Sessional Work Book

Course Code: ECE 102

Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering Sessional
Credits : 1.50
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
The University of Asia acific
Contents:
Brief description of Apparatus
Safety !ules for this "a#oratory
"a#oratory E$periment %&
C'(ST!UCT)'( * 'E!AT)'( '+ S),"E
E"ECT!)CA" C)!CU)TS
Objective:
The experiment is to acquaint the students with some simple circuits and to make them
familiar with diagram reading, drawing and wiring with the help of different types of
switches SPST- Single pole single throw, SPDT- single pole double throw, DPST-
Double pole single throw, DPDT- Double pole Double throw) that will be frequently
encountered in different experiments
Instructions:
!ead the following procedure carefully and draw the circuit diagrams accordingly in the
space allotted for each procedure and then implement it practically "our report must
contain neat diagrams of the circuits
Apparatus:
#) Two lamp boards $%%&', #&&w)
%) Two SPST, two SPDT and one DPDT switch
Caution:

# Don(t switch on the supply until your teacher has checked the circuit
% Take care of the reading of the apparatus
) Take care of any bare circuit element in energi*ed condition
+ Put on shoes with good insulation
Circuits with different types of switches:
# ,onnect an electric lamp so that it may be operated from a %%&' ac supply using
an SPST switch
% ,onnect a lamp so that it may be operated independently by either of two SPST
switches
) ,onnect two lamps so that either may be operated from a common source by its
SPDT switch
+ ,onnect two lamps so that both may be operated simultaneously from a common
source by one SPST switch -s it possible to do it in any other way. -f possible,
show both the diagrams and indicate the preferable one
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: &
E$periment (ame: Construction and operation of simple electrical circuits
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestions:
# -n which setting light is dimmer. -n which setting light is brighter. /xplain why.
% Draw a circuit so that a lamp may be operated independently by either of two SPDT
switches from a %%&' source
Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %.
7E!)+)CAT)'( '+ 8)!C99'++:S 7'"TA4E "AW
;87"<
Objective:
This experiment is intended to 'erify 0irchhoff(s 'oltage law $012) with the help of
series circuits and hence deri'e equi'alent resistance both experimentally and
analytically
Theory:
012 states that around any closed circuit the algebraic sum of the 'oltage rises equals
the algebraic sum of the 'oltage drops
Apparatus:
Three !heostats each rated at least + amps, %& ohms
3ne multimeter
D, 1oltage source
Procedure:
,onnect three rheostats !
#
, !
%
and !
)
in series through a SPST switch to a D, power
supply as shown in fig #


