269

INDEX
Accessibility, 34, 66, 72. See also Pore-to-pore
throat (size) ratio
Accommodation, 79
Agha Jari eld, Iran, 191
Amal eld, Libya, 190
Analogs (look-alikes), 7, 156
Analysis, complete core, 58
Anatomy, depositional units, 8990
Andros Island, Bahamas
fracture-related caves on, 226227
tidal ats on, 117
Angle, contact (wettability), 62
Anhydrite, pore lling and replacement, 166,
248
Anhydrite-gypsum, stability relationships of,
166
Anoxia, 98
Anoxic, 130
Antecedent topography (bathymetry), types of,
82
Aquifers, groundwater, 4
API units (gamma ray log), 161
Arab D Formation, 61, 211
Archie
cementation exponent (m), 10, 59
equation, 59
formation factor (F), 59
resistivity index (I), 61
resistivity ratio (R
t
/R
o
), 61
saturation exponent (n), 62
tortuosity exponent (a), 59
Architecture
basin, 76
reservoir, 77, 86, 203
sequence, 102
Asmari eld, 184
Asmari Limestone, Kirkuk eld, 191, 240
Attached
beach-dune succession, 96, 111
shoreline, 82
Australia, 124. See also Roaring 40s
Lacepede shelf, 125, 211
Shark Bay, 203
Bafes, to reservoir ow, 1, 41, 107, 145
Balearic Islands, 115
Barriers, to reservoir ow, 1, 41, 107, 145, 250
Berm, storm, 112
Bioturbation, 15
Black Sea, 129
Bossier Shale Formation, isopach of, Overton
eld, Texas, 228
Boundaries
facies, 77
time, 77
Breccias, karst related, crackle and mosaic, 162
Brittle domain, 177. See also Material, behavior
under stress
Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs: The Identication, Description, and Characterization of Hydrocarbon
Reservoirs in Carbonate Rocks
By Wayne M. Ahr Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
270 INDEX
Buildups, carbonate
chemogenic, 82
mounds, microbialite (Cambrian) Texas, 181
mud mounds, 148, 181
mudstone-cementstone, Early Carboniferous,
212, 247
Bunter Sandstone, Triassic (Germany), 87
Buttress and chute structures, 29, 125
Calcisiltite, 16
Caliche, 115
Cambro-Ordovician, North America, 117.
See also Transcontinental Arch
Capillarity, 56
Capillary
attraction, 6364
drainage curve, 71
imbibition curve, 71
injection curve, 71
Capillary pressure, 68, 17, 65, 67
curves, 7, 64
dened, 6466
mercury, measurements of (MICP), 7, 107,
145, 205, 209
Carbonate(s)
dened, 2
eolianites, 111
factory, 81, 102, 129
lacustrine, nonmarine, 109
marine. See also Carbonate, factory
minerals, natural occurrences of, 4
particles, see Constituents, carbonate
precipitation, inorganic, 81
production
biogenic and chemogenic, 81
principal zone of, 97, 102. See also
Carbonate, factory
rocks, classication of, 2021, 2530
Carbonate compensation depth (CCD), 98,
129130
aragonite and calcite, 129
factors determining depth of, 129
Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, 153
Capping facies, cycle, 28
Caves
coastal zone, 162
continental, 162
Cathode luminescence (CL), see Luminescence,
cathode
CCD, see Carbonate compensation depth
Cements
botryoidal, 167
ferroan calcite, 169
isopachous, 167168
meniscus, 168
poikilotopic, 169
pore-lining, 168
Central Basin Platform, Texas, 152, 211
Chalk
Austin (Cretaceous) Texas, 132133
fracture patterns in, 185
constituents of, 16, 131
Ekosk eld, North Sea, reservoirs in, 185
Europe, Middle East, and North America,
examples in, 124, 131
North Sea
classication of, 132133
fractured reservoirs in, 240
porosity and burial depth, 132
typical age and depositional setting, 124
turbidites, 213
Chalkication (degradational diagenesis), 150
Chert and chalcedony, 131, 238, 243. See also
Facies, basinal
Chicken wire fabric, see Environments, tidal
at and lagoon
China, mainland, 109
Clay minerals, K, Th, and U in, 202
Coccolithophorids (coccoliths), 16, 131. See also
Chalk
Condensed interval, 100
Conformities
correlative, 85
stratigraphic, 101
