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u =
(1)
For the Power-law fluid, the relationship between viscosity and shear rate is,
1 n
H
=
(2)
The shear rate of Power-law fluids in porous media could be calculated through
Eq.3,
( )
1
2
3
9 150
12
n
n
H
K
n
| u
(
| |
= + (
|
\ . (
(3)
For polymer flooding, there are two phases: water (polymer solution) phase and oil phase. If
we assume the polymer solution is Power-law fluid
[9]
, the motion equations of the water phase
and oil phase are,
rp n
p
eff
KK
dp
dx
u
=
(4)
ro
o
o
KK dp
dx
u
=
(5)
where
( )
1
1
2
3
9 150
12
n
n
n
eff p p
H
H K
n
|
(
| |
= +
(
|
\ .
(
(6)
The effective porosity of polymer solution flowing in the porous media could be expressed
with the water phase's saturation as,
Vol. 18 [2013], Bund. T 4337
( )
p p wc
S S | | =
(7)
According to the Posenille Law, the permeability of fluid in capillary tubes is,
4 2
2 2
8 8
o o
n r r
K
A
t |
t t
= =
(8)
So, the effective permeability of the polymer solution can be obtained from Eq.7 and Eq.8 as,
( )
p p w c
K K S S =
(9)
Then the effective viscosity in Eq.6 of polymer solution is converted to,
( )
( )
1
1
2
2 3
9 150
12
n
n
n
eff p wc
H
H K S S
n
|
(
| |
= + (
|
\ . (
(10)
The one-dimensional motion equations in Eq.4 and Eq.5 of polymer flooding can be deduced
to,
n
p rp
o
o r o ef f
K
K
u
u
=
(11)
We defined the factor
rp
o
ro eff
K
K
= . Since
rp
K ,
ro
K and
eff
are the function of polymer
solution phase's saturation S
p
, is also the function of S
p
.
So, we could deduce the shunt volume of polymer phase as,
1
1
/ 1 /
p p
p n n
p o p p p
f
u u
u u u u u
= = =
+ + +
(12)
CALCULATION EQUATIONS OF POLYMER RELATIVE
PERMEABILITY
The oil phase could be considered as the Newtonian fluid, so according to traditional theory
of two phase flow, the relative permeability of oil phase could be calculated with the former
formula derived from Newtonian fluid
[7, 8]
,
( )
( )
( )
1 ( )
p
o
we wi p we
p p
Q t
Q t
S S f S
V V
= +
(13)
Vol. 18 [2013], Bund. T 4338
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
p
r o w e o w e
p
d
Q t
K S f S
d
I Q t
| |
|
|
\ .
=
| |
|
|
\ .
(14)
where,
( )
o t
L Q t
I
K A p
=
A
(15)
Because the polymer solution is non-Newtonian fluid, we should calculate its relative
permeability based on the rheological property in porous media. Considering the polymer
solution as Power-law fluid, we could get the relative permeability
p r
K with Eq.16,
eff
rp ro
o
K K
= (16)
Based on the former processing, we already got the equations of calculating
eff
and
ro
K ,
( )
( )
1
1
2
2 3
9 150
12
n
n
n
eff p wc
H
H K S S
n
|
(
| |
= + (
|
\ . (
(10)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
p
ro we o we
p
d
Q t
K S f S
d
I Q t
| |
|
|
\ .
=
| |
|
|
\ .
(14)
In the next step, in order to calculate the
rp
K with Eq.16, we should solve the factor . The
factor could be calculated with function of shunt volume through Eq.12
1
1
1
n
p
p
f
u
(17)
So the relative permeability of polymer solution phase is,
1
1
( )
( )
1 ( )
n
p eff we
rp ro we
p we o
S
K K S
f S
u
(18)
Then the Eq.14, Eq.18, Eq.10 and Eq.18 composed the functions of calculating the relative
permeability of polymer phase and oil phase for the non-Newtonian polymer flooding in porous
media.
