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vl1AMlnS

!eff ?urag


VI1AMINS SNCNMS kDA CCLN2ML ICkM nSICLCGIC kCLL CLINICAL MANIILS1A1ICN C1nLk NC1LS
81 -1hlamlne
-AnLl-neurlLlc vlLamln
-AnLl-berlberl vlLamln
-Aneurln
-Morale vlLamln
-roporLlonal
Lo CPC
lnLake
-0.3mg/1000
calorles
-1mg/day
1
1hlamlne cocarboxylase
1hlamlne dlphosphaLe

A. Coenzyme ln decarboxylaLlon of a-keLo aclds
1. uecarboxylaLlon of pyruvaLe Lo aceLyl CoA
no 1 !no converslon of pyr Lo aceLyl CoA !no compleLe
oxldaLlon !severe cardlac muscle weakness!SPCSPln
8L8l8L8l
no 1!anaeroblc paLhway! lacLlc acld !LAC1lC ACluCSlS
1 requlremenL
1. CarbohydraLe meLabollsm- 21
2. Llpld meLabollsm- 11
2. uecarboxylaLlon of a-kC
no 1!no converslon of a-kC Lo succlnyl CoA !no energy
producLlon
3. uecarboxylaLlon of keLo aclds from branched AA
8. Coenzyme ln LranskeLolase reacLlon (PM shunL)
-ln 88C, LranskeLolase ls Lhe enzyme mosL commonly used for
measurlng Lhlamlne sLaLus ln Lhe body
no 1!no LranskeLolaLlon!"xy3C4 and
83C4!Ln1CSu8lA and Ln1CSLMlA
C. 1-lmporLanL ln Lhe meLabollsm of nerve Llssues
no 1!Llckllng sensaLlon!nLu8CLCClCAL S?M1CMS
1. 8erlberl (Chronlc perlpheral neurlLls)
-people wlLh berlberl are very Lhln, large
feeL due Lo plLLlng edema
A. AdulL
a. ury or neurologlc Lype
-nervous sympLoms
-aLrophy and muscle weakness
b. WeL or cardlac Lype
-Ldema
-Cardlac lnvolvemenL
c. Mlxed Lype
-neurologlc and cardlac
lnvolvemenL
8. lnfanLlle
a. Aphonlc Lype
-laryngeal paralysls
-caLs cry (no sound)
b. seudomenlnglLlc Lype
-convulslons
c. Cadlalglc Lype
-cyanoLlc everyLlme Lhe baby crles
Cl sympLoms
-anorexla
-severe consLlpaLlon
-gasLrlc aLony
Cv sympLoms
-hearL muscle weakness
-perlpheral edema
-perlpheral vasodllaLlon
nervous sympLoms
-dlmlnlshed alerLness and reflex
responses
-general apaLhy and faLlgue
-lmpalred neuronal acLlvlLy
-degeneraLlon of myelln sheaLh
-paralysls
2. Shoshln berlberl
-AcuLe pernlclous (fulmlnaLlng) berlberl
-hearL fallure and meLabollc
abnormallLles
-no perlpheral neurlLls
3. Wernlck-korsakoff syndrome
-seen ln chronlc alcohollcs
-lmpalred absorpLlon of Lhlamlne
because of alLeraLlons ln Cl LracL
ManlfesLed by:
a. MenLal confuslon
b. ALaxla
c. CpLhalmoplegla
-81 ls dlrecLly
proporLlonal Lo CPC
lnLake
-uarak (rlch ln 81)
LA8 DIAGNCSIS:
k ferrlcyanlde (blue)
"pyr and lacLaLe ln
blood
"penLoses ln blood
#Lhlamlne ln blood and
urlne
#upLake of oxygen by
braln
SCUkCLS:
-whole graln producLs
-brown rlce
-seafood
-llver
-beans
-husk of rlce
kCLk1ILS:
-energy releaslng
vlLamln
-yeasL llke odor and
flavor
-dry heaL (sLable)
-molsL heaL (desLroyed)
1nIAMINL DLIICILNC
1. Lnergy lnLake ls
mosLly from 8lCL
2. loods conLalnlng
anLlLhlamlne
1hlamlnase
Source: raw foods, sushl,
oysLers
3. regnancy and
lacLaLlon
4. Pard physlcal labor
"CPC lnLake "1
lnLake

82 -8lboflavln
-vlLamln C
-LacLoflavln
AdulLs
1.2-1.7mg
regnanL
2-2.3mg
lMn- flavlne
mononucleoLlde
lAu- flavlne adenlne
dlmononucleoLlde
A. AcLs as prosLheLlc group of flavoproLelns
lLAvC8C1LlnS- enzymes LhaL lnvolved ln ox-red rxns
8. AcLs as coenzyme for P Lransfer ln Lhe rxns caLalyzed by
flavoproLelns
1. LplLhellal changes ln oral cavlLy
a. Chellosls or perleche- angular
sLomaLlLls (flssures ln angles of mouLh)
lf w/o pus!hlgh dose of 82
llavln rlng or
lsoalloxazlne rlng- Lhe
acLlve parLs of rlboflavln
SCUkCLS:

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


C. SynLhesls of uA
u. Converslon of succlnaLe Lo fumaraLe
L. Cluconeogenesls paLhway- glycerophosphaLe Lo
dlhydroaceLoneC4
l. llavoproLelns ln L1C
C. CluLaLhlone reducLase- besL flavln requlrlng enzyme for
assaylng 82 sLaLus
P. arL of yruP and akC complexes


lf w/ pus!bacLerla!8 complex +
anLlbloLlcs
b. MagenLa Longue- due Lo glosslLls
2. Corneal vascularlzaLlon- lncrease 8v
formaLlon ln Lhe cornea (noL palnful)
3. Seborrhelc dermaLlLls- erupLlons around
nose and mouLh
4. hoLophobla- secondary Lo corneal
vascularlzaLlon
-Mllk (besL source of 82)
1plnL of mllk=1.7mg of
82
-cheese
-yogurL
-green leafy vegeLables
-frulLs
-breads and cereals
-meaLs
kCLk1ILS:
-lnLense yellow color
(used as food addlLlve)
-heaL sLable
-decomposes ln
presence of vlslble llghL
83 nlacln
nlcoLlnlc acld
facLor
nlcoLlnamlde
nlclnamlde
13-19nL/day Cx|d|zed forms
1. nAu-largely caLabollc
and generally funcLlons
as P accepLor ln
caLabollc rxns
2. nAu- used ln
synLheLlc rxns requlrlng
P lons llke synLhesls of
lA
keduced forms
1. nAuP- feeds L1C wlLh
hydrlde lons and
elecLrons for oxldaLlon
of waLer
2. nAuP- used ln
synLheLlc rxns requlrlng
P lons llke synLhesls of
lA
A. Coenzyme- operaLe as P and elecLron Lransfer agenLs by vlrLue
of reverslble ox-red
8. nAu ls a source of Au-rlbose for Au-rlbosylaLlon of proLelns
and polyAu-rlbosylaLlon of nucleoproLelns lnvolved ln unA repalr
C. Cluconeogenesls- lacLaLe Lo pyr
u. keLogenesls- malaLe Lo CA
L. PydroxybuLyraLe Lo gluconaLe
l. uronlc paLhway- glucose Lo gluconaLe
C. krebs- lsoclLraLe Lo akC
l. CxldaLlve deamlnaLlon of AA- gluLamaLe Lo akC and nP4
1. ellagra
-predomlnanLly ln women (lnhlblLs
LrpLophan meLabollsm by esLrogen)
A. uermaLlLls- affecLs Lhose areas of Lhe
body exposed Lo sunllghL. 1here ls
plgmenLaLlon and Lhlckenlng of skln
a. Casal's necklace
b. Cloves and sLocklngs leslons- arms
and legs
8. ularrhea
C. uemenLla- dlsLurbances of Lhe CnS
u. SLomaLlLls- lnablllLy Lo dlgesL food
(magenLa Longue)
L. Pemorrhaglc Cl1- severe cases
2. ParLnup dlsease- Lhere ls a defecL ln
membrane LransporL mechanlsm of
LrpLophan (large losses due Lo
malabsorpLlon and fallure renal
resorpLlon)
3. Carclnold syndrome- meLasLasls of
prlmary llver Lumor of enLerochromaffln
cells whlch synLheslze 3-CPLrypLamlne
(overproducLlon of 3-CPLrypLamlne wlll
cause dlverslon away from nlacln
synLhesls)
-83 ls noL a vlLamln
because lL can be
synLheslzed by 1rp
-60mg of 1rp=1mg of
nlacln
-"83 can Lrlgger asLhma
and aLLack of allergles
SCUkCLS:
-meaLs
-peanuLs
-legumes
-enrlched cereals
83 anLoLhenlc acld
Lverywhere vlLamln
lllLraLe facLor
100mg/day A. As aceLyl CoA
1. Comblnes wlLh CA acld Lo form clLrlc acld- flrsL sLep ln krebs
no 83!MuSCLL WLAknLSS, LAS? lA1lCuLA8Ll1?,
uL8LSSlCn
2. Comblnes wlLh chollne Lo form aceLylchollne (n1A)
3. Comblnes wlLh sulfonamlde drugs Lo faclllLaLe Lhelr excreLlon
4. recursor of cholesLerol and sLerold hormones
no 83!Au8LnALS A18CP? (because lL ls noL used)
3. AcLlvaLlon of some AA- Leu, lso, val
6. LssenLlal for llpld meLabollsm- Lhe flrsL sLep ln Lhe oxldaLlon
of lA caLalyzed by Lhloklnases lnvolves acLlvaLlon of acld by
formaLlon of CoA derlvaLlve and Lhe removal Lo 2-C fragmenL ln
b-oxldaLlon ls accompllshed by a LhlolyLlc rxn uLlllzlng anoLher
mole of CoA
ln humans
1. Lasy faLlgablllLy- lowered blood
cholesLerol levels
2. Cv dlsLurbances
3. Cl sympLoms
4. numbness and Llngllng of exLremlLles
3. MenLal depresslon and upper
resplraLory problems- you don'L have
energy Lherefore you be depressed
because you cannoL do whaL you wanL
ln anlmals
1. Cl1 sympLoms- gasLrlLls, enLerlLls wlLh
ulceraLlon and bloody dlarrhea
2. Changlng ln skln and halr- dermaLlLls,
-can be synLheslzed be
lnLesLlnal bacLerla
CCACL1LASL
-essenLlal componenL of
CoA
-coenzyme for
aceLylaLlon rxns
-requlred ln meLabollsm
of faL, proLeln and
carbohydraLes vla krebs
cycle
SCUkCL:
-royal [elly (rlchesL
source)

