Electrical Engineering 81 (~998) 163-17o 9 Springer-Verlag 1998

A l g o r i t h m i c m e t h o d o f d e s i g n a n d
o f AC m a c h in e s
PiotrWach
analysis o f f r a c t i o n a l - s l o t w i n d i n g s
Contents The paper presents a new algorithmic method
of designing fractional-slot windings for AC machines of
the double and single layer type. The method allows to
design windings with a small number of slots per pole and
phase, and then to analyse their MMF harmonic spectra in
a simple systematic way and to optimise the construction.
The presented method comprises not only 3-phase, but
also m-phase windings, which in the case of compact
converter-motor units are quite applicable.
A l g o r i th mi s c h e M eth o d e z u r P r o j ek ti er u n g u n d A n a-
l ys e d er B ruc hl o c hwi c kl ungen yo n
Wec hs el s tro mmas c hi nen
0bersicht Im Aufsatz wird eine neue algorithmische Me-
thode zum Entwurf der Bruchlochwicklungen von Wech-
selstrommaschinen mit Ein- und Zweischichtwicklung
dargestellt. Diese Methode erm6glicht den Entwurf yon
Wicklungen mit kleiner Nutzahl pro Pol und Phase, und
sie dient zur Analyse des Spektrums der magnetischen
Durchflutung bei diesen Wicklungen. Die Methode erfalgt
nicht nur dreiphasige, sondern allgemein mehrphasige
Wicklungen, welche im Falle von Stromrichterantrieben
und Umrichtermotoren zunehmend angewendet werden.
List of
m
Qs, Qc
p,p'
P
q,v
u,h
W
symbols
number of phases
number of slots and coils respectively
number of pole pairs and reduced number of pole
pairs
space harmonic of MMF
number of slots and coils per pole and phase
respectively
numerator and denominator of the reduced v
fraction
number of segments (parentheses) of the whole
winding
number of segments (parentheses) of the larg-
est repetitive part of the winding in respect to all
m- phase-belts
angular position of the p-harmonic MMF axis of
the k-th phase
Received'. 10 April 1997
P. Wach
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Technical University of Opole, PL-45-233 Opole,
Poland
C
~P
matrix of constraint of windings
coil structure vector for the p-harmonic
vector of phase-belts MMF structure for the p-
harmonic
1
Introduction
Designing windings, including the fractional-slot type, is a
classical problem treated in many books and papers by
well known authors and constructors. Most of the prob-
lems have been solved and the subject seems to be con-
cluded. But there has not been a presentation of a general
method of designing m-phase fractional-slot windings,
whereas the growing number of multi-phase windings for
converter fed motors and compact converter-motor units
are causing a revival of interest for this subject.
This is the case for m = 5 or m = 7 phase windings,
which can be used instead of m = 6 windings for high
power motors. The m = 5 or 7 phase windings give a
similar reduction of the phase current and more possi-
bilities to reduce the number of parasitic MMF harmonics
in the machine - see Section 5.1.
The presented method is easily applicable in an algo-
rithmic form and enables the comparison of many design
solutions in a short and inexpensive way. The theory
presented here concerns both double- as well as single slot
windings but is introduced in a short form - leaving some
space for examples.
2
Design method
The term 'fractional-slot windings' refers to the number of
slots per pole and phase
Qs
q -
2mp
In the case of q being an integer, the windings are called
integral-slot windings and are balanced under each pole
for each phase. The spectrum of MMF's produced by such
windings is given by the series of odd multiples of the pole
pairs number:
p=( 2k- 1) p k=1, 2, 3, . . . (2)
For fractional-slot number one may denote
Qs t b
q - 2 mp d I q+~ (3)
where:
163
E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g 8 a ( 1 9 9 8 )
164
t, d - are the numerat or and denomi nat or of the reduced
i mproper fraction
Iq - integer part of q
To present this met hod in a general form including bot h
double- and single-layer windings, the characteristic
number v is introduced, which is the number of coils per
pole and phase
O~ u g (4)
V - z ~ - h - I~ +- ~
In the case of double layer windings Q, = Q~ and all re-
spective numbers are equal:
q =v ~ u =t , h =d (5)
For single layer windings holds:
1 I / A= l
v = ~ q ~ s t , h = d i f t i s even
u = t , h = 2 d i f t i s odd (6)
It is i mport ant to notice, t hat the single layer windings
with denomi nat or h -- 2 are not fractional.
