HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY OF A PORTION OF

JACKS MOUNTAIN, MIFFLIN COUNTY, PA

BY

PAMELA C. DODDS, PH.D.
REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST

May 14, 2014











Dr. Pamela C. Dodds
P.O. Box 217 Montrose, WV 26283
Phone: 304-823-1095 Email: pamelart@hughes.net.
Registered Tennessee Professional Geologist TN 2529


Dr. Pamela C. Dodds holds a bachelor's degree in Geology and a doctoral
degree in Marine Geology (both degrees from the College of William and Mary,
Virginia) and is a Registered Professional Geologist. Additionally, Dr. Dodds has
a Credential in Ground Water Science (Ohio State University). Dr. Dodds has
worked as a geologist for the Virginia Department of Transportation, the Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality, and for S&ME, Inc., an environmental
consulting firm in Tennessee. Additionally, she has taught science classes at the
high school and college level and provided presentations and workshops for the
American Planning Association and for state and federal government agencies.
Dr. Dodds has served as an expert witness in hydrogeology at hearings
conducted by the WV Public Service Commission and the WV Environmental
Quality Board.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Description of the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Regulatory Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Surface Water and Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hydrologic Computations for Subwatersheds Delineated Within the
Study Area on Jacks Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Jacks Mountain Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 2 - Representative Geologic Map of the Jacks Mountain
Study Area, showing Cross-section Location for Figure 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 3 Geologic Cross-section of Jacks Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 4 Soils Survey Map representative of the Jacks Mountain
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 Descriptions of Geologic Bedrock Units underlying the
study area and the associated environmental characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

TABLE 2 Summary Descriptions of Soils within the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 3 Computations for stormwater discharge for forested ground . . . . . . .24
cover and for 10% impervious ground cover

Table 4 Computations for stormwater discharge if study area is
developed with a wind facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY OF A PORTION OF
JACKS MOUNTAIN, MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

BY PAMELA C. DODDS, Ph. D.,
Registered Professional Geologist

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

At the request of Save Our Allegheny Ridges, a hydrogeological study of a
portion of Jacks Mountain, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania was conducted to
determine impacts on water resources from construction of industrial-scale wind
turbines on the mountain ridge. The hydrogeological study included hydrological
computations to determine the amount of stormwater discharge resulting from a
2-year 24-hour storm event on three specific ground cover conditions for
subwatersheds delineated within the study area. The first set of computations
considered a completely undeveloped, forested ground cover. The second set of
computations considered a 10 percent impervious ground cover within each
delineated subwatershed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
recognizes that stormwater discharge from a 10 percent impervious ground cover
results in degradation to the water resources within the watershed. The third set
of computations considered the cumulative ground covers within each delineated
subwatershed, resulting from the presence of cleared areas for pasture,
roadways, transmission lines, and pipelines, and also for the impervious areas
resulting from construction of the proposed industrial-scale wind turbine facility.
The stormwater discharge for a 10 percent impervious cover serves as a
threshold discharge to evaluate the stormwater discharge from development
within each delineated watershed. A comparison of the stormwater discharge
resulting from a 10 percent impervious area and that of existing and proposed
developed areas within each delineated subwatershed indicates that construction
of industrial-scale wind turbines within the delineated subwatersheds in the study
area on Jacks Mountain will result in negative impacts to the water resources.

It is stated in the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater
Management Plan that steep slopes such as those present on Jacks Mountain
are restricted from any development, with the recommended use for recreation
and watershed protection. Further, recommendations provided in the Soil
Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania emphasize that because of
the soils present on Jacks Mountain, the area is best suited for woodlands and
wildlife habitat. There are special concerns about degradation to: 1) hydric soils,
which have the potential to support wetlands on Jacks Mountain; 2) streams
designated as cold water fish streams on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain;
3) streams designated as high quality streams on the southeast side of Jacks
Mountain; and 4) the karst terrain underlying the lower portions of subwatersheds
on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain. The conclusion is that any industrial-
scale wind turbine construction on Jacks Mountain should be denied because of
negative impacts to surface and groundwater resources.

Page 1 of 25
INTRODUCTION

The hydrological study presented herein was conducted in response to
Volkswind's proposed plan for construction of a wind facility on a portion of Jacks
Mountain, located in Mifflin County, PA. This study includes descriptions of the
geology and soils of the area, discussions of the groundwater and stream water
resources of the area, delineation of the impacted subwatersheds on Jacks
Mountain, and hydrologic computations of stormwater discharge for existing
conditions, for the 10 percent impervious area threshold discharge, and for the
conditions resulting from construction of the proposed wind facility.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The study area (Figure 1) includes a portion of the northeast trending Jacks
Mountain located in an area extending in latitude from approximately 40 degrees
33 minutes north to 40 degrees 37 minutes north and in longitude from
approximately -77 degrees 39 minutes 20 seconds west to -77 degrees 44
minutes 27 seconds west. The study area encompasses the subwatersheds that
would be impacted by Volkswind's proposed construction of 20 wind turbines
along the ridgeline of Jacks Mountain and the substantial access roads which,
depending on their location, would impact 12 subwatersheds located on the
northwest side of Jacks Mountain and 11 subwatersheds located on the
southeast side of Jacks Mountain. The 12 subwatersheds located on the
northwest side of Jacks Mountain encompass unnamed tributaries, which flow
into Kishacoquillas Creek. The 11 subwatersheds located on the southeast side
of Jacks Mountain encompass unnamed tributaries to Strodes Run and
Wakefield Run, both of which are tributaries to the Juniata River. Kishacoquillas
Creek and the Juniata River are both within the Susquehanna River watershed.
It is important to note that the Susquehanna River watershed flows into
Chesapeake Bay. In Pennsylvanias Chesapeake Bay Tributary Strategy,
developed in 2004 by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP), Pennsylvania committed to reducing sediment contamination by 116,000
tons per year. Only by assessing and managing stormwater runoff from
developed areas will Pennsylvania be able to accomplish this commitment.


REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

On June 17, 2010, the Mifflin County Commission adopted, by Resolution 2010-
25, the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan
in accordance with the Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act 167 of 1978.
The stated intent of this document was to develop recommendations for
improved Stormwater management practices, to mitigate potential negative
impacts by future land uses, and to improve conditions within impaired waters.
Furthermore, it is stated that, Alterations to the natural landscape change the
way the system responds to precipitation events. These changes often involve
increasing impervious area, which results in decreased evaporation and

Page 2 of 25
increased runoff. The increase in Stormwater runoff is manifested in runoff
quantity, or volume, and runoff rate. These two factors cause the natural system
to change beyond its natural dynamic equilibrium, resulting in negative
environmental responses, such as accelerated erosion, greater or more frequent
flooding, increased nonpoint source pollution, and degradation of surface waters.
Decreased infiltration means less groundwater recharge, which in turn leads to
altered dry weather stream flow.


GEOLOGY

The study area is located in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province of
Pennsylvania. The geologic units underlying the study area are provided in
Table 1, with the oldest units at the bottom of the table and successively younger
units in the upper portion of the table. The geologic units underlying the study
area consist of sedimentary rocks that formed from sediments deposited in near
shore, shallow seas during the Ordovician (510 439 million years ago) and
Silurian (439 409 million years ago) geologic time periods. Figure 2 provides a
cross-section of the geologic units underlying the study area, illustrating that the
rock units were deformed by plate tectonic processes associated with the
movement of continental plates. The cross-section shows that Jacks Mountain is
a complex syncline, which is a geological structural basin. On the northwest side
of Jacks Mountain, the bedrock units dip toward the southeast as part of a very
large syncline. On the southeast side of Jacks Mountain, a smaller syncline is
developed in the overall, larger syncline. The geologic units become
progressively younger to the southeast and in the middle of the syncline.

Karst terrain, which is susceptible to groundwater depletion and contamination,
occurs in lower portions of subwatersheds delineated on the northwest side of
Jacks Mountain. The geologic units underlying Jacks Mountain, from northwest
to southeast, consist of the following Ordovician formations: undifferentiated units
of the Coburn through Loysburg formations, consisting of interbedded limestone,
shaly limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite; the Reedsville Formation,
consisting of shale; the Bald Eagle Formation, consisting of sandstone and
quartz-pebble conglomerate; and the Juniata Formation, consisting of quartzitic
sandstone. The undifferentiated units of the Coburn through Loysburg
formations underlie the lowermost portions of the subwatersheds delineated on
the northwest side of Jacks Mountain where sinkholes developed in the
carbonate rocks. These units consist predominantly of limestone and other
carbonates. In the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater
Management Plan, the karst terrain, consisting of solution caverns and sinkholes
developed in limestone and other carbonates is particularly sensitive to
environmental degradation, with the depletion and contamination of groundwater
supplies being among the most severe. The greatest portion of the
subwatershed areas on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain is underlain by
sandstone.

Page 3 of 25
Subwatersheds delineated on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain are
underlain, from northwest to southeast, by the following Silurian formations: the
Tuscarora Formation, consisting mostly of sandstone; the Rose Hill Formation,
consisting of shale interbedded with siltstone, sandstone, and limestone; the
Keefer Formation, consisting of sandstone; the Mifflintown Formation, consisting
of interbedded shale and limestone; and the Bloomsburg Formation, consisting
mostly of shale and siltstone.

SOILS

The extremely stony and sandy soils occurring on the very steep, forested slopes
of the Jacks Mountain study area are unsuitable for construction of an industrial-
scale wind turbine facility. Most of the soils are also classified as hydric soils.
Hydric soils indicate the potential presence of wetlands areas, which have
regulatory protection from the Federal Clean Water Act and also from Part 303,
Wetlands Protection, of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act,
1994 PA 451, as amended (NREPA). Soils descriptions for Mifflin County are
provided in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania,
published in April 1981 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service. Summaries of the soils descriptions provided in the Soil Survey of
Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania are provided in Table 2, including the
designation of hydric soils. The importance of hydric soils is emphasized in the
Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan.

