Background Guide Mc3

MODEL UNITED NATIONS OF BUCHAREST
The 3
rd
Annual Conference April 30 - May 3, 2014

THIRD COMMITTEE
(Social, humanitarian
and cultural committee)
BACKGROUND GUIDE
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Contents

Research and Preparation _______________________________________________________________________________ 1
Personal Descriptions _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2
What is MC3? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
TOPIC A - Measures for Agriculture development, food security and nutrition___________________________ 5
TOPIC B - Action plan against trafficking in persons __________________________________________________ 8
Documents and videos __________________________________________________________________________________ 15
Conclusion _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 17

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Research and Preparation

The topics under discussion for MC3 are:

1.Measures for Agriculture development, food security and nutrition
2. Action plan against trafficking in persons

We hope you will find this Background Guide useful for a starting point regarding your preparation. It is
useful as it serves to introduce you to the topics for this committee. This guide is not intended to
represent exhaustive research on every facet of the topic. We highly encourage each delegate to
explore in-depth his country policy. You will find that your state has a unique position on the topics that
cannot be substituted by the opinions of another state.

In preparation of this conference, each delegation will have to submit a position paper. The position
paper should clearly outline the countrys policies on the topic areas to be discussed. Most importantly,
the position paper MUST be written from the point of view of the country you are representing at
MUNOB 2014.

The Background Guide is divided into some important parts that are to be covered by the delegates. In
the first part you will meet your team of chairs who will conduct the debates during the conference. In
the next part the MC3 will be introduced to you. Then, the two topics will be explained. The
explanation consists of a brief history and description of the topic. The next part will introduce you to
some questions which may represent the start of your position papers. Furthermore, at the end of the
guide, you will have many references, files and videos regarding these two topics. The references are
not mandatory, but they will led you to a precise understanding of the issues that are to be discussed.
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Personal Descriptions

H.E.
ANA PAUN
H.E.
EMILIE CORDELIA KERT
SONDER
H.E.
SILVIA DUMITRIU

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Hello everyone! I am Ana Paun, from Bucharest, Romania and I am studying at "Mihai Viteazul"
National College A little bit about me: I am a sociable and optimistic person, always ready for challenges
and wishing to make new friends. Besides MUNs, I prefer spending my spare time with my friends, dancing,
acting and practicing sports. This will be my second conference as a chairperson, and the 6th MUN for me
to attend. I am really looking forward to seeing you all and I hope you will have a good time here in
Bucharest!

Hey there! Im 18 years old and go to EG. In my free time I work, I love painting and spending time
with friends - that is of course when MUN- or schoolwork, is not taking all of my time.. MUNOB will be my first
time chairing, but my 4
th
conference - and I absolutely cant wait for it to begin, and to experience the whole
MUN-spirit once again! Im hoping for a great, fruitful conference!

Fellow delegates, greetings and welcome to Main Committee III! My name is Silvia Dumitriu, I am 17 years
old and I study at Mihai Viteazul National College, the most famed host school. Along with Ana and Emilie, I
will be overseeing energetic and dynamic discussions for the first time, and this is truly an honor. I do hope
that, in a couple of days, we will provide both an enjoyable and a successful experience. Until then, I wish
you all the best and I am most certainly looking forward to meeting you all!

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What is MC3?

The General Assembly allocates to its Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs
Committee, commonly referred to as the "Third Committee", agenda items relating to a
range of social, humanitarian affairs and human rights issues that affect people all over
the world.

The Committee discusses the advancement of women, the protection of children,
indigenous issues, the treatment of refugees, the promotion of fundamental freedoms
through the elimination of racism and racial discrimination, and the right to self-
determination. The Committee also addresses important social development
questions such as issues related to youth, family, ageing, persons with disabilities,
crime prevention, criminal justice, and international drug control.
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TOPIC A - Measures for Agriculture development, food security and nutrition
1.Food security;
2. Agriculture;
3. Nutrition;
4. Useful links;

1. Food security

Many people today are estimated to lack sufficient dietary energy availability, this
number is above 1 billion people! In accordance to this, around 2 billion people suffer
micronutrient deficiencies. This is a very serious matter, and therefor food security is a
growing concern.
In 2008 the world witnessed a global food price crisis, which resulted in riots in more
than two dozen countries and the political and scientific interest in food security. A year
later, in 2009, the G8 heads of state agreed to act in the matter of urgency and scale
that was needed to achieve sustainable global food security. The resources are tough
limited and therefor it is important with information of where the need is the greatest
when, why, who? This requires improved measurement of food insecurity and its
cause and greater attention to key institutional and policy lessons learned.
Several definitions exist on what food security really is, but the most prevailing one
was agreed upon at 1996 World Food Summit, and states that, a situation that exists
when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food that meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life.
Three pillars in the matter: availability, access and utilization all of them very
important!