Conglomerates, at pebble, see Environments,
tidal at and lagoon
Conley eld (Mississippian) Texas, 124
Chappel Formation in, 219221, 223
depositional reservoir, as example of, 214,
219224
Ellenburger Formation in, 219
Palo Pinto Formation in, 219
Constituents, carbonate. See also Minerals,
metastable
biological, 9, 16
chemical, 9
depositional sedimentary, 108
grain types, 15
mineralogical, 15
nonskeletal, 2
skeletal, 20
Contact inhibition, 152
Converting MICP data to oil-water equivalents,
6970
Coordination number, 66, 7273
Coriolis force, 127
Correlations
geochronological, 84
layer-cake, 99100
stratigraphic methods for, 8687
Cotton Valley Formation (Jurassic) Texas
chalky porosity in, 151
neomorphic microporosity in, 159160, 228
salt domes and sedimentation of, 136
INDEX 271
Cow Creek Formation (Lower Cretaceous)
Texas, 111
Crossplots
densityneutron, 202
porositypermeability, 194
Schlumberger MN, 202
Cross-cutting relationships
in rock properties, 2, 156
in thin sections, 156
Cross sections, structural and stratigraphic, 87
Crystal boundaries, compromise, 151
Crystal forms
aragonite cements, 148, 167
calcite cements, 147148, 167
dolomite, saddle, 148
Mg-calcite, 167
Crystal systems of common carbonates, 3
Currents
contour, 98, 127
density, 98, 122, 127, 130
geostrophic, 122, 127, 130
longshore, 111
rip, 111
thermohaline (density), 128
turbidity, 98, 122, 127
Cycle skipping, acoustic log, 161, 244
Cycles, stratigraphic
greenhouse and icehouse climates, inuence
on, 101
Milankovich, 101
origins of, 101
order of,101
shallowing-upward, 28, 102
Darcy (laminar) ow, 44, 187
Density, bulk, 31
Depth shifting, core-to-log, 208
Depositional
bodies, typical shapes of, 88
dip, 88
strike, 88
successions, ideal (standard), 9293, 9698,
106, 203. See also Ideal depositional
successions and environments
Detached
beachdune succession, 96, 111
shoreline (barrier island), 82, 111
Diachroneity, 80
Diagenesis, 9
bioerosion, 146
cementation, 146, 164, 170
compaction, mechanical, 146, 164, 170171
deep burial, 146
denition of, 145
dissolution, 146, 150
and cave formation, 225
mesogenetic, 157, 160
fresh water, 116
inversion, mineralogical, 159. See also
Neomorphism
marine phreatic, 116
mechanisms of, 146
mixing-zone, 116
neomorphism, 148, 159, 165
recrystallization, 146, 158159, 170
replacement, 146, 170
stabilization, neomorphic, 150, 159
vadose, 116
Diagenetic environments, 9, 224225
classication, basis for, 3, 154
fresh-water (meteoric) phreatic, 153, 156
marine phreatic, 153
mixing zone, 153
subsurface (burial), 153, 167
vadose, 153, 156, 167
Diagenetic facies, mapping of, 155
Dickinson eld (Mississippian) North Dakota,
244249. See also Williston Basin
Lodgepole Formation (Carboniferous) in,
244
Lodgepole mounds in, 245
Discoasters, 131. See also Chalk
Disconformities, stratigraphic, 101
Diversity, taxonomic, 98, 115
Dolomite, hydrothermal, 148
Dolomicrites, 26
Dolomitization
and reservoir porosity, 151153
excess, porosity reduction by, 152
Drill cuttings, microscopic examination of, 9
Drilling breaks, 161, 193. See also Fractures,
presence in borehole, indirect evidence of
Dukhan eld, Qatar, 191
Dunes, coastal, 109
Dysoxia, 98
El Abra Formation (Mexico), 46
Enterolithic structures, see Environments, tidal
at and lagoon
Environments. See also Ideal depositional
successions and environments
abyssal, 98
always wet, 112
aphotic, 98
basinal, 129133
bathyal, 98
beachdunebarrier island, 110117
diagenetic, see Diagenetic environments
shallow subtidal (neritic), 121124
slope and slope-toe, 126129
slope-break, 124126
temperate, 81, 112113, 115
tidal at and lagoon, 117121
tropical, 113
272 INDEX
Epicontinental seas, 129
Events, climatic, storms, tropical and
northers, 111
Fabric, 15
biogenic, 18
depositional, 18
