Chap01 Science Answer Key

Explore Activity: Observe wave
behavior, p. 7
Before You Read, p. 7
MiniLAB: Comparing Sounds, p. 11
Physics Integration, p. 12
Health Integration, p. 16
Science Online, p. 17
Activity: Waves on a Spring, p.18
MiniLAB: Observing How Light
Refracts, p. 20
Science Online, p. 23
Problem-Solving Activity: Can you
create destructive interference?,
p. 23
Visualizing Interference, p. 24
Activity: Wave Speed, pp. 2627
Science Stats: Waves, Waves, and
More Waves, pp. 2829
Chapter Opener
Section 1 What are waves?
4 sessions
2 blocks
1. Explain the relationship among waves, energy, and
matter.
2. Describe the difference between transverse waves
and compressional waves.
Section 2 Wave Properties
4 sessions
2 blocks
1. Describe the relationship between the frequency
and wavelength of a wave.
2. Explain why waves travel at different speeds.
Section 3 Wave Behavior
5 sessions
2.5 blocks
1. Explain how waves can reflect from some surfaces.
2. Explain how waves change direction when they
move from one material into another.
3. Describe how waves are able to bend around
barriers.
See p. 7T for a
Key to Standards.
National Content
Standards: UCP5,
A1, B1, B3
National Content
Standards: UCP3,
A1, B3
National Content
Standards: UCP2,
A1, B1, B3
National State/Local
Section/Objectives Standards Activities/Features
6A N O CHAPTER 1 Waves
CHAPTER WAVES
1 1
Section Focus Transparency
Teaching Transparency
Interactive CD-ROM/DVD
Guided Reading Audio
Program
Program
Program
Chapter Resources Booklet
Foldables Worksheet, p. 15
Directed Reading Overview, p. 17
Note-taking Worksheets,
pp. 3132
Transparency Activity, p. 42
MiniLAB, p. 3
Enrichment, p. 28
Reinforcement, p. 25
Directed Reading, p. 18
Transparency Activity, pp. 4546
Enrichment, p. 29
Directed Reading, p. 19
Activity Worksheet, pp. 56
Lab Activity, pp. 911
Reading and Writing Skill
Activities, p. 33
Home and Community
Involvement, p. 42
Enrichment, p. 30
Directed Reading, pp. 19, 20
MiniLAB, p. 4
Lab Management and Safety,
p. 65
Mathematics Skill Activities, p. 47
Portfolio
Activity, p. 10
Performance
MiniLAB, p. 11
Skill Builder Activities, p. 12
Content
Section Assessment, p. 12
Portfolio
Extension, p. 14
Science Journal, p. 16
Performance
Content
Portfolio
Challenge, p. 25
Performance
MiniLAB, p. 20
Problem-Solving Activity, p. 23
Content
Explore Activity: clear
plastic plate, a cork or straw,
dropper, 1 cm water
MiniLAB: wooden ruler
Activity: long, coiled spring
toy, 5 cm colored yarn,
meterstick, stopwatch
MiniLAB: large, opaque
drinking glass or cup,
water, white soda straw
Activity: coiled spring toy,
stopwatch, meterstick, tape
CHAPTER 1 Chapter Organizer O N 6B
Activity Materials Reproducible Resources Section Assessment Technology
CHAPTER ORGANI ZER
Need materials?
Contact Science Kit
at 1-800-828-7777 or
www.sciencekit.com
on the Internet.
Chapter Review, pp. 3536
Chapter Tests, pp. 3740
Standardized Test Practice by
The Princeton Review, pp. 710
MindJogger Videoquiz
CD-ROM Explorations and Quizzes
Vocabulary Puzzle Makers
ExamView Pro Test Bank
Interactive Lesson Planner
Interactive Teachers Edition
Performance Assessment in the Science
Classroom (PASC)
End of Chapter Assessment
Blackline Masters Technology Professional Series
CHAPTER WAVES
1 1
Hands-on Activities
Laboratory Activities Activity Worksheets
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panies, Inc.
Waves 5
Name Date Class
Lab Preview
Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Activity.
1. Why should you wear goggles when performing this activity?
2. How do you use yarn in this activity?
Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space.
Studying waves can help you understand how the Suns energy reaches Earth
and sounds travel through the air.
What Youll Investigate
What are some of the properties of transverse and compressional waves on a coiled spring?
Materials
long, coiled spring toy
colored yarn (5 cm)
meterstick
stopwatch
Goals
I Create transverse and compressional waves on a coiled spring toy.
I Investigate wave properties such as speed and amplitude.
Safety Precautions
CAUTION: Avoid over-stretching or tangling the spring to prevent damage.
Procedure
1. Work in pairs or groups and clear a place
on an uncarpeted floor about 6 m 2 m.
2. Stretch the springs between two people to the
length suggested by your teacher. Measure
the length.
3. Create a wave with a quick sideways snap
of the wrist. Time several waves as they
travel the length of the spring. Record the
average time in the data table in the Data
and Observations section.
4. Repeat step 3 using waves that have slightly
larger amplitudes.
5. Squeeze together about 20 of the coils.
Observe what happens to the unsqueezed
coils. Release the coils and observe.
6. Quickly push the spring toward your partner,
then pull it back.
7. Tie the yarn to a coil near the middle of
the spring. Repeat step 7 observing the
string.
Waves on a Spring
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Waves 13
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Waves enable you to see this page and to hear voices. Waves carry energy fromone place to
another without carrying matter. Waves often bounce off objects (reflection), change direction when
they travel fromone mediumto another (refraction), and spread around barriers (diffraction).
Strategy
You will simulate the behaviors of waves.
You will observe and study how waves reflect, refract, and diffract.
Materials
rectangular, clear plastic storage box glass plate
wood block (15 cm 3 cm 7 cm) support clips for glass plate (4)
to use as wave generator paraffin block (4 cm 4 cm 1 cm)
steel barrier (1 m 4 cm 1 cm)
paraffin blocks, 2 (10 cm 6 cm 1 cm)
Procedure
1. Fill the box with water to a depth of 3 cm.
2. Hold the wooden block in the water so that
it is just touching the bottom near one end
of the box and is parallel with the side of
the box. Lift the block out of the water.
This entire motion should take about 1 s.
Repeat the motion until you can produce
uniform waves.
3. Once you are satisfied that you can
produce uniform waves, set up the other
simulations as illustrated in the diagrams.
Each simulation will take at least 5 min.
During that period of time, observe the
waves and their behavior.
4. After you have finished the simulations,
answer the following questions.
Laboratory
Activities
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Diffraction
Questions and Conclusions
Simulation A
1. Describe the behavior of the waves before and after they reflected from the steel barrier.
2. Change the angle of the barrier and repeat.. What happens to the direction of the reflected waves?
Simulation B
3. When the waves passed over the glass plate, they entered shallower water. What happened to
their speed?
4. The change in speed simulates what happens when a wave passes from one medium into
another. How was the direction of the wave affected?
5. The change in direction of a wave when it passes from one medium into another is called
refraction, and the line drawn perpendicular to the edge of the plate is called the normal.
Did the water waves bend away from the normal or toward it when they passed over the plate?
L2
Hands-on Activities
Transparencies
Section Focus
Waves
Surfing may seemlike a fairly new sport, but its not. In fact, people
think there were surfers in Hawaii in the 1400s. When Captain Cook
landed in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, he was greeted by an islander
on a surfboard!
Ride the wave! Section Focus
Transparency
1 1
1. Name some different kinds of waves.
2. When waves travel through a medium, is any material moved
along? Illustrate your answer with an example.
3. What type of waves do not require a mediumfor travel?
7
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L2
Waves
Visible light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation both come from the
Sun. UV radiation causes eye damage, skin cancer, and burns skin.
Visible light and UV radiation are the same type of wave; the
difference between the two is their wavelengths.
The Suns Radiant Energies Section Focus
Transparency
2 2
1. How are visible light and UV radiation the same?
2. How can you protect yourself fromthe harmful consequences of
UV radiation?
7
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L2
Waves
Artists work with all kinds of materials, so why not water? This
image was made by placing an obstacle in the water and generating
waves. As waves reach the obstacle, they move through the holes.
Wave Art Section Focus
Transparency
3 3
1. Describe what is happening in this picture.
2. What would happen to the wave pattern if both holes were
plugged?
3. Do you think sound waves diffract in a similar fashion? Give an
example that illustrates your answer.
7
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L2
Transparencies
Teaching Assessment
Waves
Copyright
Glencoe/M
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panies, Inc.
Directions: Carefully reviewthe graph and answer the following questions.
Waves
1. According to these data, which type of animal might hear a few
sounds with frequencies lower than 10 Hertz?
A Bat B Dog C Grasshopper D Human
2. According to the graph, which type of animal has the smallest
hearing range?
F Bat G Cat H Dolphin J Grasshopper
3. About how much greater is the highest frequency of sound that cats
can hear than the highest frequency of sound that dogs can hear?
A 200 Hertz C 20,000 Hertz
B 2,000 Hertz D 200,000 Hertz
4. According to this information, which type of animal can hear
sounds with frequencies higher than 100,000 Hertz?
F Bat H Dolphin
G Cat J Human
Assessment
Transparency
Optimal Hearing Range of Animals
G
rasshopper
Bat
Cat
D
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D
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H
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10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
H
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Type of Animal
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Waves
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Compression and Rarefaction
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Teaching
Transparency
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Chapter
L2
The following designations will help you
decide which activities are appropriate
for your students.
Level 1 activities should be
appropriate for students with
learning difficulties.
Level 2 activities should be within
the ability range of all students.
Level 3 activities are designed for
above-average students.
ELL activities should be within
the ability range of English
Language Learners.
Cooperative Learning
activities are designed
for small group work.
Multiple Learning Styles logos
are used throughout to indicate
strategies that address different
learning styles.
These strategies represent student
products that can be placed into
a best-work portfolio.
P
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COOP LEARN
ELL
L3
L2
L1
Key to Teaching Strategies
This is a representation of key
blackline masters available in the
Teacher Classroom Resources. See
Resource Manager boxes within the
chapter for additional information.
6C N O CHAPTER 1 Waves
RESOURCE MANAGER
Spanish Directed Reading
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Name Date Class
Waves 21
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Sinopsis
Ondas
Instrucciones: Usa los siguientes trminos para completar el mapa conceptual.
energa ondas transversales ondas mecnicas
amplitud longitud de onda freqcuencia
Instrucciones: Completa las siguientes oraciones usando el trmino correcto.
7. Cuando una onda choca contra un medio y cambia de direccin, se conoce
como ____________________.
8. La capacidad de dos ondas de combinarse y traslaparse se llama
____________________.
9. Un eco es un ejamplo de una onda sonora ____________________.
10. La desviacin de las ondas alrededor de un obstculo se conoce como
____________________.
a travs del espa-
cio en forma de
transportan pueden describirse por sus
1.
Las ondas
ondas electromag-
nticas
que pueden ser
2.
3.
ondas de
compresin
4. 5.
6.
de de de
propiedades
a travs de la ma-
teria en forma de
Lectura Dirigida para la
Maestra del Contenido
L1
Enrichment
28 Waves
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Name Date Class
Seismic Waves
Waves that transfer energy through Earth
are seismic waves. They occur when energy
that has been building up inside Earth is
released. Sudden motion causes shock waves
that radiate out form the area of rupture. The
movement of parts of Earth as these waves
travel is called an earthquake. Seismic waves
do not travel symmetrically in all directions.
There are two main types of seismic waves:
longitudinal waves called P (Primary) waves and S
(Secondary) or shear waves. Primary waves pro-
duce ground motion back and forth in the direc-
tion of wave travel. Secondary waves vibrate the
ground perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Seismic waves are not all alike. How far
they travel and how intense they are depend
on two things. One is how much energy is
released. The other is the kind of material
the wave passes through. Materials can vary
in terms of depth, the type of rock thats pre-
sent, and the soil conditions.As seismic waves
travel farther from the rupture, they become
less intense. Near the site where the shift
takes place, a large amount of energy that is
released produces shocks, jolts, and roaring
noise. Farther away, the movement becomes
more rolling and the sound becomes more
like a rumble.
Enrichment
1 1
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. Are seismic waves mechanical or electromagnetic waves? Are seismic waves transverse or com-
pressional waves?
