New Smithfield Wholesale Fruit & Vegetable

Market and its’ role in Manchester’s food supply

The Kindling Trust

April 2009

1
Acknowledgements
The Kindling Trust would like to thank Emma Smith and Debbie Ellen for researching and writing
this report. Their dedication and insight has made this report possible and is a significant
contribution to The Kindling Trust’s on going work to explore ways to make Manchester a more just
and ecological city.

The Kindling Trust

The Kindling Trust is a not-for-profit social enterprise with charitable aims. Registered in England
and Wales with Companies House (Company Number: 6136029).
The Kindling Trust became a Limited Company in March 2007.
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and objective viewpoint of this research, and
information is provided in good faith.

Address: Phone: 0161 226 4440

67 Parkside Road Skype: Kindling Trust
Moss Side Email: mail@kindling.org.uk
Manchester, Website: www.kindling.org.uk
M14 7JX.

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Executive Summary
The Kindling Trust commissioned a study into the workings of New Smithfield Market
(NSM) in East Manchester to aid its work to create a more just and ecological society.
Research has shown that opportunities for people in Greater Manchester to purchase
locally sourced food are amongst the lowest in the country. A detailed study showed that
Greater Manchester ranked 59th lowest out of 61 different areas in England and Wales
(Ricketts-Hein et al., 2006, p.297). Given this evidence, The Kindling Trust set out to
examine the extent of the problem in order to develop projects and strategies to improve
local food provision in Greater Manchester. An overall objective of this work is to increase
local food provision so the city-region is in a stronger position to meet the challenge of
climate change in the future. One aspect of this challenge will be to source food as locally
as possible. Developing capacity in this area will increase the communities resilience.
This report aims to:
• Illustrate how New Smithfield Market works, defining the roles of traders, agents,
transporters etc.
• Locate the source of fruit and vegetables sold on NSM, how they are transported to
NSM and who they are sold to.
• Identify good practice as well as potential and innovation of local growing.
• Summarise the interest in and demand for locally produced fruit and vegetables.
• Provide detailed information about how waste is managed at NSM.
For information about how the research was carried out please see section 1.2 below.
Conclusions
The key conclusion from this report is that without major haulage of food from other parts
of the UK and significant imports of produce it is not possible for Manchester's food supply
to be sourced locally without major haulage of food from other parts of the UK and
significant imports of produce. Within a programme of contraction and mitigation it is
essential that local food production capacity is increased and significant investment needs
to occur for this to happen.
Recommendations
The recommendations from this report are:
• Further research is needed to explore the capacity for North West fruit and vegetable
production and barriers to increased sale of locally produced food at NSM.
• Support is required to enable existing North West producers to develop partnerships
with traders on NSM to increase the volume of locally sourced produce.
• Fruit and vegetable production in the North West needs to be boosted with support and
training provided at all levels to increase capacity for sustainable food production.
• Funding should be provided to support development of urban food growing
opportunities which would also establish trading links with NSM.
• Given the dependence on oil required by non organic agriculture (i.e. oil based
fertilisers) we would also recommend that organic agriculture be promoted, both with
existing producers and new sites.
 Infrastructure funding needs to be provided for using technologies to help boost yields
of high value tender crops and Mediterranean produce.

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Table of contents
The Kindling Trust has a commitment to the freeing of information, through the use of Creative
Commons licensing on all its public documents, This report is licensed under a Creative
Commons License; Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales..........................................2
You are free:................................................................................................................................2
Under the following conditions:.................................................................................................2
1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Local Food..............................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 What do we mean by local? ............................................................................................2
1.1.2 What do we mean by sustainable food?...........................................................................3
1.2 Methodology...........................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Key contributions and limitations......................................................................................4
2 Background to New Smithfield Market...........................................................................................4
3 How does the market work?..........................................................................................................5
3.1 Wholesalers............................................................................................................................5
3.2 Agents....................................................................................................................................5
3.3 Trading Activity.......................................................................................................................5
3.4 Transportation.........................................................................................................................6
3.5 Deliveries................................................................................................................................6
3.6 Products sold..........................................................................................................................6
3.7 Seasonal variation..................................................................................................................8
4 The present trading environment...................................................................................................8
5 Fruit and Vegetables.....................................................................................................................9
5.1 Where do fruit and vegetables sold at NSM originate from?...................................................9
5.1.1 Sourcing of fruit..............................................................................................................10
5.1.2 Fruit vegetables..............................................................................................................11
5.1.3 High Value crops and Urban agriculture.........................................................................12
5.1.4 Who buys from New Smithfield Market?.........................................................................13
6 Innovation and potential for local growing....................................................................................16
7 How much waste is generated by the market?............................................................................17
7.1 Fairfield Materials Management............................................................................................17
8 Conclusions and recommendations.............................................................................................18
9 References..................................................................................................................................19

Tables
Table 1: Range of Fruit and vegetables stocked by individual traders..............................................7
Table 2: Sourcing of Apples...........................................................................................................10
Table 3: Fruit vegetable sources....................................................................................................11
Table 4: Herbs and salad crops......................................................................................................12
Table 5: Where produce purchased from NSM goes......................................................................13
Table 6: Breakdown of Traders' customers....................................................................................15
Table7: New Smithfield Market Waste 2003 to 2008......................................................................17

Figures
Figure 1: Types of fruit and vegetables sold through NSM...............................................................7

Appendices

Appendix 1: Questionnaire
Appendix 2: Source data – fruit and vegetables
1 Introduction

In the autumn of 2008 The Kindling Trust commissioned a study to New Smithfield
Wholesale Fruit & Vegetable Market and its’ role in Manchester’s food supply to aid its
work to create a more just and ecological society.
The unsustainable nature of the present food system, particularly for large conurbations
like Greater Manchester is evident from the large negative ecological impact of food
production (Soil Association, 2008), transport and disposal and the widening gap between
urban people, the land and agriculture (Pretty, 2002). This is compounded by the ill-health
and poor diet suffered by many Mancunians (Food Futures, 2007).
A study on food re-localisation showed that the opportunities for people in Greater
Manchester to purchase locally sourced food are amongst the lowest in the country. This
study showed that Greater Manchester was ranked 59th lowest out of 61 different areas in
England and Wales (Ricketts-Hein et al., 2006, p.297). Given this evidence, The Kindling
Trust set out to examine the extent of the problem in order to develop strategies and
projects to improve local food provision in Greater Manchester. In addition to this study
The Kindling Trust has also undertaken a review of a number of Greater Manchester
farmers markets (Ellen, 2009).
An overall objective of this work is to increase local food provision so the city-region is in a
stronger position to meet the challenge of climate change in the future. One solution will
be to source food as locally as possible. By developing capacity to do this we will be
increasing the resilience of Greater Manchester and its many local communities. This
report aims to:
 Illustrate how New Smithfield Market works, defining the roles of traders, agents,
transporters etc.
 Locate the source of fruit and vegetables sold on NSM, how they are transported to
NSM and who they are sold to
 Identify good practice as well as potential and innovation of local growing
 Summarises the interest in and demand for locally produced fruit and vegetables.
 Provides detailed information about how waste is managed at NSM.

For information about how the research was carried out please see section 1.2 below.

1.1 Local Food

The need to secure Local Food provision is not a new idea. Whilst the subject has been
widely publicised in the media in recent years campaigners and researchers have been
working on this issue for decades. For example, Sustain (formally the National Food
Alliance / SAFE1) has been winning awards for campaigning on the issue since 1993
(Sustain, 2009). Other writers have been working on the issue for decades (for example,
de Selincourt, 1997 and Seymour, 1991). Recent news that London’s Major announced
Capital Growth (2008) to boost locally grown food in London, a project which aims to
create 2,012 new food growing spaces for London by 2012 is encouraging. We can only
urge other cities to develop similar projects.