All the soils descriptions on Jacks Mountain emphasize that the area is best
suited for woodlands and wildlife habitat, as explained in the Soil Survey of
Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania." This explanation, along with the
recognition that forested ridges are the best locations for groundwater recharge,
endorses the conclusion that development of any type on the Jacks Mountain
ridge top is environmentally unacceptable.

Slopes within the upper portion of Jacks Mountain are unsuitable for construction
because they are greater than 25 percent, classified as severely steep and
precipitous. These upper slopes constitute the area where Volkswind has
proposed the construction of industrial-scale wind turbines. In the Final Mifflin
County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, these slopes are
restricted from any development, with the recommended use for recreation and
watershed protection. Within the subwatersheds delineated for the study area on
Jacks Mountain, the soils on these slopes are classified as Berks-Weikert
association, steep (25 to 60 percent slopes); Hazelton-Dekalb association, steep
(25 to 70 percent slopes); Laidig extremely stony loam, steep (25 to 45 percent
slopes); and Rubble land on precipitous slopes, consisting of rock fragments
without any soil or with extremely stony soils. In the Soil Survey of Juniata and
Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, these soils are considered best used for
woodlands and wildlife habitat.



Page 4 of 25
Downslope of the steepest terrain on Jacks Mountain are slopes classified as
moderate slopes (8 to 15 percent) to steep slopes (15 to 25 percent), also
considered unsuitable for industrial construction. In the Final Mifflin County Act
167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, these slopes are restricted to
residential development, with the recommended use for pastures and tree farms.
Within the subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain, the
soils on these slopes are classified as Berks shaly silt loam, Buchanan gravelly
loam, Buchanan extremely stony loam, Hazleton-Dekalb extremely stony sandy
loams, and Laidig extremely stony loam. In the Soil Survey of Juniata and
Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, these soils are considered best used for pasture
and woodlands because of the slow permeability and restricted root depth
caused by the fragipan subsoil or the shallow depth to bedrock.

The lower slopes of Jacks Mountain range in steepness from 2 to 8 percent. In
the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan,
these slopes are classified as flat to moderate and are restricted to normal
development for residential, commercial, and industrial uses involving a minimum
amount of earth moving. The lower portions of subwatersheds delineated for the
study area on Jacks Mountain exhibit 2 to 8 percent slope steepness, with soils
classified as Andover gravelly loam, Andover extremely stony loam, Buchanan
extremely stony loam, Kreamer cherty silt loam, and Penlaw silt loam. In the
Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, these soils are
considered best used for woodlands or permanent pasture because of the slow
permeability and restricted root depth, caused by the fragipan subsoil which
creates a seasonally high water table.

Slow permeability exhibited by soils in the study area make the mitigation
practice of on-site stormwater infiltration unfeasible. Review of the soils in the
study area reveals that all the soils exhibit slow permeability because of shallow
depth to the fragipan subsoil or to bedrock. As presented in the Final Mifflin
County Stormwater Management Plan," technical standards for stormwater
volume control are based primarily on methods of on-site infiltration capacity.
Because of the slow permeability of the soils in the study area, on-site infiltration
as a mitigation solution would not be effective. Additionally, detention pond
construction would not be feasible because of the slope steepness.

Construction of industrial-scale wind turbines within the headwaters areas would
destroy aquatic habitats that serve as the base of the food chain for all the
downstream areas. Headwater areas for watersheds occur on the forested
ridges. Headwater areas develop where groundwater forms springs and seeps.
Shade provided by the forest maintains lower temperatures where headwater
aquatic organisms can survive. As explained in the publication, The River
Continuum Concept, by R.L. Vannote, G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R.
Sedell, and C.E. Cushing (1980, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 37: 130-137), the aquatic organisms in the headwater areas are
uniquely suited to the breakdown of organic materials, thus supplying nutrients to
different aquatic organisms within downstream areas.

Page 5 of 25

SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER

The general climate pattern causes moist air masses to move mostly from west
to east across Pennsylvania, condensing to form precipitation as the air masses
rise over the mountains. The forested ridges intercept the rainfall, allowing the
rain to fall gently to the land surface. Surface runoff is thereby reduced and the
rain is thus allowed to penetrate the ground to recharge groundwater. Stream
water and groundwater form one integral unit. When streamwater is low, due to
droughts or ineffective stormwater management, groundwater continues to
supply water to the streams to support aquatic organisms.

As provided in the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater
Management Plan, surface water quality standards for Pennsylvania are
covered in The Pennsylvania Code, Title 25, Chapter 93, which specify
antidegradation requirements for protection of specific types of streams.
Subwatersheds delineated within the study area on the northwest side of Jacks
Mountain encompass streams with the Chapter 93 designation of cold water
fishes, with the described protection of maintaining or propagating Salmonidae
fish species and additional flora and fauna which are indigenous to a cold water
habitat. Subwatersheds delineated within the study area on the southeast side of
Jacks Mountain encompass streams with the Chapter 93 designation of high
quality, with the description of receiving special protection because of meeting
specific chemical or biological criteria defined in Chapter 93.4b.