diagenetic, 18
Facies
basinal, 129
biological, 91
dened, 9192
depositional, 8, 81
diachronous, 83
electro, 10, 49, 52
eolian, 114
high energy, 78
micro, 91
pore, 69, 156
standard micro, 9293
time-transgressive (diachronous), 84, 94
Factor analysis, 91
Faults
listric normal, 185
graben-in-graben, 185
Fields, giant and supergiant, 226
Fizz test, to distinguish calcite from dolomite, 2
Flooding surface
marine, 101
maximum, 101
Florida
Key Largo, 93
keys, 80
shelf, 93
White Bank, 93, 125126
Flow units, 1, 26, 41, 107, 145, 250
mapping of, 173
Fluid
ow, parallel plate theory of in fractures, 187
nonwetting, 46
recovery factor, in fracture systems, 182
saturations, in fractures, 182
wetting, 46, 57
Folds
anticlinal, fractures on, 185
monoclinal exures, fractures on, 185
Fractures
classication of, genetic, 178181
conjugate shear, 178
in Cretaceous carbonates, Lake Maricaibo
area, 240
differential compaction and, 181, 245
extension and tension, 178
four types, Nelsons, 190191, 251
induced and natural, 188
intensity, 192
morphological types of, 182
presence in borehole
direct conrmation of, 192
indirect evidence of, 192194
slickensided, 182
spacing, 186, 188
spacing and intensity, factors that inuence,
195
surface-related, 181
on tectonic structures, orientation of, 180
trends in natural, 9
types I- IV, reviewed, 239240
width, 186
Fragum hamelini, 203
Gahwar eld (Jurassic) Saudi Arabia, 103
Gas, as nonwetting uid, 63
Golden Lane trend (Mexico), 46
Great Bahama Banks, 80, 134
Eleuthra Island, 222
Exuma Sound, 222, 231
Schooner Cays, 231
Great Salt Lake, Utah, 109
Grain-to-mud ratio, 27
Grain size (texture)
beach-dune deposits, 112
categories in Grabaus rock classication, 15
categories on Wentworth scale, 15
measurement techniques, 15
Gravity, measurements of in exploration, 8
Green River Formation (Eocene), 109
Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, 226
Guymon-Hugoton eld (Permian), 102
Gypsum
presence of and log calculations, 51
dewatering (transformation) of, 166
Haft Kel eld, Iran, 191
Halokinetic (salt tectonic) structures, 214
Happy eld (Permian, Clearfork Formation),
Texas, 231
Hardgrounds, 155
Hassi Messaoud eld, Algeria, 191
Heterozoan biota, 123, 247
HFS, see High-frequency depositional
sequences
High-frequency depositional sequences (HFS),
99
High-stand systems tract (HST), 212
Horner plot, 194, 251 see also Fractures,
borehole, indirect evidence of
Hot lime and dolomite, 202
HST, see High-stand systems tract
Ideal depositional successions and environments
basinal, 129133
beach-dune, 110117
illustrations of all, 133139
INDEX 273
shallow subtidal (neritic), 121124
slope and slope toe, 126129
slope-break, 124126
tidal at and lagoon, 117121
Image analysis, petrographic (PIA), 209
Impedance contrast, 8, 53, 206
Isooctane, in wettability experiments, 63
James Limestone Formation (Cretaceous)
Texas, 124
Karst, 147
caves, 162
caverns, 147, 162
paleocaves, 226
as reservoirs, 162163
pinnacles, 162
Puckett eld (Lower Ordovician) Texas, 162
sinkholes, 155, 162
towers, 162
Yates eld (Permian) Texas, 162
Kerogen, 145
Keuper, evaporites, Triassic (Germany), 87
Kirkuk eld, Iran, 191
Kohout circulation, 155
Lattice, crystal, deformation, types of, 201
Limestones, bituminous, 109
Lisbon eld, Utah, 161
Lith logs, 8
computer processed interpretation (cpi) log,
52
creating synthetic (Schlumberger MN plot),
51
from well cuttings, precautions in using,
207208
software applications to compute synthetic, 51
Lithofacies, synthetic, 52
STATMIN, computer program for
generating, 202
Lithogenetic units, 83. See also Facies
Logs, wireline
acoustic, 8, 107, 192
caliper, 193
cased hole, 47
characteristics, as proxies for fundamental
rock properties, 204
density, 8, 107