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


8. As succlnyl CoA
1. Peme synLhesls
- MlC8CC?1lC P?CCP8CMlC AnLMlA
C. As acyl carrler proLeln
1. 8losynLhesls of lA- exLramlLochondrlal llpogenesls
scallng of paws and Lalls , loss and graylng
of halr
3. ALrophy of adrenal corLex wlLh necrosls
and hemorrhage, anemla
4. Corneal changes, neurologlc leslons
3. lnLerference wlLh sexual funcLlon and
reproducLlon

86 yrldoxlne
yrldoxal
yrldoxamlne
AA meLabollsm vlLamln
Adermln
vlLamln P (ur. Parrls)
8aL anLldermaLlLls
facLor
8aL anLlpellagra facLor
8aL acrodynla facLor

Acrodynla- Lype of
dermaLlLls ln raLs only
roporLlonal
Lo CPCn
lnLake
1.3-2mg/day
yrldoxal C4
-ma[or form
LransporLaed ln Lhe
plasma
-mosL acLlve form of 86
yrldoxamlne C4

A. Coenzyme ln proLeln meLabollsm
1. uecarboxylaLlon- 1yr, Arg, Clu
Clu!CA8A (naLural Lranqulllzer) !no 86!CCnvuLSlvL
SLlZu8L
2. Converslon of 3-CPkynurenlne Lo 3-CPanLhranlllc acld
no 86!LLLAC8A
3. Converlon of 1rp and seroLonln
no 86!Cl LracL lnLegrlLy dlsrupLed!ulA88PLA, A8uCMlnAL
Aln, vCMl11lnC
4. ueamlnaLlon- Ser, 1hr
3. 1ransamlnaLlon- acLs as amlno group carrler
6. 1ransulfuraLlon- Lransfer of sulfur from MeL Lo Ser Lo form
Cys
7. Converslon of Cys Lo yr by Cys desulfhydrase
8. lnLerconverslon of Cly and Ser
9. uecarboxylaLlon of a-amlno b-keLoadlplc acld Lo d-ALA
no 86!no decarboxylaLlon of a-amlno b-keLoadlplc acld Lo d-
ALA!no heme!MlC8CC?1lC P?CCP8CMlC AnLMlA
10. yrldoxal C4 ls essenLlal for energy producLlon from AA
and can be consldered as an energy releaslng vlLamln
11. Converslon of homocysLelne Lo Cys
no 86!"homocysLelne ln
blood!P?L8PCMCC?S1LlnLnLMlA (rlsk facLor for Cv
dlseases)
8. Coenzyme ln carbohydraLe and faL meLabollsm
1. Converslon of llnolelc acld Lo arachldonlc acld
2. Clycogenolysls- cofacLor ln Lhe acLlvlLy of glycogen
phosphorylase
yrldoxal C4-covalenLly llnked Lo lyslne and sLablllzes Lhe
enzyme
3. CofacLor ln meLabollsm of unsaLuraLed lA and cholesLerol
4. SynLhesls of sphlngollplds necessary for myelln formaLlon
3. lmporLanL ln sLerold hormone acLlon
-removes hormone-recepLor complex
no 86!"senslLlvlLy Lo acLlons of low concenLraLlon of
esLrogen, androgens, corLlsol, vlLamln u!hormone dependenL
cancer of breasL, uLerus, prosLaLe
C. LssenLlal for Lhe malnLenance of Lhe lnLegrlLy of neuronal
Llssues for producLlon of Ab and bone developmenL
1. LpllepLlform selzures ln lnfanLs
2. ellagra llke sympLoms
3. Cl lnvolvemenL because of lnablllLy Lo
converL 1rp Lo seroLonln (abdomlnal
dlsLenslon, dlarrhea, vomlLlng)
4. MlcrocyLlc hypochromlc anemla- due Lo
heme synLhesls fallure
3. SLone formaLlon- due Lo decrease
converslon of glyoxallc acld Lo glyclne,
glyoxallc acld Lurns Lo oxallc acld LhaL can
form oxalaLe sLones
6. Acrodynla- for raLs only

