Pressure Sensing Transmitter Using Embedded

Systems










Kumaraguru college of Technology
Chinnavedampatti,Coimbatore-641049
Presented by
K.A.Krishnamurthy S.Sivashankar
II BE., E.I..E. II BE., E.I.E
rva.raghav@gmail.com sivashankars94@gmail.com
Mobile :9843928620 Mobile no: 9894938814



I.ABSTRACT :
The objective of this paper deals with
having a Pressure Sensing transmitter
which saves the number of deaths
occurring in remote areas when there
is an accident.The job of the Pressure
sensing transmitter is to sense the
pressure, when there is an accident
and it calls the ambulance
immediately .The use of these kind
of pressure sensing transmitters helps
to reduce the number of deaths
occurring when there is an accident.
This will be very useful for accident
rescue purpose. The components
which can be used to build pressure
sensing transmitters are transducers,
sensors, amplifiers, Integrated
Circuits and Microcontrollers. The
operation of pressure sensing
transmitter is as follows. When an
accident occurs, some pressure
energy is created. This pressure is
sensed by piezoelectric transducer
and the pressure is converted
automatically into electrical signals
by itself. Then the converted
electrical signals is amplified by
using the amplifier circuit which
consists of IC 741 . Then the
amplified signals are sent back to the
microcontroller which acts as a
transmitter. Using RF transmitter and
receiver the signals can be sent to the
nearest hospital and the ambulance
could be called.




II.INTRODUCTION :
Road accidents have become one of
the most trending issues in India that
has to be solved. Despite the rules
and regulations proposed by the
government to avoid accidents , there
are some people who drives
carelessly without being cautious.
The use of pressure sensing
transmitter would reduce the number
of deaths occurring during accidents
in future. The pressure sensing
transmitter would be very useful
when there is mainly head on
collision between two vechiles.

III.PAPER OVERVIEW
This paper deals with pressure sensing
transmitter. In this we can sense the
pressure and convert the pressure into
electrical signals. The resulting signals
can be amplified and transmitted by
using mobile phone towers. This is
mainly used for accidental rescue
purposes. The components which can be
used for this are sensors , amplifiers ,
signal transmitters and receivers (ie..,
Microcontrollers) Firstly ,the *PST
should be fixed in a vechile.When a
pressure is created in that vechile,the
*PST senses the pressure by using
pressure sensing transducers
.A transducer is a device that converts
one form of energy to another . Here it
converts pressure energy to electrical
energy. The electrical energy can be
amplified by using Integrated Circuits.
For e.g, we can use IC741.The amplified
signals are sent to the microcontrollers.
The microcontrollers are programmed in
such a way that it can transmit and
receive signals . This can be done by
using mobile phone towers.
Fig 1 :Block Diagram of Pressure
Sensing Transmitter
IV.PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR
The piezo electric sensor senses the
pressure when there is an accident
between two vechiles and it converts into
electrical signals.It provides the basic
utility of sensing the pressure.
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be
versatile tools for the measurement of
various processes. They are used for
quality assurance, process control and for
research and development in many
different industries.
Depending on how a piezoelectric
material is cut, three main modes of
operation can be distinguished:
transverse, longitudinal, and shear.

In
this we have used transverse mode of
piezoelectric material.
Depending on how a piezoelectric
material is cut, three main modes of
operation can be distinguished:
transverse, longitudinal, and shear.
1)Transverse effect
A force is applied along a neutral axis (y)
and the charges are generated along the
(x) direction, perpendicular to the line of
force. The amount of charge depends on
the geometrical dimensions of the
respective piezoelectric element.