dipmeter, 18, 107
FMI

, FMS

, UBI

and fractures, 182, 193

FMI

output illustrated, 183

gamma ray, 8,10
imaging, 9,18,49, 107, 249
neutron, 8, 107
NMR, 49, 107, 205, 209
open hole, 47
photoelectric effect, 8
resistivity, 8,10
shapes, as indicators of depositional
environments in siliciclastics, 49, 202
signatures as indicators of rock and pore
types, 202
sonic amplitude, 192
spontaneous potential (SP), 59
velocity deviation, 50
Luminescence, cathode (CL), 168, 225
Magetism, earth, in exploration, 8
Maps
depositional facies, 8
electrofacies, 10, 49, 107
statistical (computer processed), 52
interval isopach (paleostructure), 8, 219
pore facies, 69
subsurface, 84
Mariana Trench, 129
Material, behavior of under stress, 44, 177
Megafossils, benthic, 13
Metamorphism
contrasted with diagenesis, 145
organic, 145
Micrite, 15
Micritization, 29
Microbes, calcied, 28
Microcalcite, microrhombic, 150151. See also
Porosity, chalky
Microporosity, diagenetic, 91
Microscopy, scanning electron (SEM), 209
Microstructures, internal, 28
Midland Basin, Texas, 231, 233
Eastern Shelf of, 233, 237
Minerals
accessory, 201
metastable
aragonite, 26, 126, 131, 148, 153, 166, 213
calcite, magnesian (Mg), 26, 148, 153, 166,
213
Mineralization
exotic in reservoirs, 161, 169
metamorphic, 146
Mississippi Valley Type (MVT), 146
Muschelkalk, limestone, Triassic (Germany), 87
Naphthenic acid, in wettability experiments, 63
Neomorphism. See also Diagenesis
aggradational, 148
dened, 159
degradational, 148
of limestones, 151
Neritic (shallow subtidal) environment, 97
Nesson Anticline, 248
North Haynesville (Smackover) eld, Louisiana,
223
depositional reservoir, example of, 214219
274 INDEX
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 8, 107, 145.
See also Logs, wireline
T2 relaxation time, 53
Oaks eld (Smackover Formation), Jurassic,
North Louisiana, 117, 216
barrier island sequence in, 117
Oil
column, calculating height above free water
level, 70
shales, 109
window, 145
Olenellus, trilobite, 84
OOIP, see Original oil in place
Oozes, siliciclastic, 98
Organic compounds, polar, 63. See also
Wettability
Organic matter, sapropelic, 18
Organisms
porosity in, 108109
reef-building, 81, 108
rim-forming, 125
Original oil in place (OOIP), calculation of, 61
Orogeny, Ancestral Rocky Mountain
(Carboniferous), 247
Overcompaction and stylolites, 154, 165, 243
Overton eld, Jurassic, Texas, 90, 159. 165, 227
231. See also Porosity, chalky
Paleosols, 155
Pathway, diagenetic, 164. See also Cross-cutting
relationships
Periplatform talus, 128
Permeability
absolute, 45
capacity to transmit uids, 34
DarcyRitter equation for (Darcys law), 31,
186187
ow test, 194
fracture, 182, 186
intrinsic, 186
matrix, 187
relative, 46
specic, 45
statistical relationship with porosity, 7
Permian Basin, Texas, 128
Persian Gulf, 211
water depth, 129
tidal ats (sebkhas), 117
Petrographic image analysis (PIA), see Image
analysis, petrographic
Petroleum system, elements in, 76
Petrophysical calculations from wireline logs
density, 49
lithology, 49
porosity, 49
resistivity, formation water (R
w
), 49
saturation, water (S
w
), 49
Photozoan biota, 123
Platform(s)
antecedent, 103
carbonate, dened, 77
carbonate and siliciclastic, slopes on, 127
environmental cells or subdivisions on, 81
isolated, 79
margins, bypass and depositional, 127
modern carbonate, examples of, 110
paleotopography of, 135
slope failure, types of, 127
West Florida, 88
Polymorphs, CaCO
3
, 3
Pore(s), see Porosity
cavernous, 151, 156, 176
channel, 160, 176
facies, 69
fracture, 44, 176177
geometry, 107, 205
interbreccia (karst), 162
intercrystalline, 51, 144, 151
interparticle, 10
enlarged, 160
intraskeletal, 223
moldic, 10, 147, 151, 156, 160, 162, 226