In its document, Sustainability of Ground-Water Resources, the USGS
emphasizes Groundwater is not a renewable resource. To understand this
statement requires an understanding of the global water budget and also an
understanding that groundwater and surface water are connected as one integral
system. Firstly, the global water budget, or hydrological cycle, consists of
precipitation, evaporation, and condensation. It is important to recognize,
however, that the hydrological cycle over the ocean (covering approximately
three-quarters of the earth) is essentially separate from the hydrological cycle
over the continents. Dennis Hartmann, in his book Global Physical
Climatology, provides an excellent explanation of the global water budget.
Through time, there has been a delicate balance of the amount of precipitation
transferred to the continents from the hydrological cycle over the oceans and the
amount of surface water flowing into the ocean. When groundwater recharge is
reduced and streamflow into the oceans is increased, a situation is created
where there is no longer a balance: when streamflow to the oceans exceeds the
amount of precipitation from the oceans back onto the continents, the water in
the continental hydrological cycle is lost forever.

In the publication, Summary of Groundwater-Recharge Estimates for
Pennsylvania by Stuart O. Reese and Dennis W. Risser (prepared and
published by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S.


Page 6 of 25
Geological Survey, 2010), it is stated Groundwater recharge is water that
infiltrates through the subsurface to the zone of saturation beneath the water
table and, Most groundwater discharges to a nearby stream, where it provides
sustaining base flow." Because this quantity is difficult to measure, it is further
stated that, The most common method for estimating recharge in Pennsylvania
has been to estimate base flow from measurements of streamflow and assume
that base flow (expressed in inches over the basin) approximates recharge."
Statewide estimates of mean annual groundwater recharge were developed by
relating base flow to basin characteristics of HUC10 watersheds (a fifth-level
classification that uses 10 digits to define unique hydrologic units) using a
regression equation. The regression analysis indicated that mean annual
precipitation, average daily maximum temperature, percent of sand in soil,
percent of carbonate rock in the watershed, and average stream-channel slope
were significant factors in the explaining the variability of groundwater recharge
across the Commonwealth.

The mean-annual groundwater-recharge estimate (based on data from 1971 to
2000) for the Jacks Mountain study area is provided in the referenced publication
as 14.01 16 inches on the northwest portion of the mountain and 12.01 to 14
inches on the southeast portion of the mountain. The mean annual recharge as
a percentage of precipitation (based on data from 1971 to 2000) for the Jacks
Mountain study area is provided in the referenced publication as 35 40 percent
on the northwest portion of the mountain and 30 35 percent on the southeast
portion of the mountain.

In the above referenced publication, Summary of Groundwater-Recharge
Estimates for Pennsylvania, it is stated that, Impervious cover can affect the
hydrology of an area by limiting natural recharge. Soils that have a low
permeability also will slow recharge at various scales. Construction of wind
turbine pads requires excavation and/or blasting to a typical depth of 50 feet, with
a typical radius of 15 feet. Such blasting and excavation impact groundwater not
only by creating an impervious surface, thereby obstructing groundwater
recharge, but also by changing groundwater flow patterns. Additionally, the
roadways constructed for transport of the wind turbine components are typically
100 feet wide and range up to 70 feet in thickness of fill material. Construction of
these roadways impedes groundwater recharge and also intercepts existing
groundwater where the mountain slope is excavated or blasted. The intercepted
groundwater is controlled by directing it away from the roadway, thereby
changing groundwater flow patterns. Because headwater areas for streams rely
on the base flow from groundwater, the change in groundwater patterns caused
by construction destroys headwater aquatic habitats, which negatively impacts
the downstream food chain. Wells and springs are the major water source for
farms and rural residences in Mifflin County, while reservoirs supply water to
metropolitan areas. The change in groundwater patterns caused by construction
negatively impacts water quantities available to recharge water to wells and
springs.


Page 7 of 25
HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS FOR SUBWATERSHEDS DELINEATED
WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ON JACKS MOUNTAIN

Hydrologic computations conducted for the study area provide clear evidence
that construction of industrial-scale wind turbines on Jacks Mountain would result
in degradation of water resources. Hydrologic computations were conducted for
the delineated subwatersheds in the study area of Jacks Mountain to determine
the stormwater discharge for three basic ground cover conditions. Because the
subwatersheds are predominantly forested, the stormwater discharge was
computed based on each subwatershed having only forested cover. The second
set of computations was based each subwatershed having a 10 percent
impervious cover, with the remainder being forested. The third set of
computations was based on estimates of impervious areas created by
construction of wind turbine pads, for streets (access roads) created by the wind
companies for transporting wind turbine materials (based on data from the AES
wind facility constructed on Laurel Mountain in Randolph and Barbour counties,
West Virginia), and for areas designated as pasture where present on the
topographic map and satellite images as well as for transmission line or pipeline
right-of-way clearings.

In keeping with the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater
Management Plan, the hydrologic computations of stormwater discharge from
subwatersheds within the study area comply with the goals of managing
stormwater by determining maximum thresholds of increased stormwater flow
within each watershed. The Importance of Imperviousness," an article
presented in the Center for Watershed Protections Watershed Protection
Techniques 1(3): 100-111, provides data illustrating that only 10 percent of
impervious cover within a watershed can negatively impact the watershed and
receiving stream.

The Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan
provides hydrological modeling of large watersheds in Mifflin County: the Juniata
River watershed and the Jacks Creek watershed. Although subwatersheds were
identified within these larger watersheds, the subwatersheds far exceeded 200
acres and consisted of third and fourth order streams. The Rational Method was
not appropriate for use in determining stormwater discharge for these
watersheds exceeding 200 acres. Conversely, the subwatersheds delineated for
the study area on Jacks Mountain encompass areas of 200 acres or less and
consist of only first order streams. The use of the Rational Method for
determining stormwater discharge in drainage basins up to 200 acres is
recommended in the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Drainage
Manual (PDM). Therefore, the Rational Method was used for the study area on
Jacks Mountain for determining stormwater discharge. Construction on the
ridgeline of Jacks Mountain directly impacts these first order streams delineated
for the study area. Additionally, the increased stormwater discharge to the first
order streams also creates increased discharge downstream to the successively
larger receiving streams.

Page 8 of 25
The equation used in the Rational Method is: Q = CiA, where Q is the
stormwater discharge in cubic feet per second (cfs), C is the runoff coefficient
designated for differing ground covers, i is the rainfall intensity for a duration
equal to the time of concentration for a selected return period, in inches per hour
(in/hr), and A is the drainage area in acres.

Runoff coefficient values represent an empirical, dimensionless ratio between
rainfall and runoff. Rational Method runoff coefficients are provided in Table C-1
of Appendix C Stormwater management Design Criteria of the Final Mifflin
County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, based on Hydraulic
Soil Group, ground surface slope, and ground cover. Hydraulic Soil Group
designations are provided in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties,
Pennsylvania, described as follows:
Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of deep, well drained to
excessively drained sands or gravels. These soils have a high rate of
water transmission.
Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet.
These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well
drained or well-drained soils that have moderately fine texture to
moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water
transmission.
Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet.
These consist chiefly of soils that have a layer that impedes the
downward movement of water or soils that have moderately fine texture
or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.
Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential)
when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clay soils that have a high
shrink-swell potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, soils
that have a claypan [fragipan] or clay layer at or near the surface, and
soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material [bedrock]. These
soils have a very slow rate of water transmission.

Computations of stormwater discharge for subwatersheds delineated for the
study area on Jacks Mountain used Runoff coefficients selected from Table C-1,
based on Hydraulic Soil Group, surface slope, and ground cover, as follows:
Impervious: 0.87
Streets: 0.74
Pasture: 0.34
Forest: 0.16

The time of concentration (T
c
) is the time required for water to flow from the
hydraulically most remote point of the drainage area to the point of interest. With
the Rational Method, the duration of a rainfall event is set equal to the time of
concentration and it is used to estimate the average rainfall intensity (i) from the
intensity-duration-frequency curves (IDF) for a selected return period.


Page 9 of 25
In a rural area where sheet flow (a shallow mass of runoff on a plane surface with
the depth staying uniform across the sloping surface), shallow concentrated flow
(occurring beyond 100 feet, where flow tends to concentrate in increasing
proportions), and channel or pipe flow (where shallow concentrated flow
continues to become deeper and wider and changes into channel flow), are
known to exist and the channel or pipe flow segment is dominant, the Kirpich
method may be used to determine the total time of concentration. The Kirpich
Method nomograph was provided by P.Z. Kirpich in Civil Engineering, Volume
10, Number 6, June 1940, Page 362. Mr. Kirpich developed the nomograph
based on his equation relating the maximum length of travel to the receiving
stream and the vertical distance (height) of the most remote point above the
receiving stream to the time of concentration. Mr. Kirpichs study area included
data taken from seven small rural watersheds near Jackson, TN, similar to the
subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain in Mifflin County,
PA. Although the equation could be used, it is expedient to use a ruler on the
height scale and the length scale on the nomograph and read the time of
concentration where the ruler intersects the time of concentration scale. The
number of minutes determined by this method is used on the geographically
appropriate IDF graph.

The Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan
specifies the use of the Rational Method to determine rainfall intensity values
from the IDF graphs provided in the PDM, Publication 584, Chapter 7A. The 2-
year, 24-hour storm event was selected to determine the rainfall intensity value
from the specified IDF graphs. Section VII Technical Standards and Criteria
for Control of Stormwater Runoff of the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide
Stormwater Management Plan provides that the 2-year, 24-hour storm event is
used for detailed modeling presented in The Design Storm method (CG-1 in the
PA Stormwater BMP Manual). Also, the PDM provides probabilities for return
rates of storms, indicating that the 2-year design return interval for storms has
the highest probability of return. Therefore, the 2-year, 24-hour storm event is
considered the best return event rainfall intensity value to use. The value
selected for rainfall intensity from the IDF curves is 4.7 inches per hour.