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Sustainable Agriculture Food and Environment

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1.1.1 What do we mean by local?

There are a number of definitions of local, a topic which is discussed at length elsewhere
(Sustain, 2008). In this study we have used Sustain's definition of local as outlined in their
report Ethical Hijack: Why the terms “local”, “seasonal” and “farmers’ market” should be
defended from abuse by the food industry (Sustain, 2008). There are two elements to this
definition. Firstly what is meant when we talk about 'local production' 'local food or locally
grown' and secondly what distance is defined as being local.
1. Local production
This is expressed by what should not be labelled as local:
“the term(s) should not be used if the food is processed, transported, or packed
outside of the defined area. The term "produced", when used for primary produce,
should therefore mean the entire process from primary production to transport to the
retail outlet. That is, the product is grown/reared, harvested/slaughtered, processed
(e.g. washing, pasteurisation), packed/packaged, and transported/ distributed within
the defined area.” (Sustain, 2008, p.16)

2. Distance defined as local

This aspect of the definition depends on locality, with major cities and metropolitan areas
treated slightly differently.

“For most areas, for primary produce, either:

 Produced at a distance of no greater than 30 miles from the
point of sale, and/or;
 Produced in the county or Joint Character Area (JCA) (e.g.
Cheshire, the Cotswolds, Dartmoor) at the point of sale.

For large towns and smaller cities (population >200,000), either:

 Produced at a distance of no greater than 50 miles from the
point of sale, and/or;
 Produced in the county/ies or JCA/s within 20 miles of the
town/city boundary.

For major cities and metropolitan areas, for primary produce, either:
 Produced at a distance of no greater than 70 miles from the
point of sale, and/or;
 Produced in a county or JCA within 50 miles of the metropolitan
boundary (e.g. for London this would be from a county within 50 miles of the
Greater London Authority boundary).
Define local (from Wise Moves report) “Locally sourced local food: Food whose main
ingredients are grown, processed and sold from or within a given radius. The Campaign to
Protect Rural England limit this radius to thirty miles; others may adopt a county-wide or
less rigid definition. Few, if any, organisations take into account inputs such as agricultural
machinery, although many would endorse local sourcing of these where possible.”
(Sustain, 2008, p.16-17).

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1.1.2 What do we mean by sustainable food?

Sustainable food takes into account environmental, health, social and economic concerns and
consists of seven principles*:
• Local and seasonally available food to minimise energy use in food production,
transportation and storage.
• Food from farming systems that minimise harm to the environment, such as certified
organic produce.
• Limiting foods of animal origin.
• Exclude fish species identified as most at risk.
• Fair-trade-certified products.
• Promote health and wellbeing.
• Food democracy ensuring control by entrepreneurs, workers and customers.
*inspired by Sustain’s seven principles of sustainable food
(www.sustainweb.org/sustainablefood)

1.2 Methodology

This research was carried out in September and October 2008. Data was collected by
Emma Smith, who works with traders at New Smithfield Market in her role as Projects
Manager at Fairfield Materials Management. Emma's existing knowledge of the market
and its traders was crucial to the project gaining access to traders and their participation.
At the outset we sought to answer a number of key questions:
 Where do fruit and vegetables sold at NSM originate from?
 How much produce is sourced locally and from the UK?
 Are traders aware of any innovative growers?
 How much waste is generated by the market?
These questions form part of a wider project The Kindling Trust is working on which seeks
to explore a range of questions relating to food production and distribution in Greater
Manchester. This work includes another research project on Greater Manchester's farmers
markets (Ellen, 2009)
To explore the questions outlined above, a questionnaire was designed which was
completed by Emma whilst talking to traders. The questionnaire is available as an
appendix to this report (See Appendix 1).
There are 19 traders supplying fruit and vegetables at NSM. This survey involved data
collection with 12 of these, one of whom is also engaged in distribution. The process of
collecting data was difficult. For example, some traders did not have time to detail which
items they sold and where they sourced produce from. Consequently, the data collected is
variable in quality. It is however the first study of its kind on NSM, so should be helpful in
informing any further work.
The data collected for this study represents a snap shot at one time of year. We
purposefully chose a time when UK produce is available, but there is inevitably going to be
a difference in results if the study were repeated at a different time of year. This is
particularly important for organic produce; the two traders dealing in organic produce did

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as little long distance sourcing as possible which meant that certain items where not
mentioned because they were not in season (e.g. asparagus).

1.2.1 Key contributions and limitations

A detailed study of fruit and vegetable production and its contribution to Greenhouse Gas
Emissions (Garnett, 2006) stated that no work had been carried out which examined
where produce was sourced from. This study provides data on this topic for the largest
wholesale market in the North of England. However, the results we report do have a
number of limitations that needs to be highlighted.
Firstly, two of the traders surveyed who did not provide details about where they source
their produce from are also customers for a business that operates at NSM working
directly with local growers (Hesketh Bank and Ormskirk area). This means that there will
be some under reporting of the range of produce available from the North West. Resource
constraints, access to traders and their time pressures meant that this was unavoidable.
Were the study to be repeated sufficient time should be built into the project to enable all
the traders surveyed to provide details on sourcing of produce they sell on NSM.
Secondly, we were not able to collect data on volume of produce sold through the market.
This was largely because traders did not keep records that we could easily interrogate to
estimate how much of any item was sold. To undertake this type of work would require
considerable resources as well as a large amount of time from traders, who would need to
collate information. It is unlikely that agreement to do this could be obtained.
Consequently, this report provides information about what is sold, where it is sold and
where produce is sourced, but it does not provide information about how much is sold
through NSM.

2 Background to New Smithfield Market

New Smithfield Market (NSM) is situated off Ashton Old Road in Openshaw (2.5 miles
from the city centre). The market was re-located out of the City Centre (Shude Hill area) in
the 1970s to reduce traffic congestion and provide a modern market environment. The
Market is owned by Manchester City Council and has 62 tenants, ranging from fruit and
vegetable wholesalers (19 in total) through to Catering Service Traders (10 in total). The
market runs six days per week from 2.30am – 1.00pm with a ‘car boot’ market on
Sundays.
Manchester City Council describes the market on their website as:
‘Manchester's premier wholesale market offers the widest choice of fresh produce
in the North West, bringing you the freshest salads, fruits, vegetables and fish from
around the globe - giving you the opportunity to offer your customers the very best.’
This is the largest wholesale market in the North West of England. Traders will often sell
‘Secondary Wholesale’ (i.e. selling on to other wholesalers rather than to retailers or the
catering trade) throughout the North. With the growing dominance of supermarkets,
independent retail has shrunk and as a consequence wholesale market business has
fallen and smaller traders have gone out of business. This fall has been buoyed up a little
by a strong Asian retail sector and growing catering ‘prep’ business (there is a 2:1 ratio of
Wholesale to Catering Service traders on NSM).

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3 How does the market work?

This section of the report provides some background to the complexity of New Smithfield
Market before we outline the results of the survey of traders in section 4. The aim of this
section is to understand the way that NSM works, so that any further discussion about
increasing access to local fruit and vegetables can be had with a practical understanding
of this context.

3.1 Wholesalers

New Smithfield Market has 19 fruit and vegetable wholesale businesses, three work from a
single unit, nine have 2-3 units and seven enterprises have 4 or more units. The largest
wholesaler on the market has eight units in total with a turnover of £25 million (Trader 22).
The traders prime function is to buy and sell fruit and vegetables, the difference between
the buying and selling price will cover running costs and provide a surplus to the business.