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For the thousands of years that humanity has existed on earth, life was short and
unhealthy, but in the 18th century a succession of countries broke free of this nutrition
poverty trap. Naturally a good thing for humanity, but a problem when thinking of the
increased food availability. Today the food availability on earth is nothing like the earlier
mentioned situation. So get a better impression on our food availability on earthsee how
food production per capita globally has grown extremely in the last 20 years, whereas
both undernourishment and absolutely poverty in that same period almost has not changed
at all how come? and more importantly what to do about it? what is the situation in
your particular country and what can you as a country offer the world, regarding food
security?
Suggestions to your own work:
- Try to answer some of these questions earlier mentioned it will most likely be a
huge help when in session.
- You can put notice to the Niger crisis from 2005

2. Agriculture

You can define agriculture as the science or practice of farming, as the practice of
cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock, and in varying degrees
marketing and preparation on resulting products. Agriculture is a global topic, often
related to climate changes, as the climate has a huge effect on how agriculture
develops.
Key words on the matter:
- sustainable agriculture
- developing countries

All over the world agriculture has been by great importance through most of history,
among other considering development of human civilization. Agriculture development
is depending on techniques to expand and maintain suitable land for raising
domesticated species.
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Also, The Food and Agriculture Organization, which deals with the topic (link below).
Pictures on where agriculture is mostly common, and thereby the country depending
upon: http://data.worldbank.org/topic/agriculture-and-rural-development

3. Nutrition

A good nutrition is basically the foundation on life itselves. For any living creature, to
be capable of using their body and have enough energy to succeed in what they wish
to do a good nutrition is important. Unfortunately though, it is not everybody on our
earth who is living by a good nutrition. Every day millions of people are suffering from
under- or malnutrition, which is a big problem, especially in developing countries. To
give you an idea of how serious this problem is indeed, use the link underneath, where
you will find the global death, coursed of malnutrition.
Link: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/malnutrition/by-country/
But when discussing nutrition worldwide, it is important to remember that there exist
big differences between countries, their culture and what they see as good nutrition.
Many western countries support a big amount of food and vegetables every day is
that a worldwide opinion? Also, you should think about that in Asia, it is not unusual to
have an allergy against lactic products it that effecting how they consider good
nutrition?

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TOPIC B - Action plan against trafficking in persons
1. Introduction
2. History of the Issue
3. Description of the Issue
4. Councils Mission

Introduction
Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of human
traffickers, both abroad and in their very own countries. Almost every state in the world
is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for
victims. It is condemned as a violation of human rights through duress or commercial
exploitation, as established by international conventions. Just to show you the big
picture, here are some quick figures:
The U.N crime fighting office announced that 2.4 million people across the
globe are victims of human trafficking at any one time. Another estimate has the
number at 27 million.
80% of these victims are exploited as sexual slaves, and 21% of them are
children.
17% are trafficked to perform forced labor. Children make up 26% of forced
labor. This equals about 5.5 million child victims at any given time.
Two-thirds of human trafficking victims are women.
Only one out of every 100 victims is ever rescued.
161 countries are affected by human trafficking across every continent.
Human trafficking networks generate about $32 billion in revenue a year.
The lack of legal and social protection, the extremely poor and harsh working
environments, the danger of the jobs each victim has to do in order to live for a better
day create a very serious issue that requires immediate approach.
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History of the Issue
There are several arguments about when human trafficking could have started.
Some say that the slave trade in which Africans were captured by slave traders and
shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas was the first human trafficking. Others
argue that the forced labor of children during the 1700s was the real beginning of what
is now known as human trafficking.
The British were the first to make a law against slavery in 1807, when they
passed a law that made the Transatlantic Slave Trade illegal. In 1820, the United
States followed Great Britain's example by making the slave trade a crime that was
punishable by death.
In 1899 and 1902, international conferences to talk about white slavery were
organized in Paris, France. Then in 1904, an international agreement against the
'white slave trade' was created, with a focus on migrant women and children. In 1910,
13 countries signed the International Convention for the Suppression of White Slave
Trade to make this form of trafficking illegal. This International Convention led to the
creation of national committees to work against the trafficking of white women.
However, the First World War halted these efforts, and it wasn't until 1921 that the fight
against trafficking continued. In June of 1921, the League of Nations held an
international conference in Geneva, in which the term 'white slavery' was changed to
'traffic of women and children'. This was done to make sure that the trafficking in all
countries was dealt with, the victims of races other than those termed 'white' were
recognized, and that male children were also recognized as victims. During this
conference, 33 countries signed the International Convention for the Suppression of
the Traffic in Women and Children.
In 1923, the League of Nations had a group of experts carry out two studies
on the trafficking of women and children. These studies were duly created in order to
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answer many previously unanswered questions like, were there many foreign women
selling sex in the countries studied? Was there a demand for foreign women
prostitutes, and if so, why was there a demand? What areas of their home countries
were these women taken from and did they leave their home country by themselves or
did someone help them? Who were the people trafficking these women? According to
the results of the first study, most of the women came from many different European
countries and were sent to countries in South America and Central America, and to
Egypt, Algeria, and Tunis. The second study focused specifically on the sex trafficking
between Asia and Europe and America. The results showed that very few Asian
women were trafficked to Europe or America, and instead, much of the trafficking
victims were Americans and Europeans that were trafficked to Asian countries. The
results of the second study also showed a pattern of Asian women being trafficked
from one Asian country to the next, and of Asian women trafficked to men of their own
ethnic background who were living in or visiting places outside of Asia. Both of these
studies showed that the main ways traffickers used to convince women to be trafficked
was the use of force and deception.
In 1949, the United Nations Convention of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of
the Prostitution of Others was passed. This was the first convention about human
trafficking that was legally binding to the countries that signed it and required the
countries to make prostitution illegal. However, like all of the conventions before it, this
convention still dealt with human trafficking that had a sexual purpose. In 2000, the
United Nations Protocol against Trafficking in Persons was passed, which made all
forms of human trafficking illegal.
The Issue Now and Further Description