4-pyr|dox|c ac|d- ma[or
excreLory producL
LA8 DIAGNCSIS:
-by acLlvaLlon of 88C
am|notransferases by
pyrldoxal C4
" urlnary oxalaLe
SCUkCLS:
-meaL
-vegeLables
-whole graln cereals
-egg yolks
-mackerel
-avocado
-bananas
87 8loLln
AnLl eggwhlLe ln[ury
facLor
300mg/day lorms of 8loLln
1. a-bloLln- egg yolk
2. b-bloLln- llver
Coenzyme form of 8loLln
1. 8locyLln- bloLynyl
lyslne resldue
A. CofacLor for enzymes LhaL caLalyze carboxyl group Lransfer rxns
and A1 dependenL carboxylaLlon rxns or CC2 flxaLlon rxns
8. lA synLhesls- converslon of AceLyl CoA Lo Malonyl CoA by AceLyl
CoA carboxylase
C. 8-oxldaLlon of odd numbered lA- converslon of roplonyl CoA
Lo MeLhylmalonyl CoA by roplonyl CoA carboxylase
u. Ma[or anaphleroLlc reacLlon- converslon of yruvlc acld Lo CA
acld by yrvaLe carboxylase
ln humans
-flne scaly desquamaLlon of skln
-Anorexla
-nausea
-LasslLude
-Muscle palns
-uepresslon
-halluclnaLlons
-synLheslzed by
lnLesLlnal bacLerla
kCLk1ILS:
-lmldazole derlvaLlve
wldely dlsLrlbuLed ln
naLural foods
-bloLln deflclency ls
caused by defecLs ln

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


L. llxaLlon of CC2 ln Lhe formaLlon of C6 ln purlne synLhesls
l. Converslon reacLlons lnvolved ln Lhe synLhesls of some AA- Ser,
Asp, 1hr
C. urea cycle- componenL of CS (L. coll)
-Loss of halr
-Larly graylng of halr
ln raLs
-specLacled eye appearance (llke waerlng
eyeglasses)
-kangaroo posLure
-reLarded growLh
-loss of halr (clrcumocular alopecla)
-loss of muscular conLrol
uLlllzaLlon
8IC1IN DLIICILNC
-long Lerm anLlbloLlc
Lherapy
-excesslve consumpLlon
of raw egg whlLe
(conLalns Avluln)
Avluln
-comblnes wlLh bloLln
prevenLlng lLs
absorpLlon
-cooklng desLroys
avldlng buL noL bloLln

89 lollc Acld
vlLamln M
lolaLe
lolacln
CA(pLeroylgluLamlc
acld)
400mg/day 1Pl polygluLamaLes A. 1ransfer and uLlllzaLlon of slngle carbon moleLy
-carrler of one carbon unlLs (meLhyl, meLhylene, meLhynyl,
formyl, formlmlno-meLabollcally lnconverLlble)
Iorms of 1nIA:
1. NS methy| 1nIA
-mosL prevalenL form of follc acld LransporLed ln Lhe blood
-meLhyl group can be Lransferred Lo 812
-lmporLanL role ln Lhe meLhylaLlon of homocysLelne Lo MeL
lnvolvlng methy|coba|am|n as cofacLor (meLhlonlne synLhesls)
2. NS N10 methy|ene 1nIA
-provldes Lhe meLhyl group ln Lhe formaLlon of LhymldylaLe
(necessary precursor of unA synLhesls and 88C formaLlon)
3. NS N10 metheny| 1nIA
-C8 of purlne
4. N10 formy| 1nIA
-C2 of purlne
S. NS form|m|no 1nIA
-hlsLldlne caLabollsm
6. N10 hydroxymethy| 1nIA
-Lhymlne synLhesls
1. MacrocyLlc or megaloblasLlc anemla
wlLhouL neurologlcal sympLoms
lollc acld!needed ln purlne and d1M
synLhesls!no follc acld!lnhlblLlon of unA
synLhesls due Lo decreased purlnes and
d1M!arresL of cells ln S phase!slows
down Lhe maLuraLlon of 88C!MAC8CC?1lC
or MLCALC8LAS1lC AnLMlA
2. ancyLopenla
3. CrowLh fallure
4. ClosslLls and Cl dlsLurbance
3. AchromoLrlchla (absence of normal
plgmenLaLlon of halr ln raLs)

*lnadequaLe folaLe levels durlng early sLages
of pregnancy lncreases Lhe rlsk for n1u
(splna blflda)
-needs vlL C for
reducLlon
3 parts of Io||c ac|d:
1. 1L8lulnL- base
aLLached Lo one
molecule of
2. A8A (para amlno
benzolc acld)
3. CLu1AMlC AClu
1LkCMCNCGLU1AMIC
ACID- slmplesL form of
follc acld
CLGLU1AMA1L
DLkIVA1IVLS- 2 Lo 7
addlLlonal acld resldues,
1Pl lnslde Lhe cell, mosL
poLenL forms
CCNIUGASL- removes
exLra gluLamaLe resldues
Iree fo||c
ac|d!!"#$!%&'&()*+
%+!-.*)/+!1nIA
(clrculaLed ln plasma as
n3-meLhyl 1Pl)
ICLIC ACID DLIICILNC
1. lnadequaLe dleLary
lnLake
2. lmpalred lnLesLlnal
absorpLlon
3. Lxcesslve demands by
Lhe Llssue (pregnancy
and lacLaLlon)
4. MeLabollc
derangemenLs
DkUGS 1nA1 CAN
IN1LkILkL ICLA1L
ML1A8CLISM
1. AnLlconvulsanLs-
lncrease Lhe caLabollsm