3.2 Agents

Generally traders buy fruit and vegetables through an agent. Produce is brought on
transport arranged by the agent. Traders will buy from a number of agents who effectively
act as brokers, in some cases they may purchase an entire crop from a farmer, arrange
transportation and sell this on to a range of end markets. The Netherlands and France act
as bulking areas for fruit and vegetables coming in to the UK from all over Europe (by
road), both organic wholesalers on NSM have agents located in The Netherlands and
France. Amongst those surveyed, one trader, buys directly from growers in Pakistan and
arranges transport, effectively organising the whole process.

3.3 Trading Activity

NSM traders have daily contact with agents and local growers, checking produce
availability and prices. For local produce an order can be placed in the morning, it will be
put on transport and arrive on the market in the early evening before the traders start work
the next day. For orders from The Netherlands next day delivery is available and from
France it takes 2 days. Traders may sell to order (specifically the organic growers) or
speculatively. Customers include secondary wholesale (both on NSM and other wholesale
markets), catering (either on or off the market), retailers from the North West, hotels,
cafés, bars, restaurants, sandwich bars, delicatessens and nursing homes. For example,
Trader 11 purchases from the wholesale traders, going out every morning to check
produce and prices, and prepare orders for restaurants, sandwich bars and nursing homes
which they then deliver to.
Other traders (e.g. Trader 1) import directly from Pakistan but also purchase other produce
from traders on the market, which they would describe as sourced in the UK (i.e. NSM)
despite the fact that it may have originally have been sourced from anywhere in the world.
Trader 3 also purchases largely from other traders on the market, basing their choices
largely on price.

2
Traders have been anonymised in this report and are referred to using ‘trader 1’, ‘trader 2’ etc. throughout.

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3.4 Transportation

The market has one business that provides market transport. Transport bringing produce
to the wholesalers will pick up all orders from an area destined for NSM; this is arranged
by the agent. In addition to this business two other companies from Hesketh Bank and
Tarleton also buy produce to order from other growers for traders on NSM and provide
transportation for other growers sending produce direct to traders. One of these also
grows parsley and reported that these varied activities have created a business worth
£200,000 in addition to the growing of parsley3.
Where it is not sourced in the UK, soft high value produce (e.g. herbs) with limited shelf life
will be air freighted. Everything else will arrive by road (curtain-sided lorries for European
produce and containers for further a field) and sea.

3.5 Deliveries

Traders sell to a range of businesses and will either load up a customers own vehicle
(from cars to curtain-sided lorries) or deliver it direct to them. Most traders have their own
delivery vehicles, certain traders focus on buying from wholesalers, preparing customer
orders and delivering e.g.Trader 11. Traders deliver as far north as Cumbria, west to
North Wales, south to Birmingham and east over to Sheffield.

3.6 Products sold

Most of the traders surveyed sell both fruit and vegetables. Trader 8concentrates entirely
on vegetables and Trader 5 generates 87.5% of their income from fruit sales. One Asian
trader (Trader 1) was surveyed and they import specific fruit and vegetables for the Asian
market and have established suppliers in Pakistan (or elsewhere in South Asia) that they
deal directly with. Other produce sold by Trader 1 is purchased from traders on the
market4.
Those traders with a catering focus have a higher proportion of non-fruit and vegetable
items sold. Trader 3 brings in additional produce such as vegetable oils, olive oil, catering
sized tins of tomatoes etc. to provide more of a 'one-stop-shop' for catering customers.
Details of non fruit and vegetable sales are not included in this report.

3
This business model would merit further research.
4
This means that although specific items were seen to be from the UK (when answering the survey) they
could have come from other countries, but for this trader they were sourced in the UK.

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Figure 1: Types of fruit and vegetables sold through NSM

Figure 1 summarises the types of fruit and vegetables sold through NSM. Brassicas and
leaf vegetables account for the largest proportion of different types but as stated in section
1.2 there is no information about volume for each category across the market. Table 1
below summarises the range sold by individual traders surveyed.

Table 1: Range of Fruit and vegetables stocked by individual traders

Trader Items stocked by trader
Fruit and/or Vegetables sold
when surveyed
Trader 1 Fruit & Vegetables 21
Trader 2 Fruit & Vegetables 76
Trader 3 Fruit & Vegetables 45
Trader 4 Fruit & Vegetables 73
Trader 5 Fruit & Vegetables 46
Trader 6 (organic) Fruit & Vegetables 57
Trader 7 (organic) Fruit & Vegetables 576
Trader 8 Vegetables 56

5
As outlined in section 3.3 above this company purchase mainly from other traders on the market. They
stock many more items than this, but only 4 were provided with detailed information about source.
6
This company stocks a wide variety of produce. The number of items here relates to types of vegetable
(e.g. squash) rather than different types of (they listed 19 different squash varieties on their price list).

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3.7 Seasonal variation

The global market in fruit and vegetables has resulted in increased year round availability
and therefore a move away from seasonal foods on the wholesale market. For example,
strawberries are available throughout the year, English and Scottish strawberries will be
available in the English season, glasshouse strawberries from Spain and The Netherlands
for the remainder.

The European growing season will grow most of what is sold on the market for nine
months of the year (with obvious exceptions – bananas, papayas, pineapples, lemons,
limes, okra etc.) with Southern Hemisphere filling in any gaps. Wholesalers selling to
caterers did report an increase in demand for local in season produce and traders reported
no problems meeting this demand. However, the same traders also added that if local
produce was not available then businesses were happy to accept alternatives. The main
local growing area stretches from Ormskirk up to Hesketh Bank.

4 The present trading environment

We asked traders general questions about their sales volume and whether the amounts
were increasing or decreasing compared to last year.7 The picture provided was variable,
although there was a clear distinction between the organic traders and those selling non
organic produce. Both organic traders said that they had experienced a decrease in sales,
(40% and 3.4% the latter are figures for April-October 2008). One trader said:
'organic is the first to go in a credit crunch'
In contrast only one non organic trader reported a decrease in sales. Four said that their
volumes had stayed the same and three said that their volumes had increased.
Importantly for the UK market, the Soil Association's Organic Market Report for 2009
found that:
“There is a core of consumers who are in no mood to ditch their commitment to
organic products. They are more likely to cut their spending on eating out, leisure
activities and holidays than reduce what they spend on organic food. They would
rather economise by buying cheaper cuts of organic meat or buying frozen organic
vegetables than by compromising their organic principles. 36% of these committed
organic consumers expect to spend more on organic food in 2009, and only 15%
expect to spend less.” (Cottingham & Leech, 2009, p. 3)
The report goes onto conclude that:
“Despite tough market conditions for many producers there are significant
opportunities to increase UK organic vegetable and fruit production to meet demand
and reduce reliance on imports.” (Cottingham & Leech, 2009, p. 7).

7
The task of gathering accurate data about volume of produce sold on NSM is very difficult and one which
this study did not have the resources to tackle. It is an important area for future research.

8
5 Fruit and Vegetables

This section of the report aims to address the following questions:

 Where do fruit and vegetables sold at NSM originate from?
 How much produce is sourced locally and from the UK?
 Where does produce purchased at NSM go?
Data were analysed by category of fruit or vegetable, with 7 categories of vegetable and 4
categories of fruit. These were:
Vegetables Fruit8
Brassicas Acid Fruit (e.g. citrus fruit, strawberries)
Fruit Vegetables (e.g. courgettes, tomatoes) Alkaline Fruit (e.g. cooking apples)
Leaf Vegetables Sub Acidic Fruit (e.g. dessert apples)
Pods and Seeds (e.g. French beans) Melons
Root Vegetables
Tubers (e.g. Potatoes)
Other Vegetables (includes herbs)

To illustrate some of the issues highlighted by this study we have focused on sourcing of
fruit looking at the case of Apples (section 5.1.1 below) and fruit vegetables which includes
many of the Mediterranean crops that are increasingly popular with consumers (section
5.12 below). Full details broken down by category can be found in Appendix 2.

