Animal Tissue

SAARTHI IIT JEE CLASSES
SAARTHI IIT JEE CLASSES: INFRONT OF TIWARI TOWER, REWA ROAD, SATNA,MP 89623189494
Thelivingorganismsareeitherunicellular[eg.Bacteria,Diatoms,Yeasts,Potozoans]ormulticellular[eg.
Man,Lion,Dog].Eachunicellularorganismisabletoperformalltheirvitalactivitieslikedigestion,respiration,
excretion,reproduction.
Themulticellularorganism,ontheotherhand,iscomposedofamillionsofdifferenttypesofcells.Allthecells
ofamulticellularorganismdonotperformallfunctionsofthebody,rathertheyundergodifferentiationand
eachtypeofcellbecomesspecializedforalimitednumberofspecificfunctions.Forexamples,inhuman
beings:-
Musclecellsclustertogethertoperformcontractionandrelaxationtocausemovements.
Nervecellsorneuronscoordinatetocarrymessages.
Bloodflowstotransportoxygen,food,hormonesandwastematerials.
Utility of tissues in multicellular organisms :-
Withtheincreasingdegreeof multicellularityinlivingbeings,itbecamedifficultfor eachcelltoefficiently
performallthephysiologicalfunctionsofthebody.Hence,natureassignedspecializedfunctiontodifferent
groupofcellscalledtissues.Thus,theutilityoftissuesinmulticellularorganismsistoperformspecificfunctions
ofthebody.
Bichat introducedtheterm'tissue'.
Mayer introducedtheterm'Histology'.[Studyoftissueiscalledhistology]
Marcello Malpighiisthe'Founder of Histology'.
Theterm'epithelium'wasintroducedbyRuysch.
Animal Tissues
Epithelial Tissue Muscular Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular
Striated Non striated Cardiac
Areolar
or
Loose
connective
tissue
Dense Regular
Connective
Tissue
Adipose
connective
tissue
Skeletal
connective
tissue
Fluid
(Vascular Tissue)
connective
tissue
Tendon
Ligament Cartilage Bone Blood Lymph
Hyaline
Calcified
Fibrous
ANIMAL TISSUE
Types of animal tissue : Basedonthelocationandfunction,theanimaltissueareclassifiedintofourtypes-
S.No. Type Origin Function
1 Epithelial tissue Ectoderm, Endoderm,
Mesoderm
Protection, Secretion,
Absorption etc.
2 Connective tissue Mesoderm Support, binding, storage
protection, circulation
3 Muscular tissue Mesoderm Locomotion and movement
4 Nervous tissue Ectoderm Control, coordination and
conduction of impulse
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
WordepitheliumiscomposedoftwowordsEpi-upon,Thelio-grows.(Means-Atissuewhichgrowsupon
anothertissueiscalledepithelium).
Nature:
1. Itisthesimplesttissue.Itistheprotectivetissueofanimal'sbody.
2. Itcoversmostorgansandcavitieswithinthebody.
3. It also form a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
4. Epitheliumcellsarecloselypacked,sothereisvery little inter-cellular spacesarepresentbetweenthe
cells.Duetoabsenceorlessofintercellularspacesbloodvessels,lymphvesselsandcapallariesareunable
topiercethistissue,sobloodcirculationisabsentinepithelium.Hencecellsdependfortheirnutrientsup
ontheunderlyingconnectivetissue.
5. Italwaysrestuponunderlyingconnectivetissue.
6. Atthejunctionofthe(Epithelialtissueandconnectivetissue)layerispresentwhichiscalledofbasement
membrane,whichisformedofmucopolysaccharidesandcollagenfibrils.
7. Epithelialtissuehasgreatregenerationpowerbecausemeristematiccellscandividetoreplaceoldanddead
cells.
Theskin&liningofbuccalcavity,bloodvessels,alveoli(oflungs)andkidneytubulesaremadeofepithelial
tissue.
Thetissuewhichevolvedfirstinanimalkingdomandappearsfirstduringembryologicaldevelopementisthe
epithelialtissue.
POINTS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMES
Epithelialtissuemaybegivendifferentnamesinthedifferentorgansofbody.
1. Endothelium :-Itlinescavityofheart,bloodvesselsandlymphvessels.
2. Mesothelium :- It is peritoneum which forms outer most covering of body organs in coelomic cavity.
(Bodycavityiscalledascoelom.Peritoneum isthecoveringofallvisceralorgans.)
3. Pericardium :-Itformsoutercoveringoftheheart.
4. Pleura :-Thisiscoveringoverthelungs.
5. Germinal epithelium :-Thisoccursinthegonadstestisandovary.
6. Pigemented epithelium :-Itcontainspigments.
7. Glandular epithelium :-Itformsglands.
8. Sensory epithelium :-Itoccursinsenseorgans.
General functions of epithelial tissue
1. Protection:-Epitheliaprotecttheunderlyingcellsfrommechanicalandchemicalinjuriesandbacterialorviral
infection.
2. Acts as Barriers:-Itactsasselectivebarriers.
3. Absorption :-Helpsinabsorptionofwaterandnutrients.
4. Elimination :-Helpsineliminationofwasteproducts.
5. Secretion:-Someepithelialtissuessecretesecretion,suchassweat,saliva,mucus,enzymes,etc.
6. Respiration :-Epitheliaofalveolioflungsexchangeoxygenandcarbondioxidebetweenbloodandinhaledair.
7. Exoskeleton :-Itproducesexoskeletonstructures,suchasscales,feathers,hair,nails,claws,hornsandhoofs.
8. Regeneration :-Thistissuefacilitatesrapidhealingofwoundsbyitsregenerationpower.
Types of epithelial tissues :- (Depending upon the shape & function of the cells)
(a) Squamous epithelium :-
Squamousepitheliumismadeupofthin,flat,disc-like,polygonalorirregular-
shapedcellswithroundandflatnucleus.Adjacentcellsfittogethertoform
acompactstructurewhichgivesanimpressionliketilesonapavementor
floor.
Basement membrane
Squamous
epithelial cells
Nucleus
Theplasmamembraneiswavyinthesecellswhentheyformliningofblood
vessels,lymphvesselsandincoelomicepitheliumhence,suchepithelium
is called tessellated epithelium.
Simplesquamousepitheliumisgivendifferentnamesonthebasisofdifferentpositioninthebody.Whenit
formliningthecavityofheart,bloodvesselsandlymphvessels,itiscalledendothelium.Coelomiccavityislined
with coelomic epithelium or mesothelium, when it form covering around visceral organs it is called
peritoneumandwhileliningbonemarrowitiscalledendosteum.
