1

21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 1
S
t
e
e
l
b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 2
2
a 2
E
F
(L/r)

=
2
c
y
2 E
C
F

=
2
a 2
12 E
F
23(KL/r)

=
Elastic buckling:
2
y 2
c
a
(KL/r)
1 F
2C
F
F.S.



=
Allowable buckling stress:
Inelastic buckling:
K-factors as previously described
2
3
c c
5 3(KL/r) (KL/r)
F.S.
3 8C 8C
= +
F.S. = factor of safety, computed as:
2
y
2
F E
2 (L/r)

=
at
2
c
y
L 2 E
C
r F

= =
Steel buckling
Based on empirical tests steel has 2 buckling modes:
Inelastic buckling (KL/r < C
c
)
Elastic buckling (KL/r > C
c
)
C
c
at ~ Fy/2 is derived using Eulers formula:
1.2- 1.5
For F
y
= 50 ksi C
c
= 107
For F
y
= 36 ksi C
c
= 126
2
y 2
c
a
(KL/r)
1 F
2C
F
F.S.



=
2
a 2
12 E
F
23(KL/r)

=
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 3
Fa (ksi)
Fa (ksi) Steel columns & struts
Allowable buckling stress for steel of:
F
y
= 36 ksi
F
y
= 42 ksi
F
y
= 60 ksi
F
y
= 100 ksi
Note:
High strength steel is NOT effective for slender
columns in the elastic range, since the E-modulus
is relatively constant for all steel grades
.
Maximumslenderness: 200
Max. recommended column slenderness: 120
Usual truss bar slenderness range 40-200
The following AISCtables give allowable buckling
stress for 2 common steel grades for KL/r =1-200.
Together with tables for allowable buckling load
they usually eliminate cumbersome computations.
2
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 4
F
y
= 36 ksi F
y
= 50 ksi
Buckling stress governed by E-modulus
AISCtable, copyright AmericanInstituteof Steel ConstructionInc. Reprintedwithpermissionof AISC. All rightsreserved
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 5
Allowableload
P=FaA=22.8(24.1) P=550 k
Graph method
Allowablestress at stress curve/ kL/r intersection
At KL/r =58 F
a
= 23 ksi
P=FaA=23(24.1) P=554k
3
2
8
) / (
8
) / ( 3
3
5
. .
c c C
r KL
C
r KL
S F + =
3
2
) 107 ( 8
) 58 (
) 107 ( 8
) 58 ( 3
3
5
+ =
Factor of safety
F.S.=1.87
. .
2
) / (
1 2
2
S F
F
C
r KL
F
y
c
a