The necessary condi t i on of symmet r y of the fractional-
slot windings is t hat the number of coils is divisible by the
number of phases
Q~ = k. m, (7a)
but is not divisible by the number of poles, otherwise the
windings would not be fractional
Q~ r k , I = 1 , 2 , . . . (7b)
The average fractional number of coils, given by (4), is
obtained by the application of groups with unequal number
of coils - most often the groups have Ic and I~ + 1 coils.
But to mai nt ai n the symmet r y of the whole winding,
these unequal groups of coils have to be distributed
symmetrically along the armature. As a result, wider re-
petitive fragments of windings are formed, which are
called segments of the winding. The k-th segment is rep-
resented formally by the parenthesis
(Sk) = (aj+], aj +2, . . . , aj+h); j = ( k - 1)h (8)
ai - is the number of coils in the i- th group
h - is the number of groups in the segment and it is equal
to the denomi nat or of v (4)
The total number of coils in the segment (8) is equal to
the numerat or of v:
aj+l + aj+2 4 - . . . 4- aj+h = U (9)
The whole m-phase winding is composed of w segments
( 8 ) :
( S 1 ) ( $ 2 ) . . . ( S k ) . . . ( S W ) ( 1 0 )
All segments are equal to each other, but t hey have to be
distinguished because of assigning different elements
(groups of coils) to a particular phase-belt.
The number of segments is
Qc (11)
U
The const ruct i on of an m-phase fractional winding could
be presented in the form of a scheme (Fig. 1), which shows
the first and second phase-belt a, b.
1 - s t p a r e n t h e s i s
o - - J l I I
b
. . . ~ a 2 , ~ + 1 ~ a 2 m + 2 . . . . . . , a h ) . . .
i I
I I
. . . . . . . . . . I 1
k - th parenthesis
I I
. 9 a r h + n ~ l , a r h + r m . 2 , . . . . . . , a ( r + l ) h ) . 9
I [ . . : : : : : : . .
(r+l) - th parenthesis
: : : : : : : : : : : : - - ] [
w - t h p a r e n t h e s i s [ [
Fig. 1. Construction scheme of a fractional-slot windings in
general form, with first two phase-belts presented
The thick lines represent phase-belts, in Fig. 1 t hey are
denot ed as a and b. They show the successive groups
j oi ned in the phase with their direction indicated. If the
line comes from below the parenthesis, the respective
group of coils is regarded as positively connected into the
phase-belt, in case the line comes from above - the con-
nection is negative. This formul a has its i mpact on the
( +, - ) signs of the elements of the C mat ri x (25).
After the presentation of the windings in the symbolic
form (Fig. 1) it is possible to st udy the symmet ry condi-
tions and general properties concerning MMFs' genera-
tioin.
There are two necessary symmet r y conditions:
1 ~ wh = i nk, k = 1 , 2 , . . . (12a)
which means, t hat the total number of groups must be
divisible by the number of phases
2 ~ GCD( h, m) = 1 (12b)
(GCD stands f or Greatest Common Divisor)
which guarantees that each phase-belt incorporates the
elements placed on each position of some parenthesis.
From 1 ~ and 2 ~ it stems that w = km, so the number of
parentheses is divisible by the number of phases.
The whole winding consisting of w parentheses could
cont ai n a number of larger repetitive parts cont ai ni ng r
parentheses, symmetrical in respect to all m-phases. It is
i mport ant to determine the number r, as it is responsible
for the lowest number of MMF harmoni c and the possi-
bility to connect windings in parallel branches.
It can be calculated from the equation
2m
r h / ( mo d 2m) = 0 ~ r - (13)
GCD(2m, h)
Taking into account (12b) one receives
r = m for h bei ng even
r = 2m for h bei ng odd (14)
The next step is to find
w = Qc GCD(2m, h) _ _ p (15)
r u 2m h/ GCD( Zm, h)
P. Wach: Algorithmic met hod of design and analysis of fractional-slot windings of AC machi nes
This quot i ent is the integer, which means the number of
repetitive parts of windings - in respect to all phases. It is
also the lowest number of MMF harmoni c generated by the
winding:
w
p' = -- (16)
r
According to (16) it is called the reduced number of pole
pairs, as it is a subharmoni c in respect to the fundament al
p = p. From (15) and (16) it stems t hat
iv ' 2p for h bei ng even
(17)
p ' = ,P- for h bei ng odd
r /
3
Characteristics of m-phase fractional-slot windings
The symmet r y of m-phase windings requires two attri-
butes: amplitude- and angular symmet ry. Amplitude
symmet r y means the equal amplitudes of any MMF har-
monics produced by all phase-belts. It is provided i f onl y
the symmet ry condi t i ons (12) are met, and the scheme in
Fig. 1 of windings' const ruct i on is followed.