The United Nations have developed a certain global, legally binding instrument
on trafficking, namely The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, especially Women and Children (also referred to as the Trafficking Protocol).
This international agreement available since the 25
th
of December 2003 advocates for
international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of such crimes. It offers a
prevalent definition of human trafficking as it is:
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(a) [...] the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by
means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a
minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude
or the removal of organs;
(b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set
forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set
forth in subparagraph (a) have been used;
(c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the
purpose of exploitation shall be considered trafficking in persons even if this does not
involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article;
(d) Child shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.
Long story short, trafficking in persons has three glaring elements, as seen in this
picture:

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It is very important to remember that human trafficking does not necessarily
involve the movement of the victim to another location and it is also different from the
concept of people smuggling, which occurs with the consent of the victim, when the
person voluntarily requests certain services, often in the case of illegal transport
across international border. Unlike people smuggling, when the individual is usually
free to go after the deed is done, the victims of human trafficking are forced into labor
and cannot leave their workplace. The work or services may include anything from
bonded or forced labor to commercial sexual exploitation.
The arrangement may be structured as a work contract, but with no or low
payment, or on terms which are highly exploitative. Sometimes the arrangement is
structured as debt bondage, with the victim not being permitted or able to pay off the
debt. This is also called bonded labor and may be the least known form of human
trafficking, yet it is the most common method to practically enslave people.
Then again, we have forced labor, a situation in which people are forced to
work against their will under the constant threat of violence and abuse, instilling some
degree of ownership. Men are at risk of being trafficked for unskilled work, which
globally generates $31 billion according to the International Labor Organization. Forms
of forced labor can include domestic servitude, agricultural labor, sweatshop factory
labor, janitorial, food service and other service industry labor, and begging. Some of
the products produced by forced labor are: clothing, cocoa, bricks, coffee, cotton, and
gold, among others.
The International Organization for Migration , the single largest global provider
of services to victims of trafficking, reports receiving an increasing number of cases in
which victims of trafficked were subjected to forced labour. A 2012 study observes that
2010 was particularly notable as the first year in which IOM assisted more victims
of labour trafficking than those who had been trafficked for purposes of sexual
exploitation.
Furthermore, there is the famous child labor, a form of work that affects the
physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development of children and can interfere
with their education. The International Labor Organization estimates worldwide that
there are 246 million exploited children aged between 5 and 17 involved in debt
bondage, forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, the
illegal drug trade, the illegal arms trade, and other illicit activities around the world.
Another alarming branch of human trafficking is, as mentioned before, sex trafficking;
victims are generally found in dire circumstances and easily targeted by traffickers.
Individuals, circumstances, and situations vulnerable to traffickers include homeless
individuals, runaway teens, displaced homemakers, refugees, job seekers, tourists,
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kidnap victims and drug addicts. While it may seem like trafficked people are the most
vulnerable and powerless minorities in a region, victims are consistently exploited from
any ethnic and social background. Dishonesty and deception always attract nave or
simply desperate people who wish to make ends meet through decent means, yet they
are incredibly fooled and further live their life in inhumane conditions. According to a
2009 U.S. Department of Justice report, there were 1,229 suspected human trafficking
incidents in the United States from January 2007- September 2008. Of these, 83
percent were sex trafficking cases, though only 9% of all cases could be confirmed as
examples of human trafficking. Unfortunately, women and girls are more prone to
trafficking due to social stigma and gender discrimination, contributing to women's
inferior position and enhancing their vulnerability to exploitation such as sex trafficking.