5.1 Where do fruit and vegetables sold at NSM originate from?

Like all wholesale markets, NSM imports fruit and vegetables from Europe, Asia,
Australasia, North, Central and South America and Africa. All traders were asked to
identify where they sourced their produce from. Not all traders provided detailed
information, consequently the information provided in this section of the report is drawn
from a subset of those surveyed (8 traders, 2 of whom sold organic produce).
Results from this study show that a range of vegetables (less fruit) are sourced from the
UK, but that very limited amounts are sourced locally. Organic traders on the market do try
to source from the UK, but only a small number of items are sourced in the North West.
One organic trader provided a price list for the week the business was surveyed, and this
showed that 53% of stock items were sourced from the UK but only 5% were sourced in
the North West9. The majority of stock is listed as sourced from the UK, with the most
common location stated being Lincoln (11 items). However, the majority of the items listed
only state 'UK' .
As NSM is the most significant source of fruit and vegetables in the region (and the north
of England) for the independent retail sector, we can say with some certainty that it is not
currently possible for Manchester's food supply to be sourced without major haulage of
food from other parts of the UK and significant imports of produce. However overall these
results suggest that there is potential for increasing local sourcing, and considerable scope
for increasing local production.
Whilst it is recognised that yields of Mediterranean vegetables may be lower in the North
West, use of renewable technologies to provide heat for under cover growing would
8
For a breakdown of fruit classification used see http://www.internethealthlibrary.com
9
57 different types of fruit and vegetables 30 listed as UK sourced with only 3 sourced locally (Lancashire)

9
address the issue of CO2 use to grow these crops (Garnett, 2006). Within a programme
of contraction and mitigation, it is essential that local food production capacity is increased
and significant investment needs to occur for this to happen.
Given the dependence on oil required by non organic agriculture (i.e. oil based fertilisers)
we would also strongly recommend that organic agriculture be promoted. This could
include both with existing producers and new sites as there is very limited organic growing
in the North West and within the areas close to Greater Manchester in particular10.
This section of the report summarises some key points from the research which
demonstrate the need for action. Full results can be found in appendix 2.

5.1.1 Sourcing of fruit

The majority of the fruit sold at the market (organic and non organic) was sourced
overseas. Amongst some categories of produce this pattern was very evident. Acid fruit
(this includes citrus, cranberries, gooseberries and kiwi) mainly came a considerable
distance. Within this category. only gooseberries were sourced from England (and only
from the UK), but where in the UK was not known. The distances this type of fruit travelled
were extensive, with USA, South Africa, South and Central America, Dominican Republic,
Mexico, Brazil, Pakistan and New Zealand, the furthest. Closer to home, some kiwi fruit
came from Italy (but also New Zealand), and oranges and lemons from Spain or Italy (but
could also have travelled from South Africa, USA, Central America or South America).
If we compare this with apples (any type), a crop which can be grown successfully in the
UK, sadly the picture is not much better, despite the time frame of the research being
within the English apple season. Table 2 below details where traders sourced their apples.
Two traders surveyed were offering English apples of four that listed apples as a stock
item. Apples were being imported from 'Europe' South Africa, China, USA and South
Africa (one traders list of locations), whilst others listed France and Italy as favoured
European sources followed by Chile, South Africa and New Zealand.

Table 2: Sourcing of Apples

Organic Category11 Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK UK
Trader? location 1 location 2
No Alkaline Europe South China USA South
Africa Africa
Yes Alkaline France Nether-
lands
Yes Sub acidic France Italy South New
Africa Zealand
Yes Alkaline England Italy France East Hereford
Sussex shire
No Alkaline France Italy Chile England

One trader commented:

“15 years ago we were able to buy a minimum of 6 varieties, now at least half of the
English apples season is taken up selling Belgium apples” (Trader 9).

10
This can be seen by looking at maps which show the number of organic farming scheme sites in the area
(see www.magic.gov.uk) This is a scheme that offers payments to farmers to help them convert and
maintain their farm under organic management to benefit the environment.

11
Alkaline apples are cooking apples and sub acidic dessert apples

10
There is no reason for apples to be shipped from the southern hemisphere for large
portions of the year, when apples grow very successfully in the UK climate. English
apples varieties can be available from August until the following March or April, yet for the
majority of the year they are not available in supermarkets (Clifford et al., 2007), or on
NSM.
Between 2001 and 2004 the UK lost 21% (12,000 acres) of the area that once grew
popular cooking and eating varieties. This came after a 57% loss of orchards since the
second world war (Clifford et al., 2007, p. 26). It is therefore essential that those remaining
orchards are supported (by buying their produce, preferably locally) and that land is
identified to establish new orchards with a range of apple varieties so that the amount
imported can be reduced. This is something that can be achieved on small plots of land in
urban areas. It requires a long term commitment and one that urgently needs addressing
with funding to facilitate Yorkshire orchards claim to have more than 100 varieties of
desert and cooking apple, all planted since 2002 (Clifford et al., 2007, p.29).

5.1.2 Fruit vegetables

Given the timing of the survey (September-October 2008), at a point where UK fruit
vegetable produce is in season we can examine the extent to which local (UK) produce is
available through NSM. Fruit vegetables grown in the UK include courgettes,
squash/pumpkin, cucumber, tomatoes, chilli peppers, peppers (sweet), and aubergine12.
These results show that there is good UK sourcing of fruit vegetables, though the survey
did not find much evidence of sourcing in the North West region. Cucumber, Peppers and
Tomatoes were sourced in Lancashire/Hesketh Bank. A very wide range of squash (19
different varieties) was available from a organic trader sourced from Lincolnshire. Some
fruit vegetable produce was imported from a considerable distance; chilli peppers from
Thailand, Kenya, Ghana and Egypt. Only one trader mentioned chilli peppers sourced in
England. Similarly, Aubergines had travelled from Jamaica, Kenya and Ghana when other
traders were purchasing them from England, The Netherlands, Italy and Spain.
These results mask an underlying issue – price. When asked about sourcing food grown
locally traders said that price was a key factor. This means that UK growers face a
challenge competing on price with produce imported from overseas where labour costs
may be lower, different subsidies may be in place and where climatic conditions mean that
yields are better (Garnett, 2006). Table 3 below shows where fruit vegetables are being
sourced on NSM. Each row in the table represents a trader response on sourcing this
vegetable. Traders detailed countries or regions they sourced produce from and these are
listed below. If data were provided about UK sourcing this is listed separately.

Table 3: Fruit vegetable sources

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1
Aubergine Italy Spain Netherlands England N/S
Aubergine Italy Spain
Aubergine England Netherlands Spain N/S
Aubergine Kenya Jamaica Ghana
Aubergine Netherlands Spain
Aubergine Netherlands Spain
Avocado Israel South Africa Spain South America
Avocado South Africa
Avocado Israel South Africa

12
Avocado is excluded from the table as it cannot be grown in the UK at present. N/S means the trader did
not state where in the UK they sourced an item.