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


of folaLes
2. Cral conLracepLlves
and esLrogens- lnLerfere
wlLh folaLe meLabollsm
ln Lhelr LargeL Llssues
ICLIC ACID
AN1AGCNIS1S
1. AmeLhopLerln-
MeLhoLrexaLe
-Lx of mallgnanL dlseases
-poLenL compeLlLlve
lnhlblLor of uPl
reducLase
812 Cobalamln
AnLl-pernlclous anemla
vlLamln
LxLrlnslc facLor of CasLle
LryLhrocyLe maLuraLlon
facLor
3-30ug/day ICkMS CI 812
1. S' deoxyadenosy|
coba|am|n
-3' deoxyadenoslne
replaces Lhe cyano group
on Lhe cenLral cobalL aLom
-also called 8lCLCClC
C8lCnA8u 8LACLn1 or
CC8AMluL CCLnZ?ML
2. Cobalamln
-wlLhouL cyanlde
3. Cyanocobalamln
-wlLh cyanlde
4. Pydroxycobalamln
-wlLh CP group
-more acLlve ln enzyme
sysLems
-reLalned longer ln Lhe
body
3. MeLhylcobalamln
-ma[or form ln plasma
blndlng proLeln
A. lnvolved ln Lhe rearrangemenL of MeLhylmalonyl CoA Lo
Succlnyl CoA by MeLhylmalonyl CoA lsomerase
-necessary for dlsposal of odd numbered lA
8. lnvolved ln Lransfer of meLhyl group from meLhyl 1PlA Lo
homocysLelne Lo form meLhlonlne
-Lhls reforms 1PlA LhaL mlghL oLherwlse become Lrapped as
meLhyl 1PlA
C. Cobamlde coenzyme
-essenLlal role ln cobamlde dependenL rlbonucleoLlde
reducLase reacLlon, rlbose moleLy ln rlbonucleoLlde ls
converLed Lo deoxyrlbose when unA ls Lo be forms
u. nuclelc acld synLhesls
-meLhylaLlon of urldlne Lo Lhymlne
L. roLeln synLhesls
-acLlvaLlon of AA
l. PemaLopolesls
-812 and 89 acLs Lo promoLe developmenL of eryLhrold serles
beyond Lhe megaloblasL sLage

1. ernlclous Anemla
-macrocyLlc anemla wlLh neurologlcal
sympLoms
A. MegalobasLlc or macrocyLlc anemla
8. Leslons of nervous sysLem
-degeneraLlve leslons of posLerlor and
laLeral columns of splnal cord resulLlng ln
perlpheral sensory dlsLurbances,
hyperacLlve reflexes, aLaxla and paralysls
C. Mucosal aLrophy and lnflammaLlon of:
-Longue (glosslLls)
-mouLh (sLomaLlLls)
-pharynx (pharynglLls)

2. neurologlc dlsorders
-progresslve demyellnaLlon of nervous
Llssue
-meLhylmalonyl CoA accumulaLes LhaL
lnLerfere Lhe myelln sheaLh formaLlon:
-meLhylmalonyl CoA ls a compeLlLlve
lnhlblLor of malonyl CoA ln lA synLhesls
(lnhlblLlon of lA synLhesls wlll lead Lo
degeneraLlon)
-meLhylmalonyl CoA can subsLlLuLe for
malonyl CoA ln Lhe rxn sequence leadlng
Lo branched chaln lA whlch mlghL dlsrupL
normal membrane sLrucLure
-sLrlcL vegeLarlans can
have vlL 812 deflclency
812 CCNSIS1S CI:
1. Corrln rlng sysLem-
cenLral porLlon of Lhe
molecule slmllar Lo
porphyrln rlng
2. CobalL- cenLer of
corrln rlng sysLem
3. 3,6
dlmeLhylbenzlmldazole
rlboslde
4. amlno propanolol
3. proplonlc acld
kCLk1ILS
-synLheslzed by
mlcroorganlsms
-absenL ln planLs
-found only ln food of
anlmal orlgln
-sLored ln llver
-lnLesLlnal absorpLlon of
812 need lnLrlnslc facLor
(secreLed by parleLal cells
of gasLrlc mucosa)
812 DLIICILNC
1. Chronlc dleLary
deflclency of 812
2. oor absorpLlon of
812 due Lo lack lnLrlnslc
facLor
-Ab Lo Lhe lnLrlnslc
facLor
-LoLal gasLrecLomy or
gasLrlc mucosal cell
aLrophy (lack of
secreLlon of ll)
-exLenslve resecLlon of
Sl
3. lncreased requlremenL
ln pregnancy