roughness factor (a), in withdrawal efciency,
73
vuggy, 10, 147, 151, 156, 160, 162, 176, 226
vuggy and fracture, petrophysical behavior of,
190
vugs, stromatactis, 210, 245, 248. See also
Buildups, carbonate, mud mounds
Pore categories (types)
depositional, 14
diagenetic, 14
in detrital rocks, 108
fracture-related, 14
Pore throats, 7
dimensions of, 17
effective radius of, 66
median diameters of, 107
sheet-like, 66
size-sorting of, 66
Pore-to-pore throat (size) ratio, 34
Pore volume, minimum unsaturated, 66
Porosity
Ahr genetic classication of, 26, 4244
Archie classication of, 3536
bimodal, 30, 50, 160
birds eye, 108
calculated from neutron logs, 194
capacity to store uids, 34
core (measured), 194
chalky, 151. See also Cotton Valley
Formation
Choquette and Pray classication of, 3639
INDEX 275
dependence on rock properties, 3133
diagenetic, 30, 144, 150
effective, 7
equation dening, 31
estimates of reservoir quality based on,
3334
fracture, 182, 186
calculating saturation (S
w
) in, 189
scale-dependency of, 188
Lonoy classication of, 4041
Lucia classication of, 3940, 108
proxies for, 26
reduced during burial, 33
sandstone, 9
secondary index (Schlumberger SPI), 50
separate vug, inuence on Archie m
exponent, 60
total, 107
Poza Rica trend (Mexico), 46
Pressure
buildup tests, 193, 251. See also Fractures,
presence in borehole, indirect evidence of
communication, 246
conning, subsurface, 177, 187
displacement, capillary, 6667
entry, capillary, 66
threshold, capillary, 66
transient test, 8, 246
Properties, rock
capillary, 57. See also Capillary pressure
dependent (derived), 14, 30, 204
fundamental (intrinsic), 14, 116, 202
primary, 13, 106
secondary, 1314
tertiary (latent), 14, 47
Quanah City eld, Texas, 241244
Chappel Formation (Mississippian) in, 241
Ellenburger Formation (Ordovician) in, 241
Spiculiferous zones in, 241
Ramp(s)
distally-steepened, 78, 82
environmental subdivisions on, 121
homoclinal, 78, 82
inner, 121
middle, 121
outer, 121
slope angles on, 78, 82
Reef(s)
conditions favorable for growth of, 82
framestone, 125
framework/detritus ratio, 30
patch, 82, 124
Stuart City trend (Cretaceous) Texas, 126
trends, continuous, 82
Reux, brine and dolomitization, 152, 225
Reservoir(s)
characterization, 5
compartmentalized, 170
depositional, checklist for identifying and
exploiting, 136140
description, 5
diagenetic, checklist for identifying and
exploiting, 172173
engineering, 5
facies-selective, 2
fabric-selective, 2, 3637
fracture, checklist for identifying and
exploiting, 195
fractured, dened, 177
geology, 5
hybrid
depositional-diagenetic (type I), 106
diagenetic-fracture (type II) 176
net pay calculations in, 87
net sand calculations in, 87
oil-wet, 63
values of saturation exponent in, 62
quality (rankings), 17
slice-map method, 234236, 250
recovery efciency, 7172, 73
in karst reservoirs, 162
rocks, multicomponent, 201
stratabound, 2
visualization of, 3D, 234
water-wet, 63
Resistivity
ushed zone (R
xo
), 58
formation at 100% water saturation (R
o
),
58
formation water (R
w
), 59
invaded zone (R
i
), 58
true formation (R
t
), 58
Rhizocretions, 115
Roaring 40s latitude (environment in), 124
Rock typing, 3435, 107, 205
Winland R 35, 205
Rock units
hierarchical classication of, 83
time-transgressive, 88
Rudstone, 15
Sabine Uplift, ancestral, 228, 231
Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, 225
Saddle dolomite
late, in fractures, 148, 166, 248
late diagenetic, 238, 243
thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) and,
148, 166
Saint Louis Limestone Formation, 224. See also
Conley eld
Salinity, hyper and hypo, 123
Salt Basin, East Texas, 231
276 INDEX
San Andres Formation (Permian), Texas and
New Mexico, peritidal deposits in, 117
Sand waves, Great Bahama Banks, 126