=
87 . 1
50
) 107 ( 2
58
1 2
2

=
Allowablestress
F
a
=22.8ksi
Analysis
Determine k-factor for givensupports
DefineC
c
, size, andlength
Computeslenderness ration KL/r
Computeallowablestress F
a
Computeallowableload P=F
a
A
Example
W14x82post, L=12, F
y
=50ksi, A=24.1in
2
, r
y
= 2.48
Slenderness
KL/r =12(12) / 2.48 KL/r = 58
Useinelastic formula C
c
=107>58
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 6
AISCtable, copyright AmericanInstituteof Steel ConstructionInc.
Reprintedwithpermissionof AISC. All rightsreserved
Design
Design is atrial and error process, with given PandL
Analyzeandadjust atrial sectionor useAISCtables
Example
Assume: Fy=50ksi, K=1, KL=10, P=270k
FromAISCtable UseW14x43
P
all
=279>270
Example
Assume: 2-story post, bracedabout Y-axis only
Y-axis length L1=18; X-axis lengthL2=29, P=180k
For critical lengthabout X-axis, divideunbracedX-axis
length by r
x
/r
y
ratio. Thegreater lengthgoverns.
Scan tablefor smallest r
x
/r
y
ratio: r
x
/r
y
=2.44
X-axis effectivelengthKL=29/2.44 KL =12
Y-axis length governs 18> 12
Try W14x53 P
all
=184>180
Check rx/ryratio r
x
/r
y
=3.07>2.44
Use W14x53
3
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 7
Eccentric load
Eccentric load causes bending (M=Pe).
Posts with combined axial and bending stress
must satisfy the interaction formula:
f
b
/F
b
+f
a
/F
a
1
f
b
= actual bending stress
F
b
= allowable bending stress
f
a
= actual axial stress
F
a
= allowable axial stress
For convenience, substitute equivalent axial load for bending
f
b
= M/ S = MB / A= f
a
P= f
a
A= MB
M= bending moment in k (kip-inch)
S = Section modulus
A= cross section area
B = A / S (defined as Bendingfactor)
P= axial load
For biaxial bending the total equivalent axial load is
P
tot
= P+M
x
B
x
+M
y
B
y
For bending about the X-axis only (most common)
P
tot
= P+M
x
B
x
Bending factors listed in AISCcolumn tables assume k (kip-inch)
e
P
M=Pe
Eccentric load
Interaction graph
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 8
Concentric example
Concentric load P= 250 k, Fy=50 ksi, KL=10
Use W14x43 P
all
= 279
279>250, ok
Eccentric example
Same as above, but e = 7eccentricity
M= Pe = 250 (7) M=1750 k
Scan table for bending factor: B
x
= 0.196
P
tot
=P+M
x
B
x
=250+1750(0.196) P
tot
= 593 k
Try W14x82 P
all
= 593=593
Check bending factor B
x
= 0.196
Use W14x82
Note:
Eccentric load doubles
post weight
While concentric post
has plenty reserve
e=7
P
M = P e
21 Steel buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 9
W-shapes: allowableaxial load(ASD)
W-shapedata*
Fy=50ksi [345MPa]
A =Crosssectionarea
Bx=Bendingfactor about x-axis
By=Bendingfactor about y-axis
Rx=Radiusof gyrationabout x-axis
Ry=Radiusof gyrationabout y-axis
USunits SI units
Label A Bx By Ry Rx/Ry Label Bx By
Units in
2
1/in 1/in In 1/m 1/m
W14X193 56.8 0.183 0.477 4.05 1.77 W360X287 7.21 18.79
W14X176 51.8 0.184 0.484 4.02 1.60 W360X262 7.26 19.06
W14X159 46.7 0.184 0.485 4 1.60 W360X237 7.24 19.11
W14X145 42.7 0.184 0.489 3.98 1.59 W360X216 7.25 19.26
W14X132 38.8 0.186 0.521 3.76 1.67 W360X196 7.31 20.50
W14X120 35.3 0.186 0.523 3.74 1.67 W360X179 7.31 20.59
W14X109 32 0.185 0.523 3.73 1.67 W360X162 7.28 20.59
W14X99 29.1 0.185 0.527 3.71 1.66 W360X147 7.30 20.75
W14X90 26.5 0.185 0.531 3.7 1.66 W360X134 7.30 20.91
W14X82 24 0.195 0.819 2.48 2.44 W360X122 7.68 32.25
W14X74 21.8 0.195 0.820 2.48 2.44 W360X110 7.66 32.27
W14X68 20 0.194 0.826 2.46 2.44 W360X101 7.64 32.54
W14X61 17.9 0.194 0.833 2.45 2.44 W360X91 7.65 32.78
W14X53 15.6 0.201 1.091 1.92 3.07 W360X79 7.89 42.95
W14X48 14.1 0.201 1.102 1.91 3.06 W360X72 7.91 43.37
W14X43 12.6 0.201 1.115 1.89 3.08 W360X64 7.92 43.90
* DatafromAISC, copyright AmericanInstituteof Steel Construction, Inc.
Reprintedwithpermissionof AISC. All rightsreserved
Design graph for convenient metric conversion
4
21 Steel buckling CopyrightG G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc toend, for next, for previous slide 10
Composite post
Assume:
Support factor K = 1.2, L=15, KL=15x1.2=18
Yield stresFy= 50 ksi
1 MC 13x50: A=2x14.7= 29.4 in
2
, I
y
=2x16.5=33 in
4
2 Composite post
Weak axis moment of inertia I
y
=(I
00
+AX
2
)
X = 14/20.974 X= 6.026 in
Plate moment of inertia
I
00
= 2bd
3
/12 = 2x1x13
3
/12 I
00
= 366 in
3
I=
Radius of Gyration
r = (I/A)