4ig #
Set the resistors readings of 1
#
, 1
%
, 1
)
, 1
s
using a 'oltmeter $of a multimeter) and -
using an ammeter $of a multimeter) 1ary the 'oltage sourse in such a way that
ammeter reading does not exceed the current rating of any of the resistor Take at
least another % sets of reading and enter it in the table
!
#
1
)
1
#
1
%
!
)
7
7
7
A
7
!
%
1
S
-
!T
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: .
E$periment (ame: 7erification of 8irchhoff:s 7oltage "a5 ;87"<
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
+ill up the ta#le 5ith e$perimental data:
T562/7
3bser'ation
8o
1
s
1olts
-
5mps
1
#
1olts
1
%
1olts
1
)
1olts
!
T
3hms
!eq91o : -
3hms
#
%
)
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestions:
# 1erify 012 $1s 9 1
#
;1
%
;1
)
)
% ,ompare !T with experimentally obtained 'alue !
eq
) State the rules of connecting 'oltmeter and ammeters in the circuit
+ ,omment on the results obtained and discrepancies $if any)
Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %=
7E!)+)CAT)'( '+ 8)!C99'++:S CU!!E(T "AW
;8C"<
Objective:
This experiment is intended to 'erify 0irchhoff(s current law $0,2) with the help of
parallel circuits and hence deri'e its equi'alent resistance both experimentally and
analytically
Theory:
0,2 states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering any node equals the sum of the
currents lea'ing the node
Apparatus:
Three resistors
3ne multimeter
D, power supply
Procedure:
# ,onnect three resistors in parallel across the power supply as shown in figure#
4ig #
% <easure 1, -, -
#
, -
%
, -
)
,hange the 'oltage source and take three sets of readings
7
A A A
S
#
!
#
-
)
!
#
-
%
!
#
-
#
A
)
S
=
S
>
S
.
1
S
!
T
) 4ind !T with the help of multimeter
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: =
E$periment (ame: 7erification of 8irchhoff:s Current "a5 ;8C"<
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
+ill up the ta#le 5ith e$perimental data:
3bser'ation
8o
1
S
1olts
-
5mps
-
#
5mps
-
%
5mps
-
)
5mps
!
T
3hms
!
eq
9
1
o
:-
3hms
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestions:
#1erify 0,2 $-9-
#
;-
%
;-
)
)
% ,ompare !
T
with the calculated 'alue of !
eq
),omment on the obtained results and discrepancies $if any)
Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %>
7E!)+)CAT)'( '+ SUE!'S)T)'( T9E'!E,
Objective:
To 'erify experimentally the Superposition theorem which is an analytical technique of
determining currents in a circuit with more than one emf source
Theorem:
-n a circuit $network) made up of linear elements $eg resistors) and containing two or
more sources of emf, the current in any particular branch when all the emf sources are
acting simultaneously may be found by considering the sources of emf to act one at a
time, then finding the current in the specified branch due to each source and then
superimposing, or adding algebraically, these component currents
8ote regarding Superposition theorem7
=hile the current due to a particular source of emf is being found the other emf sources
are rendered inacti'e and if any branch element is in series with those sources that
remains intact
Apparatus:
Two D, power supplies of suitable 'oltage and current ratings
Three rheostats of suitable ratings
3ne multimeter
Procedure:
4ig #
Set up the network $circuit) as in 4ig #
S
&
.
&
S
.
.
&
S
=
)
!
#
!
%
!
)
/
%
/
#
A
0eep both sources acti'e in the circuit
5pply #& 'olts from /
#
and #> 'olts from /
%

Set the rheostats !

#,
!
%,
!
)
at such 'alue so that none of the ammeter readings -
#
, -
%
,
-
)
exceed the power supplies $ /
#
and /
%
current ratings and the rheostat current)
ratings
<easure the current -
%
and record it in the gi'en table
!ender /
%
inacti'e by switching S# at position %
<easure the current -
%

:
in the branch !
%
and record it in the Table
!ender /
#
inacti'e by switching S% at position %
<easure the current -
%

::
in the branch !
%
and record it in the Table
!epeat steps + to #& by changing !
#
, !
%
, and !) and take another set of readings
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: >
E$periment (ame: 7erification of Superposition Theorem
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
+ill up the ta#le 5ith e$perimental data:

1alues of !esistance -
%
with both /
#
and
/
%
acti'e $amps)
-
%

:
with only /
#

acti'e $amps)
-
%
::
with only /
%
acti'e $amps)
!
#
9

$ohms)
!
%
9 $ohms)
!
)
9 $ohms)
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestions:
$#) 1erify if -
%
9 -
%

:
; -
%
::
which would 'alidate the superposition theorem for this
particular circuit
$%) ,omment on the obtained results and discrepancies $if any)
Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %0
7E!)+)CAT)'( '+ T9E7E()(:S T9E'!E,
Objective:
To 'erify The'enin?s theorem with reference to a gi'en circuit theoretically as well as
experimentally

Introduction:

-t is often desirable in circuit analysis to study the effect of changing a particular branch
element while all other branches and all the sources in the circuit remain unchanged
The'enin(s theorem is a technique to this end and it reduces greatly the amount of
computations which we ha'e to do each time a change is made @sing The'enin(s
theorem the gi'en circuit excepting the particular branch to be studied is reduced to the
simplest equi'alent circuit possible and then the branch to be changed is connected across
the equi'alent circuit
The The'enin(s theorem states that any two terminal network consisting of linear
elements and 'oltage : current sources can be replaced by a 'oltage source 1
th
with a
resistance !
th
in series with it as in 4ig# such that

A
!
2


4igure #
1
th
9 1oltage to be measured at the two terminals 576 in open circuit condition ie
remo'ing the branch to be changed $in this case !
2
)
!
th
9 !esistance looking to the left of terminals 5 and 6 with all emf : current sources in
the network being inacti'e

Apparatus:
2amp board 7 #,
!heostats 7+ $ suitable ratings)
5
6
6
-
2
!
th
1
th
5 -
2
Two terminal
network
!
2
5mmeter$ &-> 5)
1oltmeter $&-B> 1),
D, Power supply
Procedure:

