Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
INTRODUCTION:
Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conducts or end state of existence is
personally and socially preferable to the alternatives modes of conduct or end states of
existence. Once it is internalized , it becomes consciously or unconsciously , a standard
or criterion for guiding action , for developing and maintaining attitudes toward relevant
objects and situations , for justifying one’s own and other’s actions and attitudes for
morally judging oneself and others , and for comparing oneself for other’s . Value
therefore, is a standard or yardstick to guide actions, attitudes, evaluations and
justifications of the self and the others.
Values are tinged with moral flavour , involving an individual’s judgement of what is
right , good or desirable . Thus values :
1) Provide standards of competence and morality.
2) Are fewer in number than attitudes
3) Transcend specific objects, situations or persons.
4) Are relatively permanent and resistant to change , and
5) Are more central to the core of a person.
Individuals learn values as they grow and mature. They may change over the life span of
an individual develops a sense of self. Culture, societies and organizations shape values.
Values are important to the study of organizational behaviour because they lay the
foundations for the understanding of attitudes and motivation and because they influence
our perceptions.
FORMATION OF VALUES:
Values are learned and acquired primarily through experiences with people and
institutions. Parents, for example, will have substantial influence on their children’s
value. A parent’s reaction to everyday events demonstrates what is good and bad,
acceptable and unacceptable, important and unimportant. Values are also taught and
reinforced in schools, religious organizations, and social groups. As we grow and
develop, each source of influence contributes to our definition of what is important in
life. Cultural mores have influence on the formation of values. Basic convictions of what
is good or bad are derived from one’s own culture.
TYPES OF VALUES:
(I) Allport and his associates categorized values into six types:-
1) Theoretical
2) Economic
3) Aesthetic
4) Social
5) Political
6) Religious
1) THEORETICAL : Interested in the discovery of truth through
Reasoning and systematic thinking.
1) Instrumental value
2) Terminal value
(III) WORK VALUES : Work values are important because they affect how
Individuals behave on their jobs in terms of what is
right and wrong . The work values most relevant to individuals are :
1) Achievement
2) Honesty
3) Fairness
CONCLUSION :
Although individuals vary in their value systems , when they share similar
values at work , the results are positive . This means that organizations
recruiting job candidates should pay careful attention to an individual’s
values.
ATTITUDE
INTRODUCTION:
Attitude is defined as a more or less stable set of predisposition , interest or
purpose involving expectancy of a certain kind of experience and readiness
with an appropriate response . Attitudes are also known as “ FRAMES OF
REFERENCE ” . They provide the background against which facts and events
are viewed . It becomes necessary to know the attitudes of members of an
organizations because they have to perceive specific aspects like pay , hours
of work , promotion ….etc , of their job in the wider context of their
generalized attitudes .
An attitude is also a cognitive element , it remains inside a person. Everyone’s
psychological world is limited and thus everyone has a limited number of
attitudes in business organizations , employees have attitudes relating to world
environment , job security etc . The individual’s attitudes towards these
factors are indicative of his apathy or enthusiasm towards the activites and
objectives of the organization .
CHARACTERSTATICS OF ATTITUDES :
COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES
There are 3 components of attitudes . They are :-
1) Cognitive Component
2) Affective Component
3) Behavioural Component
1) COGNITIVE COMPONENT : This component includes the
Beliefs an individual has
about a certain person , objects or situation . The belief that
“discrimination is wrong” is a value statement .Such an cognitive
component of an attitude . Learned beliefs , such as “ you need to
work long hours to get ahead in this job”, lead to attitudes that
have an impact on behaviour in the work place .The cognition
component of an attitude reflects a persons perceptions and
beliefs . The cognitive elements are evaluative beliefs and are
measured by attitude scales or by asking , about thoughts .The
statement “ I believe Japanese workers are industrious ” , reflects
the cognitive component of an attitude .
The cognitive components sets the stage for the more critical part
of attitude – its affective component .
Attitudes at work are important because directly or indirectly , they affect work
behaviour. Although many work attitudes are important , two attitudes in particular have
been emphasized :-
1) Job satisfaction
2) Organizational commitment
MANAGERIAL ETHICS :
Sometimes , some people consider values and ethics synonymous and use them
Interchangeably . However the two have different meanings . The major difference
Between the two is that VALUES are beliefs that affect an individual’s judgemental
Ideas about what is good or bad . The ETHICS is the way the values are acted out .
Ethical behaviour is acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the
Commonly held values of the organization and society .
SIMILARITIES :
1) Both are learned or acquired from the same sources – experience with people ,
objects and events .
2) Both affect cognitive process and behaviour of people .
3) Both are durable , deep rooted and difficult to change .
4) Both influence each other and more often than not , are used interchangeably .
DISSIMILARITIES :
3. Attitudes are the offshoot of one’s Values are derived from social
personal experiences . and cultural mores .