Angular symmet r y requires t hat the spatial axes of
MMF harmoni cs of all m-phase-belts constitute a sym-
metric system. For some defined MMF harmoni cs sym-
metric systems are reduced, so that some or all axes
occupy the same position in space.
It can be written as:
165
I 2n
7 m - pr i me number ; p r k m
a ~ p = ~)~ - - 4 ; = 2rim1
~ - - m - odd number ; ml - di vi sor of m;
0 for p = k m
i , j = l , i , . . . , m ; l i - j l = l , 2 , 3 , . . . , ( m - 1 ) / 2
p r k i n ~ m1
(22)
Further, considering the equat i on
7 h / ( mo d m) = 0 it follows: ~ = m (18)
Compari ng this result with (14) it is clear that for odd h
the phase-belt string (Fig. 1) is an ant i -symmet ri c func-
tion, hence
ai = ---ai+mh (19)
In the result, the following characteristics of the fractional-
slot windings MMFs' are determined:
for h being even
p = kp'; p ' 2I) k = 1 2,
for h bei ng odd (20)
p = ( 2 k - 1)p'; p' P
Ret urni ng to the analysis of the single parenthesis (8), the
symmet r y condi t i ons require onl y t hat it contains h ele-
ment s (groups of coils) with a total of u coils. But the
opt i mi sat i on considerations [12] as well as a simple
compari son with the integral windings show t hat the coils
shoul d be possibly uni forml y distributed. So there are onl y
two kinds of elements Ic and e = Ic + 1, and
(
Ic, I c , s e , e , ~ . . , e ) (21)
nl times nz times
with
I c n l + (Ic + 1)n2 = u "[
1"11 AV t l 2 = h
The elements Ic, e inside the parenthesis (21) shoul d be
mi xed so t hat their di st ri but i on is as uni form as possible.
where: ~b~ - is the angular position of the p-th MMF
harmoni c axis of the k-th phase.
Studying further the angular symmet r y condi t i ons of m-
phase windings there are four categories of windings with
respect to the number m:
(1) m is pri me, excl udi ng numbe r 2
(2) m is an odd number , but not pr i me
(23)
(3) m = 2, so it is pr i me and even
(4) m is any even numbe r great er t han 2
The characteristics of the windings belonging to the
categories listed above are the following:
(1) For m being prime and odd it is possible to construct
symmetrical m phase windings, i f onl y condi t i ons (12) and
scheme (Fig. 1) are observed. The axes of the phase-belts
form for the successive MMF harmoni cs (m - 1)/2 sym-
metrical component systems. Each symmetrical compo-
nent has its forward (+) and backward ( - ) sequence with
respect to the fundament al harmoni c, which is regarded as
forward.
For p = k m the axes of all m-phase MMFs have the same
space angle and according to (22) t hey form a zero se-
quence component system.
As a result, i f the m-phase winding system is supplied with
a single chosen symmetrical component of currents, onl y a
limited number of MMF harmoni cs arise - those sensitive
for t hat specific symmetrical component .
To obt ai n the angular symmet r y of the phase-belt MMFs'
designed with the use of this algorithmic met hod (8 and
Fig. 1) it is necessary to reverse the terminals of the even
numbered phase-belts or in other words - those indicated
by the letters b, d , f , . . . This stems from a closer inspec-
tion [12] of the parentheses (Fig. 1) f or mi ng the phase-
belt. The formal interchange of terminals for these phases
El ect r i cal En g i n e e r i n g 81 (1998)
1 6 6
is carried out by the not at i on a, - b , c, - d , e, - f , . . . of the
phase-belts and by multiplying the respective rows of the C
mat ri x (25) by -1. An example of this category (1) of the
multi-phase winding, for m = 5 is presented in section 5.