Sands, tight gas, 46
Saturation, 56
equilibrium and diagenesis, 147
oil, 57
water, 57
effective, 62, 160
total, 62, 160
Scaling-up, pore-to-reservoir, 206207
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), see
Microscopy, scanning electron
Sealing capacity (h
max
), calculating, 7071,
250
Seals, 5, 69
anhydrite plugging, 166
Sediment production vs retention, 81
Seepage reux, see Reux, brine and
dolomitization
Seismic
amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis,
191
attributes, 8, 191, 244
data, 3D, 8
reections, 53, 206
traces, as correlation aids, 88
velocities, 54
wave characteristics, 53
Seismology
reection, 8
3D, 53
Separability, limit of, 54, 206
Shelves
environmental subdivisions on, 81
Guadalupian (Permian),West TexasNew
Mexico, 126
open, dened, 81
rimmed, 7980, 93
rims, absence of, 81
South Florida, 125
Shoals, grainstone, 124
Siliciclastic sandstones
diagenesis in, 9
ideal depositional successions (models) in, 95,
203
Slickensides, 182
Slope breaks, deep water, 82
Smackover Formation (Jurassic)
Alabama
cyclicity in, 170
pore facies in, 69
Arkansas, capillary pressure curves from, 67
Gulf Coast, 61, 211
Louisiana, 161
salt tectonics and depositional patterns in,
136
Snap-off, 72
Source rocks, 5
Spits, barrier, 116. See also detached shoreline
Spraberry Sandstone trend, Texas, 191, 233.
See also Happy eld
Spur and groove structures, 29, 125
Stratigraphic
Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 83
correlation, 85
International Guide To Stratigraphic
Classication, 83
mechanical, inuence on fracturing, 185
stacking patterns, sequence, 102
Stratigraphy
allo, 100
cement, 168, 171, 225
chrono, time and time-rock units in, 83
dened, 77
genetic, 100
litho, rock units in, 83
parasequences, 101102
seismic, 53, 99
sequence, 53, 80, 84
dened, 99
Strain, dened, 177
Stress
compression, 178
dened, 177
extension, 178
principal, intermediate (
2
), maximum (
1
),
minimum (
3
), 178
shear, 178
Structures, sedimentary, 15, 20
in beach-dune deposits, 113114
in tidal at and lagoon deposits, 119121
Tension
adhesion, 62, 65
interfacial, 62, 66
surface, 63
Texture. See also Grain size
depositional, 9, 15
grain packing, 17
grain shape, 17
sorting, 17
Thamama Group (Cretaceous) Middle East,
reefs and grainstones in, 126
Tidal prism, 119
Time, geological
absolute, 8485
relative, 8485
ways to measure, 8485
Time-rock units, classication of, 86
Trace fossils, in basinal environments, 130
Transcontinental Arch of North America,
Cambro-Ordovician tidal at deposits on,
120
INDEX 277
Transgressive systems tract (TST), 212, 247
Traps, 5
TST, see Transgressive systems tract
Turbidites
channelized, proximal, 128
distal, 131
Turtle structure, 124
Unconformities, 84, 90, 101, 155
Vents and seeps, seaoor, 82
Walthers rule, 93
Washouts, wellbore, 161, 244
Water
bearing zone in reservoir, 57
conate, 57
formation, resistivity of, 59
interstitial, chemical composition of, and
cement mineralogy, 167
subsurface (burial diagenetic), composition
of, 154
Waulsortian (Mississippian) mounds, 243, 247.
See also Buildups, carbonate
Wave(s)
Airy, 111
base, fair-weather, 78
breaking, 111
climate, factors determining, 111
period, 111
shoaling transformation, 111
solitary, 111
Wells, horizontal in fractured reservoirs,
244
Wettability, 56, 62
Williston Basin
fractured Mississippian mud mounds in the,
181, 185, 240, 244
Paleozoic tidal at deposits in the, 119
Winnowing, 18
Withdrawal. See also Reservoir, recovery
efciency
curve, capillary pressure, 71
efciency, mercury, 71
Yucatn
Campeche Bank, 89
fractured reservoirs in, 240
Isla Cancun, 89
Isla Mujeres, 89
oolite grainstones on NE coast of, 89, 115
Zone, reservoir
productive, 57
transition, 57
water-bearing, 57