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


C Ascorblc acld
AnLl-scorbuLlc vlLamln
100mg/day
Accdg Lo
ur. Llnus
aullng
2000-
9000mg/da
y
ICkMS CI VI1 C
LkCkL1LD IN UkINL:
12-24 Ascorblc acld
12-18 ulkeLogluconlc
acld
24-63 Cxallc acld
A. uue Lo hlgh senslLlvlLy Lo reverslble oxldaLlon
1. PydroxylaLlon of ro and Lys
rollne!hydroxyprollne
Lyslne!hydroxylyslne
-lmporLanL ln collagen formaLlon
-wlLhouL hydroxylaLlon proLocollagen cannoL properly
cross llnk lnLo normal collagen flbrlls
-found ln 8v walls
no vlL C!easlly rupLured 8v ln Lhe nosLrlls!LlS1AxlS
2. PydroxylaLlon of 1rp
3. SynLhesls of nL
4. 1yroslne meLabollsm
-vlL C proLecLs enzyme LhaL oxldlzes p-CP phenylpyruvlc
acld
3. PydroxylaLlon of sLerolds ln adrenal corLex
6. Serve as reducLanL Lo ferrlc (le+3) Lo ferrous (le+2)
-faclllLaLes absorpLlon and uLlllzaLlon of le
-lmporLanL ln Lransfer of lron vla 18AnSlL88ln
-lnvolved ln moblllzaLlon of lron from lLs sLorage form
lL88l1ln
7. Spares vlL A, L and 8 by proLecLlng Lhem from oxldaLlon
8. Converslon of follc acld Lo acLlve 1PlA
C. PydroxylaLlon of cholesLerol Lo chollc acld
u. 8egulaLor of cholesLerol meLabollsm
L. lmporLanL ln Lhe reacLlon of body Lo physlologlc sLress
l. revenLlng many vlral and bacLerlal lnfecLlons by
poLenLlaLlng Lhe lmmune sysLem
C. Lower Lhe lncldence of blood cloL formaLlon ln velns
P. 8one formaLlon
-slnce bones has a collagen componenL
l. revenLs Lhe formaLlon of varlous cancer causlng subsLances
nl18CSAMlnLS-hlgh ln preserved and processed food llke
Loclno, hoLdogs and lnlhaw
1g of vlL C=blocks nlLrosamlne formaLlon

1. Scurvy
-conflned Lo supporLlng Llssues of
mesenchymal orlgln (bone, denLln, carLllage,
C1)
A. Cums are spongy, Lender and easlly
bleed LhaL can cause lnfecLlons, loosenlng
of LeeLh and falllng LeeLh
8. oor wound heallng
C. uecreased ablllLy Lo flghL lnfecLlons
u. lmpalrmenL of growLh of boLh bones
and LeeLh (easy fracLurablllLy of bones)
L. Skln changes
-rough skln (hyperkeraLoLlc papules)
-purpura and hemorrhages (peLechlal,
subcuLaneous, subperlosLeal and
lnLernal)
l. SCC88u1lC 8CSA8?- swelllng aL Lhe
ends of Lhe long bones and aL
cosLochondral [uncLlons
C. Anemla- due Lo exLenslve
hemorrhaglng + defecL ln lron absorpLlon
and folaLe meLabollsm
P. Lasy faLlgablllLy, weakness, achlng ln
bones and [olnLs of exLremlLles
l. uefecLs ln skeleLal calclflcaLlon wlLhouL
much dlsLurbance ln mlneral meLabollsm
-xray: whlLe llne ouLslde of Lhe shafL
kCLk1ILS:
-synLheslzed by anlmals
by glucoronlc acld cycle
(man cannoL synLheslze
vlL C because he does
noL have Lhe enzyme Lo
converL gulonolacLone Lo
2 keLo L gulonolacLone)
-very senslLlve Lo
oxldaLlon
-rapldly desLroyed by
alkalles
-drylng of vegeLables
(loss of vlL C conLenL)
-sLrong reduclng agenL
(easlly oxldlzed)
-pasLeurlzlng mllk
(desLroys vlL C)
-used up more rapldly
under sLressful
condlLlons
-excreLlon ls Lhru urlne
-smoklng causes lower
serum vlL C
-asplrln blocks upLake of
vlL C by W8C
-oral conLracepLlves and
corLlcosLerolds lower
serum levels of vlL C
IAC1CkS 1nA1 AIILC1S
VI1 C kLUIkLMLN1S:
-severe burns
-surglcal procedures
-chronlc lnfecLlons
-bacLerlal Loxlns
SCUkCL:
-frulLs and vegeLables


vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag



VI1AMINS SNCNMS kDA ICkMS nSICLCGIC kCLL CLINICAL MANIILS1A1ICN C1nLk NC1LS
A 18L ls equal
Lo:
1ug reLlnol
6ug caroLene
12ug oLhers