Thesquamousepitheliumisoftwokinds:
Simple squamous epithelium : It is made up of single layer of flat cells.It forms the delicate lining of
cavities[nose,pericardium,alveolietc.]andofbloodvessels.
Stratified squamous epithelium :Composedofmorethanonelayerofsquamouscells.Itispresentwhere
thickcoversarerequired,e.g.,surfaceoftheskinandoralcavity,oesophagus,etc.Thisepitheliumiswater
proof andhighlyresistanttomechanicalinjury.
Function :-
(i)Itprotectstheinternalorgansofbodyfrommechanicalinjury,desiccation,entryofgerms,chemicals&
drying.
(ii)Itformsaselectivelypermeablesurfacethroughwhichfiltrationoccurs.
(iii)Incertainorgans,italsofacilitatesdiffusionofgases.
(b) Cuboidal Epithelium :-
Cuboidalepitheliumiscomposedofcube-likecellsofalmostequalheight
andwidth.Thecellsappearsquare-likeinverticalsectionbuttheirfreesurface
seemstobehexagonal.
Cuboidal epithelium
Place of occurrence :Cuboidalepitheliumispresentinkidneytubules,salivaryglands,sweatglands,pancreatic
duct, thyroidfollicles, etc.
Itisalsopresentinthegerminalepitheliumoftestesandovaries.
Function :
(i) It helps in absorption, excretion & secretion.
(ii) Italsoprovidesmechanicalsupport.
(c) Columnar epithelium :Columnarepitheliumconsistsoftallorpillar-
likecells.Thebasalpartofthecellwhichrestsonthebasementmembrane
bearsovalnucleus.Thefreeendofthecellhaslargenumberofminute
finger-like projections called microvilli or brush border. Microvilli
increasetheabsorptivesurface.Mostofthecolumnarepitheliaaresimple,
i.e., one cell thick but stratified columnar epithelium with
more than one layer of cells also exist.
Thetissuespecializedforsecretioniscalledglandular tissue.Glands
arederivedfromfoldingofglandularepithelium.Cellsofglandulartissue
havenucleusandcytoplasmcontainingzymogengranules.Thesecells
secretemucus,hormones,enzymesorsaliva.Cellsofglandularepithelium
arecuboidalorcolumnarinshape.
Place of occurrence : The columnar epithelium lines the inner surface of
stomach,intestineandgallbladder.Italsooccursinsalivaryglands,sweat
glands,oviduct,etc.
Function :-
AbsorptionAbsorptionofdigestedfood(Stomach,Intestine)
SecretionMucusby gobletcellsormucus membrane.
(d) Ciliated epithelium :Itismadeupoftallcellswithcytoplasmichairlike
ciliaatfreeends.Thecellsmaybecuboidalorcolumnar,andhence,also
called ciliated cuboidal epithelium or ciliated columnar epithelium.
Place of occurrence :
Theciliatedcuboidalepitheliumisfoundinspermducts(vasdeferens).
The ciliatedcolumnar epithelium forms the lining of trachea(wind pipe),
fallopiantube(oviducts),lungs(bronchi),nasalpassage,kidneytubules,etc.
Functions :
(i) Therhythmic,concertedbeatingoftheciliamovessolidparticles[eg.mucus,ova]inonedirection
throughducts.
(ii) Itcausesmovementofovumandzygotetowardsuterus.
(iii) Ithelps inremovingunwantedparticles fromtrachea.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Name the four main type of animal tissues.
2. Wheredoyoufindepithelialtissuesintheanimalbody?
3. Whereissquamousepitheliumfound?
4. Whatisgobletcell?
5. Whatarefunctionsofepithelialtissues?
6. What is the function of ciliatedepithelium ?
7. Whatisatissue?
8. Whatistheutilityoftissuesinmulticellularorganisms?
9. Whatarethefunctionsofareolartissue?
10. What will happen if
(a) Theskinepithelium isnotstratified.
(b) Stratifiedsquamousepitheliumlinesthebloodvessels.
11. Whatistheepitheliumtissue?
12. Writedownthecharacteristicfeaturesofepithelialtissue.
Pseudostratified Epithelium :-
Sometimescolumnarepitheliumhascellsofdifferentsizes.Besidescolumnliketallcells,somecellsaresmall
calledbasal cellswhichdonotreachuptothemargin.Duetodifferentsizeofcellsnucleiappeartobe
presentinmorethanonelayers.Althoughitissinglelayerofcellsbutitappearstobemultilayeredandis
calledpseudostratifiedepithelium.Itoccursintheliningoftrachea,bronchi,vasdeferens,urethra,epididymis
andpharynx.
Structure Location Function Diagram
Single layer of flatened &
polygonal cells, large
centrally located nucleus.
Alveoli, blood vessel
heart wall
Filtration,
absorption and
secretion
Single layer of cube-
shaped cells, centrally
located nucleus
Testes, Ovary,
kidney tubules, salivary
duct and pancreatic
ducts
Excretion,
Secretion and
absorption
Single layer of pillar
shaped cells.
Lining of stomach,
small and large
intestine, digestive
glands and gall bladder
Secretion and
absorption
Single layer of ciliated
rectangular Pillar shaped
cells
Oviduct, Vas deferens,
few portions of upper
respiratory tract.
Movement of
gametes, and
mucus by
ciliary action
Simple Columnar (Ciliated)
Simple Squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar (Nonciliated)
Connective tissue
Connectivetissueoriginatesfromembryonicmesoderm.Hertwig (1883)gavethetermmesenchymefor
adulttissuesderivedfrommesodermwhichfillsspacebetweenectodermandendoderm.Hence,connective
tissueisalsosometimesconsideredmesenchyme.
Theconnectivetissueisspecialisedtoconnectandanchorevariousbodyorgans.
Assuchitcanconnectbonestoeachother,musclestobones,bindtissuesandgivesupporttovarious
partsof body byformingpacking aroundorgansso thatthey donotgetdisplacedbybodymovements.
Themain functions of connectivetissue arebinding, supporting&packingtogether differentorgans of
the body.
Thecellsofconnectivetissueareliving,separatedfromeachother[i.e.looselyspaced]andarevery
lessinnumber.
Homogeneous,gel-like intercellularsubstance called medium or matrix. This matrix may be jellylike,
fluid or dense [as blood] and solid [as in bone and cartilage] or fibrous in nature and binds other
tissues.Thenatureofthematrixdecidesthefunctionoftissue.
COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Therearethreecomponentspresentinalltheconnectivetissues:-
(i) Intercellularmedium (ii) Connectivetissuecells. (iii) Fibres.
1. Connectivetissuecontainsthefollowingtypesofcells:
(a) Fibroblasts :Theyformgroundsubstanceandfibres[eg.collagen]
(b) Adipose cells : They store fats in their vacuoles.
(c) Macrophages : They may be freeliving or fixed phagocytes [Leucocytes or WBC's] They are
involvedinthedestructionandremovalofinvadingbacteria,foreignbodies&damagedcells
fromtissues.
(d) Mast cells :Theysecretesubstancessuchasheparin[anticoagulant],histamin[Vasodilator-
dilationofbloodvessels]serotonin[Vaso-constrictor-constrictionofbloodvessels].
They promote inflammation of the infected area.
(e) Immunocytes : Theseincludecellssuchaslymphocytesandplasma cellsbothproducingantibodies
fortheimmuneresponse.
2. Protein fibres of matrix : Matrixofconnectivetissueissecretedbythecomponentcells.Itchemically
containsGAG's[Glycosaminoglycons or Mucopolysaccharides]
(a) Whitefibresofcollagen
(b) Yellowfibresofelastin
(c) Reticular fibres of reticulin
General Functions of connective tissue :
(i)StorageCertainconnectivetissuelikeadiposetissuestorefats.
(ii)SupportsSkeletalconnectivetissuelikebonesandcartilageprovidethebodywithasupporting
skeletalframework.
(iii)Transport Fluidconnectivetissuessuchasbloodandlymphtransportvariousmaterialinthe
body.
(iv)Defence and scavengingPlasmacellssynthesizeantibodies,macrophages,lymphocytes,which
ingest foreign matter and harmful bacteria.
(v)Shock absorberThejellylikegroundsubstancesofconnectivetissueactsasshockabsorber
aroundsomeorganslikeeyeballsandkidney.
(vi) Formation of blood corpuscles The bone marrow produces blood cells.
(vii) Packing material : Areolar tissue act as packing material in various organs.
(viii)Repair Collagenfibreofconnectivetissuehelpinrepairingof injuredtissues.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(a) Areolar[loose]connectivetissue.
(b) Denseregularconnectivetissue.
(c) Adiposetissue
(d) Skeletaltissue
(e) Fluidconnectivetissue.
(a) Areolar [loose] connective tissue :
Nature : Itisalooseandcellularconnectivetissue.Itisthemostabundantofalltypesofconnective
tissues.Ithaslargeamountofmatrix.Itsmatrixconsistsoftwokindsoffibres
(i) Whitecollagenfibres
(ii) Yellowelastic fibres or elastin.
Occurrence :-Itissimplest&mostwidelydistributedconnectivetissue.Itjoinsskintomuscles,fillsspaces
insideorgansandisfoundaroundmuscles,bonemarrow,bloodvessels&nerves.
Functions :
(i) Itacts as asupporting &packingtissue betweenorgans lying in thebody cavity.
(ii) It helps in repair of tissues after an injury.
(iii) Italsohelpsincombatingforeigntoxins.
(iv) Itfixesskintounderlyingmuscles.
(v) Itprovidesrapiddiffusionofoxygenandnutrientsfrombloodvessels.
(b) Dense regular connective tissue :
Itisafibrousconnectivetissuewhichischaracterizedbysystematicallyanddenselypackedfibresandcells.
Denseregularconnectivetissueistheprincipalcomponentoftendons&ligaments.
(i) Tendons:Thesearecord like, strong, inelastic, structures that join skeletal muscles to bones.
It has great strength but its flexibility is limited. It is made up by collagen fibres.
(ii) Ligaments:Theyareelasticstructureswhichconnectbonestobones.Itishighlyelasticandhasgreat
strength but contains very little matrix. It is made up of both collagenand elastin fibres.
Ligamentsstrengthenthejointsofbodyandtheypermitnormalmovementbutpreventoverflexingorover-
extension.Sprainiscausedbyexcessivepulling[stretching]ofligaments.
Characters Tendons Ligaments
(i) Nature Toughandnon-elastic Strongandelastic
(ii) Structure Made up of white collagen Madeupofyellowfibroustissueand
fibroustissues. whitecollagenfibroustissue
(iii) Arrangement Presentinrowsbetweenfibres Scattered in matrix in between the
offibroblasts bundlesofwhitefibres.
(iv) Function Joinmuscletobone Joinbonetobone
(c) Adipose tissue : Itconsistsoflargenumberofovalandroundedadiposecells[Adipocytes]filledwithfat
globules.
Adiposecellsmaycontainsinglelargefatdroplet[whiteadiposetissue]orseveraltinydroplets[Brownadipose
tissue]Besidesadipocytes,adiposetissuealsocontainsfibroblasts,macrophages,collagenandelasticfibres.
Adipose Tissue
COMPETITION WINDOW
Adiposetissueoccursindifferentpartsofbodyandformsabout15%ofourbodyweight.Itformscushions
aroundkidneyandheartanditalsooccursinyellowbonemarrow.Itmainlyoccursassubcutaneousfatlayer
underskincalledpenniculus adiposus.Inwhaleandelephantblubberisathickadiposelayer.Humpof
camel,thicktailofmarinosheepandfatbodiesoffrogrepresentadiposetissue.Itisveryimportantcomponent
ofskininmammalslivinginpolarregions.
Adiposetissueisfatdepotinthebody.Itstoresfatandreleasesitforenergyproduction,wheneverneededin
thebody.
Stored fat is generally of two types :-white(oryellow)fatandbrown fat.Generallywhitefatoccursin
thebody.
Functions :-
(i) Adiposetissueactsasfoodreservoirbystoringfat.
(ii) Thistissueisfoundbelowtheskin,betweeninternalorgansandintheyellowbonemarrow.
(iii) Itactsasaninsulator andregulatesbodytemperature.
(iv) Animals living in cold climates have a lot of this tissue to protect them from the cold.
(d) Skeletal tissue :
Skeletaltissueformstherigidskeletonwhichsupportsthevertebratebody,helpsinlocomotionandprovides
protection to many vital organs. It is mesodermal in origin. There are two types of skeletal tissues :-
(i) Cartilage
(ii) Bone.