2. Why do you think an earthquake is accompanied by noise?
P S L
Primary
waves Secondary
waves
Long (surface)
waves
L3
Meeting Different Ability Levels
Directed Reading Reinforcement Content Outline
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Name Date Class
Waves 31
Waves
A. Rhythmic disturbances that carry energy without carrying matter are called ______________.
B. Molecules ___________________ wave energy without themselves moving, like a line of
people passing a ball.
C. ____________________ waves use matter to transfer energy.
1. In a ____________________ wave, the wave energy causes the matter in the medium to
move up and down or back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels.
2. In a ____________________________, matter in the medium moves forward and back-
ward in the same direction the wave travels.
D. _______________ waves are compressional waves caused by colliding air molecules
transferring energy to each other.
E. _________________________ waves transfer energy without using matter; transverse waves
that are produced by electrically charged particles.
A. ___________________a measure of how high crests are; the greater the amplitude, the
more energy a wave carries
B. The distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next one or from the bottom of one
trough to the bottom of the next one is called ____________________.
C. ___________________number of wavelengths passing a given point per second
1. Longer wavelengths result in _________________ frequencies.
2. ________________ frequencies result in shorter wavelengths.
3. _______________ and _______________ result from wavelengths and frequencies of light
and sound.
D. Wave _______________how fast a wave travels through a medium
1. Mechanical waves travel faster in a medium in which atoms are ________________
together.
2. Electromagnetic waves travel faster in a medium with _______________ atoms in it.
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Note-taking
Worksheet
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Name Date Class
Waves 25
Directions: Write the kind or kinds of wavesmechanical, electromagnetic, transverse, or
compressionalthat apply to each term or description.
1. has areas where particles are spread out
2. water waves
3. X rays
4. transfer energy but not matter
5. has peaks and valleys
6. can travel only through a medium
7. can travel through a vacuum
8. matter moves in same direction as wave travels
9. matter moves at right angles to direction wave travels
Directions: Study each of the following diagrams. Then label each one and give an example of each kind of wave.
What are waves?
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14.
15.
11.
10.
13. Example:
17. Example:
A.
B.
12. wave
16. wave
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Waves 17
Content
Mastery
Overview
Waves
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below.
energy transverse waves mechanical waves
amplitude wavelength frequency
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Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
7. When a wave hits a new medium and changes direction, it is called
____________________.
8. When two waves meet and overlap it is called ____________________.
9. An echo is an example of sound wave ____________________.
10. The bending of waves around a barrier is called ____________________.
through space as
carry can be desribed by
1.
Waves
electromagnetic
waves
through matter as
which can be
2.
3.
compression
waves
4. 5.
6.
of of of
properties
Meeting Different Ability Levels
L2 L2 L1
Chapter Tests
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Waves 37
Chapter
Test
Waves
I. Testing Concepts
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the termor phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Waves can ______ when they move from one medium to another.
a. disappear b. interfere c. bend d. split
2. A(n) ______wave DOES NOT need matter for energy transfer.
a. electromagnetic b. mechanical c. compressional d. sound
3. In a mechanical ______ wave, matter moves at a right angle to the wave direction.
a. compressional b. transverse c. light d. electromagnetic
4. The speed of sound in water is ______ the speed of sound in air.
a. greater than b. less than c. equal to d. not greater than
5. A region of spread-out particles in a compressional wave is called a(n) ______.
a. compression b. rarefaction c. interference d. medium
6. Waves can combine with each other; this is called ______.
a. interference b. wave addition c. compression d. rarefaction
7. Wave frequency is the ______ of waves passing a given point per second.
a. amplitude b. wavelength c. speed d. number
8. In a(n) ______wave, matter moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave.
a. compressional b. transverse c. light d. electromagnetic
9. The action of a wave bouncing off a surface is called ______.
a. rarefaction b. refraction c. reflection d. diffraction
10. Amplitude reflects the amount of ______ in a wave.
a. energy b. compression c. rarefaction d. speed
11. A(n) ______ is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on
the next wave.
a. amplitude b. wavelength c. frequency d. compression
12. The ______ of waves can change when the waves move from one medium to another.
a. altitude b. amplitude c. speed d. compression
13. A mechanical wave can travel only through ______.
a. air b. water c. matter d. a vacuum
14. The action of a wave bending around a barrier is called ______.
a. reflection b. diffraction c. refraction d. rarefaction
15. For significant ______ to occur, the wavelengths should match the size of the open-
ing they are passing through.
a. reflection b. diffraction c. refraction d. rarefaction
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Waves 35
Chapter
Review
Waves
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct termin
the blank at the left.
Column I
1. Squeezing a group of particles in a wave
2. A transverse or compressional wave that can
travel only through matter
3. The matter through which a wave transfers energy
4. A wave bends around a barrier
5. A mechanical wave in which matter moves at
right angles to the wave direction
6. A wave in which matter moves back and forth
in the direction the wave is moving
7. A wave that doesnt require matter to transfer energy
8. A region of spread-out particles in a wave
9. The distance from the crest or trough of a wave to
the rest position
10. The action of a wave bouncing off an object
11. The number of waves passing a given point
per second
12. The product of wavelength and frequency
13. A combination of waves form a smaller wave
14. A combination of waves form a larger wave
15. A rhythmic disturbance that carries energy
16. A wave bends as it moves from one medium
to another
17. The distance between a point on a wave and the
identical point on the next wave
Column II
a. amplitude
b. compression
c. compressional wave
d. diffraction
e. electromagnetic wave
f. frequency
g. constructive interference
h. destructive interference
i. mechanical wave
j. medium
k. wave speed
l. rarefaction
m. reflection
n. refraction
o. transverse wave
p. wave
q. wavelength
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Assessment Assessment
CHAPTER 1 Resource Manager O N 6D
the waves interfere. The ratios of the frequen-
cies of the tones determine whether or not they
are pleasing.
Wave Behavior
Reflection
The angle of incidence (the
incoming wave angle) equals the
angle of reflection (the outgoing wave angle).
This is known as the law of reflection. The
angles of incidence and reflection are measured
relative to a line drawn perpendicular to the
reflecting surface. Diffuse reflection occurs as
the light bounces at different angles from
uneven surfaces. Diffuse reflection makes the
uneven surfaces appear dull.
Refraction
In the case of light waves, a constant called a
substances index of refraction is the speed of
light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light
in the substance. The index of refraction gives
the ratio between the sine of the angle of inci-
dence and the sine of the angle of refraction.
Refraction can be beneficial. For example,
eyeglasses and contact lenses correct vision by
refracting light rays so that they focus properly
on the retina of the eye. Binoculars, micro-
scopes, and telescopes also utilize refraction to
produce magnified images of small objects and
objects at great distances.
Diffraction
The phenomenon called diffraction occurs as
waves bend around barriers or spread through
apertures. Diffraction of light can produce
fringes (a series of bright and dark lines) as
light waves bend around the edges of objects
such as razor blades, diffraction gratings, or the
teeth of a comb. The fringes, which can be seen
on a screen, are a series of constructive and
destructive interference patterns. As the light
passes through the aperture, each point on the
aperture can be considered a new point source
CHAPTER WAVES
1 1
6E N O CHAPTER 1 Waves
What are waves?
What is a wave?
Electromagnetic waves have a
dual nature. In describing their
emission from matter or absorption by matter,
they are best described as particles, usually
called photons. During their propagation, they
are best described as waves. In electromagnetic
waves, which are always transverse, electric and
magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to the
direction the waves travel.
Wave Properties
Wave Movements
Waves travel outward from an
energy source. If a rock is
thrown into a pond, energy traveling outward
from the center is seen as waves, dampening
(decreasing in amplitude) as they move through
the molecules of water. The wave will move
through one complete cycle in one wavelength.
The period (T) of a wave is the time it takes
one wavelength to pass a fixed point. A waves
period is the reciprocal of its frequency.
Light waves are electromag-
netic waves. Visible light has a
range of wavelengths between
about 400 nm and 700 nm. We
know the elements present in
stars by the wavelengths of light
they emit, which are detected by
spectroscopes.
The speed of light in a vacuum
is constant at about 3 10
8
m/s.
Michelson and Morley accurately
measured the speed of light by
reflecting light rays from a moun-
taintop to a rotating mirror.
The amplitude of a sound wave determines
its sound intensity, or how loud it is. The more
sound energy generated, the louder the sound.
Two or more tones produced at the same time
produce unpleasant (dissonant) or pleasant
(harmonious) sounds, depending on the way
1 1
S E C T I O N
3 3
S E C T I O N
Massive bodies have strong gravita-
tional fields. If these bodies undergo
some sort of regular motion,
oscillations in their gravity fields
can, according to theory, be
detected. Scientists are currently
trying to develop methods of
detecting these gravity waves.
2 2
S E C T I O N
CHAPTER 1 Helping You Prepare O N 6F
HELPI NG YOU PREPARE
of light, a concept known as Huygens princi-
ple. The light reaching a particular point on
the screen comes from different points on the
aperture, and thus has traveled different dis-
tances to the screen. The interference patterns
are produced because at different points the
phases of the waves add constructively or
destructively.
Wave Interference
Sound waves can be made to interfere con-
structively or destructively as they reflect from
a curved wall or a curved backdrop in a concert
hall. Much planning and great expense goes
into designing the acoustics in a fine perfor-
mance hall.
Seismic waves are produced by energy
traveling through the material medium of
Earth. Seismic waves are of three typesS, P,
and L. S-waves (secondary waves) are trans-
verse or shear, and cannot travel through fluids.
For additional content background on this
topic, go to the Glencoe Science Web site
at science.glencoe.com.
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CHAPTER 1 Helping You Prepare O N 6F
These seismic waves reflect
off the fluid outer core of
Earth. P-waves, or primary
waves, are compressional, or
longitudinal, waves. They may
pass through all of Earths
materials and are detected first.
L-waves are seismic waves that
occur along Earths surface.
They cause up-down and rolling
motions on the surface, which is
why they are so destructive.
The rainbow pattern seen on the
back of compact disks is a diffrac-
tion pattern that results from the
grooves on the disk and the differ-
ent wavelengths of visible light.
CHAPTER
1 1
Waves
Chapter Vocabulary
wave
mechanical wave
transverse wave
compressional wave
electromagnetic wave
amplitude
wavelength
frequency
reflection
refraction
diffraction
interference
What do you think?
Science Journal The filters shown are
polarizing filters. These filters allow only
light waves that vibrate in a specific
direction to pass through them. Waves in
ordinary light vibrate in all directions.
O
n a breezy day in Maui,
Hawaii, windsurfers ride the
ocean waves. What forces are
operating on the windsurfer and his
sailboard? The wind catches the sails
and helps propel the sailboard, but
other forces also are at workwaves.
Waves carry energy. You can see the
ocean waves in this picture, but there
are many kinds of waves you cannot
see. Microwaves heat your food, radio
waves transmit the music you listen to
into your home, and sound waves
carry that music from the radio to
your ears. In this chapter, you will
learn about different types of waves
and how they behave.
What do you think?
Science Journal What is this picture
about? What causes the light and
dark areas? Hint: Some sunglasses
have this kind of lens. Write your
answer or best guess in your Science
Journal.
6 N O
Waves
1
1
6 N O CHAPTER 1 Waves
Energy Waves are periodic disturbances that
carry energy. The larger the amplitude of the
wave, the more energy is transferred.
EXPLORE
ACTIVITY
Purpose Use the Explore Activity
to give students an opportunity
to observe and describe wave
behavior.
Logical-Mathematical
Materials large, clear-plastic
plate; small cork or piece of a
soda straw; dropper; water
Teaching Strategies
Suggest that students observe
closely because the waves will
move quickly.
Tell students to be sure the
water is still before adding
drops of water. They also
should be careful not to dis-
turb the water when adding
the cork.
Observe
Circular waves travel outward from
the point where the drops hit the waters
surface. Drops released from a height of
20 cm cause larger waves and transfer
more energy than do drops released
from a height of 10 cm. The cork bobs up
and down as the waves pass but does
not move horizontally.