The subwatersheds in the study area for Jacks Mountain were delineated using
the Terrain Navigator Pro topographic map. Subwatersheds were only
delineated where there was perceptible drainage to a stream. Where there were
ravines that provided surface runoff only, there was no attempt to delineate a
subwatershed. Tools provided in this software allow the acreage to be
determined for delineated areas and also allow distances to be determined for
street lengths and for lengths of travel used in the Kirpich nomograph. Lengths
for streets constructed for transport of wind turbine components were limited to
the length of the watershed along the ridgeline of Jacks Mountain, with the
understanding that this would be an under-estimate of the actual roadway.
Based on observation of the roadways constructed for the AES Laurel Mountain
wind facility, the roadways are 100 feet wide. Also based on data provided by


Page 10 of 25
AES for construction of wind turbine pad areas, each impervious pad area is
designated as 7 acres. Because it is unknown whether the impervious turbine
pad area would be located such that drainage would be to the northwest or to the
southeast, the full impervious turbine pad area was included in computations for
subwatersheds on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain and also for
subwatersheds on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain.

Computations for each ground cover set for each subwatershed are provided in
Table 3. A comparison of the computations for a ten percent impervious ground
cover area can be made with those of the anticipated stormwater discharge from
the post-construction ground cover area to determine if the subwatershed will be
negatively impacted by the construction of the wind facility. If the wind turbine
pads are constructed on the southeast slope of Jacks Mountain, 9 of the 11
subwatersheds delineated in the study area will receive stormwater discharge
exceeding that of the 10 percent impervious cover stormwater discharge. If the
wind turbine pads are constructed on the northwest slope of Jacks Mountain, 10
of the 12 subwatersheds delineated in the study area will receive stormwater
discharge exceeding that of the 10 percent impervious cover stormwater
discharge.

CONCLUSION

Hydrologic computations of stormwater discharge provide clear evidence that
construction of industrial-scale wind turbines on Jacks Mountain would result in
degradation of water resources, destruction of aquatic habitats in headwaters,
degradation of the food chain for downstream aquatic organisms, disruption of
groundwater supply to springs and residential wells, and increased stormwater
discharge causing downstream erosion and release of sediments to downstream
areas.

The Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan
restricts slopes exceeding 25 percent from any development, with the
recommended use for recreation and watershed protection. Slopes near the top
of Jacks Mountain, where VolkWind proposes construction of an industrial-scale
wind turbine facility, are greater than 25 percent, classified as severely steep and
precipitous.

The Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania classifies most of
the soils on Jacks Mountain as hydric and having slow permeability and
recommendations that Jacks Mountain is best suited for woodlands and wildlife
habitat. Hydric soils are recognized as supporting wetlands, which are protected
by Federal and State regulations. On-site infiltration as a stormwater
management mitigation practice on Jacks Mountain is not feasible due to the
slow permeability of the soils caused by the shallow depth to the subsoil fragipan
or to bedrock on Jacks Mountain. Additionally, forested ridges are the best
locations for groundwater recharge, endorsing the conclusion that development
of any type on the Jacks Mountain ridge top is environmentally unacceptable.

Page 11 of 25
Construction of an industrial-scale wind turbine facility on Jacks Mountain must
be denied because of the environmental degradation such a facility will impose
on the subwatershed water resources. Construction of wind turbine pads will
create impervious areas that prevent groundwater recharge. Construction of
wind turbine pad foundations will change groundwater flow patterns.
Construction of roads for transporting wind turbine components will intercept
groundwater, impede groundwater recharge, and change groundwater patterns.
The decrease in groundwater recharge and the changes to groundwater patterns
will negatively impact base flow to headwater areas for streams and recharge of
groundwater to wells and springs. Such negative impacts would impair the karst
terrain on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain, the designated cold water fish
streams on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain, and the designated high
quality streams on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain. State regulations
specify antidegradation requirements for surface water quality standards for cold
water fish streams and high quality streams. Specific concerns are expressed in
the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan
about the potentially severe environmental degradation to karst terrain, such as
that underlying the lowermost portions of subwatersheds delineated in the study
area on Jacks Mountain, especially the concerns of groundwater depletion and
contamination.

In conclusion, an industrial-scale wind power facility must not be constructed on
Jacks Mountain. Such construction would result in destruction of headwater
areas, interception of groundwater, changes to groundwater flow patterns,
decreased groundwater recharge, and increased stormwater discharge resulting
in negative impacts to the subwatersheds delineated in the study area on Jacks
Mountain.





















Page 12 of 25




.































NW-4

SE-1 SE-2
SE-3
SE-4
SE-5
SE-6
SE-7
SE-8
SE-9
SE-10
SE-11
NW-1
NW-2
NW-3
NW-4 NW-5
NW-6
NW-7
NW-8
NW-9
NW-10
NW-11 NW-12
SE-1
Page 13 of 25






























Figure 2 Representative Geologic Map of the Jacks Mountain Study Area, showing Cross-section Location for Figure 3.
This map is the portion of the study area taken directly from the Geology of the Belleville Quadrangle, Mifflin
County, Pennsylvania, by T. A. McElroy and D.M. Hoskins, 2005, published by the Pennsylvania Department
of Conservation and Natural Resources.

Page 14 of 25

NW
SE


































Page 15 of 25


2000
1000
Sea Level
- 1000
- 2000
NW SE
Figure 3 Geologic Cross-section of Jacks Mountain. This cross-section is the portion of the
study area taken directly from the Geology of the Belleville Quadrangle, Mifflin
County, Pennsylvania, by T. A. McElroy and D.M. Hoskins, 2005, published by the
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.






