Cartilage :
Cartilageisaspecialtypeofconnectivetissuewhichformsthesoftendoskeletonofthebody.Itconsists
ofextensivegroundsubstanceormatrixcalledchondrin.Matrixiscomposedofproteinsandsugarsand
becauseofthepresenceofcalciumsaltsbecomesslightlyhardened.Italsocontainsnetworkofwhitecollagen
fibresandyellowelasticfibres.Nervesandbloodvesselsdonotpenetrateintochondrin.
Thecartilagecellscalledchondrocytesarepresentingroupsof2,3or4influidfilledcavitiescalledlacunae.
Types of cartilages :-
Onthebasisofcompositionofmatrix,amountandnatureoffibrescartilagesareoffourtypes:-
(i)Hyalinecartilage (ii) Whitefibrouscartilage
(iii)Yellowelasticcartilage. (iv) Calcifiedcartilage.
Occurrence :-Thistissueoccursinveryfewpartsofthebody.Inhumans,thecartilageoccursat the ends
of long bones, the pinnae of ears, the ends of nose, in the walls of respiratory ducts,etc.Insharks
andrays, theentireskeletonis cartilage.
Functions :-
1. Cartilage provides support and flexibility to the body parts.
2. Itsmoothensbonesurfacesatjoints.
Bone :
Boneishardesttissueof thebody.Itforms endoskeletontogivefirmsupporttothemuscles.
Likeotherconnectivetissues,itconsistsofintercellularmaterial(matrix)andcells(Osteocytes).
Thematrixiscomposedofabout30%organicmaterials(Ossein protein)andabout70%inorganicmaterials
(Mainly phosphates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium).Theseinorganicsaltsareresponsible
forhardnessofthebone.
The matrix of bone is arranged in the form of thin concentric rings called lamellae.
Inbetweenthelamellae,thebonecells(osteoblasts)arepresentinfluidfilledcavitiescalledlacunae,which
havefineextensionscalledcanaliculi.
Inlongbonesofmammals,thelamellaearearrangedaroundahaversiancanal.TheHaversiancanalcontains
bloodvessels,nervesandlymphaticcanals.Haversiancanalsalongwithconcentricringsoflacunaeand
osteocytes iscalledHaversian system.Itsfunctionistransportation ofnutrients andoxygen.
Functions :-
(i) Bones formhardendoskeletonwhichgiveshapeandsupporttothebody.
(ii) Bonesprotect vital organsofthebody,suchas brain,spinalcord,lungs, etc.
(iii) Bones provide skeletal support to the body.
(iv) Bone marrow is the centre of blood cell formation in vertebrates.
(v) Boneattachesthemuscles.
T.S. of Bone

Cartilage
Cartilage Bone
1. It is a semi-rigid and flexible
tissues
It is strong and non-flexible
tissues
2. A cartilage does not have
haversian canal systems
A long bone has a number of
Haversion canal systems
3. Blood vessels are absent Blood vessels are present
4. Matrix not arranged in
lamellae
Matrix arranged in lamellae
5. Bone marrow absent.
Cartilage always solid
Long bones contain bone
marrow in hollow and narrow
cavity
6. Growth of cartilage is
unidirectional
Growth of bone is bidirectional
7. Protein found in matrix is
called chondrin
Protein found in matrix is called
ossein.
8. Cartilage forming cells are
chondroblasts
Bone forming cells are
osteoblasts.
9. Cartilage cells are
chondrocytes
Bone cells are osteocytes.
10. One lacuna may contain one
to four chondrocytes
Only single oesteocyte occurs
in one lacuna
11. Lacunae are without
canaliculae
Canaliculae occur in lacunae to
accommodate processes of
osteocytes.
12. Capacity to divide occurs in
chondrocytes.
Osteocytes do not divide
13. Matrix may contain only few
inorganic salts.
Salts mainly Ca, Mg are heavily
deposited
14. Erythropoiesis (formation of
RBC) does not occur.
Erythropoiesis occurs in bone
marrow.

IMPORTANT POINTS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
1. Themostabundanttissueinanimalbodyistheconnectivetissue.
2. Thetissuewhichhasminimumintercellularspaceisepithelialtissueandconnectivetissuehaslargest
intercellularspaces.
3. Theepithelialtissuehas greatregeneration power anditisthefirstevolvedtissue.
4. Blubber of whale, humpof camel and thick tail of marino sheep mainly contain adipose tissue.
5. Theabnormalitycharacterisedbygradualsofteningandbendingofbonescausedbyfailureofcalcification
due to lack of vitamin D is called osteomalacia (Gr. osteon = bone, malakia = softness)
6. Themostabundantproteinofthebodyiscollagen,itaccountsforabout40%ofthetotalproteins.Wrinkling
in old age is dueto diminishing rigidity in collagenfibres.
7. Decalcification :-IfaboneiskeptindiluteacidlikeHCl,inorganicsaltsdissolvesinacidandreleaseCO
2
,
whileorganicorproteinpartisleftbehind.Bonenowbecomeselasticandsoft.Thisiscalleddecalcification.
InKOHsolutionmusclesandconnectivetissuedissolve,butboneremainsunaffectedanditbecomesclean.
Whenaboneisburntorganicpart(protein)burnsandtheremainingashcontainsinorganicsalts.
8. Dried bone :-Whenboneis exposedtohightemperatureitbecomesdry.All cavities dryupandare
emptied.
(e) Fluid Connective Tissue
Itisaspecialtypeofconnectivetissuewhichmaintainslinkamongdifferentpartsofthebody.Itreceives
materials from certain parts of the body and transports them to the other parts.
Itconstitutesthetransportsystemofanimals.
Itconsistsoftwobasiccomponentsbloodandlymph.
Blood
Bloodisamobileconnectivetissue.Itmeasuresabout55.5litresinanadulthumanbeing.Itisslightly
alkaline with a pH value of 7.4.
Itconsistsofanaquous(watery)mixtureofsubstancesinsolution(blood plasma)inwhicharesuspended
different types of free floating cells (blood corpuscles).
Plasmaconstitutesabout55%ofbloodvolumewhilecorpusclesconstitute45%.
Blood Plasma
Itisapalestraw-colouredfluidmatrixormediumconsistingofabout90%waterand10%mixtureofdifferent
typesofmoleculesthatenterthebloodatvariouslocations.Thesesubstancesincludeproteins(soluble
proteinssuchasalbumins,globulinsandfibrinogen),glucose,aminoacids,lipids,vitamins,urea,uricacids,
enzymesandhormones.