LS
COOP LEARN ELL L2
7
I
ts a beautiful autumn day. You are sitting by a pond
in a park. Music blares from a school marching
band practicing for a big game. The music is carried by
waves. A fish jumps, making a splash. Waves spread
past a leaf that fell from a tree, causing the leaf to
move. In the following activity, youll observe
how waves carry energy that can cause
objects to move.
Observe wave behavior
1. Fill a large, clear plastic plate with
1 cm of water.
2. Use a dropper to release a single
drop of water onto the waters
surface. Repeat.
3. Float a cork or straw on the water.
4. When the water is still, repeat
step 2 from a height of 10 cm,
then again from 20 cm.
Observe
In your Science Journal, record your observations and describe the movements
of the floating object.
EXPLORE
ACTIVITY
7 O N 7
Handbook Reference
Making a Concept Map
Study Fold Make the follow-
ing Foldable to organize infor-
mation by diagramming ideas about waves.
1. Place a sheet of paper in front of you so the long side
is at the top. Fold the bottom of the paper to the top,
stopping about four centimeters from the top.
2. Draw an oval above the fold. Write Mechanical Waves inside the oval.
3. Fold the paper in half from the left side to the right side and then unfold. Through the top
thickness of the paper, cut along the fold line to form two tabs.
4. Draw an oval on each tab. Write Transverse Waves in one oval and Compressional Waves in
the other, as shown. Draw arrows from the large oval to the smaller ovals.
5. As you read the chapter, write information about the two types of mechanical waves under
the tabs.
FOLDABLES
Reading & Study
Skills
FOLDABLES
Reading &Study
Skills
CHAPTER 1 Waves O N 7
Dinah Zike Study Fold
Purpose Have students make
and use a Foldable concept map to list examples of
and record information on two types of mechanical
wavestransverse waves and compressional waves.
After reading, students can use the Foldable as a
study guide.
For additional help, see Foldables Worksheet
p. 15 in Chapter Resources Booklet, or go to the
Glencoe Science Web site at science.glencoe.com.
See After You Read in the Study Guide at the end of
this chapter.
FOLDABLES
Reading & Study
Skills
FOLDABLES
Reading &Study
Skills
Before You Read Before You Read
Process Provide students with
diagrams of transverse waves
with different amplitudes. Ask
them to identify which diagram
shows waves generated by drop-
ping water from a greater height.
Use Performance Assessment
in the Science Classroom,
p. 89.
Bellringer Transparency
Display the Section Focus
Transparency for Section 1.
Use the accompanying Trans-
parency Activity Master.
ELL
L2
S E C T I O N
1 1
PORTFOLIO
Activity, p. 10
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
MiniLAB, p. 11
See page 32 for more options.
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
Section, p. 12
Challenge, p. 12
Chapter, pp. 3233
Section Planner
What are waves?
S E C T I O N
What is a wave?
When you are relaxing on an air mattress in a pool and
someone does a cannonball off the diving board, you suddenly
find yourself bobbing up and down. You can make something
move by giving it a push or pull, but the person jumping didnt
touch your air mattress. How did the energy from the cannon-
ball dive travel through the water and move your air mattress?
The up-and-down motion was caused by the peaks and valleys
of the ripples that moved from where the splash occurred. These
peaks and valleys make up water waves.
Waves Carry Energy Waves are rhythmic disturbances that
carry energy without carrying matter, as shown in Figure 1A.
You can see the energy of the wave from the speedboat traveling
outward, but the water only moves up and down. If youve ever
felt a clap of thunder, you know that sound waves can carry
large amounts of energy. You also transfer energy when you
throw something to a friend, as in Figure 1B. However, there is a
difference between a moving ball and a moving wave. A ball is
made of matter, and when it is thrown, the matter moves from
one place to another. So, unlike the moving wave, throwing a
ball involves the transport of matter as well as energy.
I Explain the relationship among
waves, energy, and matter.
I Describe the difference between
transverse waves and compres-
sional waves.
Vocabulary
wave
mechanical wave
transverse wave
compressional wave
electromagnetic wave
You can hear music and other sounds
because of waves.
Figure 1
The wave and the thrown ball
carry energy.
The waves created by a boat move mostly up and
down, but the energy travels outward from the boat.
When the ball is thrown, the ball, as well as the
energy put into the throw, moves forward.
Waves
Surfing may seemlike a fairly new sport, but its not. In fact, people
think there were surfers in Hawaii in the 1400s. When Captain Cook
landed in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, he was greeted by an islander
on a surfboard!
Ride the wave! Section Focus
Transparency
1 1
1. Name some different kinds of waves.
2. When waves travel through a medium, is any material moved
along? Illustrate your answer with an example.
3. What type of waves do not require a mediumfor travel?
7
Chapter
Copyright
Glencoe/M
cGra w-Hill Com
panies, Inc.
Tie to Prior Knowledge
Ask students to describe any
waves they know of. Discuss
with them the form of energy
transferred by each wave.
What are waves?
Students might be surprised
that some waves are described
as mechanical. The word
mechanical comes from the
Latin word mechanicus, mean-
ing machine. Based on this,
have students discuss why
mechanical is an appropriate
term to use for waves. One defin-
ition of machine is a device that trans-
mits energy. In a mechanical wave,
matter transmits energy.
Linguistic
LS
L2
What is a wave?
Discussion
Ask students to describe how
being near a source of deep,
loud sounds, such as heavy
machinery or the subwoofer of a
stereo, demonstrates that waves
carry energy. You can feel the vibra-
tions as well as hear the sound.
Auditory-Musical
A Model for Waves
Make a Model
Have students duplicate the
model described in the text. As
they do this, emphasize that
they are like the molecules of
water through which a wave
flows. Point out that the ball is
made of matter, but i n the
model it represents energy.
Kinesthetic
LS
COOP LEARN ELL
L1
LS
L1
A Model for Waves
How does a wave carry energy without transporting matter?
Imagine a line of people, as shown in Figure 2A. The first person
in line passes a ball to the second person, who passes the ball to
the next person, and so on. Passing a ball down a line of people is
a model for how waves can transport energy without transport-
ing matter. Even though the ball has traveled, the people in line
have not moved. In this model, you can think of the ball as repre-
senting energy. What do the people in line represent?
Think about the ripples on the surface of a pond. The
energy carried by the ripples travels through the water. The
water is made up of water molecules. It is the individual mol-
ecules of water that pass the wave energy, just as the people in
Figure 2A pass the ball. The water molecules transport the
energy in a water wave by colliding with the molecules around
them, as shown in Figure 2B.
What is carried by waves?
Mechanical Waves
In the wave model, the ball could not be transferred if the
line of people didnt exist. The wave energy of a water wave
could not be transferred if no water molecules existed. These
types of waves, which use matter to transfer energy, are called
mechanical waves. The matter through which a mechanical
wave travels is called a medium. For ripples on a pond, the
medium is the water.
A mechanical wave travels as energy is transferred from par-
ticle to particle in the medium. For example, a sound wave is a
mechanical wave that can travel through air, as well as solids,
liquids, and other gases. The sound wave travels through air by
transferring energy from gas molecule to gas molecule. Without
a medium such as air, you would not hear sounds. In outer
space sound waves cant travel because there is no air.
SECTION 1 What are waves? O N 9
Figure 2
As the students pass the ball,
the students positions do not
changeonly the position
of the ball changes. The mol-
ecules in water bump each other
and pass the energy of a wave,
even though they dont travel
with the wave.
Mechanical Waves
Section 1 What are waves? O N 9
Answer energy
Reading Check
Figure 2B Tell students that the water molecules
near the surface of a wave actually travel in
small circles. The boundary between air and
water acts like a solid due to surface tension and
pushes on the water molecules. This gives them
a combination of transverse and compressional
movement. Have students model this move-
ment with a cork in water. Kinesthetic
LS
ELL L1
Note-taking Worksheets, pp. 3132
Directed Reading for Content Mastery,
pp. 17, 18
Resource Manager
Transverse Waves In a
mechanical transverse wave,
the wave energy causes the
matter in the medium to
move up and down or back
and forth at right angles to
the direction the wave trav-
els. You can make a model of
a transverse wave. Stretch a
long rope out on the ground.
Hold one end in your hand. Now shake the end in your hand
back and forth. By adjusting the way you shake the rope, you
can create a wave that seems to slide along the rope.
When you first started shaking the rope, it might have
appeared that the rope itself was moving away from you. But it
was only the wave that was moving away from your hand. The
wave energy moves through the rope, but the matter in the rope
doesnt travel. You can see that the wave has peaks and valleys at
regular intervals. As shown in Figure 3, the high points of trans-
verse waves are called crests. The low points are called troughs.
What are the highest points of transverse
waves called?
Crest
Trough
Figure 3
The high points on the wave are
called crests and the low points
are called troughs.
Figure 4
A compressional wave can travel
through a coiled spring toy.
As the wave motion begins, the
coils near the string are close together
and the other coils are far apart.
The wave, seen in the squeezed
and stretched coils, travels along the
spring.
The string and coils did not travel
with the wave. Each coil moved only
slightly forward and then back to its
original position.
Mechanical Waves,
continued
Use an Analogy
Ask students to think of people
doing the wave in a stadium.
Point out that this wave is similar
to a transverse mechanical wave
because the people, like particles,
move up and down at right
angles to the direction the wave
moves. Visual-Spatial
Quick Demo
Put a clear plate with colored
water on an overhead projector.
Ask students to predict what will
happen to a floating object as
waves are generated in the
water. Generate waves either by
dropping small objects into the
water or by moving a finger in
the water. The floating object
will bob up and down because
the water waves are very much
like transverse waves.
Visual-Spatial
LS
L3
LS
L2
Answer crests
Reading Check
Activity
Ask students to list on chart
paper examples of mechanical
waves. Have them draw each
type of wave, describe each wave
as transverse or compressional,
and label the different parts
of each wave.
Visual-Spatial P LS
COOP LEARN L2
There are three main types of seismic
waves. Primary (P) waves oscillate back and
forth along the direction the wave travels.
Secondary (S) waves oscillate perpendicular
to the direction of wave motion. Surface
(L) waves cause horizontal and, some-
times, vertical ground surface movement.
Acti ve Readi ng
Bubble Map Using a bubble map helps students
start ideas flowing about a given topic. Words
are clustered to describe a concept. Students
can use the bubble map for a prewrite, to gener-
ate ideas before writing in their Journals, or to
review for a test. Have students design a Bubble
Map for the different types of waves described
in this section.
Compressional Waves Mechanical waves can be either
transverse or compressional. In a compressional wave, matter
in the medium moves forward and backward in the same direc-
tion that the wave travels. You can make a compressional wave
by squeezing together and releasing several coils of a coiled
spring toy, as shown in Figure 4.
You see that the coils move only as the wave passes. They then
return to their original position. So, like transverse waves, com-
pressional waves carry only energy forward along the spring. In
this example, the spring is the medium the wave moves through,
but the spring does not move along with the wave.
Sound Waves Sound waves are compressional waves. How do
you make sound waves when you talk or sing? If you hold your
fingers against your throat while you hum, you can feel vibra-
tions. These vibrations are the movements of your vocal cords. If
you touch a stereo speaker while its playing, you can feel it vibrat-
ing, too. All waves are produced by something that is vibrating.
Making Sound Waves
How do vibrating vocal cords, strings, and other objects make
sound waves? To find out, look at the drumhead stretched over
the open end of the drum shown in Figure 5. When the drum-
head moves upward, it touches some of the molecules that make
up the air. When everything is quiet, these molecules are spaced
about the same distance apart. However, when the drumhead
moves upward, it pushes the molecules together. The group of
molecules that are squeezed together is called a compression.
When the drumhead moves downward, the molecules have
more room and move away fromeach other. A place where mole-
cules are far apart is called a rarefaction (rar uh FAK shun). These
disturbed molecules then collide with the molecules next to them,
transferring the energy they are carrying. This causes the compres-
sionand therarefactiontomoveawayfromthe drumhead.
SECTION 1 What are waves? O N 11
Comparing Sounds
Procedure
1. Hold a wooden ruler firmly
on the edge of your desk so
that most of it extends off
the edge of the desk.
2. Pluck the free end of the
ruler so that it vibrates up
and down. Use gentle
motion at first, then pluck
with more energy.