(2) In t hat case m is odd but having the divisors ml, m2,. 9 9
different from 1 and m, windings have the same properties
as in case (1), except for the zero symmetrical component s
of MMFs'. There is a zero sequence component for all
p = k m harmoni cs of MMF. Besides there are reduced
symmetrical components for which phase-belts MMFs are
evenly distributed in re~m1, r e ~ m 2 , . . , axes for the har-
monics numbered p = ml, m2 , . . . , respectively. Symmet-
rical windings with m = 9, 15, 21, . . . phases belong to this
category.
(3) For m = 2, applying the met hod one gets 2 phase-belts
for which MMF axes are shifted in space over n/ 2 angle for
all harmonics. This is regarded as the symmetrical 2-phase
component system, with one symmetrical component onl y
- having its forward and backward sequences.
According to the condi t i on (12b), m and h must be mu-
tually prime and in consequence h must be an odd num-
ber. To fulfil this requirement, the number of pole pairs p
must have an odd divisor. In consequence, it is possible to
design 2-phase symmetrical fractional-slot windings for
p 7s 1 a n d p 7 ~ 2 k, k = 1, 2, . . . The produced MMF har-
monics are:
p = ( 2 k - 1)p', p t = p / h (24)
The reduced number of pole pairs pr is in that case equal to
the even divisor of p.
(4) The case in which the number of phases is even and
The solution is practical, but artificial in the theoretical
sense, as opposite phase axes coincide. The number of
symmetrical component s is the same as in the m / 2 system,
but the number of active space harmoni cs depends on the
symmet ry of the current system supplying the windings.
Some MMFs' harmoni cs activate onl y if the supply current
system of respective symmetrical component have bot h
forward and backward sequence.
4
Mat ri x o f c o n s t r a i n t s and MMFs' a na l y s i s
The scheme from Fig. 1 helps directly to form the C-matrix
of constraints, which is the formal not at i on of m-phase
windings construction. Its name is justified by the fact t hat
it connects successive coils into phase-belts or in other
words it transfers currents of phases to the proper coils,
regarding sense of the current.
The rows of the mat ri x correspond to the phase belts,
while the columns are assigned to the slots of the machine.
Elements { 1, - 1, 0} of the C mat ri x indicate the left side of
the coil lying in a proper slot and being j oi nt into a re-
spective phase-belt in positive (+1) or negative (-1) di-
rection. The 0 element means lack of coincidence of the
coil with the given phase. This system of not at i on includes
bot h double- and single layer windings. The latter have
bot h sides of a coil recorded in the mat ri x by 1 and - 1
elements, placed in the same row of the matrix, in the
columns correspondi ng to the left and right side of the
coil.
An exemplary mat ri x of constraints for a wi ndi ng with
Qs slots is presented below:
C =
i 2 3 4 5 . . . .
a l l 1 0 . . .
- b I 0 - 1 - 1 0
c . . . 0 1
- d
0 0 . . .
. . . . QS
. . . 0 ..ii I
. . . . . .
1 0 . . . . . . 0 ( 2 5 )
. . . 0 - 1 . . . 0
. . . . . .
m > 2 is disputable. It is impossible to make windings
with angular symmet r y by the given method. For p = pt
the harmoni c di st ri but i on of axes is regular with the angle
re~m, but for higher harmoni cs the angular shifts are ir-
regular multiples of zc/m.
It is not the fault of the met hod, but for m even onl y
quasi-symmetrical windings are possible, because the axes
of opposite phases are covering each other. As a result, it is
possible to design such windings, for which m is doubled
in respect to three previous categories of windings. They
could be designed by the division by two repetitive parts of
these windings, in case t hat the repetition is even-fold:
pt = 2k. So it means t hat t hey are applicable i f the original
winding, belonging to (1), (2), (3) category have an even
number of parallel branches. In t hat way symmetrical
windings with m = 4, 6, 10, . . . phase-belts can be con-
structed.