Glucose, Amino acid, Lipids
Vitamins, Urea, Enzymes,
Hormones etc
Blood corpuscles (i) RedBloodCorpuscles(RBC)orErythrocytes
(ii) WhiteBloodCorpuscles(WBC)orLeucocytes
(iii) PlateletsorThrombocytes
RBC :-
(i) In mammals, RBCs are small, circular, biconcave & discs shaped and lack nuclei when
mature.
(ii) There are about five million red blood cells per mm
3
of blood.
(iii) Theirmostimportantcharacteristhepresenceofanironprotein,haemoglobin.Thepresenceof
haemoglobingivestheblooditsredcolour.
(iv) They are manufactured in bone marrow. Their lifespan in human beings is about 120 days, after
which they are destroyed in liver.
TheRBCsconstituteabout99%ofbloodcorpuscles.Erythrocytes occur only in vertebrate blood and
red colour of blood is due to erythrocytes.
Smallest RBCs occur inmusk deer (Tragulus).During maturation,cell organelles of RBC likenucleus,
mitochondria, Golgi body and centrosome become disappear. Hence surface area of mature RBC
increases.ItcanaccommodatemorehaemoglobinandcancarrymoreO
2
.
WBC :-
(i) Theseareroundedoramoeboid,nucleated,colourlesscells.
(ii) WBCsareformedin redbonemarrow, spleen,thymusandlymphnodes.
(iii) Theyarecapableofamoeboid movement andplayanimportantroleinthebody'sdefencemechanism.
(iv) ThewhitebloodcorpuslcesbelongtotwomaincategoriesPhagocytes(carryoutthefunctionof
bodydefencebyengulfingpathogen)andImmunocytes (theyareresponsibleforimmunityandcarry
outimmuneresponsesbyproducingantibodies).
Phagocytesarefurtherdividedintotwotypes:-Granulocytes (havingcytoplasmicgranules)andAgranulocytes
(havingnon-granularcytoplasm)
Granulocytes :- On thebasis of staining these are of three types :-
(a) Eosinophils(stainedwithacidicdyes)
(b) Basophils(stainedwithbasicdyes)
(c) Neutrophils(stainedwithneutraldyes).
Agranulocytes :-ItincludesMonocytesandLymphocytes.
Functions of blood :
(i) Ittransportsnutrients,hormonesandvitaminstothetissuesandcarriesexcretoryproductsfromthe
tissuestotheexcretoryorgans.
(ii) The RBC's of blood helps in the transport of respiratory gases,oxygen & CO
2
.
(iii) TheWBCsfightwithdiseasesbyproducingantibodiesandengulfingthegerms.
(iv) Blood platelets helps in the clotting of blood.
(v) Blood helps in thermoregulation, water balance and maintenance of pH of body.
Lymph :-Lymphisactuallyfilteredbloodwhichissimilartobloodincompositionexceptthatitisdevoid
of RBC, platelets and some blood protein.WBCarepresentinabundanceinlymph.Duetotheabsence
ofhaemoglobin,lymphiscolourless.
Functions of Lymph :-
(i) Helpsinthetransportofnutrients.Nutrientsthatfilteroutfrombloodcapillariesintolympharetransported
back by lymph into blood through heart.
(ii) Helps in thetransportation of fatabsorbed from intestine tothe venous blood.
(iii) Keepsthetissuesandorgansofthebodymoist.
(iv) Lymphaticorgans(lymphnodes,spleen)producelymphocyteswhichinturnproduceantibodiestostrengthen
theimmunesystemofthebody.
Q. Distinguishbetweenthefollowing:
(a) Cartilage and bone on the basis of matrix.
(b) Bloodandlymphonthebasisofcomponents.
Ans. (a) Matrixofcartilagemayormaynothavecalciumsaltswhereascalciumsalts,mainlycalciumphosphates,
are allways present in the matrix of bone.
(b) Bloodconsistsofplasma,erythrocytes,leucocytesandplateletswhereaslymphconsistsofplasma
andleucocytes.
Q. Whatwillhappenifstratified squamousepitheliumlinesthealveolioflungs?
Ans. Thepermeabilityofalveoli of lungswillbeaffectedsothatitwill notbeable toperformthefunction of
absorption andtransportation of substanceandselective permeabilityofalveoli wall willbeaffected..
POINTS TO BE REMEMBER
(1) Clotting Process by whichtheblood solidifyand preventhaemorrhage.
(2) Antigen Aforeignsubstanceortoxinwhichwhenintroducedintothebodyofanorganismstimulates
the production of a specific antibody.
(3) AntibodyAplasmaprotein[Gammaglobulin]producedbyanorganismtocounteractanantigeninthe
tissueorblood.
(4) GlandsAgroupofcellswhichproducesandsecretesspecialchemicals.
(5) Infection Invasion of the body by a pathogen.
(6) MatrixThebasicgroundsubstanceinwhichcellsofatissueareembedded.
(7) MonocyteAgranularleucocytewithalargenucleus.Itescapesfromthebloodbyamoeboidmovement
throughthe capillarywallandin thetissueis transformedinto either macrophages or histiocyte.
(8) FibroblastCellsofconnectivetissueresponsibleforsecretionoffibres.
(9) Bloodflowstoallpartsoftheanimalbodyandthusconnectsdifferentpartsofthebodywithoneanother.
(10) Lymphocytes :-Theysecreteantibodiestodestroymicrobesandalsohelpinhealingofinjuries.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Defineconnectivetissue?
2. Namethecommontypeofconnectivetissueofanimal'sbody?
3. Whyisbloodcalledaconnectivetissue?
4. Whatisthefunctionofareolartissue?
5. What isthe nameof bonecell ?
6. Writethenameofvarioustypes ofWBC's.
7. Namethecellswhichareresponsiblefor fibres information.
8. Namethechemicalswhichareformedagainstantigensinourbody.
MUSCLE TISSUES
Musculartissueisdistinguishedfromothertissuesbyitsuniqueabilitytocontract&relaxandtherebyperform
mechanicalwork.Itisresponsibleformovementofbodyorgansandlocomotionofbody.
General structure :-
Thestructuralunitofmuscletissueisthemusclecellswhichbecauseofitselongatedshapeisalsocalled
musclefibre.
The contractility is dueto the presence of contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin) inthe muscle fibre.
Theplasmamembraneofmusclecellsiscalledsarcolemmaandendoplasmicreticulumofmusclecellis
called sarcoplasmic reticulum.