3. Repeat step 2, moving the
ruler about 1 cm further
onto the desk each time
until only about 5 cm
extend off the edge.
Analysis
1. Compare the loudness of the
sounds that are made using
little energy with those
made using more energy.
2. Describe the differences
in the sound as the ruler
was moved.
Compression Rarefaction Compression
Molecules that
make up air
Figure 5
A vibrating drumhead makes
compressions and rarefactions in
the air. How do your vocal cords
make compressions and rarefac-
tions in air?
Making Sound Waves
Section 1 What are waves? O N 11
Purpose Students compare
and contrast various sounds
made by a vibrating object.
Auditory-Musical
Materials wooden ruler
Teaching Strategies Monitor
students to ensure their
results include information
about the length of the ruler
hanging over the table.
Troubleshooting Make sure
students do not pluck hard
enough to break the ruler.
Analysis
1. Using more energy produces
louder sounds.
2. The greater the length of the
vibrating object, the lower the
pitch produced.
LS
ELL
L2
Per formance Give students
materials of different lengths
and ask them to choose and
make sounds with the ones
that produce lower-pitched
sounds. Use PASC, p. 97.
Mini
LAB
Caption Answer
Figure 5 The vocal cords vibrate, alter-
nately squeezing air particles together
and letting them spread apart.
Hearing Impaired Some students may not be able
to hear the sounds made by the ruler as they do
the MiniLAB. Have these students pay atten-
tion to feeling the vibrations. They should be
able to feel the vibrations with the hand holding
the ruler on the desk. Suggest they pluck the
ruler several times while paying attention to
what they feel. When they are familiar with the
feeling, they can finish the lab.
Compressional waves are often
called longitudinal waves.
Transparency Activity, pp. 4546
Enrichment, p. 28
MiniLAB, p. 3
Resource Manager
Reteach
Demonstrate compressional
and transverse waves using a
spring toy. Have students iden-
tify each type of wave and the
parts of the waves.
Visual-Spatial
Challenge
Ask students to investigate the
behavior of surface waves near
the seashore and make posters
showing what they find. As the
waves approach land, water molecules
near the surface experience more ellipti-
cal movement, causing the waves to
form high crests that eventually crash
into land. Visual-Spatial
LS
L3
LS
L2
Section Assessment
1. Describe the movement of a floating object
on a pond when struck by a wave.
2. Why cant a sound wave travel from a
satellite to Earth?
3. Give one example of a transverse wave and
one example of a compressional wave.
How are they similar and different?
4. What is the difference between a mechani-
cal wave and an electromagnetic wave?
5. Think Critically How is it possible for
a sound wave to transmit energy but
not matter?
6. Concept Mapping Create a concept map that
shows the relationships among the following:
waves, mechanical waves, electromagnetic
waves, compressional waves, and transverse
waves. For more help, refer to the Science
Skill Handbook.
7. Using a Word Processor Use word-processing
software to write short descriptions of the
waves you encounter during a typical day.
For more help, refer to the Technology
Skill Handbook.
Electromagnetic Waves
When you listen to the radio, watch TV, or use a microwave
oven to cook, you use a different kind of waveone that doesnt
need matter as a medium.
Waves that do not require matter to carry energy are called
electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are transverse
waves that are produced by the motion of electrically charged
particles. Just like mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves can
travel through a medium such as a solid, liquid, or gas. Radio
waves are electromagnetic waves that travel through the air from
a radio station, and then through the solid walls of your house to
reach your radio. However, unlike mechanical waves, electro-
magnetic waves can travel through outer space or through a
vacuum where no matter exists.
Useful Waves In space, which has no air or any other
medium, orbiting satellites beam radio waves to TVs, radios,
and cellular phones on Earths surface. However, radio waves are
not the only electromagnetic waves traveling in space. You use
sunscreen to protect yourself from ultraviolet rays. Infrared and
ultraviolet waves travel from the Sun through space before they
reach Earths atmosphere. Infrared waves feel warm when they
strike your skin. Other useful electromagnetic waves include X
rays and visible light. X rays are useful not only in medical
applications, but also for security checks in airports as luggage is
scanned. And without visible light you wouldnt see color or be
able to read this page.
Maybe youve used a
global positioning system
(GPS) receiver to determine
your location while driving,
boating, or hiking. Earth-
orbiting satellites send
electromagnetic radio
waves that transmit their
exact locations and times
of transmission. The GPS
receiver uses information
from four of these satellites
to determine your location
to within about 16 m.
Electromagnetic
Waves
Physics
There are 24 GPS satellites,
and they orbit Earth at a
height of 17,500 km. Their
electromagnetic radio waves
can be received all over
Earth, regardless of the
weather. GPS was designed
for and is operated by the
U.S. Department of Defense
and provides positioning
information to military sub-
marines, helicopters, ships,
bombers, tanks, and missiles.
However, since the signals
can be received by an unlim-
ited number of users, they are
increasingly important in
everyday civilian navigation.
Process Have students draw dia-
grams of transverse and com-
pressional waves, labeling the
crests and troughs. Use PASC,
p. 127.
Answers to Section Assessment
1. It bobs up and down.
2. It requires a medium through which
to travel, and there is no medium in
space.
3. Possible answer:Water waves are
transverse waves. Sound waves are
compressional waves. Compressional
waves cause vibration in the direc-
tion of wave movement.Transverse
waves cause vibration at right angles
to the waves direction. Both involve
periodic motion and carry energy.
4. Mechanical waves use matter to
transmit energy. Electromagnetic
waves do not require matter to carry
energy.
5. The wave causes molecules of
matter to vibrate and bump
neighbor molecules.
6. Answers should show mechanical
waves as compressional or trans-
verse; electromagnetic waves are
transverse.
7. Answers might include radio waves,
sound waves, or waves in a bathtub.
ELL
L2
S E C T I O N
2 2
SECTION 2 Wave Properties O N 13
Amplitude
Can you describe a wave? One way might be to tell how high
a water wave rises above, or falls below, the normal level. This
distance is called the waves amplitude. The amplitude of a
transverse wave is one-half the distance between a crest and a
trough, as shown in Figure 6A. In a compressional wave, the
amplitude is greater when the particles of the medium are
squeezed closer together in each compression and spread farther
apart in each rarefaction.
Amplitude and Energy A waves amplitude is related to the
energy that the wave carries. For example, the electromagnetic
waves that make up bright light have greater amplitudes than
the waves that make up dim light. Waves of bright light carry
more energy than the waves that make up dim light. In a similar
way, loud sound waves have greater amplitudes than soft sound
waves. Loud sounds carry more energy than soft sounds. If a
sound is loud enough, it can carry enough energy to damage
your hearing.
As you can see in Figure 6B, when a hurricane strikes a
coastal area, the resulting water waves can damage anything that
stands in their path. The waves caused by a hurricane carry
more energy than the small waves or ripples on a pond.
I Describe the relationship between
the frequency and wavelength of
a wave.
I Explain why waves travel at
different speeds.
Vocabulary
amplitude
wavelength
frequency
The energy carried by a wave
depends on its amplitude.
Wave Properties
S E C T I O N
Amplitude
Amplitude
Figure 6
A transverse wave has
an amplitude.
The amplitude is a measure of how high the
crests are or how deep the troughs are.
A wave of large amplitude is responsible for
this damage.
PORTFOLIO
Extension, p. 14
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
Section, p. 17
Challenge, p. 17
Chapter, pp. 3233
Section Planner
Section 2 Wave Properties O N 13
Ask students whether it takes
more or less energy to twirl a
jump rope high enough to clear
a short person or a tall person.
tall Explain that in this section,
they will learn how to describe
the energy different waves carry.
Waves
Visible light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation both come from the
Sun. UV radiation causes eye damage, skin cancer, and burns skin.
Visible light and UV radiation are the same type of wave; the
difference between the two is their wavelengths.
The Suns Radiant Energies Section Focus
Transparency
2 2
1. How are visible light and UV radiation the same?
2. How can you protect yourself fromthe harmful consequences of
UV radiation?
7
Chapter
Copyright
Glencoe/M
cGra w-Hill Com
panies, Inc.
Wave Properties
Directed Reading for Content
Mastery, p. 19
Resource
Manager
The devastating effect that a wave
with large amplitude can have is
seen in the aftermath of tsunamis.
Tsunamis are huge sea waves that are caused by underwater
earthquakes along faults on the seafloor. The movement of the
seafloor along the fault produces the wave. As the wave moves
toward shallow water and slows down, the amplitude of the wave
grows. The tremendous amounts of energy tsunamis
carry cause great damage when they move ashore.
Wavelength
Another way to describe a wave is by its wavelength.
For a transverse wave, wavelength is the distance from
the top of one crest to the top of the next crest, or from
the bottom of one trough to the bottom of the next
trough, as shown in Figure 7A. For a compressional
wave, the wavelength is the distance between the center
of one compression and the center of the next com-
pression, or from the center of one rarefaction to the
center of the next rarefaction, as shown in Figure 7B.
Wavelength is an important characteristic of a
wave. For example, the difference between red light
and green light is that they have different wavelengths.
The wavelength of red light is longer than the wave-
length of green light. It is the wavelength of visible
light that determines its color. Some electromagnetic
waves, like X rays, have extremely short wavelengths.
Others, like microwaves, have longer wavelengths. The
range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves is
shown in Figure 8.
Wavelength
Wavelength
Wavelength
Wavelength
Compression
Rarefaction
Piston
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
Visible light
AM radio
Shortwave radio
Radio
waves
FM radio
Television
Radar
Microwaves
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X rays
Gamma rays
Figure 8
The wavelengths and frequencies
of electromagnetic waves vary.
Figure 7
Wavelength is measured
differently for transverse
and compressional waves.
For compressional waves, measure
from compression to compression or from
rarefaction to rarefaction
For transverse waves, measure crest to crest or
trough to trough.
Activity
Ask students to bring in maga-
zine and newspaper articles
about tidal waves (tsunamis) and
earthquakes around the world.
Display the articles and discuss
with students the relationship
between energy, wave amplitude,
and the amount of destruction
caused. Interpersonal
Wavelength
Extension
Explain that both compres-
sional and transverse waves are
commonly graphed as sine
waves with amplitude on the
vertical axis and wavelength on
the horizontal axis. Have
students prepare this type of
graph for both waves shown in
Figure 7. The graph of the transverse
wave should closely resemble the wave
on the oscilloscope in Figure 7A. On the
graph of the compressional wave, the
height of the graphed wave should
reflect the intensity of the compression,
while the wavelength should represent
the distance between compressions and
rarefactions. Visual-Spatial P
LS
L3
LS
L2
Tsunamis can travel thousands of
kilometers, in all directions, at
speeds of more than 700 km/h.
When a tsunami approaches a
coastline, the water piles up and
forms a wave crest that can tower
30 m high or higher.
The threshold of human hearing for
sound intensity (loudness) is 0 dB (10
12
watts m
2
). Hearing damage commences
at sustained levels of about 85 dB. Normal
conversation has an intensity of about
60 dB. A jet engine can generate noise
levels of about 120 dB to 140 dB.
Figure 8 This figure shows that shorter wave-
length implies higher frequency. We also know
that electromagnetic waves are made of particles
called photons. Waves with a longer wavelength
have lower energy per photon than waves with a
shorter wavelength. The amplitude of the waves
depends on the energy per unit area (i.e., the
number of photons per unit area), not the
energy per photon.
Amplitude
Frequency
The frequency of a wave is the number of wavelengths that
pass a given point in 1s. The unit of frequency is the number of
wavelengths per second, or hertz (Hz). Recall that waves are
produced by something that vibrates. The faster the vibration is,
the higher the frequency is of the wave that is produced.
How is the frequency of a wave measured?
A Sidewalk Model For waves that travel with the same
speed, frequency and wavelength are related. To model this
relationship, imagine people on two parallel moving sidewalks
in an airport, as shown in Figure 9. One sidewalk has four trav-
elers spaced 4 m apart. The other sidewalk has 16 travelers
spaced 1 m apart.
Now imagine that both sidewalks are moving at the same
speed and approaching a pillar between them. On which side-
walk will more people go past the pillar? On the sidewalk with
the shorter distance between people, four people will pass the
pillar for each one person on the other sidewalk. When four
people pass the pillar on the first sidewalk, 16 people pass the
pillar on the second sidewalk.
