What Is an Object?

An object is a software bundle of related state and behavior. Software objects are
often used to model the real-world objects that you find in everyday life. This lesson
explains how state and behavior are represented within an object, introduces the
concept of data encapsulation, and explains the benefits of designing your software in
this manner.
What Is a Class?
A class is a blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. This section defines
a class that models the state and behavior of a real-world object. It intentionally
focuses on the basics, showing how even a simple class can cleanly model state and
behavior.
Methods ("member functions") are similar to functions, they belongs to classes or objects and
usually expresses the verbs of the objects/class. For example, an object of type Scanner usually
would have methods next() and nextInt() which do corresponding operations to the object they
belong.

Encapsulation enforces modularity
Encapsulation refers to the creation of self-contained modules that bind processing functions
to the data. These user-defined data types are called "classes," and one instance of a class
is an "object." For example, in a payroll system, a class could be Manager, and Pat and Jan
could be two instances (two objects) of the Manager class. Encapsulation ensures good
code modularity, which keeps routines separate and less prone to conflict with each other.
Inheritance passes "knowledge" down
Classes are created in hierarchies, and inheritance lets the structure and methods in one
class pass down the hierarchy. That means less programming is required when adding
functions to complex systems. If a step is added at the bottom of a hierarchy, only the
processing and data associated with that unique step must be added. Everything else above
that step is inherited. The ability to reuse existing objects is considered a major advantage of
object technology.
Polymorphism takes any shape
Object-oriented programming lets programmers create procedures for objects whose exact
type is not known until runtime. For example, a screen cursor may change its shape from an
arrow to a line depending on the program mode. The routine to move the cursor on screen in
response to mouse movement can be written for "cursor," and polymorphism lets that cursor
take simulating system behaviour.
Java has significant advantages over other languages that make it suitable for any programming task.


The advantages of Java are:

1. Java is easy to learn
Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore much more easy to write, compile, debug,
run and learn than other programming languages.
2. Java is object-oriented
This allows you to create modular maintainable applications and reusable code.
3. Java is platform-independent
One of the most significant advantages of Java is its ability to move easily from one system to
another. The ability to run the same code on many different systems is crucial to www, and Java
succeeds at this by being platform-independent at the source and almost binary levels.
4. Java is distributed
Java is designed to make distributed computing easy with the networking capability that is
inherently integrated into it. Writing network programs in Java is like sending and receiving data
to and from a file.
5. Java is secure
Java considers security as part of its design. The Java language, compiler, interpreter, and
runtime environment were each developed with security in mind.
6. Java is robust
Robust means reliability. Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking for possible errors, as
Java compilers are able to detect many problems that would first show up during execution time
in other languages.
7. Java is multithreaded
Multithreaded is the capability for a program to perform several tasks simultaneously within a
program. In Java, multithreaded programming has been smoothly integrated into it, while in other
languages, operating system-specific procedures have to be called in order to enable
multithreading.
Because of Java's robustness, ease of use, cross-platform capabilities and security features, it has
become a language of choice for providing worldwide Internet solutions..
Year Name Chief developer, Company Predecessor(s)
2000 C#
Anders
Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA)
C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2
2001
Visual Basic
.NET
Microsoft Visual Basic
2006
Windows
PowerShell
Microsoft C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL
2009 Go Google C, Oberon, Limbo
2009 CoffeeScript Jeremy Ashkenas JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Haskell
2010 Chapel Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc. HPF, ZPL
2010 Rust Graydon Hoare, Mozilla
Alef, C++, Camlp4, Common
Lisp, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo,
Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak,
NIL, Sather, Standard ML
2011 Ceylon Gavin King, Red Hat Java
2011 Dart Google Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go
2011 Elm Evan Czaplicki Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F#
2011 Red Nenad Rakocevic REBOL, Scala, Lua
2012 TypeScript Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft JavaScript, CoffeeScript
2012 Julia
Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski,
Viral Shah, Alan Edelman
MATLAB
2014 Hack Facebook PHP
2014 Swift Apple Inc. C, Objective-C