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Definition of Computer
A computer is an electronic device that accepts the data, processes and produces the
desired output.
Characteristics of computer
3 Reliability: Computers gives correct and consistent results always evenif they are used
in adverse conditions. Many times errors are caused by human interventions not by
computer. Computer output is reliable, subject to the condition that the input data and the
instructions(programs) are correct. Incorrect input data and unreliable programs gives us
wrong results.
4 Storage Capacity: The computer can store large amount of data and can be retrieved at
any time in fractions of a second. This data can be stored in permanent storage devices
like hard disk, CDs etc.
5 Versatility: Computers can do a variety of jobs based on the instructions given to them.
They are used in each and every field, making the tasks easier.
Limitations of a Computer:-
1) Not intelligent
2) Inactive
Hardware :
• Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other
device.
• Hardware implies permanence and invariability
• The components include keyboard, floppy drive, hard disk, monitor, CPU, printer,
wires, transistors, circuits etc.
Software:
It is a set of programs used to perform certain tasks.
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Programming Fundamentals with C II Sem, Dept.of CSE
Hardware Software
The physical components making up the Software is a set of programs used to
system are termed as Hardware. perform certain tasks(logical
component)
The components include keyboard, Softwares include compliers,
floppy drive, hard disk, monitor, CPU, loaders, Banking s/w, library s/w,
printer, wires, transistors, circuits etc. payroll s/w etc.
CU
ALU
O/P UNIT
I/P UNIT
MAIN
MEMORY
UNIT
SECONDARY
The four tasks that are carried out by any computer system are:
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Programming Fundamentals with C II Sem, Dept.of CSE
The four functions are carried out by basic functional units namely:
1. Input Unit.
2. Central Processing Unit.
3. Memory Unit.
4. Output Unit.
Input Unit:
Output Unit:
The output unit display the processed data (result). The output displayed on the monitor
is called the softcopy output. And the output printed on the paper is called the hardcopy
output.
The various output devices include monitor, printer, speakers, plotters, LCDs, Plasma
panel displays etc.
Some devices act as both input and output devices such as Touch panel and
modem(modulator and demodulator)
The CPU acts as a Brain of the computer. It organizes and processes the data and
instructions received from the input source such as keyboard or file. The CPU refers to
the microprocessor of the computer. People always refer their computers based on the
type of CPU they contain.
a) Control Unit:
The control unit controls and coordinates the activities of all the units by issuing proper
commands.
1. Fetching data and instructions from memory.
2. Interpreting the instructions.
3. Controlling the transfer of data and instructions to and from memory.
4. Controlling the input and output devices.
5. The overall supervision of computer system
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Programming Fundamentals with C II Sem, Dept.of CSE
In this unit, actual operations are carried out under the supervision of control unit. The
control unit issues signals to ALU to perform the following activities:
2) Memory Unit:
The memory unit store data and instructions. This is also called as storage device
RAM (Random access memory) :It is read write memory. It is just like a
page of a notebook, where you can write something to or read something
from. All the programs are brought into RAM just before execution.
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Programming Fundamentals with C II Sem, Dept.of CSE
Cache Memory:- High Speed Memory, placed between the CPU and
the main memory. Data & instructions stored in it are accessed at a
higher speed as compared to the main memory. Users cannot access
this memory. It stores data and instructions that are currently to
be executed
Differences between:
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Programming Fundamentals with C II Sem, Dept.of CSE
RAM ROM
Random Access Memory. Read Only Memory.
Volatile memory. Non-volatile memory.
The contents of the RAM are lost when The contents of the ROM are not lost when
power is turned off. power is turned off.
Temporary storage medium. Permanent storage medium.
The data can be read and written. The data can only be read, but the data
cannot be written.
The programs are brought into RAM just BIOS and monitor programs are stored.
before execution.
Categories of Software:
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Programming Fundamentals with C II Sem, Dept.of CSE