ME 301

CONDUCTIONANDRADIATIONHEATTRANSFER
Md. Mahbubul Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of MechE
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Download Course Materials from
www.mislam.info/ocw.html

Suggested Reference books

Heat and Mass transfer A Practical Approach by Yunus A Cengel

Heat Transfer A Basic Approach by M. Nekati Ozisik

Fundamentals of Heat and mass Transfer by Incropera and Dewitt

Heat Transfer by J P Holman

TODAYSTOPIC

Basic ideas of Radiation Heat Transfer

Thermal Radiation

Electromagnetic Spectra

THREE BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN CONTRAST WITH OTHER TWO MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction and convection are short range phenomena, Mean Free Path (MFP) is very small

Radiation is a long range phenomena. MFP varies widely from 10-10to 1010 m

Different in terms of required medium

THUS THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IS IMPORTANT IN

Combustion application (Fire, Furnace, Engines etc)

Nuclear Reactions (in the sun, fusion reactor etc)

Atmospheric Re-entryspace vehicle

Others are solar energy collector and the green house effect both due to radiation from high temp
sun

Radiation heat transfer is important for LOW temperature application too!

EXAMPLE OF LOW TEMP RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER WITH PRESENCE OF OTHER MODE
OF HEAT TRANSFER

A florist used plastic coverings over flower flats. He observed water collecting in the plastic has
formed ice a quarter inch thick (at night), when the official temp reading was far above freezing.

So why Ice was formed?

Its due to the radiation loss occurring between the water covered surface and the very cooled
outer space and the evaporative heat loss from the water

EXAMPLE OF LOW TEMP RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER WITH PRESENCE OF OTHER MODE
OF HEAT TRANSFER

Ancient Egyptians made ice by putting water filled porous earthen pot on the roof of the house during
clear night.

So why Ice was formed?

EXAMPLES OF RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER9

A hot object is enclosed in a evacuated chamber

THERMAL RADIATION MECHANISM

Electromagnetic WavesMaxwells Electro-magnetic wave theory

Can easily predict radiative properties of liquid and solids (including tiny particles)

Photons-Max Planks Quantum Mechanics

Can explain radiative properties of gases








ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRA


Review of previous class

Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer

Thermal Radiation Properties and Spectra

At the end of the class you will come to know

Radiation properties of Surfaces

Absorptivity, Reflectivity, Transmissivity, Emissivity

Blackbody, Graybody, Specularbody , Diffusebody

Kirchhoffs Law






Little more about Radiation basics

For gases and for semi-transparent solids and salt crystals at elevated temp, emission is a volumetric
phenomenon. That is radiation emitted from a finite volume of matter is the integrated effects of local
emission throughout the volume.

In most solids and liquids radiation emitted from interior surface is strongly absorbed by the adjoining
molecules. So radiation that is emitted from solid or liquid originates from molecules that are within a
distance of 1mfrom the exposed surface so this is a surface phenomenon.


Absorptivity =


=


0 1

Reflectivity =


=


0 1

Transmissivity =


=


0 1

IRRADIATION, G: Radiation flux incident on a surface is called irradiation.
Proof: + + = 1
EMISSIVITY

Emissivity of a surface represents the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface at a given tempto
the radiation emitted by a BLACKBODY at the same temp.

Emissivity depends on

Body temp

Wavelength of the emitted energy

Angle of emission


BLACK BODY RADIATION

Any body above 0 K emits radiation in all directions over a wide range of wavelength.

Amount of radiated energy emitted from a surface at a given wavelength contingent on

material of the body

surface condition

surface temperature

Different body may emit different radiation per unit surface area so interest is on the max amount of
radiation


DEFINITION OF BLACK BODY

A blackbody can be defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation.

Any specified temp no body can emit more energy than blackbody

Example-Carbon black, Carborundum, Platinum black, Gold black etc.

Large isothermal cavity with a small opening. The small opening closely resemble a blackbody.

Is it necessary for a body to be physically black for being considered as BLACKBODY?

NO


DEFINITION OF GRAY BODY

If the radiativeproperties , , of a body are assumed to be uniform over the entire wavelength
spectrum, such body is called gray body.

This concept is used to simplify the analysis.

DEFINITION OF SPECULAR BODY

If a body is mirror polished in such a way that it reflects the incident ray like mirror. The reflection is
called specularreflection and the body is called specularbody.