2) Longitudinal effect
The amount of charge produced is
strictly proportional to the applied force
and is independent of size and shape of
the piezoelectric element. Using several
elements that are mechanically in series
and electrically in parallel is the only
way to increase the charge output.
It has been successfully used in
various applications, such as
in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrument
ation, and as a pressure sensor in the
touch pads of mobile phones. In
the automotive industry, piezoelectric
elements are used to monitor combustion
when developing internal combustion
engines .
Two main groups of materials are used
for piezoelectric sensors: piezoelectric
ceramics and single crystal materials.
The ceramic materials (such
as PZT ceramic) have a piezoelectric
constant / sensitivity that is roughly
two orders of magnitude higher than
those of the natural single crystal
materials and can be produced by
inexpensive sintering processes. The
piezoeffect in piezoceramics is "trained",
so unfortunately their high sensitivity
degrades over time. The degradation is
highly correlated with temperature. The
less sensitive 'natural' single crystal
materials (gallium
phosphate, quartz, tourmaline) have a
much higher when carefully handled,
almost infinite long term stability






Fig 2: Use of Piezoelectric
transducer in internal combustion
engines.






Fig 3:Piezo electric transducer










Fig 4:Piezo electric force sensor
V.OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER IC741
The electric signals available from the
piezoelectric sensor is very low.It has to be
amplified by an IC. The IC741 provides the
amplification of electric signals. It is the
most commonly used IC.They have
sufficiently large gain to amplify the voltage
signals.
An OPAMP is an active circuit designed to
perform mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. An op-amp produces an output
voltage that is typically hundreds of
thousands of times larger than the
voltage difference between its input
terminals.





Fig 5:I C741 Pin Configuration
The IC 741 is a high performance monolithic
operational amplifier constructed using the
planer epitaxial process. High common
mode voltage range and absence of latch-up
tendencies make the IC 741 ideal for use as
voltage follower. The high gain and wide
range of operating voltage provide superior
performance in integrator, summing
amplifier and general feed back applications.

1)Applications:
1. AC and DC amplifiers
2. Active filters
3. Oscillators
4. Comparators
5. Regulators

2)limitations of ICs:

1. If one component fails, whole IC
needs to be replaced.
2. Their power rating is low.
3. We need to connect inductors and
transformers externally.
4. They have low operating voltages.
5. The resistances and capacitances are
voltage dependent.

VI.EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded Systems is simply the
brain of most of the electronics based
systems to access, process, store and
control the data. Few simple electronics
circuits can be intelligently hardware
designed without a microprocessor or
microcontroller but is not worth the
economics except for simple passive
operations. So its more or less must to
put this so called silicon brain, which we
engineers call as microcontroller in all
electronics systems.
An embedded system is a special-
purpose computer system, which is
completely encapsulated by the device it
controls. An embedded system has
specific requirements and performs pre-
defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose
personal computer.
Examples of embedded systems are
Cell-phones, Automatic Teller Machine
(ATM), Digital Interfaced Gasoline
Station, Airborne Flight Control System,
Automotive Engine Health Monitoring
System, Home Security Systems, Air-
conditioners, Washing Machines,
Medical Equipment, DVD
Players, Printers, Medical Equipment
These are the controllers, processors,
arrays or other hardware using dedicated
(embedded) logic or programming (code)
called firmware or a microkernel.
Physically, embedded systems range
from portable devices such as digital
watches and MP3 players, to large
stationary installations like traffic
lights,factory controllers. Complexity
varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high
with multiple units, peripherals and
networks mounted inside a
large chassis or enclosure.






Fig 6: Block diagram of embedded
system
Embedded systems are designed to do
some specific task, rather than be a
general-purpose computer for multiple
tasks. Some also have real-
time performance constraints that must
be met, for reasons such as safety and
usability; others may have low or no
performance requirements, allowing the
system hardware to be simplified to
reduce costs.







Fig 7: Embedded in shoe

Embedded processors can be broken into
two broad categories. Ordinary
microprocessors (P) use separate
integrated circuits for memory and
peripherals. Microcontrollers (C) have
many more peripherals on chip, reducing
power consumption, size and cost
Embedded systems are designed around
a C which integrates Memory &
Peripherals
The C programming language is perhaps
the most popular programming language
for programming embedded systems.

1) Why embedded systems ?
It is EMBEDDED because the Micro
Controller is inside some other system.
For Example a Micro Controller is
EMBEDDED into your TV, car, or
appliance . The consumer need not think
about how to make it perform or process

1. Avoids lot of electronic components.
2. Built in rich features
3. Reduces the cost and space.
4. Less down time for maintenance
5. Easy interface with computers.
6. Probability of failure is reduced.