General functions of muscular tissue :-
1. Itsupportsthe bonesandotherorgans of thebody.
2. Musclescauseperistalsisofgut,heartbeat,productionofsound,etc.
3. Musclescausemovementsofbodypartsandlocomotionoftheanimals.
4. Facialexpressionalsodependsonmuscles.
5. Contractionofmusclescausesdeliveryofababy.
(A) Unstriated muscle (Smooth muscle) :-
Characteristics :-
Thesearecalledsmoothorunstriatedmusclesbecausetheydonotshowanystripesofstriationsacross
themusclefibres.Eachcell(orfibre)islong,narrowspindleshapedwithpointedendsandhasonlyone
nucleus(uninucleate)situatedinthecentre.Thesefibresaregenerallyshorterthanthestriatedmuscle
fibres.
Place of occurrence :-Unstripedmusclesarefoundinthewallofalimentarycanal(stomachandintestine),
urinarybladder,bloodvessels,lungs,etc.
Functions :-
Thesemusclescauseslow and prolonged contraction whichisinvoluntary,i.e.,notunderthecontrol
ofindividual'swill.Theseareunderthecontrolofautonomousnervoussystem.Thesemuscleshelpinperistalsis
ofalimentarycanal,urinarytract,bloodvessels,etc.,andcontractionofothervisceralorgans(notheart).
(B) Striated muscle or Skeletal muscle :-
Charcteristics :-
Thestriatedmusclesformmorethan80%ofthe
massofsofttissuesinavertebratebody.Theyare
attachedtothebonesbytendonsandhelpinthe
movementofexternalbodyparts.Therefore,they
arealsocalledskeletal muscles.Thecontraction
and relaxation of these muscles are under the
controloftheanimal's will.Theyare,therefore,
alsocalledthevoluntary muscles.Themuscle
fibres show alternate dark and light stripes
(striationsor
bands),hencetheyarecalledstriated muscles.
The striated muscle consists of long, narrow,
cylindrical,unbranchedfibres(cells)withbluntends
(non-taperingends).Eachfibreisenclosedinathin
but di sti nct pl asma membrane, cal l ed
sarcolemma.Thecellcontainsmanyelongated,
flattenednucleicharacteristicallylocatedtowards
the periphery near the sarcolemma. The
multinucleate condition of the fibre results from cell fusion.
Place of occurrence :-Stripedmusclesarefoundinlimbs,bodywall,tongue,pharynx,face,neck,initial
partofoesophagus,etc.
Functions :- Striped muscles produce rapid and powerful contractions which help in the movement
oflimbsandconsequentlycauselocomotion.Theyarealsohelpfulinthemovementofotherbodyparts
which are in voluntary control of the individual.
(C) Cardiac muscles :-
Cardiacmusclesarethemusclesofheart.Theyareinvoluntaryinaction.Cardiacmusclespossesscharacteristics
ofbothstripedaswell asunstripedmuscles,resembling striped muscles structurally and unstriped
muscles functionally.
Theirmusclefibresareuninucleate,branched.Thebranchesofadjacentfibresjointoformanetwork.Each
musclefibrecontainsacentrallylocatednucleus.Sarcoplasm (CytoplasmofmusclecelliscalledSarcoplasm)
bearscontractile,longitudinalmyofibrilswhichgivethecardiacmusclesastriatedappearanceintheform
of dark cross bands called intercalated disc.
Place of occurrence :- Wall of heart (Myocardium).
Characters Skeletal or Smooth or
Cardiac
Striated Non-striated
(i) Striations Present Absent Present
(ii) Shape of the cells Cylindrical Spindleshaped Cylindrical
(iii) Branches Notbranched Notbranched Branched
(iv) Number of nucleus Many Single Single
(v) Position of Nucleus Peripheral Peripheral Central
(vi) Intercalated discs Absent Absent Present
(vii) Mode of contraction Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
(viii) Speed of contraction Fast Slow Fast
(ix) Length of fibres 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm 0.01 to 30 cm 85to100m(veryshort)
[longestmuscles]
NERVOUS TISSUE
Thenervoustissue,containsdenselypackedcellscallednervecellsorneurons,ispresentinthebrain,spinal
cordandnerves.Theneuronsarespecialisedforconductionofnerveimpulses.Theyreceivestimulifrom
withinoroutsidethebodyandconductimpulses(signals)whichtravelfromoneneurontoanotherneuron.
Eachneuronhas following 2parts-
1. Cyton or cell bodyContainsacentralnucleus
andcytoplasmwithcharacteristicdeeplystained
particles called Nissl's granules [i.e. clumps of
ribosomes]
2. Cell Processes
(A) Dendrites :-Thesemaybeonetomany,generallyshort
and branched cytoplasmic processes. Dendrites are
afferent processesbecausetheyreceiveimpulsefrom
receptor or other neuron and bring it to cyton.
(B) Axon :-Itissinglegenerallylongefferent processwhich
conductsimpulseawayfromcytontootherneuron.
Longestcellinbodyisneuronbecauseaxoncanbemore
thanonemetrelong.Axonhasuniformthicknessbutit
hasterminalthinbranchescalledtelodendria.Terminal
end buttons or synaptic knobs occur at the end of
telodendria.
COMPETITION WINDOW
GermanneurologistFranz Nissl (1860-1919)firstdescribedNisslgranulesinnervecell,theseareformed
ofroughERandRibosomes.
Synapsesarejunctionbetweentwoadjoiningneurons.
Nisslgranulesdisappearduringfatigueandinjurytonervecellandreappearafterrest.
Types of Neuron :-Basedonnumberandnatureofprocessarisingfromcytontheneuronsareofdifferent
types:-
(a) Multipolar neuron :-Ithasmanydendritesandoneaxon.
(b) Bipolar neuron :-Aneuronhavingonedendronandoneaxoniscalledbipolar.Theygenerallyoccurin
sensorylayerslikeolfactoryepithelium.
(c) Unipolar neuron :-Ithassingleprocessasaxonbutdendriteisabsent.
(d) Pseudounipolar neuron :-Suchneuronhassinglefibrearisingfromcytonwhichbifurcatesintoonedendron
andoneaxon.
(e) Nonpolar or apolar neuron :-Theseneuronshavemanyfibresbuttheyarenotdistinguishedintodendrites
andaxon.Eachfibrecanreceiveimpulsetowardscytonorcanconductimpulseawayfromcyton.
(A) Give answer of following questions :-
1. What is neuron ? Define it.
2. Howmanytypesofmusclesoccurinanimals?
3. Give3featuresofcardiacmuscles.
4. Namethetissueresponsibleforthemovementinourbody.
5. Whatisthemainfunctionofnervoustissue?
6. Describethestructureofanervoustissue?
7. Whatisthemainfunctionofnervoustissue?
8. Whyarestriatedmusclescalledvoluntarymuscleswhilenon-striatedmuscles-calledinvoluntarymuscles?
(B) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Blood platelets help in .....................