4 m 4 m 4 m
1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m
Figure 9
This moving sidewalk illustration
shows how wavelength and
frequency are related.
Frequency
Use Science Words
Word Origin Have students inves-
tigate the origin of the word
hertz and why it is used to
describe frequency. The unit hertz
was named after Heinrich Hertz, a Ger-
man physicist who studied electromag-
netic waves. Linguistic
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Answer in wavelengths per second
Reading Check
Extension
Many animals communicate
using sounds that are inaudible
to humans. Have students
research animals that do this
and prepare reports about the
frequencies at which the animals
make sounds. Possible animals to
study include whales and dolphins,
which use ultrasonic frequencies, and
elephants and hippos, which use infra-
sonic frequencies. Linguistic
Discussion
How does pressing a string
on a guitar affect the frequency
of the sound produced? It short-
ens the stri ng, whi ch i ncreases the
f requenc y of the sound the stri ng
produces when it is plucked. How
does this relate to the sounds
produced by a harp? On a harp,
the shor t stri ngs produce hi gh fre-
quency sounds and the long strings
produce l ow frequency sounds.
Auditory-Musical
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Music Have students find out what quarter tones
are and play recordings of music with quarter
tones for the class. The difference in frequency between
two adjacent pitches in some types of music, including
Hindu music, is about half that between adjacent pitches in
western music. These pitches are called quarter tones.
Auditory-Musical
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Enrichment, p. 29
Home and Community Involvement, p. 42
Reading and Writing Skill Activities, p. 33
Resource Manager
Frequency, continued
Activity
Have each student fill a bowl
with water and dip a pencil into
and out of the water to form
waves. They should notice that
dipping the pencil with low
frequency produces waves with
longer wavelengths (greater
distance between crests) than
dipping the pencil with high
frequency. Have students use a
stopwatch to help calibrate the
frequencies of their waves.
Kinesthetic
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Musical Instruments Ask students to
investigate various musical instruments and write
in their Science Journals what vibrates on each
instrument to make sound and how this produces
certain pitches. Students might mention the reed of a clar-
inet or the lips of a trumpet player. Air inside the instrument
also vibrates. The shape and material of the instrument affect
pitch. Linguistic P
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The wavelengths are much shorter
that those of the soundwaves we hear.
Cultural Diversity, p. 61
Resource Manager
Quick Demo
Have students who play
instruments demonstrate com-
pressional waves of high and low
frequency by producing notes of
varying pitch. If an oscilloscope
is available, connect it to a
transducer (microphone) to
show students the wavelengths
and amplitudes of the notes.
Auditory-Musical
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C B A G F E D C
C
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
Frequency
(Hz)
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
C B A G F E D C
C
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
Wavelength
(cm)
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
Frequency and Wavelength Suppose that each person in
Figure 9 represents the crest of a wave. Then the movement of
people on the first sidewalk is like a wave with a wavelength of
4 m. For the second sidewalk, the wavelength would be 1 m. On
the first sidewalk, where the wavelength is longer, the people
pass the pillar less frequently. Longer wavelengths result in
smaller frequencies. The people pass the pillar more frequently
on the second sidewalk, where the wavelength is shorter. Larger
frequencies result in shorter wavelengths. This is true for all
waves that travel at the same speed. As the frequency of a wave
increases, its wavelength decreases.
Color and Pitch Because frequency and wavelength are
related, either the wavelength or frequency of a light wave deter-
mines the color of the light. For example, blue light has a larger
frequency and shorter wavelength then red light.
In a sound wave, either the wavelength or frequency deter-
mines the pitch. Pitch is the highness or lowness of a sound. A
flute makes musical notes with a high pitch and produces
sounds of high frequency. A tuba produces notes with a low
pitch and a low frequency. When you sing a musical scale, the
pitch and frequency increase from note to note. Wavelength and
frequency are also related for sound waves. As the frequency of
sound waves increase, their wavelength decreases. Figure 10
shows how the frequency and wavelength change for notes on
the musical scale.
Figure 10
The frequency of the notes
on a musical scale increases as
the notes get higher in pitch,
but the wavelength of the
notes decreases.
Sound waves with ultra-
high frequencies cannot be
heard by the human ear,
but are used by medical
professionals in several
ways. They perform
echocardiograms of the
heart, produce ultrasound
images of internal organs,
break up blockages in
arteries and kill bacteria
and sterilize surgical
instruments. How do the
wavelengths of these sound
waves compare to sound
waves you can hear?
Wave Speed
Reteach
Have students use a spiral
drawing toy to demonstrate the
amplitude, wavelength, and fre-
quency of a wave.
Kinesthetic
Challenge
Compare the sound of a
siren moving toward you with
the sound of a siren moving
away from you. When the siren is
moving toward you, the wavelengths of
the compressi onal waves decrease,
resulting in higher pitches. As the siren
moves away from you, the wavelengths
increase and the pitches get lower. This is
known as the Doppler effect.
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Wave Speed
Youve probably watched a distant thunderstorm approach
on a hot summer day. You see a bolt of lightning flash between a
dark cloud and the ground. Do the sound waves, or thunder, pro-
duced by the lightning bolt reach your ears at the same instant
you see the lightning? If the thunderstorm is many kilometers
away, several seconds will pass between when you see the light-
ning and when you hear the thunder. This happens because light
travels much faster in air than sound does. Light is an electro-
magnetic wave that travels through air at about 300 million m/s.
On the other hand, sound is a mechanical wave that travels
through air at about 340 m/s.
Mechanical waves such as sound travel faster in a medium
in which the atoms that make up the medium are closer
together. Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and faster
in liquids than in gases. This is because atoms are closer to each
other in a solid than in a liquid, and closer together in a liquid
than in a gas.
Electromagnetic waves such as light behave differently
than mechanical waves. Unlike mechanical waves, they travel
faster in gases than in solids or liquids. You know that you can
get to your next class faster if the hallways are nearly empty
than if they are filled with other students. Electromagnetic
waves behave the same way. If many atoms are in the medium,
electromagnetic waves are slowed down. For example, the
speed of light is one and a half times faster in air than it is
in glass.
Section Assessment
1. How does the frequency of a wave change
as its wavelength changes?
2. Why is a sound wave with a large ampli-
tude more likely to damage your hearing
than one with a small amplitude?
3. What accounts for the time difference in
seeing and hearing a fireworks display?
4. Why is the statement The speed of light
is 300 million m/s not always correct?
5. Think Critically Explain the differences
between the waves that make up bright,
green light and dim, red light.
6. Predicting A biologist studying bison puts her
ear next to the ground. By doing this she knows
that the herd is coming toward her. Explain. For
more help, refer to the Science Skill Handbook.
7. Solving One-Step Equations The product
of the wavelength and the frequency of a
wave is the speed of the wave. If a sound
wave traveling through water has a speed of
1,470 m/s and a frequency of 2,340 Hz, what is
its wavelength? For more help, refer to the
Math Skill Handbook.
Research Visit the
Glencoe Science Web site at
science.glencoe.comfor
information about wave
speed in different materials.
Make a graph to show the
differences.
1. The frequency increases as the wave-
length decreases.
2. Waves having large amplitudes carry
more energy than waves with small
amplitudes.
3. Light travels much faster than sound.
4. The speed of light varies, depending
on the medium through which it
travels.The speed of light is
300 million m/s in air.
5. The waves that make up bright
green light have shorter wave-
lengths, higher frequencies, and
larger amplitudes.
6. The biologist can hear the vibrations
in the ground caused by the moving
herd.
7. wavelength wave speed wave
frequency 1,470 m/s 2,340 Hz
0.628 m
Process Fill test tubes with dif-
ferent amounts of water and tap
on them gently with a glass stir-
ring rod. Have students explain
the differences between the
pitches produced. The more water
in a tube, the shorter the wavelength of
air that fits in the tube, so the higher the
pitch produced when the glass is tapped.
Use PASC, p. 89.
Internet Addresses
Explore the Glencoe Science Web site
at science.glencoe.com to find out
more about topics in this section.
Write a summary paragraph of how this
activity demonstrated any of the vocabulary
words from the first two sections of the
chapter. For more help, refer to the
Science Skill Handbook.
Waves on a Spring
3. Stretch the springs between two people
to the length suggested by your teacher.
Measure the length.
4. Create a wave with a quick, sideways snap of
the wrist. Time several waves as they travel
the length of the spring. Record the average
time in your data table.
5. Repeat step 4 using waves that have slightly
larger amplitudes.
6. Squeeze together about 20 of the coils.
Observe what happens to the unsqueezed
coils. Release the coils and observe.
7. Quickly push the spring toward your partner,
then pull it back.
8. Tie the yarn to a coil near the middle of the
spring. Repeat step 7, observing the string.
Conclude and Apply
1. Classify the wave pulses you created in each
step as compressional or transverse.
2. Calculate and compare the speeds of the
waves in steps 4 and 5.
3. Classify the unsqueezed coils in step 6 as a
compression or a rarefaction.
4. Compare and contrast the motion of the
yarn with the motion of the wave.
W
aves are rhythmic disturbances that carry
energy through matter or space. Studying
waves can help you understand how the Suns
energy reaches Earth and sounds travel through
the air.
What Youll Investigate
What are some of the properties of transverse
and compressional waves on a coiled spring?
Materials
long, coiled spring toy
colored yarn (5 cm)
meterstick
stopwatch
Goals
I Create transverse and compressional waves
on a coiled spring toy.
I Investigate wave properties such as speed
and amplitude.
Safety Precautions
WARNING: Avoid overstretching or tangling the
spring to prevent injury or damage.
Procedure
1. Prepare a data table such as the one shown.
2. Work in pairs or groups and clear a place
on an uncarpeted floor about 6 m2 m.
Length of stretched spring toy 4.20 m
Average time for a wave to travel
from end to endstep 4 1.35 s
Average time for a wave to travel
from end to endstep 5 1.25 s
Wave Data
Purpose Students make waves
with a coiled-spring toy and
observe the waves.
Kinesthetic
Process Ski l l s observing and
inferring, comparing and con-
trasting, interpreting data, clas-
sifying, making and using tables
Time Required 45 minutes
Safety Precautions Space student
groups far enough apart that the
coiled springs do not interfere
with each other.
Teaching Strategies
Help students compare the two
types of waves they generate.
Help students recognize the
parts of a wave.
Troubleshooting Watch students
to ensure that they do not tangle
or overstretch the coiled springs.
Answers to Questions
1. In steps 4 and 5, transverse waves
were produced. In steps 6 to 7, com-
pressional waves were produced.
In step 8, a transverse wave was
produced in the string.
2. Check students work.
3. rarefaction
4. A transverse wave formed in the
string. A compression wave formed
in the coiled spring toy.
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Have students use a computer graphics program to
create a display explaining the results of the activity.
Process Have students draw and
label the parts of each type of
wave they generated in the
activity. Use PASC, p. 127.
Resource Manager
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S E C T I O N
3 3
SECTION 3 Wave Behavior O N 19
Reflection
What causes the echo when you yell across an empty gymna-
sium or down a long, empty hallway? Why can you see your face
when you look in a mirror? The echo of your voice and the face
you see in the mirror are caused by wave reflection.
Reflection occurs when a wave strikes an object or surface and
bounces off. An echo is reflected sound. Sound reflects from all
surfaces. Your echo bounces off the walls, floor, ceiling, furniture,
and people. You see your face in a mirror or a still pond, as shown
in Figure 11A, because of reflection. Light waves produced by a
source of light such as the Sun or a lightbulb bounce off your face,
strike the mirror, and reflect back to your eyes.
A mirror is smooth and even, therefore you see a clearly
reflected image. However, when light reflects from an uneven or
rough surface, you cant see an image because the reflected light
scatters in many different directions, as shown in Figure 11B.
What causes reflection?
I Explain how waves can reflect
from some surfaces.
I Explain how waves change direc-
tion when they move from one
material into another.
I Describe how waves are able to
bend around barriers.
Vocabulary
reflection
refraction
diffraction
interference
The reflection of waves enables you
to see objects around you.
Wave Behavior
S E C T I O N
Figure 11
The image formed by reflection
depends on the smoothness of
the surface.
