Population Change Revision

By Diane Stetcu
Key words
Population the people living
in an area
Population distribution how
people are spread out in a
place
Population density the
number of people per square
km (how crowed an area is)
Densely populated more than
50 people per km (crowed)
Sparsely populated less than
10 people per km
Why are areas
DENSLEY populated?
Flat land (easy
to build on)
Mild climate
(easy to live in)
Fertile soil
Good education
system
Tourist
attractions
Good health care
Job
opportunities
(more money)
Easy access to
river or sea
Yellow = physical factors Orange = human factors
So, why are
areas sparsely
populated?
Why are areas
SPARSELY populated?
Extreme climate;
too hot or cold
(difficult to live
in)
High relief (hard
to access)
Lack of water
Poor/no
education system
No tourist
attractions
Poor health care
No job
opportunities
Inaccessible
Yellow = physical factors Orange = human factors
Infertile soil
Factors that determine population change
Infant mortality the number of babies per
1000 born that die before their first
birthday.
Immigrants a person who moves into an
area or country.
Birth rate the number of births per 1000
people in a year.
Carrying capacity the maximum number of
people that can be supported by the
resources and technology of a given area.
Death rate the number of deaths per 1000
people per year.
Natural change the birth rate minus the
death rate.
Migration the long-term movement of
people.
Emigrants a person who moves out of an
area or country.
Example of natural change
Country Birth rate Death rate Rate of natural
change
Swaziland 27.0 30.4 -3.4
Cambodia 25.5 8.2 17.3
Chile 15.0 5.9 9.1
UK 10.7 10.1 0.6
Why do birth and death rates vary as a
countrydevelops?
Social
Women are educated about contraception
in HICs and would want to focus on their
career.
Also, couples will want smaller families.
In LICs, they have less knowledge about
maternity and women arent as likely to
continue their education.
Economic
In HICs, its expensive to bring up a child.
186,032 to raise a child until theyre 21.
In LICs, children are considered a financial
asset.
In HICs, children are considered a financial
burden.
Medical
HICs continuously have now treatments
for diseases.
LICs struggle, with people dying from
simple diseases.
Political
China have introduced the One Child
Policy to reduce the birth rate.
Other countries have introduced
incentives to increase birth rates, such as
Singapore.
Case study: Poland and the falling birth rates
Reasons for a
declining
birth rate
More young people,
especially women, want to
continue their education
Women want to
work and be
independent
Housing shortage
The cost of
raising children is
increasing
Unemployment didnt exist during
the communist government era
Women dont
want to risk
losing their jobs
after maternity
leave
Now couples are worried to start a
family because they dont have
financial security.
Government
incentives to
increase birth
rates
Improving public
kindergarten
More flats are
being built
Extend maternity
leave
Pays couples for
each child they
have
Demographic Transition Model
The Demographic Transition Model explanation
Stage 1 High
fluctuating
Stage 2 Early
expanding
Stage 3 Late
expanding
Stage 4 Low
fluctuating
Stage 5 - Decline
What? High birth rate and
death rate
High birth rate,
falling death rate
High birth rate, falling
death rate
Low birth rate and
low death rate
Death rate is higher
than birth rate
Why? No contraception
Religion
Infant mortality
No medical care or
hygiene
Better hygiene
Better health
care
Improved
education
Contraception is
available
Women are
continuing their
education
Health care is
good
Contraception
widely used
Education is being
continued
Women are very
focused on their
careers
Where? Rainforest tribes Banglaesh Brazil Japan/UK Germany
Population and precipitation distribution of China
Towards the west of China, its sparsely populated. This is because there is less than 50mm of precipitation per year.
Kashgar is an example.
In East and South East China, its densely populated. Areas such as Shanghai have over 520 people per square mile.
This is because there is low relief and high precipitation. Additionally, theres easy access to sea.
Case study: Chinas One Child Policy
Why?
An economic reform was taking place
To improve living standards
In 1979, China had of the worlds population!
of the population were under the age of 30
People born in the 1950s and 60s were entering
their reproducing years
Case study: Chinas One Child Policy (continued)
Incentives
Disincentives
Free education
Cash bonuses
Couples are
given a one-
child certificate
package
Preferential
housing
arrangements
Better child care
Free medical care
Longer maternity
leave
Receive heavy fines Could be sacked
from their job
Couples are
required to pledge
not to have more
children
Women who have
children already are
urged to use
contraception or
undergo sterilisation
Granny police
monitor child births,
how many children
couples have, catch
out liars
Women with
unauthorised
pregnancies are
pressured to have
abortions
Case study: Chinas One Child Policy (continued)
Recent changes
to the One Child
Policy
In rural areas
(approx. 70% live
there), a second child
is generally allowed
after 5 years if the
first child is a girl
A third child is
allowed in some
ethnic minorities and
in remote,
unpopulated areas
Urban residents and
government
employees have to
follow the policy and
is strictly enforced
Exceptions include if
the first child has a
disability or if both
parents work in high-
risk occupations such
as mining
Case study: Singapore, three or more
Why?
They feared the economy would collapse
The population was decreasing after a two is
enough policy
They also feared they wouldnt have enough
workers
Case study: Singapore, three or more (continued)
Incentives
Disincentives
3 months
maternity leave
for mothers
3 days of paternity
leave on the birth
of the first 4
children
5 days of paid
childcare leave a
year
More children
means a bigger
flat/property
$95 for a maid
$6,000 for the 3
rd
and 4
th
child
$3,000 for
the 1
st
and
2
nd
child
2
nd
4
th
child has
a savings account
Sterilisation isnt
allowed unless
youve had 3 or
more children
Couples with one
child or none can
only buy a 3
bedroom flat
Case study: Ageing population in Japan
Disadvantages
Workforce: businesses are struggling to
recruit. Many pensioners are having to
continue to work. A solution is to
encourage migrant labour.
Pensions: the Prime Minister has
introduced reforms which includes the
retirement age being increased from 60 to
65 by 2030 and higher pension
contributions from employers, employees
and the government.
Health care: Many pensioners are living in
nursing homes or care homes now. This is
putting pressure on the health budget,
more than half goes towards caring for
the elderly.
In 2006, incentives were introduced to
promote independent living at home. A
health insurance scheme for over 75s
were introduced in 2007. It has been
nicknamed the hurry up and die scheme.
To shorten hospital admissions, a fee a
hospital receives after 100 days goes up.
One care home has hundreds on the
waiting list, not enough staff work there
for everyone to be admitted.
Case study: Ageing population in Japan (continued)
Advantages
The greying yen: the elderly saved money.
Now, Japanese pensioners are spending;
buying luxury goods, travelling and
indulging their taste for expensive food.
This benefits their economy.
In the past, their saved money would go
to their children to help look after them at
an old age.
Now, children are doing less of the caring.
Technology: Japan has a range of gadgets
to support the ageing population. It allows
young relatives to keep in touch with their
elderly relatives.
This includes an online kettle that
automatically sends emails to up to three
people when its switched on.
Also, internet-linked sensors that can be
attached to fridge doors and bathroom
mats.
Population pyramids
LIC
HIC
Short life
expectancy
High birth
rate
Long life
expectancy
Low birth
rate
Key words
Life expectancy the average
number of years a person is
expected to live
Dependent population the
people aged under 15 and over
65 that are relying on the rest
of the population to work and
pay taxes to ensure a good
quality of life (health care,
education, etc.)
Economically Active Population
people aged 15-65 who are of
working age
Economic Dependency Ratio
the % of people working
compared to those people who
are not. A high % of people
working is good for the
economy.