VII.MICROCONTROLLER :
A microcontroller (sometimes
abbreviated C, u C or MCU) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuits
containing a processor core, memory,
and programmable input/output
peripherals.
The first single-chip microprocessor was
the 4-bit Intel 4004 released in 1971,
with the Intel 8008 and other more
capable microprocessors becoming
available over the next several years.
In 1993, the introduction
of EEPROM memory allowed
microcontrollers (beginning with the
Microchip PIC 16 x 84 ) to be
electrically erased quickly without an
expensive package as required
for EPROM, allowing both rapid
prototyping, and In System
Programming. The same year, Atmel
introduced the first microcontroller
using Flash memory.
A microcontroller can be considered a
self-contained system with a processor,
memory and peripherals and can be used
as an embedded system. The majority of
microcontrollers in use today are
embedded in other machinery, such as
automobiles, telephones, appliances, and
peripherals for computer systems. While
some embedded systems are very
sophisticated, many have minimal
requirements for memory and program
length, with no operating system, and
low software complexity. Typical input
and output devices include
switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small
or custom LCD displays, radio frequency
devices, and sensors for data such as
temperature, humidity, light level etc.
Embedded systems usually have no
keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other
recognizable I/O devices of apersonal
computer, and may lack human
interaction devices of any kind
Microcontrollers were originally
programmed only in assembly language,
but various high-level programming
languages are now also in common use
to target microcontrollers. These
languages are either designed specially
for the purpose, or versions of general
purpose languages such as the C
programming language. Compilers for
general purpose languages will typically
have some restrictions as well as
enhancements to better support the
unique characteristics of
microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers
have environments to aid developing
certain types of applications.
Microcontroller vendors often make tools
freely available to make it easier to adopt
their hardware.
1)Features of microcontroller :
Many embedded systems need to read
sensors that produce analog signals. This
is the purpose of the analog-to-digital
converter (ADC). Since processors are
built to interpret and process digital data,
i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do
anything with the analog signals that may
be sent to it by a device. So the analog to
digital converter is used to convert the
incoming data into a form that the
processor can recognize. A less common
feature on some microcontrollers is
a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that
allows the processor to output analog
signals or voltage levels.







Fig 8: Block diagram of
Microcontroller
In addition to the converters, many
embedded microprocessors include a
variety of timers as well. One of the most
common types of timers is
the Programmable Interval Timer (PIT).
A PIT may either count down from some
value to zero, or up to the capacity of the
count register, overflowing to zero. Once
it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to
the processor indicating that it has
finished counting. This is useful for
devices such as thermostats, which
periodically test the temperature around
them to see if they need to turn the air
conditioner on, the heater on, etc.
Microcontrollers are often low-power
devices. A desktop computer is almost
always plugged into a wall socket and
might consume 50 watts of electricity. A
battery-operated microcontroller might
consume 50 milliwatts.







Fig 9: ATMEL 89C51 PI N
Configuration
2)Applications :
Microcontrollers are hidden inside a
surprising number of products these
days. If your microwave oven has
an LED or LCD screen and a keypad, it
contains a microcontroller. All modern
automobiles contain at least one
microcontroller, and can have as many as
six or seven: The engine is controlled
by a microcontroller, as are the anti-lock
brakes, the cruise control and so on. Any
device that has a remote control almost
certainly contains a
microcontroller: TVs, VCRs and high-
end stereo systems all fall into this
category. Nice SLR and digital
cameras, cellphones, camcorders, answer
ing machines, laser
printers, telephones (the ones with caller
ID, 20-number memory, etc.), pagers,
and feature-laden refrigerators,
dishwashers,washers and dryers (the





Fig 10 : ATMEL 89C51
ones with displays and keypads)... You
get the idea. Basically, any product or
device that interacts with its user has a
microcontroller buried inside.