The smooth surface of a
still pond allows light to reflect
back to you so you can see your
image.
The rough, uneven surface
of the same pond causes the light
to reflect in many directions so
that no sharp image is visible.
PORTFOLIO
Challenge, p. 25
Try at Home MiniLAB, p. 20
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
Section, p. 25
Challenge, p. 25
Chapter, pp. 3233
Section Planner
Section 3 Wave Behavior O N 19
Wave Behavior
Remind students that visible
light rays are electromagnetic
waves. Discuss whether they can
see themselves in a mirror with-
out light rays. Explain that in
this section, they will learn how
waves reflect and refract.
Waves
Artists work with all kinds of materials, so why not water? This
image was made by placing an obstacle in the water and generating
waves. As waves reach the obstacle, they move through the holes.
Wave Art Section Focus
Transparency
3 3
1. Describe what is happening in this picture.
2. What would happen to the wave pattern if both holes were
plugged?
3. Do you think sound waves diffract in a similar fashion? Give an
example that illustrates your answer.
7
Chapter
Copyright
Glencoe/M
cGra w-Hill Com
panies, Inc.
Reflection
Refraction
Youve already seen that a wave changes direction when it
reflects from a surface. Waves also can change direction in
another way. Perhaps you have tried to grab a sinking object
when you are in a swimming pool, only to come up empty-
handed. Yet you were sure you grabbed right where you saw the
object. This happens because the light rays from the object
change direction as they pass from the water into the air. The
bending of a wave as it moves from one medium into another is
called refraction.
Refraction and Wave Speed Remember that the speed of
a wave can be different in different materials. For example, light
waves travel faster in air than in water. Refraction occurs when
the speed of a wave changes as it passes from one substance to
another, as shown in Figure 12. A line that is perpendicular to
the waters surface is called the normal. When a light ray passes
from air into water, it slows down and bends toward the normal.
When the ray passes from water into air, it speeds up and bends
away from the normal. The larger the change in speed of the
light wave is, the larger the change in direction is.
You notice refraction when you look down into a fishbowl.
Refraction makes the fish appear to be closer to the surface but
farther away from you than it is, as shown in Figure 13. Light
rays reflected from the fish are bent away from the normal as
they pass from water to air. Your brain interprets the light that
enters your eyes by assuming that light rays always travel in
straight lines. As a result, the light rays seem to be coming from
a fish that is in a different location.
Observing How Light
Refracts
Procedure
1. Fill a large, opaque
drinking glass or cup
with water.
2. Place a white soda straw
in the water at an angle.
3. Looking directly down into
the cup from above,
observe the straw where it
meets the water.
4. Placing yourself so that the
straw angles to your left or
right, slowly back away
about 1 m. Observe the
straw as it appears above,
at, and below the surface
of the water.
Analysis
1. Describe the straws appear-
ance from above.
2. Compare the straws
appearance above and
below the waters surface in
step 4. Draw a diagram and
explain the apparent effect.
Air
Water
Normal Normal
Figure 12
A wave is refracted when it
changes speed. As the
light ray passes from air to
water, it refracts toward
the normal. As the light
ray passes from water to
air, it refracts away from
the normal.
Refraction
Quick Demo
Demonstrate that different
colors of white light refract at
different angles by shining an
intense beam of white light
through a prism in a darkened
room. Visual-Spatial
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Answer the bouncing of a wave off an
object
Reading Check
An Advanced Warni ng System The
Chinese used pottery jars to detect the sounds
of an advancing enemy. Leather membranes
were stretched over the mouths of empty 80-L
pottery jars. The jars were lowered into deep
shafts that were dug a few paces apart around
the city, and men with good hearing were sta-
tioned nearby. Not only could they hear the
sounds of an approaching army, but by listening
to different sounds from the shafts, the watchers
also could judge from which direction the
enemy was coming and how far away the enemy
was. Why do you think the jars were put in
shafts deep underground? The thudding footsteps
of the approaching army produced low-frequency, long-
wavelength vibrations in the ground. The shafts had to be
deep enough to receive those sound vibrations and amplify
them. Logical-Mathematical
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Purpose Students observe how
light refracts.
Visual-Spatial
Materials white soda straw,
opaque drinking glass or cup;
water
Teaching Strategy The larger
the diameter of the glass or
cup, the easier it will be to see
the refraction. Also, tell stu-
dents to fill the glass or cup
almost to the top.
Analysis
1. The straw appears to be straight.
2. The straw appears to bend at the
waters surface. Light reflects from
the straw and refracts as it passes
from the water into the air.The
speed of the light waves is also
reduced in water.
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Performance Have students
draw ray diagrams in their
Science Journals that show
how the light waves refract.
Use PASC, p. 127.
Mini
LAB
Water
droplet
Sunlight
Incident ray
Color from Refraction Refraction
causes prisms to separate sunlight into
many colors and produces rainbows too.
Figure 14 illustrates how refraction and
reflection produce a rainbow when light
waves from the Sun pass into and out of
water droplets in the air.
What produces a
rainbow?
Diffraction
Why can you hear music from the
band room when you are down the hall?
You can hear the music because the sound waves bend as they
pass through an open doorway. This bending isnt caused by
refraction. Remember that refraction occurs when waves change
speed, but sound waves have the same speed in the band room
and in the hallway. Instead the bending is caused by diffraction.
Diffraction is the bending of waves around a barrier.
Diffraction of Light Waves Can light waves diffract, too?
You can hear your friends in the band room but you cant see
them until you reach the open door. Therefore, you know the
light waves do not diffract as much as sound waves do.
Are light waves able to diffract at all? Light waves do bend
around the edges of an open door. However, for an opening as
wide as a door, the amount the light bends is extremely small. As
a result, the diffraction of light is far too small to allow you to
see around a corner.
Figure 13
When you look at the goldfish
in the water, the fish is in a dif-
ferent position than it appears.
Normal
Figure 14
Light rays refract as they enter
and leave each water drop. Each
color refracts at different angles
because of their different wave-
lengths, so they separate into
the colors of the spectrum.
Answer Sunlight refracts as it enters
raindrops, reflects from the far inside
surfaces of the drops, and refracts as it
leaves the drops.
Reading Check
Figure 14 When you look at a
rainbow, you see an arc of col-
ors. The refraction of light from
water drops actually produces a
circle of light, but we can only
see the top of the circle because
the ground blocks out the lower
part. Red is at the top because,
as you see in the sketch of the
raindrop, red is bent less. Violet
is at the bottom because it is
bent more. Have students draw
sketches to show how the reflec-
tions create a circle with red on
the outside.
Visual-Spatial
Diffraction
Quick Demo
Tell each student to straighten
the first two fingers of one
hand, spreading the fingers
slightly to make a small slit
between them. Then have stu-
dents view a bright light
through the slit. They will see
fringes, or black lines, between
their fingers as a result of dif-
fraction. Kinesthetic
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The speed of light in a material depends
on the characteristics of the material and
the frequency of the incident light. High-
frequency, short-wavelength light, such as
violet light, travels more slowly in a material
than lower-frequency, longer-wavelength
light, such as red light. This means the vio-
let light bends more than the red light as
it moves from a vacuum (or air) to a denser
medium.
Enrichment, p. 30
MiniLAB, p. 4
Resource
Manager
Figure 15
Water waves bend or diffract
around these islands. More
diffraction occurs when the
object is closer in size to the
wavelength.
Diffraction and Wavelength The reason that light waves
dont diffract much when they pass through an open door is that
the wavelengths of visible light are much smaller than the width
of the door. Light waves have wavelengths between 400 and 700
billionths of a meter, while the width of doorway is about one
meter. Sound waves that you can hear have much longer wave-
lengths. They bend more easily around the corners of an open
door. A wave is diffracted more when its wavelength is similar in
size to the barrier or opening.
Diffraction of Water Waves Perhaps you have noticed
water waves bending around barriers. For example, when water
waves strike obstacles such as the islands shown in Figure 15,
they dont stop moving. Here the size and spacing of the islands
is not too different from the wavelength of the water waves. So
the water waves bend around the islands, and keep on moving.
They also spread out after they pass through openings between
the islands. If the islands were much larger than the water wave-
length, less diffraction would occur.
What happens when waves meet?
Suppose you throw two pebbles into a still pond. Ripples
spread from the impact of each pebble and travel toward each
other. What happens when two of these ripples meet? Do they
collide like billiard balls and change direction? Waves behave
differently from billiard balls when they meet. In fact, after
they pass, waves continue moving as though the other waves
never existed.
What happens when
waves meet?
Quick Demo
Help students understand
how to graph the addition of
waves by demonstrating it on an
overhead projector. Overlap
transparencies of drawings of
waves as you add them together.
Visual-Spatial
Discussion
Have students consider what
happens when three waves over-
lap. If three waves interfere at
a given point and have ampli-
tudes of 3 units, 2 units,
and 5 units, what is the
amplitude of the resultant
wave at that point? 0 units
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LAB DEMONSTRATION LAB DEMONSTRATION
Purpose to observe wave behavior
Materials 2 pencils; paper; large, rectangu-
lar glass baking dish; water
Preparation Fill the dish with water to a
depth of 2 cm. Use several books on each
side to suspend the pan over a sheet of
white paper. Place a strong light about
40 cm above the pan. Dim all other lights.
Procedure To form waves, vibrate a vertical
pencil up and down on one side of the pan.
Show interference by vibrating two vertical
pencils, about 10 cm apart, up and down at
one end of the pan. Place an object in the
path of the waves to show diffraction.
Expected Outcome Students observe reflec-
tion, diffraction, and interference.
What would the waves have looked like
if you had held the pencil horizontally
instead of vertically when vibrating it?
They would have formed a line of waves instead
of circles.
Students may think that as
waves move from one medium
to another and are refracted,
the wavelength and frequency
of the waves change. However,
only the speed and direction of
the waves change.
Wave Interference When two waves overlap a new wave is
formed by adding the two waves together. The ability of two
waves to combine and form a new wave when they overlap is
called interference. After they overlap, the individual waves con-
tinue to travel on in their original form.
The different ways waves can interfere are shown in
Figure 16 on the next page. Sometimes when the waves meet, the
crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another wave. This is
called constructive interference. The amplitudes of these com-
bining waves add together to make a larger wave while they over-
lap. Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave
overlaps the trough of another wave. In destructive interference,
the amplitudes of the two waves combine to make a wave with a
smaller amplitude. If the two waves have equal amplitudes and
meet crest to trough, they cancel each other during the overlap.
Waves and Particles Like waves of water, when light travels
through a small opening, such as a narrow slit, the light spreads
out in all directions on the other side of the slit. If small parti-
cles, instead of waves, were sent through the slit, they would
continue in a straight line without spreading. The spreading, or
diffraction, is only a property of waves. Interference also doesnt
occur with particles. If waves meet, they reinforce or cancel each
other, then travel on. If particles approach each other, they
either collide and scatter or miss each other completely. Interfer-
ence, like diffraction, is a property of waves, not particles.
Y
our brother is vacuuming and you cant
hear the television. Is it possible to
diminish the sound of the vacuum so you
can hear the TV? Can you eliminate
unpleasant sounds and keep the sounds
you do want to hear?
Identifying the Problem
It is possible to create a frequency that
will destructively interfere with the sound of
the vacuum and not the television. The
graph shows the waves created by the
vacuum and the television.
Can you create destructive
interference?
Solving the Problem
1. Can you create the graph of a wave
that will eliminate the noise from the
vacuum but not the television?
2. Can you create the graph of a wave
that would amplify the sound of
the television?
Problem-Solving Activity
Research Visit the
Glencoe Science Web site at
science.glencoe.comfor
more information about
wave interference.
a
b
Noise from vacuum
Noise from television
Extension
Explain to students that when
an incident wave (one moving
toward an object) and a reflected
wave (one bounced off an
object) meet, they sometimes
form a standing, or stationary,
wave. Because of the interfer-
ence pattern, the standing wave
doesnt appear to be traveling.
You can demonstrate a standing
wave using a rope. Tie one end
of the rope firmly to a doorknob
or a laboratory table. Shake the
other end to produce various
standing wave patterns.