11
Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1
Avocado Italy South Africa N/S
Avocado Israel Spain
Chilli Peppers Netherlands Thailand Israel Egypt
Chilli Peppers Kenya Ghana
Chilli Peppers Italy
Chilli Peppers England Netherlands Egypt N/S
Courgette England Spain France Netherlands N/S
Courgette Italy England Spain Netherlands N/S
Courgette UK Italy France
Courgette England Netherlands Italy France Spain
Courgette Spain UK N/S
Cucumber England Netherlands
Cucumber England Netherlands Spain N/S
Cucumber UK Italy Spain Lancs
Cucumber England Netherlands Spain N/S
Cucumber Cyprus Netherlands
(Baby)
Peppers England Netherlands Spain Morocco
Peppers UK France Italy Lancs
Peppers England Netherlands Spain Poland N/S
Peppers Netherlands England Spain N/S
Squash N/S
Squash Greece Honduras
Squash England Netherlands N/S
Squash Croatia
Squash France UK Italy Lincoln
Tomatoes England France Spain Netherlands Spain N/S

Tomatoes England Netherlands France Hesketh

Bank
Tomatoes Netherlands Spain
Tomatoes UK Italy France Spain Lancs
Tomatoes Poland England Netherlands Spain Spain

Tomatoes Italy

5.1.3 High Value crops and Urban agriculture

There are a range of high value crops that are ideally suited to being grown on small scale
urban or peri-urban sites. The survey of traders at NSM shows that herbs and salad crops,
both of which have a very short shelf life, are being sold on the market, but that in some
cases these are coming from a distance, despite these items not being suited to long
distance transportation. Table 4 details where herbs and salad leaves are sourced by
traders.

Table 4: Herbs and salad crops

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 UK1
Coriander Cyprus India England N/S
Coriander England Cyprus N/S
Coriander England Cyprus Spain N/S
Coriander UK Lincoln
Coriander England France N/S

12
 Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 UK1
Dill England N/S
Lettuce Spain Netherlands United Kingdom N/S
Lettuce United Kingdom Netherlands Spain
Lettuce United Kingdom France Lincoln
Lettuce Spain United Kingdom N/S
Lettuce United Kingdom Spain
Lettuce United Kingdom France N/S
Mint Cyprus England N/S
Mint England N/S
Mint England Cyprus N/S
Mint England Israel Cyprus N/S
Parsley United Kingdom Italy France N/S
Parsley Italy United Kingdom N/S
Parsley Cyprus United Kingdom N/S
Parsley United Kingdom France Lincoln
Parsley United Kingdom Missing N/S
Parsley United Kingdom Italy N/S
Rocket Italy

This will be the best picture available for UK herb and salad produce, as early autumn is
an abundant time for these crops in the UK. Yet it is possible to grow these crops for a
large portion of the year in the UK. One example of a successful business that does this is
Glebelands Market Garden, a one hectare site in Sale. Produce is sold direct to Unicorn
Grocery, travelling just 3 miles from the market garden to the shop.
Once again, if small parcels of land were given over to urban growing within greater
Manchester and funding were available for infrastructure to purchase renewable
technologies to warm under cover growing during the cooler months it would be possible
to source these items more locally without increasing the amount of CO2 produced in their
production (Garnett, 2006).

5.1.4 Who buys from New Smithfield Market?

Traders were questioned on their end markets for fruit and vegetables (both geographical
and type).

Table 5: Where produce purchased from NSM goes

Percentage sales figures
Trader Greater Manchester Other UK locations13
Trader 11 100 -
Trader 4 100 -
Trader 9 90 10
Trader 10 80 20
Trader 8 75 25
Trader 1 75 25
Trader 5 50 50
Trader 3 40 60
Trader 2 40 60
Trader 6 25 75
Trader 7 10 90

13
Includes Birmingham, Sheffield, Kendal, North Wales.

13
Table 5 shows that six of the traders surveyed sell 75% or more of their produce within
Greater Manchester, with two traders selling exclusively within the area. Both Organic
traders sell a higher percentage of their produce to other UK locations.

14
Table 6: Breakdown of Traders' customers
Customer Types (%)
Trader Secondary Processing Retailers Restaurants/Bars Hotels Box Schemes Nursing Homes Sandwich Total
wholesale Caterers Shops / Delis
Trader 11 37 33 30 100
Trader 7 30 5 60 5 100
Trader 6 40 10 50 100
Trader 8 30 50 20 100
Trader 9 50 40 10 100
Trader 5 15 15 70 100
Trader 10 30 70 100
Trader 4 40 50 10 100
Trader 3 80 20 100
Trader 2 12 45 43 100
Trader 1 2 98 100

Four traders reported a significant percentage of their trade as secondary wholesale. Seven traders also reported a proportion of their trade with
processing caterers (in some cases these are also located within NSM). The majority of trade was retailers, a customer base for all traders. Both
organic traders have a fairly balanced mix of retailers and box schemes, a customer type that does not feature amongst the non-organic traders.

15
6 Innovation and potential for local growing

All traders surveyed were asked if they were aware of any local growers as well as any
information they had about innovative growers. Amongst the traders that had been on the
market for decades the most interesting observations were about a loss of local growers,
as land previously used for growing food had been sold off to developers. Other traders
who had been on the market for a long time spoke of the difficulties of competing with
cheaper imported produce and the impact that this had had on local production and
availability.
Historically, the area stretching from Ormskirk to Hesketh Bank was filled with tomato
growers who grew under glass using coal fuelled heaters for the greenhouses. The demise
of the local tomato came in the 1970s when growers switched to oil heaters (easier to use)
and were subsequently hit by the 1970s OPEC oil crisis. Many growers moved over to
growing bedding plants because they can stand a little frost (and therefore require no
energy input to keep them warm) and were not as labour intensive as tomatoes. Twenty
years ago one trader talked of delivering 2000 boxes of tomatoes per night in the season,
now this number has dwindled to just 100. Another issue in terms of supply for NSM
mentioned by traders was that any English tomatoes being grown are tied up with
supermarket contracts. The price of UK produce was also discussed, Jersey tomatoes
costing £7.50/box compared to locally grown ones which are priced at £10/box (Trader 9)
Whilst one trader stated that the area still supports around 300 growers of vegetables and
salads (lettuce) supplying a range of end markets, this is clearly a contraction from what
there once was. In addition to the switch from tomato growing, the area has seen
agricultural land being swallowed up by larger growers with supermarket contracts,
reducing the supply of produce available for the wholesale market further.
There was also a sense that there was a shortage of local growers, and that this situation
was unlikely to improve given the current economic situation. Organic traders stated that
the interest in local sourcing amongst their customer base had dropped off as people strive
to cut costs. This was also apparent in their trading volumes, which had fallen compared to
the previous year. This pattern was not found amongst the non organic traders surveyed,
who generally did not report a fall in business. Given the commitment to local sourcing
amongst organic traders the fall in organic trade is a worrying trend, both for wholesalers
and the businesses supplying them.
Innovative growers or business practices mentioned by traders included:
• Brian's Salads at Hesketh Bank who is adding value to growers lettuce
through bagging it.
• Blaire's, an organic grower - growing in polytunnels and use wood burning
stoves to heat them. Their tomatoes are sold to supermarkets.
• H &P Ashcroft (near Preston) is growing unusual organic vegetables, for
example purple carrots and golden beetroot.

16
7 How much waste is generated by the market?

The Kindling Trust asked for information about Smithfield Market's waste, including waste
disposal methods because the amount of waste generation is clearly an indicator of scale.
Fairfield Materials Management (Fairfield) has played an active role in sustainable waste
management on NSM since 2003 when a pilot composting system was introduced. The
market now diverts pallets, cardboard and plastic for recycling and all organic material for
composting through Fairfield's in-vessel composting system (a Vertical Composting Unit -
VCU).This pioneering work offers a opportunity to develop a closed loop system that
allows local growers to return once-wasted nutrients to their land in a sustainable and
efficient manner.

7.1 Fairfield Materials Management

Recycling has increased from 8% in 2003 to 58% in 2007, this is expected to be 60%> in
2008. Table 7 provides a breakdown of the markets waste streams sent to landfill and
recycled or composted.