Vol. 18 [2013], Bund. T 4339
IMPROVED METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
PROCESSING
Generally, the J BN method involves the derivative (Eq.19) to process the experiment data
during measuring the relative permeability with the non-steady-state method.
1 1
( ) ( ) /
ro w o w
t t
K S f S d d
V IV
( (
=
( (
(19)
However, all experimental data can't be described by one function, so that its hard to deal
with the experimental data. The relative permeability experiment is used constant speed to drive,
so it can be replaced the differential with a change value (
A
), then the formula can be converted
into the Eq. 20 as below,
( )
( )
o w
ro w
f S
K S =
Z
(20)
Where,
( ) ( )
1 1
/
p p
Q t Q t I
( (
Z = A A
( (
( (
(21)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
eff p w
rp w ro w
o o w
f S
K S K S
f S
=
(22)
( )
( ) /
o w o o p
f S v v v = + (23)
1 ( )
p o w
f f S =
(24)
As we have inhibited the factor in Eq.12,
1
1
1
n
p
p
f
u
(25)
The relative permeability of polymer solution phase is,
1
1
( )
( )
1 ( )
n
p eff we
rp ro we
p we o
S
K K S
f S
u
(26)
This method is suitable to record more points and also requires accurate measure instrument.
However if the amount of liquid production changes slightly during the water stable phase, we
could use a simple difference quotient displaces differential to accurately describe the experiment
results. Consider this condition, this method still apply widely.
Vol. 18 [2013], Bund. T 4340
DISCUSSION
We used the new method to process a case of polymer displacement experiment. The
temperature is 20 and the injection rate is 1.0mL/min. The length of natural core is 8.7cm, the
diameter is 2.5cm, the air permeability is 856.5310
-3
m
2
, and porosity is 32.8%. The polymer's
relative molecular weight is 1.510
7
, concentration is 1000 mg/L, consistency coefficient H is
71.2, and the Power-Law exponent n is 0.6. Experimental water and oil viscosity are 0.6mPas
and 10mPas.
Fig. 1 is the compared results of relative permeability curves for polymer flooding with the
improved method and J BN method. We can get the following characteristics of polymer flooding:
(1) Due to the influence of rheological property of polymer, the water relative permeability
calculated with the improved method is higher than the traditional J BN method.
(2) The oil relative permeability with both the improved method and the J BN method are
very closed.
Figure 1: Improved method and J BN method relative permeability curve of polymer
flooding
CONCLUSION
(1) We built a new approach method to calculate the polymer relative permeability, in which
the polymer's non-Newtonian behavior is considered.
(2) We improved the method of data processing for non-steady state experiment of polymer
relative permeability, and the new method is much simpler than the traditional method.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Sw
K
r
Krw-New Method
Kro-New Method
Krw-JBN Method
Kro-JBN Method
Vol. 18 [2013], Bund. T 4341
(3) Due to the influence of rheological property of polymer, the water relative permeability
calculated with the improved method is higher than the traditional J BN method, and the oil
relative permeability with both the methods are very close.
NOMENCLATURE
Q(t) -- cumulative water injection volume;
Vp -- pore volume;
S
w
-- water saturation;
I -- flowing capacity ratio;
K -- permeability, m
2
;
-- porosity;
H -- Power-law fluid shear rate of 1s
-1
;
n -- power law fluid power-law exponent;
x -- the flow distance of the polymer flooding leading edge, cm;
o
-- the oil viscosity, mPas;
eff
-- the effective viscosity, mPas;
f
p
, f
o
-- oil phase volume and containing polymer water phases;
o
,
p
-- namely oil and polymer solution flow velocity, cm/s; respectively,
k
ro
, k
rp
-- the oil phase and an water phase containing polymer relative permeability;
k
o
, k
p
-- the oil phase and an water phase containing polymer permeability.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(E040351304220) and Science Foundation of China University of PetroleumBeijing
(No.KYJ J 2012-02-02).
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