2. A bone is attached to another bone at joints by .......................
3. Shape of squamous epithelial cells is ........................
4. Neuron is composed of three parts dendron, .................... and .......................
5. ........................... is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body.
(C) Mark True (T) or False (F) statements from following.
1. Tendonsconnectmusclestobones.
2. Haversiancanalsystemispresentinacartilage.
3. Striatedmusclesare voluntaryinnature.
4. RBCsprovidedefence toour body,whileWBCs helpsinthetransport of respiratory gases.
5. Bloodplasmacontainsthreetypesofproteins,albumins,globulinsandfibrinogens.
6. A groupof cells different in origin but similar in structure and function is called tissue.
7. Striatedmusclesarealsocalledsmoothmuscles.
8. Globulinproteinsmaintainosmoticpressureoftheblood.
9. CartilageHavehaversiancanalsystemanditsmatrixdoesnotcontaindepositionofcalciumandphosphate.
10. Pinna and tip of the nose is made of cartilage.
EXERCISEI
EXERCISEII
Questions from NCERT and School Examinations
1. Whatisatissue?
2. Whatistheutilityoftissuesinmulticellularorganisms?
3. Namethefollowing:
(i) Tissuethatformstheinnerliningofourmouth.
(ii) Tissuethatconnectsmuscletoboneinhumans.
(iii) Tissuepresentinthebrain.
(iv) Tissuethatstoresfatinourbody.
(v) Connectivetissuewithafluidmatrix.
4. Identifythetypeoftissueinthefollowing:
(i)Skin (ii)bone (iii)liningofkidneytubule
5. Whichtypeoftissueismostabundantinanimals?
6. Definehistology.
7. Writeonewordforthefollowing:
(i)Longandunbranchedextensionofaneuron.
(ii)Thickeningspresentinsclerenchymacells.
(iii)Thin,hair-likeprojectionspresentatthefreeendsofcuboidalepithelium.
(iv)Thepigmentpresentinredbloodcells.
(v)Zig-zagthickeningsincardiacmuscles.
8. Whichepitheliumisalsocalledpavementepithelium?
9. Whichtypeofmusclecellsshowrhythmiccontraction?
10. Giveonewordforthejunctionoftwoneurons.
11. Whatisthefunctionofneurons?
12. Whichpartofneuronreceivesimpulseandwhichparttakesitawayfromneuron?
13. Whichtissuestoresfat?
14. Nametheanimaltissuewhosecellsdividethroughoutthelife.
15. Whichisthehardesttissueinhumanbeings?
16. Namethetissuewhichformsinnerliningofbloodvessels.
17. Givethechemicalnatureofwhitefibres.
18. WhatistheaveragelifespanofRBCsofman?
19. Nametheptoteinfoundinyellowfibres.
20. Whatisthefunctionofbloodplateletsinhumanbody?
21. Whichtissueiscommonlyknownas'packaging'tissue?
22. Namethefollowing:
(i)Multinucleatemusclefibre. (ii)Spindle-shapedmusclefibre.
23. Whendoesthetissueformationtakeplace?
24. Howdothecardiacmusclesresemblebothstriatedandsmoothmusclefibres?
25. Drawaflowchartshowingthevarioustypesofconnectivetissues.
26. WhatareNissl'sgranules?Givetheirfunctions.
27. Givethefunctionsofplasmaofblood.
28. Differentiatebetweenbloodandlymph.
1. Tendonconnectsa:
(1)Ligamentwithmuscle (2)Bonewithmuscle
(3)Cartilagewithmuscle (4)Bonewithbone
2. Theprocessbywhichboneformedisknownas:
(1)Calcification (2)Chondrification (3)Ossification (4)Decalcification
3. Duringfatiguemusclecontains:
(1)MoreATP,lessglycogen (2)LessATP,morelacticacid
(3)LessATP,lesslacticacid (4) MoreATP, more lactic acid
4. Whichof thefollowingacts asantibody tohelpinbodydefence?
(1)Prothrombin (2)Immunoglobulin (3)Globulin (4)Albumin
5. Smoothmuscleisfoundinallthesitesexcept:
(1)Gastrointestinaltract (2)Fallopiantube (3)Bloodvessel (4)Eyeballmuscle
6. In a neuron, dendrite may be one or many, but axon is generally:
(1)One (2)Two (3)Three (4)Morethanone
7. Atissueis madeupof:
(1)Onetypeofcells (2)Twotypesofcells
(3)Oneormany typesofcells (4)Manytypesofcells
8. Whichoneofthefollowingcellularcomponentsofthebloodisresponsiblefortheproductionofantibodies?
(1)Thrombocyte (2)Lymphocyte
(3)Monocyte (4)Erythrocyte
9. Whichof thefollowing ispresent inthealveoliof lungs?
(1)Simplecolumnarepithelium (2)Simplecuboidalepithelium
(3)Simplesquamousepithelium (4)Sensoryepithelium
10. Thisoneisthecharacteristicofepithelialtissue:
(1)Tissuesarehighlyvascularized (2)Thesecellsneverproduceglands
(3) Thecells will have a rapid rate of cell division (4)Largeintercellularspacesareseenbetweencells
