MEDICAL

INSTRUMENTATION
EEE C432/INSTR C481/EEE F432/INSTR F432
Sheron Figarado
Blood flow measurement, volume
measurements
BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENT
Indicator dilution methods (average
measurement)
Continuous infusion
Rapid injection
Flow meters (instantaneous)
Electromagnetic Electromagnetic
Ultrasound
Thermal convection velocity sensors
Plethysmographs (volume measurements)
Chamber Plethysmograph
Impedance Plethysmograph
Photoplethysmograph
INDICATOR DILUTION METHODS THAT USES
CONTINUOUS INFUSION
Do not measure instantaneous pulsatile
flow but, rather, flow averaged over a
number of heartbeats.
(Initial mass, m
0
)
(Increment , m)
Fick technique
Dye dilution
Thermodilution
INDICATOR DILUTION METHODS THAT USES
CONTINUOUS INFUSION (CONTD)
Fick technique
The indicator is O
2
INDICATOR DILUTION METHODS THAT USES
RAPID-INJECTION
A bolus of indicator is rapidly injected into the vessel, and the variation
in downstream concentration of the indicator versus time is measured
until the bolus has passed.
Recirculation causes peaks after the injection.
dashed curve indicates the rapid recirculation that occurs when there
is a hole between the left and right sides of the heart.
Rapid-injection indicator-dilution curve
u2
Slide 5
u2 bolus- administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level
user, 06-Nov-13
DYE DILUTION
indocyanine green (cardiogreen)
inert, harmless, measurable,economical, always
intravascular
Optical peak at 805nm ( at this optical absorption of
blood is independent of oxygen.)
diluted in isotonic saline and injected directly
through a catheter.
Blood is paased thorough the cuvette of a
colorimeter.
u1
Slide 6
u1 Isotonic- same osmitic pressure
user, 06-Nov-13
THERMODILUTION
injecting a bolus of cold saline as an
indicator.
A special four-lumen catheter is floated
through the brachial vein into place in the
pulmonary artery.
1. For balloon 1. For balloon
2. Injection of cold
saline
3. Thermistor wires
4. Blood sample (not
for thermodilution)
SOURCES OF ERROR IN THERMODILUTION
Inadequate mixing between the injection
site and the sampling site.
Exchange of heat between the blood and
the walls of the heart chamber.
Heat exchange through the catheter walls Heat exchange through the catheter walls
before, during, and after injection.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS
Operates with any conductive fluid.
Uniform mag. Field and uniform
velocity
RELATIVE VELOCITY CONTRIBUTION TO THE
INDUCED EMF
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
FLOWMETERS
DC flowmeter (DC magnetic field)
AC flowmeter (AC magnetic field)- more
popular.
DC FLOWMETER DISADVANTAGES
The voltage across the electrodes metal-to-
solution interface is in series with the flow
signal
The ECG has a frequency content similar to
that of the flow signal. Near to heart, ECG
inerfere. inerfere.
Poor SNR due to 1/f noise.
AC FOWMETER
Operates at 400Hz
When the flow reverses
direction, the voltage changes
phase by 180
o
, so the phase-
sensitive is required.
transformer voltage!
QUADRATURE SUPPRESSION FLOWMETER
Quadrature generator feeds back a voltage to balance out the probe-generated
transformer voltage.
ELECTRODE & MAG. FIELD ASSEMBLY
Toroidal-type cuff probe
two oppositely wound windings on each half of the core
magnetic flux thus leaves the top of both sides
ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
Transit time flowmeter
Continuous time Doppler flowmeter
Pulsed Doppler flowmeter.
TRANSDUCER
Piezoelectric
Thickness is half wavelength.
Cavity between the piezo-crystal and tissue
is filled with fluid/gel.
Near fields Near fields
beam spread is minimum.
Far fields
beam diverges
Intensity inversely proportional to (distance)
2
.
Low spatial resolution.
NEAR AND FAR FIELDS AS FUNCTION OF
TRANSDUCER DIMENSION AND FREQUENCY
Far field angle of divergence
Near field distance
FREQUENCY?
Absorption in tissue-
The absorption coefficient is approximately
proportional to frequency low freq.
Power scattered back from moving red
blood cells is proportional to f
4
. high freq. blood cells is proportional to f . high freq.
Usually 2-10MHz.
TRANSIT TIME FLOWMETER
Can be saline or blood
Requires surgical placement
DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER ULTRASONIC BLOOD FLOWMETER
Requires particulate matter such
as RBC.
Produces a band of frequencies
Carrier intensity at the receiver end
is much higher than the Doppler
shifter signal intensity..
PLACEMENT OF TRANSDUCERS
(a) Two transducers opposite (transit time)
(b) Two transducers on the same side (doppler)
THERMAL-CONVECTION VELOCITY
SENSORS
The thermistor R
u
is heated to a
temperature difference T above blood
temperature by the power W dissipated
INSTRUMENTATION FOR THERMAL
CONVECTION VELOCITY SENSOR
CHAMBER PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
From Greek word plethusmos. (enlargement)
CHAMBER PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
Venous-occlusion plethysmography.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT FOR CHAMBER
PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
ELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
4 ELECTRODE IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPH
PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY
SIGNAL CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPH
Thank you
Sheron Figarado