Table7: New Smithfield Market Waste 2003 to 2008

Type of waster treatment (tonnes)
Year Compactor – REL – Pallets – Cardboard Composting – Plastic Total % Recycled
landfill landfill Recycled – recycled fruit veg card recycled
2003 783 2992 0 0 374 0 4149 8
2004 1777 2782 389 45 639 0 5633 19
2005 1500 1159 434 267 1188 0 4548 41
2006 996 107 297 110 1934 18 4212 56
2007 2041 0 294 132 2375 10.51 4841 58
2008 1020.29 0 208.42 111.67 1672.56 18.91 3013 66
Source: Fairfield Materials Management

The market has 2 in-house cleaners that collect pallets and cardboard for recycling,
contracted cleaners (Resource) clean the market and divert plastic off the market for
recycling, collect and empty recycling bins for catering traders (plastic, cardboard and fruit
and veg – see picture below) and collect and dispose of residual waste (into the NSM
compactors) in electric vehicles. Residual waste is a mix of waste left on the ground by
traders, it still contains plastic, cardboard/wood, organics that could be recycled or
composted.
Fairfield process all of the fruit and vegetables (removing plastic for recycling), and
composting this with green waste (woody material imported from GM Waste, skip hire
companies etc.). Material is shredded and fed into the VCUs for a minimum of 7 days
residence time, temperatures are in excess of 60°C which effectively kills off seeds and
pathogens. Compost is then stacked for a further 10 – 15 weeks on site, it is finally sieved
through a trommel (this separates compost for sale from the remaining wood content that
is re-processed) and stored ready for sale. End markets include councils, landscapers,
organic growers, allotment holders, schools, householders etc.

17
Stages of Fairfield composting process:
Waste Produce: Plastic Baler: Cardboard: De Packaged Produce:

Shredding: Green Waste: VCUs: Compost Delivery:

8 Conclusions and recommendations

This report set out to:

• Illustrate how New Smithfield Market works, defining the roles of traders, agents,
transporters etc.
• Locate the source of fruit and vegetables sold on NSM, how they are transported to
NSM and who they are sold to.
• Identify good practice as well as potential and innovation of local growing.
• Summarise the interest in and demand for locally produced fruit and vegetables.
The key conclusion from the report is that it is not currently possible for Manchester's food
supply to be sourced without major haulage of food from other parts of the UK and
significant imports of produce. Within a programme of contraction and mitigation it is
essential that local food production capacity is increased and significant investment needs
to occur for this to happen.

Recommendations
The recommendations from this report are:
• Further research is needed to explore the capacity for North West fruit and vegetable
production and to identify barriers to sale of locally produced food at NSM.
• Support is required to enable existing North West producers to develop partnerships
with traders on NSM to increase the volume of locally sourced produce.
• Fruit and vegetable production in the North West needs to be boosted with support and
training provided at all levels to increase capacity for sustainable food production.
• Funding should be provided to support development of urban food growing
opportunities which would also establish trading links with NSM.
• Given the dependence on oil required by non organic agriculture (i.e. oil based
fertilisers) we would strongly recommend that organic agriculture be promoted, both
with existing producers and new sites.

18
  Infrastructure funding needs to be provided for using technologies to help boost
yields of high value tender crops and Mediterranean produce

9 References

Capital Growth. 2008. Capital Growth: The campaign for 2,012 new food growing spaces
in London. Available at: http://www.capitalgrowth.org/ [Accessed November 5, 2008].
Clifford, S., King, A. & Davenport, P., 2007. The Apple Source Book: Particular uses for
diverse apples, London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Cottingham, M. & Leech, A., 2009. Organic Market Report 2009, Soil Association, Bristol.
Ellen, D., 2009. Farmers Markets: a case study of local food supply in Greater Manchester
The Kindling Trust, Manchester.
Food Futures. 2007. A Food Strategy for Manchester, Food Futures , Manchester City
Council, Manchester. Available at: http://www.foodfutures.info/site/images/stories/food
%20futures%20strategy%202007.pdf [Accessed May 21, 2009]
Garnett, T., 2006. Fruit and vegetables & UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Exploring the
relationship, Food Climate Research Network. Available at:
http://www.fcrn.org.uk/frcnPubs/publications/PDFs/fruitandvegpaperfinal22Sept2006.pdf
[Accessed February 5, 2009].
Garnett, T., 2003. Wise Moves: Exploring the Relationship Between Food,
Transport and CO2, London: Transport 2000 Trust. Available at:
www.bettertransport.org.uk/system/files/wise_moves_report.pdf [Accessed February 18,
2009].
Pretty, J.N., 2002. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature, Earthscan,
London.
Ricketts Hein, J., Ilbery, B. & Kneafsey, M., 2006. Distribution of local food activity in
England and Wales: An index of food relocalization. Regional Studies, 40(3), 289-301.
de Selincourt, K., 1997. Local Harvest: Delicious Ways to Save the Planet, London:
Lawrence & Wishart Ltd

Seymour, J., 1991. Changing Lifestyles: Living as Though the World Mattered, Gollancz,
London.

Soil Association, 2008. An inconvenient truth about food: Neither secure, nor resilient,
Bristol: Soil Association. Available at: http://www.soilassociation.org [Accessed February
23, 2009].

Sustain, 2008. Ethical Hijack: why the terms 'local', 'seasonal' and 'farmers' market' should
be defended from abuse by the food industry, London: Sustain. Available at:
http://www.sustainweb.org/publications/ [Accessed February 18, 2009]

Sustain, 2009. Awards won by Sustain and its staff [online] available at:
http://www.sustainweb.org/about/awards_won_by_sustain_and_its_staff/ [Accessed May
21 2009]

19
Appendices

20
Appendix 1: Questionnaire
Business Name:

Contact Name:

Telephone Number:
The Kindling Trust is at the very early stages of establishing a rural base in the
Email: North West of England to work towards a just and ecologically sustainable
society. Our work will focus on the following themes:
Address:
Sustainable Production: by supporting and establishing a rural social enterprise
business with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally
reinvested for that purpose. Networks of small producers, which combines the
benefits of local supply with national co-ordination and marketing.

Sustainable Living: by demonstrating that it is possible to live well whilst

1. How much fruit and vegetables do you sell every year? minimising the ecological impact of our actions and acknowledging the need to
Fruit figures Vegetable figures share global resources more equitably, recognising rights, equality and
responsibilities at a local and international level.

Sustainable Activism: by promoting a way of working and living that enables

Value in pounds £: Value in pounds £:
everyone to take part and have their say, dealing with problems at their root
cause and supporting people to develop their ideas and push for positive social
change.

Amount in kg/tonne: Amount in kg/tonne:

2. Is this amount increasing or decreasing?

3. Why do you think the amount sold is increasing/decreasing? 4 Other comments about sales

21
5. Where is the country of origin of each of these items (please mark n/a if it is something you do not sell).
5a. Fruit
Alkaline Fruit: Origin Subacidic Fruit: Origin Acid Fruits: Origin
Apples Apples Oranges
All Sweet Grapes Peaches Grapefruit
Fresh Figs Nectarines Pineapples
Dates Pears Strawberries
Figs Cherries Pomegranates
Raisins Papayas Lemons
Prunes Mangos Kiwi Fruit
Apricots Apricots Kumquats
Peaches Plums Gooseberries
Bananas Blueberries Cranberries
Cherries Raspberries Limes
Bananas Blackberries

Melons:
Watermelon
Honeydew Melon
Cantaloupe

5b. Main transport routes for fruit? Which fruits have a different route? Is fruit transported by a third party?