Figure 4 Soils Survey Map representative of the Jacks Mountain Study Area. Note the predominance of the following
soils designations on Jacks Mountain: BxD, HTF, HSD, Ru. This map is taken directly from
http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/ for the study area, designated on the website as the Area of Interest.


Page 16 of 25



TABLE 1 Descriptions of Geologic Bedrock Units underlying the study area and the associated environmental
characteristics. The units are in the geologic column format, with oldest units at the bottom and progressively younger
units at the top.




Geologic Unit Geologic Description Environmental Characteristics
Sb Silurian Bloomsburg
Formation

The Bloomsburg Formation is predominantly red shale
and siltstone. It contains some sandstone, thin, impure
limestone, and green shale. It is moderately well
bedded, with fissile to thin beds. The sandstone units
are mostly flaggy to thick. Thickness is about 300
feet.


Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water may be
hard, with high concentrations of iron and manganese.
Stability in cut slopes is low to moderate. Sandstone and
siltstone intervals are susceptible to block falls where
bedding is undercut. Excavation is moderately easy to
difficult using heavy equipment. Blasting may be required
where hard sandstones and siltstones are encountered.
Foundations support strength is generally suitable for
heavy structures if it is excavated to sound bedrock.
Drilling rates are moderate to rapid. The Bloomsburg
Formation is an excellent source of material for the
manufacture of brick and probably other structural clay
products.
Sm Silurian Mifflintown
Formation


The Mifflintown Formation is a greenish-gray shale
interbedded with medium-gray, fossiliferous limestone.
Outcrops commonly exhibit intense deformation. It is
about 250 feet thick.


Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water is
generally of good quality, but hard. Stability in cut slopes is
low to moderate. Debris and rock falls may occur in
excavations. Excavation is relatively easy to difficult using
heavy equipment. Limestone may require blasting.
Foundations support strength is generally suitable for
heavy structures. Drilling rates are moderate to rapid. It is
a good source of road material, fill, and possible brick and
expanded aggregate.
Sk Silurian Keefer
Formation


The Keefer Formation is a light-gray to yellowish-
brown, very fine to coarse grained, fossiliferous,
siliceous sandstone that is locally hematitic or
conglomeratic. It is well bedded with beds thin to thick
and crossbedded. It is about 70 feet thick.


No data for wells drilled only into the Keefer Formation are
available. Yields should be adequate for domestic use.
Low pH and high iron are possible. Stability in cut slopes is
moderately high. Block falls may occur where bedding is
undercut. Excavation is difficult, requiring blasting, except
where it is thoroughly leached. Foundation support
strength is moderate to high, and suitable for heavy
structures if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are
moderate. Small open-pit iron mines from the 19
th
century
are common, especially on Chestnut Ridge.
Page 17 of 25
Srh Silurian Rose Hill
Formation

The Rose Hill Formation is a light-olive-gray shale,
with some siltstone and two grayish-red to reddish-
black sandstone units. The upper shale contains
interbedded limestone. It is about 800 feet thick.


Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water may be
hard, and commonly has high concentrations of iron and
manganese. Stability in cut slopes is low to moderately
high. Rockslides and block falls can be a serious problem
where bedding is undercut. Excavation is relatively easy
using heavy equipment in shale and siltstone, but can be
difficult in sandstones, which may require blasting.
Foundation support strength is moderate to high, and
suitable for heavy structures if excavated to sound bedrock.
Drilling rates are high in shale and siltstone, and slow to
moderate in sandstone and limestone. Small open-pit iron
mines from the 19
th
century are common. The shale is a
good source for manufacturing common brick and shale
aggregate. Sandstone is a possible source for riprap.
St Silurian Tuscarora
Formation


The Tuscarora Formation consists of white,
sometimes red and green sandstone and quartzite. It
is fine to coarse grained, tough, firmly cemented,
crossbedded and conglomeratic in part. It includes the
Castanea member, an interbedded red and nonred
sandstone at its top. It underlies many of the ridges of
the Ridge and valley province. Bedding is mostly
thick. It may be obscured by crossbedding. It is about
700 feet thick.

Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water quality is
good, but may be acidic. There are few data available
because of mountainous terrain. Stability in cut slopes
greater than 25 degrees is moderate to high, but subject to
serious block falls if the bedding or jointing is undercut.
Excavation is extremely difficult, requiring blasting.
Foundation support strength is high, suitable for the
heaviest structures if it is excavated to sound bedrock.
Drilling rates are very slow. The Tuscarora Formation is a
good source of riprap and natural building stone.
Oj Ordovician Juniata
Formation


The Juniata Formation consists of brownish-red, fine-
grained to conglomeratic quartzitic sandstone with
well-developed crossbedding. It has interbedded red
shale. Bedding is thin to flaggy. Its thickness is about
1100 feet.


