effecti*eness of regional
response to threats to AsiaE6acific peace and sta&ility'[/<#]
;riticism
NonEASEAN countries ha*e criticised ASEAN for &eing too soft in its
approach to promoting human rights and democracy in the AuntaEled
@urma'[/=0] 8espite glo&al outrage at the military crackEdon on
unarmed protesters in Mangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend @urma
as a mem&er and also reAects proposals for economic sanctions'[/=/]
This has caused concern as the European 2nion, a potential trade
partner, has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional
le*el for these political reasons'[/=<] )nternational o&ser*ers *ie it as
a Htal8 shopH,[/==] hich implies that the organisation is H&ig on ords
&ut small on actionH'[/=>] [/=5] 4oe*er, leaders such as the 6hilippines0
Foreign Affairs Secretary, Al'e!to 9o&ulo, said it His a orkshop not a
talk shopH'[/=6] <thers ha*e also e(pressed similar sentiment'[/=7]
4ead of the Inte!national Institute o3 St!atei, Studies Asia, Tim 4u(ley
cites the di*erse political systems present in the grouping, including
many young states, as a &arrier to farEreaching cooperation outside
the economic sphere' 4e also asserts that in the a&sence of an
e(ternal threat to rally against ith the end of the %old @a!, ASEAN
has &egun to &e less successful at restraining its mem&ers and
resol*ing &order disputes such as those &eteen @urma and Thailand
and )ndonesia and 7alaysia'[/=8]
8uring the "1th ASEAN Summit in %e'u, se*eral acti*ist groups
staged anti-lo'alisation protests'[/=#] According to the acti*ists, the
agenda of economic integration ould negati*ely affect industries in
the 6hilippines and ould cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their
Ao&s'[/>0]

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