VIII.RADIO FREQUENCY
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER:
The signals are then sent using a
microcontroller using radio frequency
transmitter. At the receiving end, another
microcontroller is used which is called as the
receiver and it displays the emergency signal
using a seven segment display. This instructs
the receiver to call the ambulance to that
particular area where the accident has
occurred.





Fig 11 : RF transmitter and receiver for
sending and receiving signals
1)Radio transmitters :
A radio transmitter consists of several
elements that work together to generate radio
waves that contain useful information such
as audio, video, or digital data.
Power supply: Provides the necessary
electrical power to operate the
transmitter.
Oscillator: Creates alternating current at
the frequency on which the transmitter
will transmit. The oscillator usually
generates a sine wave, which is referred
to as a carrier wave.
Modulator: Adds useful information to
the carrier wave. There are two main
ways to add this information. The first,
called amplitude modulation or AM,
makes slight increases or decreases to
the intensity of the carrier wave. The
second, called frequency modulation or
FM, makes slight increases or decreases
the frequency of the carrier wave.
Amplifier: Amplifies the modulated
carrier wave to increase its power. The
more powerful the amplifier, the more
powerful the broadcast.
Antenna: Converts the amplified signal
to radio waves.
Fig 12 : Block Diagram of a radio
transmitter

2)Radio receivers:
A radio receiver is the opposite of a radio
transmitter. It uses an antenna to capture
radio waves, processes those waves to
extract only those waves that are vibrating at
the desired frequency, extracts the audio
signals that were added to those waves,
amplifies the audio signals, and finally plays
them on a speaker.
Antenna: Captures the radio waves.
Typically, the antenna is simply a length
of wire. When this wire is exposed to
radio waves, the waves induce a very
small alternating current in the antenna.
RF amplifier: A sensitive amplifier that
amplifies the very weak radio frequency
(RF) signal from the antenna so that the
signal can be processed by the tuner.
Tuner: A circuit that can extract signals
of a particular frequency from a mix of
signals of different frequencies. On its
own, the antenna captures radio waves
of all frequencies and sends them to the
RF amplifier, which dutifully amplifies
them all.
Unless you want to listen to every radio
channel at the same time, you need a
circuit that can pick out just the signals
for the channel you want to hear. Thats
the role of the tuner.
The tuner usually employs the
combination of an inductor (for
example, a coil) and a capacitor to form
a circuit that resonates at a particular
frequency. This frequency, called
the resonant frequency, is determined by
the values chosen for the coil and the
capacitor. This type of circuit tends to
block any AC signals at a frequency
above or below the resonant
frequency.You can adjust the resonant
frequency by varying the amount of
inductance in the coil or the capacitance
of the capacitor. In simple radio receiver
circuits, the tuning is adjusted by
varying the number of turns of wire in
the coil. More sophisticated tuners use a
variable capacitor (also called a tuning
capacitor) to vary the frequency.
Detector: Responsible for separating the
audio information from the carrier wave.
For AM signals, this can be done with a
diode that just rectifies the alternating
current signal. Whats left after the
diode has its way with the alternating
current signal is a direct current signal
that can be fed to an audio amplifier
circuit. For FM signals, the detector
circuit is a little more complicated.
Audio amplifier: This component's job
is to amplify the weak signal that comes
from the detector so that it can be heard.
This can be done using a simple
transistor amplifier circuit.


Fig 13 : Block diagram of a radio reciever

Of course, there are many variations on this
basic radio receiver design. Many receivers
include additional filtering and tuning
circuits to better lock on to the intended
frequency or to produce better-quality
audio output and exclude other signals.
Still, these basic elements are found in
most receiver circuits.






IX.CONCLUSION :
India suffers from the highest number of
deaths around 1,05,000 in absolute terms
annually due to road accidents in the world
owing to poor infrastructure and dangerous
driving habits. Inorder to avoid or prevent
further deaths, the use of these kinds of
pressure sensing transmitters would act as
life saver in the future.
X.REFRENCE:
[1] www.wikipedia.com
[2] The 8051 Microcontroller 3E By
Kenneth J. Ayal
[3] Linear Integrated Circuits by Roy
Choudhry and and Shail B Jones