=(1467/55.4)

r = 5.1
KL/r = 18 x 12 / 5.1 kL/r = 42
Allowable stress (from graph) F
a
=25.6 ksi
Allowable load
Pall = FaA = 25.6 x 55.4 P
all
=1418 k
Part A (in
2
) X (in) A X
2
(in
4
) I00 (in
4
) Iy(in
4
)
2 MC13x50 29.4 6.026 1068 33 1101
2 Plates 13x1 26 0 0 366 366
55.4 1467
x
21 Steel buckling CopyrightG G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc toend, for next, for previous slide 11
Truss bar (design vertical bar A)
Point loads P = 12 k
Pin joints K = 1
Bar length (truss depth) KL = 6
Reactions
R = 6 P/2 = 6 x 12 k / 2 P = 36 k
Bar force
P = R P = 36 k
Try alternate shapes and strengths
Alternate 1, Double angle, Fy= 36 ksi
Try DL3x3x1/4 @9.8 plf P
all
= 45>36
Alternate 2, Double angle, Fy= 50 ksi
Try DL3x3x3/16 @7.42 plf P
all
= 38>36
Alternate 3, Standard Pipe, Fy= 36 ksi
Try P3 @7.58 plf P
all
= 38>36
Alternate 4, Square Tubing, Fy= 46 ksi
Use ST3x3x3/16 @6.87 plf P
all
= 42>36
Note: Tubing at only 6.87 plf is most economical
P P P P P P/2 P/2
A
5
21 Steel buckling CopyrightGGSchierle,2001-05 pressEsctoend, fornext, forpreviousslide 12
Truss bars andjoints
Bar joints must be concentric toavoid bendingstress
Concentric joints requireall bar systemlines tomeet at
onepoint at eachjoint.
For symmetric bars systemlines are at bar centers
For asymmetric bars (LandT-shapes) systemcenter
lines areincludedinAISCtables.
1 Truss withdouble Lbars joint by gusset plates
2 Joint detail
3 Doublechannel bars joint by gusset plates
4 Pipebars joint by gusset plates
5 Tubingbars withweldedjoints
21 Steel buckling CopyrightGGSchierle,2001-05 pressEsctoend, fornext, forpreviousslide 13
Steel sections
1 W-shape, light (W14x22)
Usedas columnsupportinglight weight
2 W-shape, heavy(W14x730)
Usedas columnsupportingheavy weight
3 S-shape(Standardshape)
Usedas joist
4 Wideflange shape
Usedas columnandgirder
5 Channel
Doublechannels usedfor bracing
6 T-shapes
(cut fromS-shapes [left] andW-shapes [right])
Usedas truss chords andbracing
7 L-shapes (unequal legs)
DoubleL-shapes usedas truss bars andbracing
8 L-shapes (equal legs)
DoubleL-shapes usedas truss bars andbracing
9 Pipes (standard, extrastrong, doubleextrastrong)
Usedas posts andtruss bars
10 Tubing(square andrectangular)
Usedas truss bars, posts, andbracing
21 Steel buckling CopyrightGGSchierle,2001-05 pressEsctoend, fornext, forpreviousslide 14
Column details
Column splices are usually at mid-height of
floors at inflection points of zero bending stress
1 Bolted web splice plates
2 Welded transition plate
3 Bolted flange splice plates
4 Bolted flange splice plate
with shimto adjust variable post size
5 Base plate section with twin nuts to adjust
vertical and lateral alignments
6 Base plate welded to column, bolted to footing
E Twin nuts (allowcolumn alignment)
F Grout (placed under base plate after alignment)
5 6