5c. Vegetables

22
Leaf Vegetables: Origin Brassicas: Origin Tubers: Origin
Lettuce Broccoli New potatoes
Spinach Purple Sprouting Main Potatoes
Cauliflower
Parsley Jerusalem Artichoke
Watercress Summer Cabbage Sweet Potato
Winter Cabbage
Others Savoy Cabbage Root Vegetables:
Celery Spring Cabbage Carrots
Rhubarb Spring Greens Parsnips
Fennel Whilte Cabbage Turnip
Asparagus Red Cabbage Celeriac
Globe Artichoke Curly Kale Beetroot
Shallots Kohlrabi Radish
Onions Brussel Sprouts
Spring Onions
Leeks
Garlic
Chives

Fruit Vegetables: Origin Pod and Seeds: Origin Other Origin

Tomatoes Pea Okra
Aubergine Broad Bean Mushrooms
Peppers French Bean Coriander
Chilli Peppers Runner Bean Mint
Cucumber Sweetcorn Dill
Courgette
Squash
Gourds
Avocado
5d. Main transport routes for vegetables, which vegetables have a different route? Is Veg transported by a third party?

6. Who do you sell fruit and vegetables to? % split and location

23
7. Have you witnessed a growing demand for loacl and seasonal fruit and vegetables?

8. What problems do you experience in trying to meet this demand / How would you meet this demand if needed?

9. Are you aware of any local growers?

10. Are you aware of particularly innovative growers?

24
Appendix 2 Fruit and vegetables sources

Fruit sources:
Source data for Acid Fruit
Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1
Cranberries USA
Cranberries USA
Cranberries USA
Gooseberries England
Gooseberries England
Grapefruit South Africa
Grapefruit South Africa Italy Spain
Grapefruit Turkey Cyprus Spain South Africa
Grapefruit South America South Africa
Kiwi Fruit New Zealand Italy
Kiwi Fruit New Zealand Italy France
Kiwi Fruit New Zealand Italy France
Kiwi Fruit Italy Chile
Kiwi Fruit New Zealand
Kumquats Israel
Lemon Europe Central America South America North America
Lemon Spain South Africa
Lemon Spain Italy
Lemon Spain South Africa Argentina
Lemons Italy Spain
Lime Brazil
Limes Dominican Republic France
Limes Brazil Mexico
Limes Dominican Republic Mexico
Limes Central America South America Spain
Oranges14 Spain South Africa
Oranges Europe Central America South America USA

14
This trader sources oranges from Spain in the winter and South Africa in the summer.

25
 Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1
Oranges South Africa
Oranges South America South Africa Spain
Oranges Italy Spain South Africa
Oranges Pakistan
Pineapple Central America Africa
Pineapple South America
Pineapple Costa Rica
Pineapple Ghana
Pomegranate Middle East Spain Israel
Pomegranates Spain
Pomegranates Spain
Pomegranates Spain
Pomegranates Egypt Spain Israel USA
Pomegranates Egypt India
Strawberries Scotland Spain N/S
Strawberries England Scotland Belgium Netherlands Spain
Strawberries England Scotland Spain Australia
Strawberries France Spain

Source data for Alkaline Fruit

Description Location1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK1 UK2
Apples France South Africa
Apples France Netherlands
Apples Europe South Africa China USA South Africa
Apples England Italy France East Sussex Herefordshire
Apples France Italy Chile England
Apricots France Spain South Africa
Apricots Spain France South Africa
Apricots Spain France
Bananas West Indies Mexico South America Africa
Bananas Columbia
Bananas Dominican Republic
Bananas South America
Bananas Dominican Republic

26
Description Location1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK1 UK2
Cherries Turkey France USA
Cherries Europe USA Turkey Canada
Cherries France England N/S
Cherries France Turkey Italy USA Croatia
Dates Jordan Saudi Arabia
Dates Tunisia
Dates Tunisia Israel
Dates USA Tunisia
Figs Turkey
Fresh Figs Turkey
Fresh Figs Turkey
Fresh Figs Turkey
Fresh Figs France
Peaches Greece Italy South Africa Chile
Peaches Italy France
Peaches Italy France Spain South Africa
Prunes USA
Raisins Turkey
Sweet Italy France
Grapes
Sweet Spain Italy
Grapes
Sweet Italy France
Grapes
Sweet France Spain Italy Chile South Africa
Grapes
Sweet Spain Italy South Africa
Grapes

Source data for Sub acidic Fruit

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1
Apples France Italy South Africa New Zealand
Apricots South Africa France Spain
Blackberries France
Blueberries South America England
Blueberries USA Netherlands Belgium
Blueberries France
Mango Spain

27
Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1
Mango Mexico India Pakistan
Mango Pakistan India Dominican Republic Israel
Mango Pakistan India
Mango Brazil
Mango Spanish Mexico Dominican Republic
Nectarines Spain France South Africa
Nectarines Greece Italy South Africa Chile
Nectarines Italy France
Nectarines France Italy Spain Chile South Africa
Papaya Ghana
Papaya South America
Papaya Australia?
Papaya Brazil
Pears England France Australia Chile South Africa
Pears Netherlands Italy South Africa
Pears Italy France
Pears France Italy Argentina England N/S
Pears England Netherlands Belgium
Plums France Italy Spain South Africa
Plums Italy
Plums France Spain Italy
Plums Europe South America
Plums England Spain Italy France South Africa
Raspberries France
Raspberries England Scotland South America
Raspberries England Scotland N/S

Source data for Melons

Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4
Iran Melon Iran Pakistan
Melon (unsure of type) Italy Spain France
Water melon France Spain
Water melon Spain Brazil
Water melon Spain Brazil Costa Rica Turkey

28
Vegetables

Source data for Brassicas

Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1 UK2
Broccoli Italy France England Spain
Broccoli Spain England
Broccoli Spain France England
Broccoli England France Spain N/S
Broccoli England Spain Italy
Broccoli UK France
Brussels Sprouts England Netherlands N/S
Brussels Sprouts England N/S
Brussels Sprouts Netherlands England France N/S
Brussels Sprouts England N/S
Brussels Sprouts England
Cauliflower UK France
Cauliflower England France Germany Lincolnshire
Cauliflower England France Spain N/S
Cauliflower France England Netherlands Germany N/S
Cauliflower France England
Curly Kale UK Lincoln
Curly Kale England
Curly Kale England N/S
Curly Kale England Italy N/S
Curly Kale England
Kohlrabi UK France Lincoln
Kohlrabi Netherlands
Kohlrabi Italy N/S
Kohlrabi England France N/S
Kohlrabi Italy
Purple S Broccoli England N/S
Purple S Broccoli England N/S
Purple S Broccoli England N/S
Purple S Broccoli England
Purple S Broccoli England Italy N/S

29
 Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1 UK2
Red Cabbage England N/S
Red Cabbage Italy England Netherlands
Red Cabbage Netherlands England N/S
Red Cabbage England Netherlands
Red Cabbage UK
Savoy Cabbage England Italy Portugal Spain France
Savoy Cabbage UK
Savoy Cabbage England N/S
Savoy Cabbage England N/S
Savoy Cabbage England Hesketh Bank Lincolnshire
Savoy Cabbage England Portugal N/S
Spring Cabbage England N/S
Spring Cabbage England
Spring Cabbage England N/S
Spring Cabbage England N/S
Spring Cabbage England Hesketh Bank Lincolnshire
Spring Cabbage UK
Spring Greens England N/S
Spring Greens England N/S
Spring Greens England Hesketh Bank Lincolnshire
Spring Greens UK
Spring Greens England N/S
Summer Cabbage England Hesketh Bank Lincolnshire
Summer Cabbage England
Summer Cabbage UK
Summer Cabbage England N/S
Summer Cabbage England N/S
White Cabbage England Netherlands N/S
White Cabbage UK
White Cabbage England Hesketh Bank Lincolnshire
White Cabbage England N/S
White Cabbage England Netherlands
Winter Cabbage Netherlands England Germany N/S
Winter Cabbage England Hesketh Bank Lincolnshire