Visual-Spatial
Discussion
How does interference
affect the way music sounds
in different concert halls? Con-
structive and destructive interference
patterns in a concert hall determine
whether sound waves produced by indi-
vidual voices or instruments combine to
form waves that are pleasant or displeas-
ing to listeners ears.
LS
L3
LS
L3
Internet Addresses
Explore the Glencoe Science Web site at science.glencoe.com
to find out more about topics in this section.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery,
pp. 19, 20
Mathematics Skill Activities, p. 47
Resource Manager
National Math Standards
Correlation to Mathematics
Objectives
2, 5, 6, 810
Answers
1. The wave must be the opposite of
the vacuum wave.That is, it must
trough when the vacuum wave
crests, and vice versa.
2. Any wave that crests and troughs
in the same place will amplify the
wave.
Visualizing
Interference
Have students examine the pic-
tures and read the captions. Then
ask the following questions.
Two waves both with an
amplitude of 2 m pass through
each other. The maximum
amplitude reached is 4 m. Is
this constructive or destruc-
tive interference? constructive
Two waves both with an
amplitude of 2 m approach
each other and the peak of
the crest of one wave passes
through the bottom of the
trough of the other wave.
What is the amplitude of the
resulting wave at that instant?
zero Visual-Spatial
Activity
Have two students hold the
ends of a long rope. Ask stu-
dents to practice making waves
with the rope by moving their
hands vertically or horizontally
in quick strokes. The students
should then work together to set
up constructive and destructive
interference with the waves in
their ropes. Kinesthetic
Extension
Challenge students to find out
how radio waves are used in
radar and how stealth airplanes
are built to evade detection by
radar. Have students work in
pairs to make posters showing
the airplane profiles used and
the materials used to enable
these planes to avoid detection.
LS
L3
LS
L2
24 N O CHAPTER 1
Destructive Interference
W
hether they are ripples on a pond or huge
ocean swells, when water waves meet they
can combine to form new waves in
a process called interference. As shown below, wave
interference can be constructive or destructive.
A B
Figure 16
VISUALIZING INTERFERENCE
The two waves form a larger wave where the crests
of both waves overlap.
If the two waves have equal amplitude, they
momentarily cancel when they meet.
In constructive interference, a wave with greater
amplitude is formed.
A B
A B
In destructive interference, a wave with a smaller
amplitude is formed.
The original waves pass through each other and
go on as they started.
The crest of one wave approaches the trough
of another.
B A
Constructive Interference
The crests of two wavesA and Bapproach
each other.
The original waves pass through each other and go
on as they started.
Resource Manager
Reteach
Divide the class in half and
conduct a baseball game review
with words from this chapter.
Players match words with mean-
ings and are out when they miss
a word. Each team has three
outs before the turn shifts to the
other team.
Interpersonal
Challenge
Have pairs of students prepare
posters showing the types of
waves produced by a combina-
tion of (1) two transverse waves
in which crests overlap, (2) two
transverse waves in which crests
and troughs overlap, (3) two
compressional waves in which
crests overlap, and (4) two com-
pressional waves in which crests
and troughs overlap.
Visual-Spatial P
LS
COOP LEARN
L3
LS
COOP LEARN L2
Using Interference You might have seen
someone use a power lawn mower or a chain
saw. In the past, many people who performed
these tasks damaged their hearing because of
the loud noises produced by these machines.
Today, specially designed ear protectors absorb
the sound from lawn mowers and chain saws.
The ear protectors lower the amplitudes of the
harmful waves. The waves that reach the ears
have smaller amplitudes and wont damage
eardrums.
Reducing Noise Pilots and passengers of
small planes have a more complicated problem.
They cant use ear protectors to shut out all the noise of the
planes motor. If they did, the pilots wouldnt be able to hear
instructions from air-traffic controllers, and the passengers
wouldnt be able to hear each other talk. To solve this problem,
engineers invented special devices that contain electronic cir-
cuits as shown in Figure 17. These circuits detect the vibrations
from the aircraft that make noise and produce sound frequen-
cies that destructively interfere with those vibrations. However,
the sound frequencies produced do not interfere with human
voices, so people can hear and understand normal conversation.
In these examples, destructive interference can be a benefit.
Section Assessment
1. Why dont you see your reflection in a
building made of rough, white stone?
2. If youre standing on one side of a building,
how are you able to hear the siren of an
ambulance on the other side?
3. What behavior of light enables magnifying
glasses and contact lenses to bend light
rays and help people see more clearly?
4. What is diffraction? How does the amount
of diffraction depend on wavelength?
5. Think Critically Why dont light rays that
stream through an open window into a
darkened room spread evenly through the
entire room?
6. Comparing and Contrasting When light
rays pass from water into a certain type of glass,
the rays refract toward the normal. Compare and
contrast the speed of light in water and in the
glass. For more help, refer to the Science Skill
Handbook.
7. Communicating Watch carefully as you
travel home from school or walk down your
street. What examples of wave reflection and
refraction do you notice? Describe each of
these in your Science Journal and explain your
reasons. For more help, refer to the Science
Skill Handbook.
Figure 17
Some airplane pilots use special
ear protectors that interfere with
engine noise but dont block
human voices.
Content Have students draw dia-
grams illustrating the refraction,
reflection, diffraction, and inter-
ference of waves. Use Perfor-
mance Assessment in the
Science Classroom, p. 127.
1. The rough surface scatters light in all
directions.
2. Sound diffracts easily around objects
such as buildings.
3. refraction
4. Diffraction is the bending of waves
around a barrier. A wave is diffracted
more when its wavelength is similar
in size to the barrier or opening.
5. Waves of light travel in straight lines.
The waves of light that come
through the window travel in
straight lines until they reach objects
that absorb or reflect them. Also, the
light waves have very small wave-
lengths, so very little diffraction
occurs as they move through a wide
opening such as a window.
6. Because the light rays refract toward
the normal, their speed must be
lower in the glass than in water.
7. Answers might include reflection of
light off a puddle or window or
refraction of light through a prism.
Others may mention the reflection
of sirens, horns, or traffic noise.
Recognize the Problem
Purpose
Students will model the behavior
of seismic waves by creating
transverse standing waves on a
demonstration spring or coiled
toy spring. Factors such as
length, type of spring, and
frequency will be varied and con-
trolled to determine how the
speed of a wave within a coil
depends upon such factors. By
comparing their results with
those of others, students can
make generalizations about waves
within a spring, and by analogy,
seismic waves within the earth.
Process Skills
observing, measuring, calculat-
ing, separating and controlling
variables, predicting
Time Required
45 minute class
Materials
Demonstration springs sold by
science educational supply com-
panies create the best waves.
Toy springs can also be used to
create waves, and if springs are
not available, a length of rope or
hose will serve as a substitute
wave maker. A metric tape mea-
sure can replace a meterstick.
Safety Precautions
Caution students to not use or
swing the spring anywhere but
on the floor.
Form a Hypothesis
Possible Hypothesis
The hypothesis of most students
will reflect that the speed of a
wave is determined by dividing
the distance the wave travels by
the time it takes for the wave to
travel one wavelength.
W
hen an earthquake occurs, the waves of energy are recorded at points all over
the world by instruments called seismographs. By comparing the data that they
collected from their seismographs, scientists discovered that the interior of Earth must
be made of layers of different materials. How did the seismographs tell them that
Earth is not the same material all the way through?
Recognize the Problem
Can the speed of a wave be used to identify the medium through which it travels?
Form a Hypothesis
Think about what you know about the relationship between the frequency, wave-
length, and speed of a wave in a medium. Make a hypothesis about how you can
measure the speed of a wave within a medium, and use that information to identify
an unknown medium.
Materials
coiled spring toy meterstick
stopwatch tape
*clock with a second hand
*Alternate materials
Safety Precautions
Goals
I Measure the speed of a wave
within a coiled spring toy.
I Predict whether the speed you
measured will be different in other
types of coiled spring toys.
Wave Speed
Internet Addresses
to find out more about topics in this activity.
Lab Management and Safety, p. 65
Resource Manager
Test Your Hypothesis
Analyze Your Data
Draw Conclusions
Do
1. Make sure your teacher approves
your plan before you start.
2. Carry out the experiment.
3. While you are doing the experiment,
record your observations and mea-
surements in your data table.
Plan
1. Make a data table in your Science
Journal like the one shown.
2. In your Science Journal, write a
detailed description of the coiled
spring toy you are going to use. Be
sure to include its mass and diame-
ter, the width of a coil, and what it
is made of.
3. Decide as a group how you will
measure the frequency and length
of waves in the spring toy. What are
your variables? Which variables
must be controlled? What variable
do you want to measure?
4. Repeat your experiment
three times.
3. Average the wave speeds from
your trials to determine the average
speed of a wave in your coiled
spring toy.
wavelength 1. Calculate the frequency of the
waves by dividing the number of
vibrations you timed by the number
of seconds you timed them. Record
your results in your data table.
2. Use the following formula to calcu-
late the speed of a wave in each trial.
1. How do the variables affect the
wave speed in spring toys? Was
your hypothesis supported?
2. Would it make a difference if an
earthquake wave were transmitted
through Earths solid mantle or the
molten outer core?
ACTIVITY O N 27
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Length spring was stretched (m) 3.30 3.30 3.91
Number of crests 2 3 4
Wavelength (m) 3.30 2.20 1.96
# of vibrations timed 10 10 10
# of seconds vibrations were timed 5.49 3.60 6.01
Wave speed (m/s) 6.01 6.12 6.29
Wave Data
wave wave
frequency speed
Post a description of your coiled spring toy
and the results of your experiment on a bul-
letin board in your classroom. Compare and
contrast your results with other students in
your class.
Test Your Hypothesis
Possible Procedures
Help your student groups create
standing waves. While a student
holds one end of the coiled-
spring toy stationary, have
another student move the other
end from side to side with a
rhythm that produces a standing
wave.
Most students will have observed
waves moving through a medium
such as ocean waves or ripples on
a pond.
Expected Outcome
Students will create standing
transverse waves and measure
their frequency, wavelengths,
and speeds. From this data, they
will predict the speed of waves
in other types of coiled springs.
Analyze Your Data
1. Based on the sample data in the table,
frequencies were as follows:Trial 1,
1.82 Hz;Trial 2, 2.78 Hz;Trial 3, 1.66 Hz.
2. Based on the sample data in the
table, speeds were as follows:Trial 1,
6.01 m/s; Trial 2, 6.12 m/s; Trial 3,
6.29 m/s.
3. Average wave speed is 6.14 m/s.
Error Analysis
Ask student groups to compare
data with other groups and
explain any significant discrep-
ancies.
Draw Conclusions
1. Answers will vary.
2. Yes, a transverse wave would not be
transmitted through Earths molten
core.
ACTIVITY O N 27
Oral Ask students how they might determine
the speed of water waves that are crashing
ashore at a beach. Time the waves coming
ashore to determine the frequency. Estimate the
distance between wave crests to determine wavelength. The
product of these two numbers is the speed of the wave.
Use PASC, p. 89
Encourage students to record their data in electronically
designed spreadsheets.
Content Background
Electromagnetic, ocean, and
sound are different types of
waves. Each of these waves
propagate in a different manner.
Electromagnetic waves do not
require a media for travel and
can carry energy through the
vacuum of space. The following
names of these waves are famil-
iar to us: radio, microwave,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet,
X rays, and gamma rays. Surface
ocean waves are a mixture of
longitudinal and transverse
waves that carry energy through
the water. Sound waves are lon-
gitudinal waves that can carry
energy through solids, liquids,
and gases. The velocity of waves
can be determined by the equa-
tion velocity wavelength
frequency.
Discussion
Waves are described by their
frequency (pulses per second),
wavelength (distance from two
corresponding points on two
successive waves), amplitude
(distance from trough or crest to
baseline), and speed. What do
the numbers represent in
each of the examples? 34 meters,
amplitude; 966 km/h, speed; 800 pulses
per second, frequency; 8 km/s and
4.8 km/s, speed
Extension
Have students research the
speeds of light and sound. The
speed of light is 3.00 108 m/s. The
speed of sound varies with the type of
medium and other conditions such as
density, temperature, and pressure.
Waves, Waves, and
More Waves
Did you know...
. . . You are constantly surrounded by
a sea of waves even when youre on dry land!