The angular structure of the wi ndi ngs is denot ed in a form
of the coil structure vector W p, which for coils with the
same number of turns is
( w P ) T ~ - [ e j j O f g l ~ / ~ eOp~176 (26)
For practical reasons, it is assumed t hat the angles
el, c~2,..., %, indicating the left sides (or axes) of coils are
- - 360~ hence:
at a regular distance Zs - - C '
( wp ) T= [ 1 e jp~' eJP2~'...c ~p(Q'-I)~:'] (27)
The structure vector (27) has some i mport ant features:
= ( Q - p ) = w P ( 2 8 )
and
W =
P. Wach: Algorithmic method of design and analysis of fractional-slot windings of AC machines
To analyse the MMFs produced by the phase windings use
i s made of the matrix product:
~' ; = C~ rp or in the full form (29)
phase a alPeJr ]
phase b a2PeJr [
phase c a~eJr
1
z
0
- ejp~l
eJP~2
- - 1 - - 1 0
1 1
0 0
. e jpQs .
This matrix multiplication gives the same effect as the
summation of the proper e )p~k vectors, which constitute the
MMF of a particular phase-belt.
The result is a column vector and the modules of its
elements P P al, a2, . . , are proportional to the p-harmonic
MMF amplitude. For symmetrical windings holds al; =
a~ . . . . . aP, and the distribution factor of the winding i s
calculated simply from:
m a p
Qs (30)
The arguments qS~, q~2 p, qS~,.., of (29) are the angles of axes
of the phase MMFs for the p-harmonic. For windings with
angular symmetry they should agree with (22).
The relative/-phase MMF, with respect to the funda-
mental p = p, takes the form
k p l , . P
~;0 i - - PP kPdk; p' di~pi c dcJf (31)
Y~
- - - s i n o - ~ n
G
where: k~ = s i n p 2 (32)
is the pitch factor of the coil for the p-harmonic, a t, ~" are
the angles of the left and right side of that coil, and YQ is
the coil span in the slot measure.
The relations (30-32) refer to the double layer windings,
which always have equal coil span.
For single layer windings both sides of each coil are
represented in the C matrix. As a result, the pitch factor
effect is already included in the product of the matrix
multiplication (29), and the formula respective to (30)
gives the winding factor for the p-harmonic:
ma p
kPw- Qs (33)
and the relative/-phase, p-harmonic MMF of the single-
layer winding i s
~ ; P kPw e ~r (34)
O i z - f i ~
The method presented here, which for single layer winding
coils places in the C matrix elements 1, - 1 representing
both sides of a coil has many advantages. It does not de-
pend on the construction type of the winding. The method
is the same for group windings, diamond windings or any
other type. It also helps in avoiding errors in designing
single layer windings, because filling the C matrix is the
most compact notation of the winding.
5
E x a m p l e s
5 . 1
F i v e - p h a s e , s i n g l e l a y e r w i n d i n g
In this example, a single layer winding, which belongs to
category (1) of (23) is designed and analysed. The number
of phase-belts m = 5 is next to m = 3 in this category, yet
is allows to demonstrate all characteristics of multi-phase
windings.
The basic data of the winding are:
Qs = 6 0 m= 5 p = 4
The number of coils, according to single layer construction
of the winding, is
1
Qc = ~ Qs = 30, and the characteristic fraction (4) :
Oc 30 3 u
2 m p 40 4 h
According to (8-9) a single segment of the windings is
represented by the parenthesis (1,1,1,0) and the whole
winding consists of (11)
Oc 30
w- - - 10 such parentheses .
u 3
Next, from (20) it follows that
p , _ 2p 8 2 p = k p ' = 2, 4, 6, 8,
h 4 "' "
Now the basic scheme (Fig. 2) of this winding can be
drawn. The diametrical pitch of the coil should be
Q 60
Y P - 2 p - 8 - 7 . 5 ,
so the diamond-coil winding is chosen, with shorted pitch
Yo = 7 .
Following from the scheme (Fig. 2), the C matrix is
written, with bot h sides of each coil represented by 1,-1
elements at the distance of 7 slots.
repet i t i on
Fi g. 2. Bas i c s c h e me o f t h e Qs = 60, m = 5 , p = 4, v = 3 / 4 s i ngl e
l a ye r wi n d i n g
167
Electrical Engineering 82 (1998)
The col umns of the mat r i x are doubl y number ed, be-
cause of p' = 2 t he scheme in Fig. 2 as well as the mat ri x
consist of two identical parts.
After mat r i x mul t i pl i cat i on (29) and empl oyi ng (33-34),
t he results of the MMFs analysis are present ed in Table 1.