Male
3238L/day
lemale
4308L/day
regnanL
4738L/day
kLCUkSCkS CI VI1 A
1. alpha caroLene
-1 mole
2. beLa caroLene
-hlghesL vlL A acLlvlLy
-2 moles of reLlnol
3. Camma caroLene
-1 mole
4. CrypLoxanLhln
-1 mole
1LS CI VI1 A
1. vlL A1 alcohol
-reLlnol
-salLwaLer flshes
2. vlL A2
-3-dehydroreLlnol
-freshwaLer flshes
-40 poLency
3. vlL A aldehyde
-reLlnal
4. vlL A acld
-reLlnolc acld
-leasL Loxlc because
leasL sLored
-used by derma
A. vlslon
8PCuCSln- occurs ln rods of reLlna whlch are responslble for
nlghL vlslon
11 cls reLlnal- lsomer of all Lrans reLlnal, speclflcally bound Lo opsln
Lo form rhodopsln
8. MalnLenance of Lhe lnLegrlLy of eplLhellal Llssues
-smooLh and molsL lnhlblLs enLry of mlcroorganlsms
-anLl lnfecLlve and anLl cancer
C. Skln
-dryness and roughness develops ln vlL A deflclency (Load skln)
u. CrowLh
-fallure of skeleLal growLh appears Lo reflecL a defecLlve ln
synLhesls of chondrolLln sulfaLe due Lo lnablllLy Lo make
phosphoadenlne phosphosulfaLe (sulfaLe donor)
L. 8losynLhesls of mucopolysaccharldes
l. 8eproducLlon
-no reproducLlon ln vlL A deflclency due Lo aLrophy of germlnal
eplLhellum of males (no spermaLogenesls)
-ln females, normal esLrous cycle ls noL malnLalned
-alLeraLlons ln Lhe llnlng of reproducLlve LracL appears Lo lnLerfere
wlLh nuLrlLlon of Lhe embryo
C. uevelopmenL of bones and LeeLh
P. ConLrol of cell dlfferenLlaLlon and Lurnover
-mosL lmporLanL funcLlon of vlL A
-all Lrans reLlnolc acld and 9 cls reLlnolc acld regulaLe growLh and
developmenL and Llssue dlfferenLlaLlon
1. Lye manlfesLaLlon
A. nycLalopla or nlghL bllndedness
-early sympLom
-lnablllLy Lo see ln dlm llghL
-no vlL A Lo comblne wlLh opsln
8. hoLophobla
a. xerosls con[ucLlvae
-8lLoL's spoLs
-foam llke spoLs ln con[ucLlvae elLher
ln laLeral or medlal slde
-does noL cause bllndness unless lL
LoLally blocks Lhe eye
-Lx: hlgh dosage of vlL A (reverslble)
b. xerosls cornea
-dryness progresses Lo cornea
-ulcers develop
-keraLomalacla(sofL [elly llke mass wlLh
pus and blood lnslde)
C. xeropLhalmla
-generallzed dryness of eye Llssues
u. Corneal ulcers
L. 8llndness
-opaclLles affecLlng Lhe whole cornea or
perforaLlon of cornea whlch resulLs ln
collapse of eyeball
2. LplLhellal cells undergo keraLlnlzlng
meLaplasla
-lncreased suscepLlblllLy Lo lnfecLlon of 81
-cells of kldney medulla may cornlfy and
renal cacull forms
-ducLs of glands may became blocked and
glands aLrophy
-aLrophy of germlnal eplLhellum causes
sLerlllLy Lo males
3. CessaLlon of growLh
4. Skln manlfesLaLlon
-dryness and scallness
-Load skln (hyperkeraLoLlc papules)
3. P?L8vl1AMlnCSlS A
-palnful [olnLs perlosLal Lhlckenlng of long
bones, loss of halr, weakness, loss of
appeLlLe, hepaLosplenomagaly
-serlous llver damage may occur
SCUkCLS:
ket|no|s
-llver
-egg yolk
-buLLer
-whole mllk
Caroteno|ds
-dark green and yellow
vegeLables
-carroLs
-sweeL poLaLoes
IAC1CkS AIILC1ING
VI1 A ML1A8CLISM
-low lnLake of dleLary
faL
-lnadequaLe proLeln
and zlnc lnLakes
-vlL L deflclency (for
proLecLlon of vlL A)
-lnfecLlons (acuLe
hepaLlLls, measles,
upper resplraLory
lnfecLlons, chlcken
pox, bronchlLls)
-chronlc paraslLlc
lnfecLlons
u AnLl-rachlLlc vlLamln
Sunshlne vlLamln
1. vlL u2
-acLlvaLed ergosLerol
-ergocalclferol
-vlosLerol
-planL or vegeLable
orlgln
2. vlL u3
-acLlvaLed 7 dlhydro
cholesLerol
A. 1o lncrease absorpLlon of Ca and ln Lhe lnLesLlne
-vlL u produces an lncrease ln synLhesls of Ca-blndlng proLelns
necessary for moblllzaLlon and LransporL of Ca aL Lhe brush border
of lnLesLlne
8. lncreases moblllzaLlon of Ca from bones
C. lnfluences Lhe handllng of phosphaLe by Lhe kldney
-vlL u lncreases Lubular reabsorpLlon of phosphaLe
u. 8ole ln clLraLe meLabollsm
-clLraLe ls lnvolved ln Lhe moblllzaLlon of mlnerals from bone
1. 8lckeLs
-ln chlldren
-lnadequaLe calclflcaLlon of carLllage and
bones
-bones become sofL and pllable
A. 8owlegs and knock knees
8. LnlargemenL of end of bones
C. 8achlLlc rosary
-rows of bead llke swelllngs aL
1,2S
d|hydroxycho|eca|c|fer
o|
-mosL acLlve vlL u
-calclLrlol
-hormone form of vlL
u
-calclum moblllzlng
hormone

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


-cholecalclferol
-anlmal orlgln (flsh llver
olls)
-can be synLheslzed by
Lhe body by cholesLerol