Electromagnetic waves around us are used to cook
our food and transmit signals to our radios and
televisions. Light itself is an electromagnetic wave.
. . . Waves let dolphins see
with their ears! A dolphin
sends out ultrasonic pulses, or
clicks, at speeds of 800 pulses per
second. These sound waves echo
back to the dolphin after they hit
another object. This process
echolocationallows dolphins to
recognize obstacles and meals.
. . . Tsunamishuge
ocean wavestravel at
speeds near 966 km/h.
. . . The highest recorded ocean
wave was 34 meters high, which is
comparable to the height of a ten-story
building. This super wave was seen in
the North Pacific Ocean and recorded by
the crew of the naval ship USS Ramapo
in 1933.
Internet Addresses
to find out more about topics in this feature.
Do the Math
Teaching Strategies
Remind students that dis-
tance velocity time, and
that there are 3,600 seconds in
an hour.
Answers
1. 32 pulses
2. 4.7 h at 966 km/h
3. Students should make a bar graph
with tsunamis traveling 966 km/h,
P waves at 28,800 km/h, and S
waves at 17,280 km/h.
Go Further
Have students find the fre-
quency of radio waves. Are
these waves low frequency
or high frequency waves in
the electromagnetic spec-
trum? low
SCIENCE STATS O N 29
. . . Earthquakes are caused by
a variety of seismic waves
waves of energy that ripple through
Earth after sub-surface rock breaks
suddenly. The fastest are P and S waves.
P waves are compressional waves that
travel at about 8 km/s. S waves, which
move like ocean waves, travel at
about 4.8 km/s.
. . . Radio waves from space
were discovered in 1932 by
Karl G. Jansky, an American engi-
neer. His amazing discovery led to
creation of radio astronomy, a field
that explores parts of the universe
that are hidden by interstellar
dust or too distant for optical
observation.
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
s

(
c
m
)
Radio
waves
Infrared
waves
Microwaves Visible
waves
Electromagnetic Wavelengths
Type of wave
0.000 001
0.000 01
0.000 1
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1,000.0
10,000.0
100,000.0
10 to 10,000 cm
1 cm
0.01 cm
0.0001
cm
1. A museum with a dolphin exhibit plays dolphin clicks
for its visitors at a speed 250 times slower than the
speed at which the dolphins emit them. How many
clicks do the visitors hear in 10 s?
2. Tsunamis form in the ocean when an earthquake occurs
on the ocean floor. How long will it take a tsunami to travel
4,500 km?
3. Make a bar graph to show the speeds of P waves, S waves
and tsunamis. Use km/h as your unit of speed.
Go Further
Go to science.glencoe.com to learn about discoveries by radio
astronomers. Graph the distances of these discoveries from Earth.
Connecting To Math
SCIENCE STATS O N 29
Electromagnetic Wavelengths How many times
greater is the wavelength of infrared waves
than that of visible waves? 100 times How
many times greater is the wavelength for
microwaves compared to infrared waves?
100 ti mes How many times greater is the
wavelength for microwaves compared to
visible waves? 10,000 times
Preview
Students can answer the ques-
tions in their Science Journals.
Discuss the answers as you go
through the chapter. Linguistic
Review
Students can write their
answers, then compare them
with those of other students.
Interpersonal
Reteach
Students can look at the illus-
trations and describe details that
support the main ideas of the
chapter. Visual-Spatial
Answers to
Chapter Review
SECTION 1
4. The boat moves perpendicular to the
direction of motion of the waves.
SECTION 2
4. amplitude
SECTION 3
1. The surface is rough, so the light
waves bounce off in many directions.
LS
LS
LS
After students have read
the chapter and completed
the Foldable described in Before You Read, have
them do the activity on the student page.
FOLDABLES
Reading & Study
Skills
FOLDABLES
Reading &Study
Skills
After You Read After You Read
30 N O CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE
Chapter
Study Guide
1 1
30 N O CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE
5. Waves travel through different materials at
different speeds.
Section 3 Wave Behavior
1. Reflection occurs when a
wave strikes an object or
surface and bounces off.
Why doesnt the foil show
a clear image?
2. The bending of a wave as
it moves from one
medium into another is
called refraction. A wave
changes direction, or
refracts, when the speed
of the wave changes.
3. The bending of waves around a barrier is
called diffraction.
4. Interference occurs when two or more
waves combine and form a new wave when
they overlap.
1. Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry
energy but not matter.
2. Mechanical waves can travel only through
matter. Electromagnetic waves can travel
through matter and space.
3. In a mechanical transverse wave, matter in
the medium moves back and forth at right
angles to the direction the wave travels.
4. In a compressional wave, matter in the
medium moves forward and backward in
the same direction as the wave. How does
the boat in the picture move as the water
wave goes by?
1. The amplitude of a transverse wave is
one half the distance between a crest and
a trough.
2. The energy carried by a wave increases as
the amplitude increases.
3. Wavelength is the distance between neigh-
boring crests or neighboring troughs.
4. The frequency of a wave is the number of
wavelengths that pass a given point in 1 s.
What characteristic of a wave is indicated in
the figure at the top of the next column?
After You Read
Use your Concept Map
Study Fold to compare and
contrast transverse and
compressional mechanical waves.
FOLDABLES
Reading & Study
Skills
Study Guide Chapter
1 1
Using Vocabulary
1. Reflection
2. compressional wave
3. wavelength
4. amplitude
5. electromagnetic wave
See student page.
CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE O N 31
Chapter
Study Guide
1 1
CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE O N 31
Vocabulary Words
a. amplitude g. mechanical wave
b. compressional wave h. reflection
c. diffraction i. refraction
d. electromagnetic wave j. transverse wave
e. frequency k. wave
f. interference l. wavelength
Using Vocabulary
Using the list, replace the underlined words
with the correct vocabulary words.
1. Diffraction is the change in direction of
a wave when it strikes a surface.
2. The type of wave that has rarefactions is a
transverse wave.
3. The distance between two adjacent crests of
a transverse wave is the frequency.
4. The more energy a wave carries, the greater
its wavelength is.
5. A mechanical wave can travel through space
without a medium.
After youve read a chapter, go back to the
beginning and speed-read through what youve
just read. This will help your memory.
Study Tip
Complete the following spider map about waves.
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
Move only through matter
Transverse
Compressional
Sound waves
Water waves
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l

w
a
v
e
s
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
Wavelength
Frequency
Amplitude
Speed
Move through matter and space
Radio waves
Ultraviolet waves
X rays
Visible light
Infrared waves
Waves
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

w
a
v
e
s
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
Study Guide Chapter
1 1
11. Compressional; each car is pushed
into the next.The cars then
rebound.This is like a compressional
wave.
12. Yes; yes; electromagnetic waves can
travel through space and matter.
13. The frequency decreases because
fewer waves pass a given point
in 1 s.
14. because the rough surface reflects
the light rays in many different
directions
15. Light travels much faster than
sound, so the flash of the cannon
will reach you before the sound will.
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. A
32 N O CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
Portfolio Encourage students to place in their
portfolios one or two items of what they con-
sider to be their best work. Examples include:
Activity, p. 10
Extension, p. 14
Challenge, p. 25
Performance Additional performance assess-
ments, Performance Task Assessment Lists, and
rubrics for evaluating these activities can be
found in Glencoes Performance Assessment
in the Science Classroom.
Chapter Planner
Chapter
Assessment
1 1
Choose the word or phrase that best answers
the question.
1. What is the material through which
mechanical waves travel?
A) charged particles C) a vacuum
B) space D) a medium
2. What is carried from particle to particle in a
water wave?
A) speed C) energy
B) amplitude D) matter
3. What are the lowest points on a transverse
wave called?
A) crests C) compressions
B) troughs D) rarefactions
4. What determines the pitch of a sound wave?
A) amplitude C) speed
B) frequency D) refraction
5. What is the distance between adjacent wave
compressions?
A) one wavelength C) 1 m/s
B) 1 km D) 1 Hz
6. What occurs when a wave strikes an object
or surface and bounces off?
A) diffraction
B) refraction
C) a change in speed
D) reflection
7. What is the name for a change in the direc-
tion of a wave when it passes from one
medium into another?
A) refraction C) reflection
B) interference D) diffraction
8. What type of wave is a sound wave?
A) transverse C) compressional
B) electromagnetic D) refracted
9. When two waves overlap and interfere
destructively, what does the resulting wave
have?
A) a greater amplitude
B) more energy
C) a change in frequency
D) a lower amplitude
10. What is the difference between blue light
and green light?
A) They have different wavelengths.
B) One is a transverse wave and the other
is not.
C) They have different pitch.
D) One is mechanical and the other is not.
11. Explain what kind of wavetransverse or
compressionalis produced when an
engine bumps into a string of coupled rail-
road cars on a track.
12. Is it possible for an electromagnetic wave to
travel through a vacuum? Through matter?
Explain your answers.
13. Why does the frequency of a wave decrease
as the wavelength increases?
14. Why dont you see your reflected image
when you look at a white, rough surface?
15. If a cannon fires at a great distance from
you, why do you see the flash before you
hear the sound?
16. Solving One-Step Equations A microwave
travels at the speed of light and has a wave-
length of 0.022 m. If the wave speed is equal
to the wavelength times the frequency, what
is the frequency of the microwave?
32 N O CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
Assessment Chapter
1 1
20. Use Performance Assessment in
the Science Classroom, p. 127.
16. about 13.6 billion Hz
17. Wave A is an electromagnetic wave
and wave B is a mechanical wave.
18. The vibrating object moves back
and forth, colliding with the mole-
cules in the air around it. As the
object moves forward, it pushes
molecules together to form a com-
pression. As the object moves back
toward its original position and
beyond, it creates a rarefaction
a region in which molecules are
spread farther apart.
19. Because their longer wavelengths
are closer to the size of buildings
and mountains, AM radio waves dif-
fract around them more than FM
radio waves do.
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT O N 33
Reproducible Masters
Chapter Review, pp. 3536
Chapter Tests, pp. 3740
Assessment Transparency Activity, p. 47
Glencoe Science Web site
Interactive Tutor
Chapter Quizzes
Glencoe Technology
Assessment Transparency
Interactive CD-ROM Chapter Quizzes
ExamView Pro Test Bank
Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Software
MindJogger Videoquiz DVD/VHS
Resources
Chapter
Assessment
1 1
The Test-Taking Tip was written
by The Princeton Review, the
nations leader in test preparation.
1. A
2. J
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT O N 33
17. Forming Hypotheses Form a hypothesis
that can explain this observation. Waves
A and B travel away from Earth through
Earths atmosphere. Wave A continues
on into space, but wave B does not.
18. Recognizing Cause and Effect Explain how
the object shown below causes compres-
sions and rarefactions as it vibrates in air.
19. Comparing and Contrasting AM radio
waves have wavelengths between about
200 m and 600 m, while FM radio waves
have wavelengths of about 3 m. Why can
AM radio signals often be heard behind
buildings and mountains but FM radio
signals cannot?
20. Making Flashcards Work with a partner to
make flashcards for the bold-faced terms in
the chapter. Illustrate each term on the front
of the cards. Write the term and its defini-
tion on the back of the card. Use the cards to
review the terms with another team.
Kamishas science teacher told her that
her remote control sent signals to the TV
and VCR by using infrared waves. She
decided to do some research about waves.
The information she gathered is shown in
the diagram below.
1. According to the diagram, which
type of wave has a wavelength greater
than 1 m?
A) radio
B) infrared
C) ultraviolet
D) X ray
2. According to the diagram, which type
of wave has the HIGHEST frequency?
F) radio
G) ultraviolet
H) X ray
J) gamma ray
1 2 3 4
10
2
10
-2
10
-4
10
-6
10
-8
10
-10
10
-12
10
-14
10
6
10
8
10
10
10
12
10
16
10
18
10
20
10
22
Frequency (Hz)
Wavelength (m)
Radio
TV/FM
Radar
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X ray
Gamma
ray
1 m
Go to the Glencoe Science Web site at
science.glencoe.comor use the
Glencoe Science CD-ROMfor additional
chapter assessment.
TECHNOLOGY
Assessment Chapter
1 1
Test Practice

Chap01 Science Answer Key

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