# <ake connections as shown in the 4igure % 0eep the rheostats fixed ,lose
SPST-# and SPST-) while keeping SPST-% open
4igure % !
th
% 5pplying /
S
9 )& 'olts measure the load 'oltage 1
2
between 5 and 6 and load
current -
2
for different number of lamps and record them in the Table - # gi'en
below
) 3pen SPST-) and measure 1
56
which is then the open-circuit 'oltage at
terminals 56This is 1
th

+ <ake connections as in 4igure ) ie remo'e the load $lamp board) and connect
the power supply /
C
in place of it between terminals 5 and 6 8ote that the
supply /
S
can be disconnected and used as /
C
,lose SPST-% and SPST-) 5pply
/
C
9 #> 'olts <easure 1
56
and -
C
which will gi'e !
th
9 1
56
: -
C

S)
S%
!#
!%
!)
/
x
-
x
S#
S)
S%
!#
!%
!)
2amp
/s
4igure7 )
> ,onstruct the circuit of 4ig + setting the power supply at 1
th
'olts and the
rheostat at !
th
ohms ,onfirm these using a multimeter 8ow measure the load
current and terminal 'oltage for different combination of bulbs and note in on
table % and also 'erify
4ig +
1
th
!
th
!2
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: 0
E$periment (ame: 7erification of Thevenin:s Theorem
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
+ill up the ta#les 5ith e$perimental data:
Table #7 Data for 3riginal network
8o of
2amps
1
2
$'olts) -
2
$amps)
Table % 7 Data for The'enin(s equi'alent network

8o of
lamps
1
2
$'olts) -
2
$amps)
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestions:
# -f any discrepancy exists between the results of Table-# and Table-% explain it
% Sol'e the circuit in the following figure applying The'enin(s theorem theoretically
@se the 'alues of !
#
, !
%
, !
)
by a multi-meter @se two lamps in parallel in the lamp-
board ,ompare your theoretical results with the corresponding ones in Tables # and
%
S#
S)
S%
!#
!%
!)
2amp
/s
!
th
Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %?
T!A(S,)SS)'( A(D D)ST!)BUT)'( '+ E"ECT!)CA"
'WE!
Objective and Theory:
Transmission of power usually means flow of power from power station to the sub-
station -n this experiment we shall simulate the actual situation of power transmission
with the help of a 'oltage sources $generator), rheostats $long transmission line
resistance) and lamp board $the sub-station) The efficiency of a transmission line is
gi'en by
1oltage regulation is gi'en by
-f the 'oltage at the generator is held constant then
Distribution of power is the flow of power from sub-station to the subscribers -n our
experiment lamp boards are employed to simulate actual loads
Apparatus:
3ne ammeter
3ne lamp board
3ne rheostat
3ne 'oltmeter
Circuit Diagram:
D #&&
) $
) $
D =
G
S
P end generator the at input Power
P end receiving the to delivered Power

FL
Loss
FL
FL NL
V
IR
V
V V
load at voltage end receiving
load at voltage end receiving load no at voltage end receiving
regulation voltage =

=
D #&&
) $
D =
FL
V load at voltage end receiving
line the in loss IR
regulation
1
2
1
!
1
S
-
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: ?
E$periment (ame: Transmission and Distri#ution of electrical po5er
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
+ill up the ta#le 5ith e$perimental data:
!esist
ance
1
S
1
!
- 1
2
Power
-nput
Power
at
load
2ine
loss
D eff D reg
#0
%0
)0
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestions:
# =hy high 'oltage transmission is used.
% Plot the following cur'es for transmission of power
a D efficiency 's load resistance
b loss 's load resistance
c D regulation 's load resistance
4raph paper
) =hy instead of transmitting maximum power, we want to transmit power at maximum
efficiency.

Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %@
STUD2 '+ 'E!AT)'( '+ 'SC)""'SC'E A(D
+U(CT)'( 4E(E!AT'!
Objective:
To reali*e the operation of the oscilloscope, first we ha'e to know the function of
different knobs and buttons of it Then we ha'e to learn about the calibration of
oscilloscope, measurement of time period, frequency and 'oltage of signal of different
wa'e shapes =e can get different wa'e shapes by using 4unction Eenerator
Apparatus:
# 3scilloscope
% 4unction Eenerator
) D, Power Supply
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
# ,onnect the apparatuses according to the diagram
% <easure the peak-to-peak 'alue $p-p) and time period of different signals generated
by 4unction Eenerator
) Display steady 'oltage in channel # and sinusoidal signal in channel %, add both and
see what happens if you change dc supply
4unction
Eenerator
,h# ,h%
D,
Power
Supply
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: @
E$periment (ame: Study of operation of oscilloscope and function generator
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestion:
# Discuss what happens when you change the dc supply 'oltage le'el and explain why
F867 "ou can go through the Gandbook of the 3scilloscope to understand its operation
in detailsH
% Draw the wa'e-shapes of the obser'ed wa'es in the oscilloscope in your graph paper
4raph paper
Discussion:
"a#oratory E$periment %A
+A,)")A!)BAT)'( W)T9 A"TE!(AT)(4 CU!!E(T
;AC< WA7ES
Objective:
To study ac $sinusoidal) wa'e forms and correlate them with practically measurable
effecti'e 'alues 5n understanding on a simple ac circuit is also expected to be de'eloped
in the experiment
Introduction:
5ny periodic 'ariation of current or 'oltage where the current $or 'oltage), when
measured along any particular direction, goes positi'e as well as negati'e, is defined to
be an 5, quantity Sinusoidal 5, wa'e shapes are the ones where the 'ariation $current
or 'oltage) is a sine function of time
4ig # 5n ac $sinusoidal) 'oltage wa'eform
4or the wa'e form in 4ig#,
Time period 9 T
4requency f 9 #:T
t T V ft V v ) : % sin$ % sin = =
Effective vaue:
/ffecti'e $rms) 'alues of sinusoidal wa'eforms are gi'en as7
%
#
&
% m
T
V
dt v
T
V = =

$4or sinusoidal wa'e)

'
1
m
t
T
%
#
&
% m
T
I
dt i
T
I = =

$4or sinusoidal wa'e)

These 'alues are directly measured in ac 'oltmeter : ammeters and can be used in power
calculation as7
R V R I P :
% %
= =
Phase difference:
4ig % Two sinusoidal wa'es with phase difference
Phase difference between two ac sinusoidal wa'eforms is the difference in electrical
angle between two identical points of the two wa'es -n fig %, the 'oltage and current
equations are gi'en as7
t T Sin V v
m
) : % $ =
) : % $ = Tt Sin I i
m
Impedance:
!elation between the 'oltage across and the current through any component of an ac
circuit is gi'en by impedance 4or the 'oltage and current wa'eforms in 4ig %, the
corresponding impedance I is gi'en as7
= =
rms rms m m
I V I V Z : ) :
Apparatus:
3scilloscope
4unction generation
Decade resistor
,apacitor bank
5, 'oltmeter
5, ammeter
':i
t
T

SPST
6readboard
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
# ,onnect the output of the function generator directly to channel # of the
oscilloscope as shown in fig # Set the amplitude of the wa'e at #&1 and the
frequency at # kG* Select sinusoidal wa'e shape
#&1
p-p
# 0G*
3sc
,h-#
;
J
4ig #
4ig %
#&1
p-p
# 0G*
3sc
,h-#
#4
#&& 3sc
,h-%
Sessional !eport
Course Code: ECE &-.
Course Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Credits: &/0-
E$periment (um#er: A
E$periment (ame: +amiliariCation 5ith alternating current ;ac< 5aves
Student (ame: 11111111111111111111111111111111
!oll % : !egistration % :
2ear3Semester: 4roup % :
E$periment Date: Su#mission Date:
Circuit diagram:
Ans5er the follo5ing 6uestion:
# Sketch the wa'e shape obser'ed on the oscilloscope Determine the time period of
the wa'e and calculate the frequency
#&1
p-p
# 0G*
3sc
,h-#
;
J
4ig #
4ig %
#&1
p-p
# 0G*
3sc
,h-#
#4
#&& 3sc
,h-%
% <easure the 'oltage with an ac 'oltmeter
) ,hange the frequency to >&&G* and note what happens to the display of the wa'e
+ ,onstruct the circuit as shown in 4ig % <easure the input 'oltage with an ac
'oltmeter and the input current with an ac ammeter
> 3bser'e the wa'e shapes of oscilloscope channels # and % simultaneously Draw
them
Discussion: