Aoptics-1-Wave Fronts

Geometrical Optics
p
In describing the propagation of
light
g as a wave we need to
understand:
wavefronts: a surface passing
th
through h points
i t off a wave that
th t
Applied optics have the same phase and
p
amplitude.
rays: a ray describes the
direction of wave propagation.
Wave fronts A ray iis a vector
t perpendicular
di l
to the wavefront.
Dr. G. Mirjalili, physics Dept. Yazd University Dr. G. Mirjalili, physics Dept. Yazd University
W
Wavefronts
f t Light Rays
• We can chose to associate
• The propagation of the
the wavefronts with the
wavefronts can be
instantaneous surfaces
described by light rays
rays.
where the wave is at its
maximum. • In free space, the light rays
travel in straight lines
lines,
• Wavefronts travel outward
perpendicular to the
from the source at the speed
wavefronts.
of light: cc.
• Wavefronts propagate
perpendicular to the local
wavefront surface.
The ray approximation in Huygens’ principle
Huygens’ principle
geometric optics Every point of a wave front may be considered the source of secondary
wavelets that spread out in all directions with a speed equal to the speed
• Geometric optics: The study of the of propagation of the wave.
propagation
p p g of light.
g
Plane waves
Pl
• Ray approximation: In the ray
approximation, we assume that a
wave moving through a medium
travels in a straight line in the direction
of its rays
rays.
Huygens’ principle (cont’d) Huygens’ principle (cont’d)

Huygens’ principle for plane wave Huygens’ principle for spherical wave (cont’d)
• At t = 0,
0 the
th wave ffrontt is
i • Th inner
The i arc represents part
indicated by the plane AA’ of the spherical wave
• The points are representative • The ppoints are representative
p
sources for
f the
th wavelets
l t points where wavelets are
• After the wavelets have moved propagated
a distance s∆t, a new plane
BB’ can be drawn tangent to • The new wavefront is tangent
the wavefronts at each point to the wavelet
Huygens’ principle (cont’d) Huygens’ principle (cont’d)
Huygens’ principle for law of reflection Huygens’ principle for law of refraction
• The law
Th l off reflection
fl ti can be b • IIn time
ti ∆t ray 1 moves from
∆t, f A
derived from Huygen’s to B and ray 2 moves from A’
Principle to C l = AC
• AA’ iis a wave ffrontt off incident
i id t • F
From triangles
ti l AA’C and d ACB
ACB,
light all the ratios in the law of
• The reflected wave front is CD refraction can be found:
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
• Triangle ADC is congruent to l sin θ1 = v1∆t; l sin θ 2 = v2 ∆t

triangle AA’C
AA C v1∆t v ∆t c c
• Angles θ1 = θ1’ → = 2 , v1 = , v2 =
sin θ1 sin θ 2 n1 n2
• This is the law of reflection
Reflection and refraction

Reflection
Reflection (cont’d)
• Reflection: When a light ray traveling in

one medium encounters a boundary with
another medium, part of the incident light
is reflected.
– Specular reflection: Reflection of light from a
smooth surface, where the reflected rays are
all parallel to each other.
– Diffuse reflection: Reflection from any rough
surface, where the reflected rays travel in
random directions.
– we use the term reflection to mean specular
reflection.
The Law of reflection
Example : The double-reflected light ray
• Law of reflection: The angle of reflection
equals the angle of incidence: θ1’ = θ1. • Two mirrors make an angle of 120° with
• Some definitions: each other
other. A ray is incident on mirror M1
– Normal: The normal is a line drawn at an angle of 65° to the normal. Find the
perpendicular to the surface at the direction of the ray after it is reflected
point where the incident ray strikes
strikes. from mirror M2.
– Angle of reflection and incidence:
Measured from the normal to the
reflected and incident rays
rays, α=2β
respectively.
α
β
Practical applications of reflection

Refraction
• Retroreflection: If the angle between the two mirrors is 90°, the • Refraction: When a ray of light traveling through
reflected beam will return to the source parallel to its original a transparent medium encounters a boundary
path.
path leadingg into another transparent
p medium,, ppart of
the ray enters the second medium. The part that
enters the second medium is bent at the
boundaryy and is said to be refracted.
• sinθ2 / sinθ1 = v2 / v1
– θ1 and θ2 are the angle of incidence and
angle of refraction,
refraction respectively
respectively.
– v1 and v2 are the speed of the light in the first
and second medium, respectively.
• The path of a light ray
ra through
thro gh a refracting
All rays and the surface is reversible.
normal lie in the
same plane.
Refraction by plane interface
Reflection by plane surfaces & Total internal reflection
y
r1 = ((x,y,z)
y ) z
r2= (-x,y,z)
r1 = (x,y,z)
n2
x θ2
θ2
y
r3=(-x,-y,z)
r4=(-x-y,-z) n1 > n2
x
r2 = (x,-y,z) θ1 θ θ1 θ1 n1
θ1 C
Law of Reflection
r1 = (x,y,z) → r2 = (x,-y,z)
Reflecting through (x
(x,z)
z) plane P
Snell’s law
n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
Examples of prisms and total Total internal reflection

internal reflection Total internal reflection
45o
45o
45o
n2
Since sin θ1 = sin θ 2 , sin θ 2 = 1 when n2 / n1 > 1 & n2 = n1 sin θ1.
Totally reflecting prism n1
When this happens, θ 2 is 90o and θ1 is called critical angle. Furthermore
45o when θ1 > θ crit , all the light is reflected (total internal reflection)
reflection).
Porro Prism
Total internal reflection
Index of Refraction and Snell’s
Snell s Law of
Optical fibers Refraction
• Index of refraction n of a medium: n ≡ c/v

– c = 3 x 108 m/s: speed of light in vacuum.
vacuum
– v: speed of light in the medium; v < c.
– n > 1 for any medium and n = 1 for vacuum (or
approximately in air)
air).
• Snell’s law of refraction: n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
• As light travels from one medium to another, its
frequency does not change but its wavelength
does.
– λ1n1 = λ2n2, or λ1/λ2 = v1/v2.
• Light
Li ht slows
l on entering
t i a medium di – Huygens
H
• Also, if n → ∞ ν = 0
• i.e. light stops in its track !!!!!
Atmospheric Refraction and Sunsets

R fl ti
Reflections, R
Refractive
f ti offset
ff t
• Light rays from the sun are
• Let’s
L ’ consider
id a thick
hi k piece
i off glass
l (n = 1.5),
1 5) and
d the
h lilight
h paths
h b
bent as they
h pass iinto the
h
associated with it atmosphere
– reflection fraction = [(
[(n1 – n2))/(n
( 1 + n2)]2 • It is a g
gradual bend because
– using n1 = 1.5, n2 = 1.0 (air), R = (0.5/2.5)2 = 0.04 = 4% the light passes through
layers of the atmosphere
n1 = 1.5 n2 = 1.0
– Each layer has a slightly
incoming ray different index of
(100%)
image
g looks displaced
p refraction
due to jog • The Sun is seen to be above
96% the horizon even after it has
8% reflected in two fallen below it
reflections (front & back)
4%
92% transmitted
t itt d
Dr. G. Mirjalili, physics Dept. Yazd0.16%
4% University Dr. G. Mirjalili, physics Dept. Yazd University
Example: depth of a swimming pool
Mirages
g
Pool depth s = 2m
person looks straight
down.
• A mirage can be observed
when the air above the the depth is judged by
ground is warmer than the θ2 the apparent size of
air at higher elevations some object
j of length
g
• The rays in path B are L at the bottom of the
directed toward the ground
and then bent by refraction pool (tiles etc.)
• Th observer
The b sees both
b th an θ1 s`is reduced distance
upright and an inverted
image
na sin θ1 = sin θ 2 Example: Flat refracting surface

L
tan θ1 = • The image formed by a flat
s
refracting surface is on the
L L same side of the surface as
tan θ 2 = =
s − ∆s s ' the object
– The image is virtual
– The
Th image
i fforms between
b t
→ s tan θ1 = ( s − ∆s ) tan θ 2 the object and the surface
θ2
– The rays bend away from
f smallll angles:
for l ttan ->sin
> i the normal since n1 > n2
L
θ1 n1 n n
s sin θ1 = ( s − ∆s ) sin θ 2 = − 2 ⇒ s' = − 2 s s’’
s sin θ1 = ( s − ∆s ) na sin θ1 s s' n1
L na − 1 1 | s ' | tan θ1 = L, | s | tan θ 2 = L → s ' tan θ1 = s tan θ 2
∆s = s = ( 2 m ) = 50 cm. s
na 4 tan θ ≈ sin θ ≈ θ for θ << 1
⇒ s ' sin θ1 = s sin θ 2
⇒ n1 s ' = n2 s (Q n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 )
Prism example Prisms
• Light is refracted twice – once entering and once leaving.
• Since n decreases for increasing λ, a spectrum emerges... Applications of prism
Analysis:
l (60° glass prism in air)
• A prism and the total reflection
sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 can alter the direction of travel
of a light beam
beam.
n2 sin θ3 = sin θ4
n1 = 1
“Diversion, Deviation”
60°
Example: θ1 = 30°
θ1 α θ2 ⎛ sin(30) ⎞
θ 2 = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 19.5
o
β ⎝ 1.5 ⎠
θ3 θ4 • All hot low-pressure gases emit
θ 3 = (60 o − θ 2 ) = 40.5o
their own characteristic spectra.
n2 = 1.5
15 θ 4 = sin −1 (1.5 sin θ 3 ) = 76.9 o A prism spectrometer is used
to identify gases.
α+β+60o = 180o “Dispersion”
θ3 = 90
90° - β α = 90
90° - θ2 → θ3 = 60
60° - θ2
Dispersion &Deviation Angular Dispersion
A hollow 600 prism is filled with

carbon disulfide, whose index of
n1<n2 refraction for blue is 1.652,
1 652 for red
light is 1.618 what is angular
δ
dispersion 1
sin (σ + δ )
n prism 2
=
n1 n2 n0 1
sin α
2
n1=1.652 n2=1.618
Little High
δ1=51.380 δ2=48.00
dispersion dispersion
High Low δ1-δδ2 =3.38
3 380 a
angular
gu a dispersion
d spe s o
deviation
deviation
Deviation angle & λ
Deviation & wavenumber in prism
• Deviation angle & λ n = A+B/λ2

dn/dλ = -2B/λ3
t1 d
a∆D dD/dλ = t/a dn/dλ
b A`
A a A`` dD/dλ = t/a(-2B/λ3)
t2 e
c
B
b+nt1+d=c+nt2+e dD/dn = (t2-t1)/a
b+( + ∆n)t
b+(n+ ∆ )t1+d+a
+d+ ∆D=c+
∆D + ((n+
+ ∆n)t
∆ )t2+e
+ dD/dn =t/a
∆nt1+a ∆D=∆n t2 dD/dλ=(dD/dn)(dn/dλ)=(t/a) (dn/dλ)
∆D/ ∆=(t2-tt1)/a (dn/dλ)=?

(dn/dλ) ?
Dispersive power & Abbe`s

Abbe s nunber
Refractive indices of Crown and
flint glasses
n f − nc Fraunhofer
color
l λ( )
λ(nm) n crown n flint
fli t
Dispersive power line
nD − 1
F Blue 486.1
486 1 1.5293
1 5293 1.7378
1 7378
nD − 1
= Abbe`s − number = ν Low
D Yellow 589.3 1.5230 1.7200
n f − nC dispersion
dispersion, C Red 656 3
656.3 1 55204
1.55204 1 7130
1.7130
low refractive
index
ν ν Crown =59 ν flint=29

Dispersing prisms Dispersing prisms
• Achromatic prism: • Direct-vision prism
• Deviates light but gives no dispersion
λ1
λ
λ2
λ1
λ2
g λ
Direct vision for wavelength
Dispersion for λ1 and λ2 is zero
example Example (cont

(cont.))
• Assume that 140 is the apex angle of a crown glass
prism.
i Wh
Whatt should
h ld b be th
the apex angle l off a fli
flintt prism:
i • (b) for the direct-vision prism
(a)-if the combination of both is to be achromatic for blue
and red? δ1=σ
σ1((n1D-1))
(b)-if the prism is to have no deviation for yellow? δ2=σ2(n2D-1)
Solution (a)
δ F = σ1(nf - 1) σ1(n1D-1)= σ2(n2D-1)
δ C = σ1((nc- 1)) → δ f - δc = σ1 ((nf - nc) mean dispersion
p 14(1.5230 1) σ2(1.7200
14(1 5230-1)= (1 7200-1)
1)
of prism
σ2=10.2 0
For the combination to be achromatic,
(σ1)(n1f - n1c) + (σ2)(n2f - n2c)=0
(14)(1.5293-1.5204)+ (σ2)(1.7378-1.7130)=0
σ2= -5 50
Image manipulation by reflection prisms Image manipulation by reflection prisms
Dove prism
Right angle prism
Dispersion Diversion & dispersion