Accordi ng to these results, t here are two symmet ri cal
component s: I - t he subsequent vect ors of the phase
168
a
C- - - b
c
- d
e
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
1 - 1 - 1
- 1 - 1
1
- 1
1
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
1 1 - 1
- 1 - 1
- 1
1
1 1
10 i1 12 13 14 15
40 41 42 43 44 45
1
- 1
1
- 1 - 1
25 26 27 28 29 30
55 56 57 58 59 60
1
- 1 - 1
1 1
- 1
(35)
The slot pi t ch is
360 ~
rs - - - -- 6 ~
60
and in consequence the st ruct ure vect or is
( ~ r ' ) T = [e j'~ e b6 eJo12-.-eJ"S4] (36)
The phase-belts in Fig. 2 and mat r i x (35) are denot ed as
a , - b , c , - d , e. Thei r rel at i on to the wi ndi ngs' t ermi nal s
are given by (37) and depi ct ed in Fig. 3.
a---~ l U
- b ~ 1X
c---~ I V
- d- - + 1Y
e - , 1W
(37)
I U 1V 1W 1X
N
o
2U 2V
-b i!!!~ii
N~
i i l i
1Y
-d
o
2W 2X 2Y
Fig. 3. Relationship between phase-belt names and terminals of
the 5-phase windings
MMFs' axes are t ur ned over the angle of 72 ~ and II - over
the angle of 144 ~ Both component s have t hei r forward (+)
and backward ( - ) sequence (see Fig. 4).
So t he axes of the phase MMFs for the space har moni cs
po = km = 5, 10, 15, . . . const i t ut e a 0-symmet ri cal com-
ponent system; for the harmoni cs
pI = (2k - 1)m + 1 = 4, 6, 14, 16, 24, 26, . . . t hey f or m I-
symmet ri cal component system, and finally for the har-
moni cs pii = (2k - 1)m + 3 = 2, 8, 12, 18, 22, 28, . . . t hey
f or m the II-symmet ri cal component system.
I f these phases are suppl i ed with a single symmet ri cal
component syst em of current s (voltages), the onl y set of
the MMF space harmoni cs which arises is the one sensitive
for t hat symmet ri cal component , and the ot her space
har moni cs are reduced. This allows to eliminate some
meani ngful parasite MMF harmoni cs, such as
/)ii = 2, 12, . . . and p0 = 10, 20, . . . in this example, in case
of the typical suppl y of the phases of a machi ne with the I-
symmet ri cal component system.
5.2
3-phase, d o u b l e layer winding
This is typical winding, bel ongi ng to the cat egory (1), with
the basic data:
Qs = 3 6 t ) = 5 m= 3
The wi ndi ng is of the doubl e layer type, so Qc = Qs, and
Qs 36 6 u
V - -
6p 30 5 h
The single segment of the winding, in t he shape of pa-
renthesis (8-9), is (2, 1, 1, 1, 1).
The ot her const ruct i on paramet ers are:
P. Wach: Algorithmic method of design and analysis of fractional-slot windings of AC machines
Table 1. Single layer winding:
Qs = 60, m = 5, p = 4
P kPw @o dPa,-b,c, a,e 1U, 1V, 1W, 1X, 1Y
2 0.270 5 5 . 1 228,156,84,12,-60 A, D, B, E, C/ -II
4 0.980 1 0 0 . 0 6,222,78,-66,150 A,B,C,D,E[+I
6 0.103 7.4 144,-72,72,216,0 A,E,D, C, B/ - I
8 0.057 2.7 102,174,246,-42,30 A,C,E,B,D/+II
10 0.333 13.6 240,240 . . . . 0
12 0.830 28.4 18,-54,234,162,90 A, D, B, E, C/ -II
14 0.103 3.0 -24,192,48,-96,120 A,B,C,D,E/+I
16 0.046 1.2 114,258,42,186,-30 A, E, D, C, B/ -I
18 0.270 6.1 252,-36,36,108,180 A,C,E,B,D/+II
20 0.577 11.8 30,30 . . . . 0
22 0.270 5.0 - 12,-84,204,132,60 A,D,B,E, (2/- II
24 0.075 1.4 -54,162,18,234,90 A,B,C,D,E/+I
26 0.103 1.6 264,48,192,-24,120 A,E,D, C, B/ - I
28 0.300 4.4 42,114,186,258,-30 A,C,E,B,D/+II
30 0.333 4.6 0,0 . . . . 0
32 0.300 3.8 -42,246,174,102,30 A, D, B, E, C/ -II
34 0.103 1.2 96,-48,168,24,240 A,B,C,D,E/+t