Llssues and removal of Ca from Lhe blood (anLlcoagulanL properLy)
-glves vlL u a useful role ln produclng plasma and serum
L. normal growLh of mammals
cosLochondral [uncLlons
u. ConLracLed pelvls
-lndlcaLlon for caesarlan
-slze of Lhe pelvls ls noL adequaLe for
normal dellvery of Lhe baby
L. uelayed closure of fonLanelles
-2 fonLanelles
-wlll close 1 year afLer blrLh
l. Parrlsons groove
-horlzonLal depresslon along Lhe lower
border of Lhe Lhorax (below Lhe lasL rlb)
C. CapuL quadraLum
-developmenL of bosses on Lhe Lemporal
bones
P. uelayed LooLh erupLlon
-LooLh erupLs aL 6 monLh old
2. CsLeomalacla
-ln adulLs
-sofLenlng and weakenlng of bones
-can lead Lo deformlLles and easy
fracLurabllllLy
-LeLany (serum calclum ls low)
3. 1eLany
-hyperexclLablllLy of nerves and muscle due
Lo decreased calclum
-unconLollable musle LwlLchlng
4. P?L8vl1AMlnCSlS u
-urlnary llLhlasls
-meLasLaLlc calclflcaLlon
-renal fallure
24,2S
d|hydroxycho|eca|c|fer
o|
-anoLher acLlve
meLabollLe of vlL u3
formed ln kldneys
-less acLlve Lhan
calcLrlol
2S hydroxyca|c|fero|
-ma[or form of vlL u ln
Lhe clrculaLlon
-ma[or sLorage form ln
Lhe llver
L 8e[uvlnaLlng vlLamln
AnLl-sLerlllLy vlLamln
(for anlmals only)
vlLamln ln search of a
dlsease
Canada
6-10mg/day
uS
7-13mg/day
llllplnos
lower Lhan
Lhe uS and
Canada
kLCUkSCk CI VI1 L
1. Alpha Locopherol
-mosL poLenL
2. 8eLa Locopherol
3. Camma Locopherol
4. uelLa Locopherol
A. AnLloxldanL properLy
-mosL sLrlklng chemlcal properLy
-proLecLs vlL A, ulA and caroLenes from oxldaLlve desLrucLlon
-lnhlblLs damage Lo lung Llssue from oxldanLs ln alr (ozone,
nlLrogen oxlde)
8. MalnLalns lnLegrlLy of 88C membrane
-decreased vlL L wlll cause hemolyLlc anemla
C. MalnLalns lnLegrlLy of muscles
u. revenLs llver necrosls wlLh selenlum
L. Conadal and reproducLlve funcLlons
-degeneraLlve changes ln semlnlferous Lubules
-placenLal abnormallLles whlch lnLerferes nuLrlLlon of Lhe feLus

ln humans
1. MegaloblasLlc anemla
-due Lo lncreased hemolysls of 88C

ln anlmals
1. fallure of gesLaLlon ln females
2. LesLlcular degeneraLlon
3. Muscular dysLrophy
4. changes ln nerve Llssue
ulA-mosL lmporLanL
facLor ln deLermlnaLlon
of requlremenLs for vlL
L
SCUkCLS:
-planLs
-anlmals
-vegeLable olls (rlchesL
source)
-wheaL germ oll (hlgh
conc)
MLDICAL USL:
LffecLlve ln
1. laL malabsorpLlon
2. 1halassemla and
SCA
3. Cancer prevenLlon
4. 8eLrolenLal
flbroplasla
3. lnLravenLrlcular
hemorrhage ln
preLerm lnfanLs on
oxygen Lherapy
6. 1umor ln anlmals

vl1AMlnS
!eff ?urag


k CoagulaLlon vlLamln
AnLl hemorrhaglc
vlLamln
1. vlL k1
-phylloqulnone
-ma[or form of vlL k ln
planLs
2. vlL k2
-farnoqulnone
-found ln puLrld flsh
meal
3. vlL k3
-Menadlone
-parenL compound of vlL
k serles
-synLheLlc form of vlL k
A. SynLhesls of proLhrombln ln llver
-vlL k as a cofacLor of gamma carboxylaLlon of gluLamlc acld
resldues ln several cloLLlng facLors
-deflclency can lead Lo prolonged cloLLlng Llme
8. SynLhesls of plasma cloLLlng facLors (2,9,7,10)
C. ComponenL of L1C as coenzyme C
u. ulcumarol- anLldoLe Lo anLlcoagulanL drugs
L. SynLhesls of bone calclum blndlng proLelns
Csteoca|c|n and bone matr|x GLA prote|n- proLelns presenL ln
bones LhaL conLalns gamma carboxygluLamaLe
Csteoca|c|n
-conLalns hydroxyprollne
-synLhesls ls dependenL Lo vlL k and C
-lnduced by vlL u


1. Pun
-due Lo hypoproLhromblnemla secondary Lo
lack of vlL k
-lnfanLs prone Lo vlL k deflclency because lL
does noL pass Lhe placenLa and guL ls sLerlle
afLer blrLh

-bacLerlal flora of Lhe
lnLesLlne supplles vlL k
VI1AMIN k
DLIICILNC
1. MalabsorpLlon
syndrome
-lmpalred faL
absorpLlon
2. SLerlllzaLlon of Cl1
-anLlbloLlcs
3. vlLamln k lnhlblLors
-ulcumarol
4. CbsLrucLlon of
blllary LracL
-blle cannoL go Lo
Sl!no blle!no
absorpLlon of faLs!no
absorpLlon of vlL
AuLk!no formaLlon
of facLors
2,7,9,10!8LLLulnC

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