Dispersion Examples
• The index of refraction of a material

depends on wavelength as shown
on the right
right. This is called dispersion
dispersion.
• It is also true that, although the speed

off light
li ht iin vacuum d
does nott d
depends
d
on wavelength, in a material, wave
speed depends on wavelength.
Resolving power of a prism Resolving power of a prism (example)
• A prism
i made
d ffrom flint
fli glass
l with
ihabbase off 5 cm. find
fi d the
h resolving
l i
power of the prism at λ=550 nm.
F T
∆s • solution
d W ∆α
d
n ∆
∆α ∆n/∆λ=(nf-nD)/(λf-λD)= (1.7328-1.7205)/(486-587)=-1.9x10 -4 nm -1
b λ+∆λ
FT+TW=nb λ R = b(dn/dλ) = (0.05x10
(0 05x10 9nm)(-1.9x10
nm)( 1 9x10 -44 nm -11) = 5971
∆α = λ/d
FT+ Tw - ∆s= (n- ∆n) b
λ/d = (b/d)(dn/dλ)∆λ
∆s=b ∆n ((∆λ))min=λ/R =5500A0/5971 ≈ 1 A0
(∆λ)min= λ/b(dn/dλ)
∆s=b (dn/dλ) ∆λ
R=λ/(∆λ)min= b(dn/dλ)
∆α=∆s/d=(b/d)(dn/dλ)∆λ
Exercises
Example
The prism shown in the figure has a refractive
index of 1.66, and the angles A are 25.00 . Two
light
g rays
y m and n are p parallel as they
y enter
m A
•Exercises
the prism. What is the angle between them
they emerge?
n A
Solution
na sin θ a 1.66 sin 25.0°

na sin θ a = nb sin θ b → θ b = sin −1 (
) = sin −1 ( ) = 44.6°.
nb 1.00
Therefore the angle belo
below the hori on is θb − 25.0° = 44.6° − 25.0° = 19.6°,
horizon
and thus the angle between the two emerging beams is 39.2°.
Exercises Exercises
Example Problem
Light is incident in air at an angle Solution

on the upper surface of a transparent θa θa
plate the surfaces of the plate being
plate, n θb' (a) For light in air incident on a parallel-faced
parallel faced n θb'
plane and parallel to each other. (a) plate, Snell’s law yields:
t n’ Q n sin θ a = n' sin θ b' = n' sin θ b = n sin θ a' → sin θ a = sin θ a' → θ a = θ a' . t n’ Q
Prove that θ a = θ a' . (b) Show that this
i ttrue ffor any number
is b off different
diff t parallel
ll l (b) Adding more plates just adds extra steps
plates. (c) Prove that the lateral displacement n θb P in the middle of the above equation that
n θb
P
D of the emergent beam is given by the always cancel out. The requirement of
θ a' d parallel
ll l faces
f ensures that
th t th
the angle
l θn = θ n' L θ a' d
relation: sin(θ a − θ b' )
d =t ,
cos θ b' and the chain of equations can continue.
where t is the thickness of the p
plate. ((d)) A ray
y of light
g is incident at an angle
g (c) The lateral displacement of the beam can be calculated using geometry:
of 66.00 on one surface of a glass plate 2.40 cm thick with an index of t t sin(θ a − θ b' )
refraction 1.80. The medium on either side of the plate is air. Find the lateral d = L sin(θ a − θ b' ), L = →d = .
cos θ b' cos θ b'
Displacement between the incident and emergent rays rays.
(d) n sin θ a sin 66.0°
θ b' = sin −1 ( ) = sin −1 ( ) = 30.5°
n' 1.80
( 2.40cm ) sin(66.0° − 30.5°)
→d = = 1.62 cm.
cos 30.5°

Aoptics-1-Wave Fronts

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Geometrical Optics

Huygens’ principle (cont’d) Huygens’ principle (cont’d)

• Triangle ADC is congruent to l sin θ1 = v1∆t; l sin θ 2 = v2 ∆t

Reflection and refraction

• Reflection: When a light ray traveling in

Practical applications of reflection

Examples of prisms and total Total internal reflection

• Index of refraction n of a medium: n ≡ c/v

Atmospheric Refraction and Sunsets

na sin θ1 = sin θ 2 Example: Flat refracting surface

Dispersion &Deviation Angular Dispersion

A hollow 600 prism is filled with

• Deviation angle & λ n = A+B/λ2

∆nt1+a ∆D=∆n t2 dD/dλ=(dD/dn)(dn/dλ)=(t/a) (dn/dλ)

∆D/ ∆=(t2-tt1)/a (dn/dλ)=?

Dispersive power & Abbe`s

ν ν Crown =59 ν flint=29

Dispersion for λ1 and λ2 is zero

example Example (cont

Dispersion Diversion & dispersion

• The index of refraction of a material

• It is also true that, although the speed

na sin θ a 1.66 sin 25.0°

Light is incident in air at an angle Solution

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