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219
IMPORTANT DERIVATIONS
(3 marks derivations)
1. Derive the mirror formula for concave mirror.
Let, P = pole and F=principal focus. Object AB is place beyond C and the real image
formed by it is A'B' between F and C.
From similar triangles A'B'C and ABC
. (1)
From similar triangles A'B'F and DNF
or
.. (2) A D
From (1) and (2) C B' F N P
B
Or,
Or,
Or, f v + u f = u v
Dividing both sides by uvf, we get
O
Since the aperture of the eye is very small, the two rays
from A and B will enter the eye, only if B lies very close i
to A. Then, BOAO and BOAO. O
a
n
w
= 1 /
w
n
a
=
3. Derive the relation between critical angle and refractive index of the medium.
When a ray of light passes through denser (water
to a rarer (air) medium, then, according to Snells N
law,
w
n
a
=
r Air
when, i = i
e
, r = 90 o B
w
n
a
=
Water
Or,
a
n
w
=
A
** In general, n =
A
r
r i
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4. Obtain lens formula for a thin convex lens when the image is real.
Let, O = optic centre, F
1
and F
2
be the principal focii. Object AB is place beyond F
2
and the real
image formed by it is A'B' beyond F
2
. B N
From similar triangles A'B' F
2
and ONF
2
F
1
F
2
A'
or
. (1) A O
From similar triangles A'B'O and ABO f
.. (2) u v
From (1) and (2)
Or,
Using sign convention, the above equation can be written as
On cross-multiplying, we get, v f = - u v + u f
Dividing both sides by uvf, we get,
(1) L
1
L
2
In the presence of second lens L
2,
I
1
will be the virtual
object and the final image will be formed at I. o
So,
(2) u v
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get v
1
(3)
Now, if the lens combination is replaced by a single lens of focal length f , then
(4)
From equations (3) and (4),
Substituting the values of
, we get, white
w =
{
}{
}
(
)
=
light
B
I I'
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7. What is meant by normal adjustment in case of an astronomical telescope? With the help of
a neat and labeled ray diagram, obtain an expression for the magnifying power of the telescope
in normal adjustment.
Definition: - When the final image is formed by the telescope at infinity, then the telescope is said to
be in normal adjustment. Objective lens eye lens
Ray diagram:
F
o
,F
e
P
o
P
e
to
Magnifying power =
=
=
central
max.
Hence, whole width on secondary maxima on one side is
. first min.
The angular width of the central maxima =
So, angular width of the central maxima is twice that of the first order secondary maximum.
9. An unpolarised light is incident on the boundary between two transparent media. State the
condition when the reflected wave is totally plane polarized. Find out the expression for the
angle of incidence in this case.
Condition: The reflected ray is totally plane polarized, when reflected and refracted rays are
perpendicular to each other. BOC = 90
If
is angle of incidence, r is angle of reflection and r is angle of refraction, then according to law
of reflection D
= r' (incident ray) A Reflected ray
and from fig. r' + 90 + r = 180 C
+ r = 90 (1)
r = (90
) . (2)
B
A
r'
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From Snells law, refractive index of second medium o
relative to first medium (air) say,
Angle of incidence,
E C
Refracted ray
10. Using Huygens wave theory, verify the first law of reflection.
Let, XY be a reflecting surface. At t = 0, the wavefront touches the surface at A. After timet, the
point B of wavefront reaches the point C of the surface.
According to Huygens principle, each point of wavefront acts as a secondary waves. The secondary
wavelets from point A begins to spread in all directions and traverse distance AD (= v t) in timet.
In the same timet, the point B of wavefront, after travelling a distance BC, reaches point C. As the
incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets starting from points between A and C, one
after the other and will touch CD simultaneously. CD represents reflected wavefront.
Now, in right-angled triangles ABC and ADC, ABC = ADC (both are = 90)
Side BC = AD (both are = v t) and side AC is common.
So, both triangles are congruent.
BAC = ACD
i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront CD make equal triangles with the reflecting
surface. Hence, angle of incidence = angle of reflection (which is the first law of reflection).
Incident wavefront reflected wavefront
B D
i r
X i r Y
A C
11. Using Huygens wave theory, verify the Snells law.
Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first medium is incident obliquely on the boundary surface XY and
its end A touches the surface at A at time, t = 0 while the other end B reaches the surface at point B'
after time-interval t. Clearly BC =
) in second medium in
timet. In the same time-interval t, the point of wavefront traverses a distance BC (=
) in first
medium and reaches C, from where the secondary wavelet now starts. Clearly, BC =
And AD =
.
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223
As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets start from points between A and C,
one after the other and will touch CD simultaneously. According to Huygens principle, CD is the
new position of wavefront AB in the second medium. Hence, CD will be the refracted wavefront.
Let the incident and refracted wavefronts make angles i and r respectively with refracting
surface.
In right-angled triangle ACB, ABC = 90 and
. (i)
Similarly, in right-angled triangle ADC, ADC = 90 and
. (ii)
Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get,
)
X i C Y
(denser medium-1,
speed =
)
D
Refracted wavefront
( 5 marks derivations)
12. Derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of prism.
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane perpendicular to the edge. BC is
base of the prism and AB & AC are its two refracting surfaces. PQ is incident ray, QR is refracted
ray and RS is emergent ray.
In quadrilateral AQN
2
R, AQN
2
+ARN
2
= 180 . (1) A
A + QN
2
R = 180
In QRN
2
, r
1
+ r
2
+ QN
2
R = 180 . (2) A
From equations (1) and (2), A = r
1
+ r
2
.. (3) T
In XQR, XQR = i r
1
& XRQ = e r
2
N
1
X N
3
Since exterior TXR = interior XQR + interior XRQ Q R
= ( i r
1
) + (
e r
2
) r
1
r
2
= ( i + e) A P S
Or, A + = i + e . (4) N
2
A graph between i and shows that, B C
is more when i is either small or large. Y
i e
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is minimum for some intermediate value of i.
From graph, when =
m
, then i = e & r
1
= r
2
Now, from equations (3) and (4), we get,
m
A = 2 r r =
& A +
m
= i + i i =
From Snells law,
Since the angles are small,
or,
Substituting for & , in the above equation, we get
Or,
{ } =
{ }
Or,
}
Since the aperture is small, MC = PC, MI = PI
i=e
i
X
O P M C
I
A
i
r
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225
{
} {
}
According to sign convention, PO = , PI = v
{
} {
}
Or,
placed in a
rarer medium of absolute refractive index
. Also, n =
we get,
.. (i)
For refraction at surface XP
2
Y :
I' is the virtual object and I is its real image (final image). Using the formula
we get,
.. (ii)
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
}
Or,
}
Or,
-1) {
}
Or, P =
-1) {
=
=
= {
} {
} = {
} {
} = M
e
M
o
= M
o
M
e
But, M
o
=
and M
e
=
M =
In MOP,
As '' is very small,
Or,
}
path difference, = S
2
P S
1
P = S
2
N =
(i)
For bright fringe at P, the path difference must be an integral multiple of wavelength of light used.
= n where n = 0,1,2,3,
Or,
y =
The above equation gives the position of n
th
bright fringe from the point M (centre of the screen).
So, y
n
=
. (ii)
Now, the fringe width () is defined as the distance between any two consecutive bright fringes (or
dark fringes).
=
= (n + )
(n )
Or, =
where n = 0,1,2,3,.. , we can show that, =