11. Bloodplasmais:
(1)Neutral (2)Slightlyacidic (3)Slightlyalkaline (4)Stronglyacidic
12. Whichofthefollowingisatransparenttissue?
(1)Tendon (2)Hyalinecartilage (3)Fibrouscartilage (4)Allofthese
EXERCISEIII
Objective Type Questions
13. Lacunaofbonecontains:
(1)Oneosteocyte (2)Twoosteocytes (3)Manyosteocytes (4)Manychondrocytes
14. Majorproteinofconnectivetissueis:
(1)Myosin (2)Melanin (3)Collagen (4)Keratin
15. Light bands of muscle fibre are made of the protein:
(1)Tubulin (2)Myosin (3)Actin (4)Myoglobin
16. Canaliculiarefoundassociatedwith:
(1)Cartilage (2)Bone (3)Muscle (4)Neuron
17. Processesfromosteoblastsarefoundin:
(1)Lamella (2)Canaliculi (3)Dendrites (4)Haversiancanals
18. Thebonemarrow iscomposedof:
(1)Musclefibresandadiposetissue (2)Areolartissueandadiposetissue
(3)Adiposetissueandcalcifiedcartilage (4)Adiposetissue,areolartissueandbloodvessels
19. The longitudinal canals ofthe bone are called :
(1)Volkmann'scanals (2)Haversiancanals (3)Periosteum (4)Endosteum
20. Volkmann'scanalsoccurin:-
(1)Cartilage (2)Bone (3)Internalear (4)Liver
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 3 2 2 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 2 4 2 2
ANSWER KEY (EXERCISE - III)
1. Atissueisa:
(A)groupofseparateorgansthatarecoordinatedintheiractivities
(B)groupofsimilarcellsthatfunctiontogetherinaspecialisedactivity
(C)layerofcellssurroundinganorgan
(D)sheetofcells,onelayerthick
2. Endotheliumoftheinnersurfaceofbloodvesselsinvertebratesisformed
(A)simplesquamousepithelium (B)columnarepithelium
(C)cuboidalepithelium (D)ciliatedcells
3. Cellsofsquamousepitheliumare
(A)columnar (B)tallwithelongatednuclei
(C)flatplate-like (D)cubelike
4. Theproteindepositedinthedeadsuperficialcellsthatmaketheskinepitheliumimpervioustowateris
(A)keratin (B)elastin (C)collagen (D)mucus
5. Hornsofmostmammalsarecomposedof
(A)bones (B)cartilage (C)keratin (D)chitin
6. Mammaryglandsaremodified
(A)sebaceousgland (B)sweatgland (C)oilgland (D)lymphgland
7. Whichofthefollowingtissuehasmatrix,thatisthesourceofitsstructuralandfunctionalperformances?
(A)connectivetissue (B)musculartissue (C)nervoustissue (D)epithelialtissue
8. Wrinklinginoldageisdueto
(A)collagen (B)myosin (C)keratin (D)actin
9. Dermisofmammalianskinismainlycomposedof
(A)musculartissue (B)epithelialtissue (C)connectivetissue (D)alloftheabove
10. Fatisabundantin
(A)livercells (B)alveolartissue (C)lymphglands (D)adiposetissue
11. Tendonconnects
(A)cartilagewithmuscles (B)bonewithmuscles
(C)ligamentwithmuscles (D)bonewithbone
12. Cartilageisproducedby
(A)osteoblasts (B)epithelium (C)fibroblasts (D)chondroblasts
EXERCISEIV
Questions from Competitive Examinations
13. Boneformingcellsare
(A)osteoblasts (B)osteoclasts (C)chondroblasts (D)chondroclasts
14. Bonemarrowisimportantfor
(A)breakdownofWBC (B)productionofRBC (C)breakdownofRBC (D)productionofWBC
15. Haversiansystemistypicallyfoundinbonesof
(A)fishes (B)aves (C)reptiles (D)mammals
16. Bloodis
(A)acidic (B)alkaline (C)variable (D)neutral
17. Mammalianerythrocytesare
(A)circular (B)biconcave (C)non-nucleated (D)alltheabove
18. LifespanofRBCis
(A)50days (B)75days (C)120days (D)100days
19. Redcellcountiscarriedoutby
(A)haemocytometer (B)haemoglobinometer (C)sphygmomanometer (D)electrocardiogram
20. Striatedmusclesarefoundin
(A)gallbladder (B)wallofbronchi (C)legmuscles (D)lungs
21. Smoothmusclesoccurin
(A)vein (B)artery (C)uterus (D)alltheabove
22. Cardiacmuscleismadeofbranchedfibresthatare
(A)nonstriatedandundervoluntarycontrol (B)striatedandnotundervoluntarycontrol
(C)nonstriatedandnotundervoluntarycontrol (D)striatedandundervoluntarycontrol
23. Junctionoftwoneuronsiscalled
(A)synapse (B)junction (C)synapsis (D)synapticula
24. Mostofthehumanneuronsare
(A)multipolar (B)bipolar (C)unipolar (D)pseudo-unipolar
25. Wherewouldyoulookforneurons?
(A)Inblood (B)Inheart (C)Roottipandshoottip (D)Inbrainandspinalcord
ANSWER KEY (EXERCISE - IV)
Que . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
Ans . B A C A C B A A C D B D A B D
Que . 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5
Ans . B D C A C D B A A D
INTRODUCTION
Tissue :-
A group of cells that are similar or dissimilar in structure,
COMPETITION WINDOW
The term tissue was coined by . Bichat
Anatomy
Histology :-
:- The study of internal structure
of any part of an organism with the help
of section cutting is called anatomy.
The study of tissues with the
help of microscope is called histology.
haveacommonoriginandusually performacommon
functioniscalledtissue.
Importance of Tissues :-
Workloadofindividualcellhasdecreased.
Tissuesbecomeorganisedtoformorgansandorgansintoorgansystems.
Formationoftissueshasbroughtaboutdivisionoflabourinmulticellularorganisms.
Multicellularorganismshavehighersurvivalduetoimprovedbodyorganisationandhigherefficiencyoffunctions.
Comparative study of plant and animal tissue
Plant Tissue Animal tissue
1. Tisuesorganisationistowardsstationary Tissueorganisationistowardsactivelocomotion.
or fixed habit.
2. Mostoftheplanttissuesaredeadand Mostoftheanimaltissuesareliving.
supportive.
3. The growth in plants takes place in certain Thegrowthinanimalstakes placethroughoutthe
specificregionswheregrowingtissuesare body.
present.
PLANT TISSUE
Planttissues areof twotypes onthe basisof theirdividing capacity :-
1.Meristematictissue(growingtissue)
2.Permanenttissue
S.No. Meris tematic tis s ue Permanent tis s ue
1 The cells are capable of division. The matured cells are incapable of division.
2 The cells are undifferentiated. The cells are fully differentiated.
3 The cell wall is thin. The cell wall is relatively thick.
4 Large prominent nucleus. Small nucleus.
5 Vacuoles are small or absent. Large central vacuole is present.
6 Intercellular space is absent. Intercellular space is present.
Comparative study of Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue
1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Thesearelivingtissueswhicharecomposedofimmaturecellsthat
are capable of division throughout life.
Thesetissues arefound in growingregions of plants.
Meristematic tissue
Cells havethin cell wall.
Cellscontaindensecytoplasmanddonothavevacuoles.
Cellscontainprominentandlargenucleus.
Cellsaremetabolicallyhighlyactive,sostorefoodisabsent.
Cellsarecompactlyarrangedbecausetheydonothaveintercellularspaces.
PLANT TISSUE

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