36 0.075 0.9 54,258,-18,126,-90 A, E, D, C, B/ -I
169
E
~ A
I + : A , B , C , D , E
I - : A , E , D , C , B
I I +: A , C , E , B , D
I I ' : A , D , B , E , C
Fig. 4. Vectors of the 5-phase symmet ri cal system and its sym-
met ri cal component s
, 0 01,1)(2,1, i, I, I) (2,1,1,1,1) (2,1,1,1, i )
I ! ! ,
Fig. 5. Basic scheme of the Os = 36, m = 3, p = 5, v = 6/ 5 doubl e
layer wi ndi ng
Qs 36 pl P 5
w - - - 6 a n d 1
t 6 d 5 "
I t i s e n o u g h t o p r e p a r e t he ba s i c s c h e me i n Fi g. 5 a n d t he
C ma t r i x :
For d o u b l e l a ye r wi n d i n g s t he p i t c h o f a coi l is a r b i t r a r y , as
t he C ma t r i x c o n t a i n s f or each coi l one e l e me n t onl y. The
d i a me t r a l pi t c h o f t he wi n d i n g i n t hi s e x a mp l e i s
Qs 36
YP 2p 10 - - 3. 6
a n d MMF c a l c ul a t i ons , a c c o r d i n g t o ( 29- 32) , a r e p e r f o r me d
f or t he s h o r t e d pi t c h Yo = 3, a n d f or t he e x t e n d e d p i t c h
Yo = 4. The r e s ul t s ar e gi ven i n Fi g. 6.
C =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I1 12 13 14
a [ 1 1 - 1 1 - 1
- b [ - 1 1 - 1 1 1
c 1 - 1 - 1 1
15 16
1
- 1
17 18
- 1
1
a
- b
C
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
- - 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 1
1 - - 1 1
- - 1 1 1 - - 1
31 32
--1 --1
33 34
--1
1
35 36
- 1
Electrical Engineering 81 (1998)
170
100
I NY= 4
80 I NY=3
60 84
40
o
0 _ o = L . _ ~ _ ~ L
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Fig. 6. MMF spect r a f or t he Q, = 36, p = 5, 3- phase doubl e l ayer
wi ndi ng with pi t ch YQ = 3 and YQ = 4
6
C o n c l u s i o n s
Th e m e t h o d p r e s e n t e d h e r e e n a b l e s t o d e s i g n a n u m b e r o f
v e r s i o n s o f f r a c t i o n a l - s l o t wi n d i n g s i n a n e a s y a l g o r i t h mi c
wa y a n d t o m a k e a n e s s e n t i a l a n a l y s i s t h e i r MMF s p e c t r a .
T h e m e t h o d i s v a l i d f o r m- p h a s e wi n d i n g s , a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e c a t e g o r i s a t i o n o f mu l t i - p h a s e wi n d i n g s g i v e n b y ( 23) .
T h e l i mi t e d v o l u me o f t h e p a p e r c a u s e d t h e r e s t r i c t i o n o f
t h e p r e s e n t e d e x a mp l e s t o t h o s e b e l o n g i n g t o t h e (1) c a t -
e g o r y .
T h e r e a r e a l s o o t h e r p r o b l e ms , s u c h as t h e c h o i c e o f
p r o p e r n u m b e r o f r o t o r s l ot s a n d r e d u c t i o n o f o t h e r p a r -
a s i t i c p h e n o m e n a l ef t o u t f r o m t hi s p a p e r [5, 12].
On e m o r e p r o b l e m o f d e s i g n n a t u r e , wh i c h i s n o t p r e -
s e n t e d h e r e , i s t h e o p t i mi s a t i o n o f f r a c t i o n a l - s l o t wi n d i n g s
- i n c l u d i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f u coi l s a m o n g h g r o u p s o f
t h e p a r e n t h e s i s (8). I n t h e c a s e o f h > 4 i t i s n o t a t r i v i a l
p r o b l e m, h o we v e r i n t u i t i v e c o n c e p t , t h a t f o l l o wi n g i n t e -
g r a l - s l o t wi n d i n g s - t h e m o s t u n i f o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n i s t h e
b e s t a n d wi l l d o i n p r a c t i c e .
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