In this case angle of incident is equal to angle of reflection.


DEFINITION OF DIFFUSE BODY

When a body is has certain roughness that the incident radiation is reflected in all direction and it is
assumed that for ideal case the reflected radiation is constant for all the angle of reflection and
independent of the incident

This concept is used to simplify the analysis.


EMISSIVE POWER

TOTAL EMISSIVEP OWER,E

E = emitted energy from a surface/time/surface area.

SPECTRAL EMISSIVE POWER, EV

Ev= emitted energy/time/surface area /frequency

In can also be per unit wavelength E.


KIRCHHOFFS LAW

At any temp the ratio of total emissive power, E to the total absorptivity, is a constant for all the
substances which are in thermal equilibrium with their environment.

Derivation of Kirchhoffs Law


STEPHEN BOLTZMANN LAW

The emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the
body.
E = T
4


Proof that : BLACKBODY is a perfect emitter.


Review of previous class

Different types of bodies

Kirchhoffs Law

S-B Law

Todays Topic

Plancks Law

S-B law and Wiens Displacement Law from Plancks Law

Various feature of Blackbody radiation


PLANCKS LAW

For a black surface bounded by a transparent medium with refractive index n, Plancks Law is


DERIVATION OF S-B LAW FROM PLANCKS LAW.

DERIVE WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW FROM PLANCKS LAW.



BLACK BODY EMISSIVE POWER SPECTRUM



SALIENT FEATURES OF PLANCKS LAW

The emitted radiation is continuous function of wavelength. At any specified temperature it increases
reaches a peak and then decreases with increasing wavelength.

At any wavelength the amount of emitted radiation increases withincreasing temperature

As temperature increases, the curve shifts to the left to the shorter wavelength region. Consequently
a larger fraction of radiation is emitted at shorter wavelengths at higher temperature.



SALIENT FEATURES OF PLANCKS LAW(CONT.)

The significant amount of radiation emitted by the sun which may be approximated as blackbody at
5777K, the visible region of spectra..

The area under the monochromatic emissive power vs wavelength at any temperature gives the rate
of radiant energy emitted within the wavelength interval, d



Review of previous class

Plancks Law

S-B law from Plancks Law

Wiens displacement law from Plancks Law

Various feature of Blackbody radiation

Todays Topic

Related problems: Planks Law and S-B law

Blackbody Radiation functions

PROBLEM

Determine the maximum wavelength emitted from the earth surface and from the Surface of the
sun?

PROBLEM2

An isothermal cubical body is suspended in the air.The rate at which the cube emits radiation energy
and the spectral black body emissive power are to be determined at 4m wavelength

BAND EMISSION AND RADIATION FUNCTION

PROBLEM1

The temperature of the filament to fan incandescent light bulb is 2500K.The fraction of visible
radiation emitted by the filament and the wave length at which the emission peaks are to be
determined.

SOLID ANGLE
Angle generated at the center of a sphere by any given surface areais known as Solid Angle.The
differential solid angle d= ds/r
2


PROBLEM
Determine the solid angle with which the sun is seen from the earth.

Radius of the sun = 6.96 108 m

Distance of sun from the earth = 1.496 1011 m

Review of previous class

Some problems related to S-B Law, Plancks Law

Blackbody Radiation functions

Solid angle

Todays Topic

Solid angle (contd.)

Radiation Intensity and derivation of E = Ib

Hemispherical Emissivity

SOLIDANGLE(CONTD.)

E = Ib DERIVATION

Radiation Intensity for emitted radiation Ie(, ) is defined as the rate at which the radiation energy
is emitted in the (, ) direction per unit area normal to this direction and per unit Solid Angle about
this direction.

In differential form the Emissive energy can be expressed as

E = Ib DERIVATION

Now Hemisphere above the surface intercepts all radiation rays emitted by the surface, so the
emissive power from the surface to the hemisphere surrounding can be determined by integration.

The intensity of radiation emitted by a surface in general varies with the direction (Especially with
zenith angle ). But in practice for a diffusely emitting surface the intensity of the emitted radiation is
independent of direction thus Ie= const.

EMISSIVITY

Spectral Hemispherical Emissivity can be expressed as a ratio of Spectral emissive power of a real
surface to that of the blackbody.

Average value of emissivity over all wavelengths called Total Hemispherical emissivity.


oRadiation properties average over all directions is called Hemispherical properties