30
 Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1 UK2
Winter Cabbage England N/S
Winter Cabbage England N/S
Winter Cabbage UK

Source data for Fruit Vegetables

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK1
Aubergine Italy Spain Netherlands England N/S
Aubergine Italy Spain
Aubergine England Netherlands Spain N/S
Aubergine Kenya Jamaica Ghana
Aubergine Netherlands Spain
Aubergine Netherlands Spain
Avocado Israel South Africa Spain South America
Avocado South Africa
Avocado Israel South Africa
Avocado Italy South Africa N/S
Avocado Israel Spain
Chilli Peppers Netherlands Thailand Israel Egypt
Chilli Peppers Kenya Ghana
Chilli Peppers Italy
Chilli Peppers England Netherlands Egypt N/S
Courgette England Spain France Netherlands N/S
Courgette Italy England Spain Netherlands N/S
Courgette UK Italy France
Courgette England Netherlands Italy France Spain
Courgette Spain UK N/S
Cucumber England Netherlands
Cucumber England Netherlands Spain N/S
Cucumber UK Italy Spain Lancs
Cucumber England Netherlands Spain N/S
Cucumber (Baby) Cyprus Netherlands
Peppers England Netherlands Spain Morocco
Peppers UK France Italy Lancs
Peppers England Netherlands Spain Poland N/S

31
 Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK1
Peppers Netherlands England Spain N/S
Squash N/S
Squash Greece Honduras
Squash England Netherlands N/S
Squash Croatia
Squash France UK Italy Lincoln
Tomatoes England France Spain Netherlands Canary Islands N/S
Tomatoes England Netherlands France Hesketh Bank
Tomatoes Netherlands Canary Islands
Tomatoes UK Italy France Spain Lancs
Tomatoes Poland England Netherlands Spain Canary Islands
Tomatoes Italy

Source data for Leaf vegetables

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1 UK 2
Asparagus South America USA
Asparagus England Spain N/S
Asparagus England France Argentina N/S
Asparagus England Lincolnshire Cheshire
Asparagus England Mexico N/S
Celery England Spain Israel
Celery England Spain Israel USA N/S
Celery England Spain France N/S
Celery Spain
Celery England Spain Netherlands N/S
Celery UK France Lincoln
Chives England Israel
Chives England N/S
Fennel Belgium
Fennel Italy N/S
Fennel England France Italy Belgium N/S
Fennel Netherlands
Fennel Italy ?

32
 Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1 UK 2
Garlic China Brazil
Garlic Pakistan India China
Garlic France Spain
Garlic China Spain
Garlic France Spain Argentina
Garlic France
Globe Artichoke Italy Egypt
Globe Artichoke France
Globe Artichoke England Netherlands N/S
Globe Artichoke France England N/S
Leeks England France N/S
Leeks Belgium France England N/S
Leeks UK France Lincoln
Leeks Belgium
Leeks England Netherlands
Leeks England Netherlands France
Lettuce Spain Netherlands England N/S
Lettuce England Netherlands Spain
Lettuce UK France Lincoln
Lettuce Spain UK N/S
Lettuce England France N/S
Lettuce England Spain
Onion England Spain N/S
Onions England N/S
Onions England Netherlands France Egypt Italy N/S
Onions Netherlands New Zealand Australia England N/S
Onions UK France Spain Netherlands Argentina
Onions England Netherlands Spain Chile Oceania N/S
Onions England Netherlands Spain Southern Hemisphere
Parsley Italy England N/S
Parsley England Lincoln
Parsley Cyprus England N/S
Parsley England Italy France
Parsley UK France N/S

33
 Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1 UK 2
Parsley England Italy
Rhubarb England Netherlands N/S
Rhubarb England Netherlands N/S
Rhubarb England Netherlands
Shallots France Italy England
Shallots England Netherlands France Lincolnshire Hesketh Bank
Shallots France Netherlands England N/S
Shallots France
Shallots France
Spinach UK France Lincoln
Spinach England Cyprus N/S
Spinach England Spain France
Spinach Cyprus England N/S
Spinach England Italy
Spring Onion Mexico
Spring Onions England Mexico Egypt
Spring Onions England Mexico N/S
Spring Onions England Egypt France N/S
Spring Onions England Mexico USA N/S
Spring Onions England N/S
Watercress England Spain
Watercress England N/S
Watercress England
Watercress UK Hurd's
Watercress England N/S

Source data for Pods and Seeds

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 UK1
Bobi Beans Kenya Egypt
Broad Bean England
Broad Bean England Kent
Broad Bean England N/S
Broad Bean England N/S
Broad Bean England N/S

34
 Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 UK1
French Bean England Kent
French Bean France
French Bean France Kenya
French Bean France
French Bean Kenya
Pea England Kent
Pea England15 Pakistan
Pea French N/S
Pea England Portugal Italy N/S
Pea England Italy
Pea England N/S
Runner Bean England N/S
Runner Bean England N/S
Runner Bean England Kent
Sweet corn UK Netherlands Lincoln
Sweet corn England N/S
Sweetcorn England France
Sweetcorn England Portugal USA N/S
Sweetcorn England Isle of Wight

Source data for Root Vegetables

Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1
Beetroot England Australia France Italy
Beetroot England Germany N/S
Beetroot Cyprus Netherlands N/S
Beetroot UK Lincoln
Carrots England Scotland France N/S
Carrots England France Spain Portugal Italy N/S
Carrots England Netherlands France N/S
Carrots Pakistan
Carrots UK Italy
Carrots England France Belgium Netherlands

15
In this case 'England' means that the trader sources the produce from another trader on NSM.

35
 Description Location1 Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 UK1
Celariac France Netherlands
Celariac Israel England
Celeriac England Netherlands N/S
Celeriac Italy England
Parsnips England Netherlands N/S
Parsnips England Portugal N/S
Parsnips England Spain Australia
Parsnips UK France
Radish Netherlands England N/S
Radish England Netherlands N/S
Radish UK France N/S
Radish England Netherlands Spain
Turnip France
Turnip England
Turnip England N/S
Turnip England France N/S

Source data for Tubers

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1
Jerusalem Artichokes France
Jerusalem Artichokes Italy
Jerusalem Artichokes Netherlands
Main Crop Potatoes England Cyprus Ireland N/S
Main Crop Potatoes England Scotland N/S
Main Crop Potatoes England N/S
Main Crop Potatoes UK France
New Potatoes UK
New Potatoes France England Italy Egypt Jersey
New Potatoes England Italy Spain Canary Islands Cyprus N/S
New Potatoes England N/S
New Potatoes France England
Sweet Potato Egypt Israel
Sweet Potato Central America Israel
Sweet Potato Spain

36
 Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1
Sweet Potato Italy Honduras Israel
Sweet Potato Israel

Source data for Other vegetables

Description Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 UK 1

Coriander Cyprus India England N/S
Coriander England Cyprus N/S
Coriander England Cyprus Spain N/S
Coriander UK Lincoln
Coriander England France N/S
Dill England N/S
Mint Cyprus England N/S
Mint England N/S
Mint England Cyprus N/S
Mint England Israel Cyprus N/S
Mushrooms Ireland
Mushrooms Ireland Netherlands
Mushrooms Ireland N/S
Mushrooms Netherlands Ireland Belgium England N/S
Mushrooms Ireland England Netherlands Belgium Poland N/S
Okra India Kenya Jordan
Okra Kenya Uganda
Rocket Italy

37