Factors
As you might have already guessed or noticed, poverty, unemployment, civil
wars, social conflicts, lack of education, the fact that less wealthy countries have fewer
options for livable wages, social norms that discriminate against women which
marginalizes their value and status in a society, demand for commercial sex and
globalization fuel human trafficking. People have to migrate and thus be exposed to
the unknown of other cities or other countries. As globalization opened up national
borders to greater exchange of goods and capital, labor migration also increased.
Long waiting lists for organs in the United States and Europe created a thriving
international black market. Traffickers harvest organs, particularly kidneys, to sell for
large profit and often without properly caring for or compensating the victims. Victims
often come from poor, rural communities and see few other options than to sell organs
illegally. Wealthy countries' inability to meet organ demand within their own borders
perpetuates trafficking. However, Iran achieved a surplus of legal donors by reforming
their internal donation system and provides an instructive model for eliminating both
organ trafficking and the shortage.
The Internet has also facilitated sex trafficking, since anyone can have a
random identity and it is clearly easier and faster to deceive through a fake profile at a
distance nave future victims. Online classified sites and social networks such as
Craigslist have been under intense scrutiny for being used by traffickers in facilitating
sex trafficking and sex work in general. Studies have identified the Internet as the
single biggest facilitator of commercial sex trade, although it is difficult to ascertain
which women advertised are sex trafficking victims. Traffickers and pimps use the
internet to recruit minors, since Internet and social networking sites usage have
significantly increased especially among youth.
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Councils Mission

Human trafficking provokes emotional, psychological and physical abuse of
victims. They are forced to conduct often strenuous and dangerous jobs, and domestic
servitude leaves women and girls at risk of sexual harassment and abuse. They are at
a greater risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and sadly, even when a
victim is rescued, it is still too late; they may be shunned, stigmatized or further abused
by their own communities.
Our mission is to avoid being too late. It is to increase assistance to victims and
help countries review and revise their laws concerning the protection of victims. Lack
of monitoring, inadequate informative training and coordination between vague anti
trafficking measures and authorities or NGO providers are prevalent obstacles
nowadays that need to be repelled. It is our duty, as a council, to find effective
solutions that should be the start of effective combating of human trafficking. there are
a variety of aspects to tackle for each country, therefore it is important to research the
impact of human trafficking in the social context of your country.

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Documents and videos

Topic A:
Article on food security:
file:///C:/Users/Emilie%20Cordelia/Downloads/Link%20to%20Barrett.pdf
- if the link above does not work, you can download the top file from this link instead:
http://scholar.google.dk/scholar?q=measuring+food+insecurity+berret&hl=da&as_sdt=0&as_vis
=1&oi=scholart&sa=X&ei=qUwnU7ckh4ziBMiGgfAN&ved=0CCoQgQMwAA
A podcast interview on food security:
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2010/02/11/327.5967.825.DC1
Food security:
http://www.mtnforum.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/4429.pdf
Tjek evt op p denne:
http://www.asti.cgiar.org/node/1845
United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition:
http://www.unscn.org/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:
http://www.uncosa.unvienna.org/uncosa/en/directory/fao/index.html
The UN global issues Agriculture:
http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/agriculture/index.shtml
http://www.ifad.org/
World Food Programme Fighting Hunger Worldwide:
http://www.wfp.org/

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Topic B:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html?ref=menuside
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html
http://www.humantrafficking.org/

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Conclusion

We hope to have given you a good first overview about the course of events at our
commission and the topics we will approach. Obviously, the topics could not be
covered entirely so it is your responsibility to research and study for yourself to grasp
them in their whole complexity. But we are confident you will take this task and
adequately prepare yourself for the MUNOB 2014 MC3, as we are looking forward to
welcome enthusiastic delegates, willingly to make this conference a memorable
experience for every single one of us.

Once again, if you have any kind of questions or problems, do not hesitate to contact
us under:
silvia.dumitriu@cnmv.com
ana.paun@outlook.com
emiliecordelia@hotmail.com

We will answer as fast as possible and do our best to help you out.

We are looking forward to an interesting, successful and entertaining MUN and we will
happily welcome you to spend a great MUNOB experience with us from April 30
th
to
May 3
rd
!

Yours sincerely,
Dumitriu Silvia
Paun Ana
Emilie Cordeli

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