Well yields are adequate for domestic use, and possibly for
high-demand use. Water is commonly hard, with high iron.
Cut slope stability is good. Excavation is difficult.
Foundation support strength is good, if excavated to sound
bedrock. Drilling rates are slow. It is a good source of road
material, riprap, and building stone.
Obe Ordovician Bald
Eagle Formation

The Bald Eagle Formation consists of gray to reddish-
gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained,
crossbedded sandstone and quartz-pebble
conglomerate (the Lost Run Member). Bedding is
moderately well developed, with thick beds. It is about
300 feet thick.

Well yields are adequate for domestic use, and possibly for
high-demand use. Limited data suggest the water may be
high in iron, manganese, and lead. Cut slope stability is
good. Excavation is difficult. Foundation support strength
is good, if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are
slow. It is a good source of road material, riprap,
embankment facing, and fill.


Or Ordovician Reedsville
Formation

The Reedsville Formation consists of dark-gray shale
containing thin sandy to silty shale interbeds. It is
fossiliferous at its top. It is moderately well bedded.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use, and possibly for
high-demand use. Water quality is generally good, but iron
and manganese concentrations may be high. Cut slope
Page 18 of 25
The beds are thin. It is about 1,000 feet thick.


stability is fair. Foundation support strength is good, if
excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are fast. It is a
good source of road material and fill.
Ocl Ordovician Coburn
through Loysburg
Formation,
Undifferentiated


The Coburn Formation is a medium-gray to very dark
gray, fossiliferous shaly limestone. It is well bedded.
Beds are fissile to flaggy in most places. It is locally
thick bedded.

The Salona Formation is a dark-gray to black
limestone. It is laminated, medium- to coarse-grained,
fossiliferous, and contains chert nodules. It is well
bedded. Most of the beds are fissile to flaggy,
although a few are thick.

The Nealmont Formation contains two members. The
upper Rodman Member is a medium-gray, coarsely
crystalline, fossiliferous limestone. The lower
CentreHall Member is a thin-bedded, finely crystalline,
shaly limestone. It is well bedded. The beds are
usually fissile to flaggy. It is rarely thick bedded.

The Benner Formation is a light-to dark-gray, very
finely crystalline limestone. At its top is a light- to
dark-gray, very finely crystalline, high-calcium
limestone, the Valentine Member. The Valley View
Member, an argillaceous limestone containing
interbedded metabentonite beds, is at its base. The
Valley View member is laterally equivalent to the Oak
Hall and Stover members.

The Benner Formation has been called the Linden Hall
Formation by some geologists. It is well bedded, with
most beds fissile to flaggy. It is locally thick bedded.

The Snyder Formation is a medium- to medium-dark-
gray, coarsely crystalline limestone containing
limestone conglomerate beds, medium-dark-gray
limestone containing numerous impure bands, which
show mud cracks and ripple marks, medium dark-
gray, laminated, finely crystalline dolomitic limestone,
light-gray, very finely crystalline limestone, and
medium-dark-gray, fine-grained, oolitic and mud pellet
limestone. It is well bedded, with beds platy to thick.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Units below the
Nealmont Formation may have yields adequate for high-
demand use. Water is generally hard, and may have high
iron, manganese, and dissolved solids. Because much of
the land underlain by these units is used for agriculture,
high nitrate is possible. Cut slope stability is good, except
for steeply dipping beds inclined toward construction.
Foundation support strength is good, if excavated to sound
bedrock. Sites should be investigated for possible collapse
areas. Excavation is difficult. Bedrock pinnacles are a
special problem. Drilling rates are moderate. It is a good
source of road material and fill.

Page 19 of 25

The Hatter Formation is a medium-gray, silty and
argillaceous limestone. It is laminated and dolomitic
and contains oolites. It is well bedded, with fissile to
flaggy bedding in most places.

The Loysburg Formation contains the Clover Member,
a light- to medium-gray, shaly limestone, and the
Milroy Member, which consists of laminated,
alternating medium-gray limestone, dolomitic
limestone, and dolomite. The Milroy Member is often
referred to as the tiger striped member. Beds are
thick. Total thickness of all the units is approximately
1200 feet.
Obf Ordovician
Bellefonte Formation


The Bellefonte Formation consists of light- to medium-
gray, tan-weathering, very fine grained dolomite (the
Tea Creek Member) at its top. At its base it consists
of minor sandstone beds, some chert, and medium-
gray, medium-crystalline dolomite (the Coffee Run
Member). It is well bedded, with medium to thick
beds. It is approximately 1250 feet thick.


Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Wells in valleys
can supply adequate yields for high-demand uses. Water
is hard. Because much of the land underlain by the
Bellefonte Formation is used for agriculture, high nitrate is
possible. Cut slope stability is good, unless the depth of
cut is extreme. Foundation stability is good, but a
construction site should be investigated thoroughly for
solution openings. Excavation is difficult. Bedrock
pinnacles are a special problem. Drilling rates are
moderate. It is a good source of road material, riprap,
building stone, embankment facing, and fill.
















Page 20 of 25

TABLE 2 Summary Descriptions of Soils within the Study Area

Soils Designation
(Hydrologic Group)
Soils Description Land use suitability
AnB Andover
gravelly loam,
2 to 8 percent slopes

(Group D)
HYDRIC

Soils classified as AnB - Andover gravelly loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes occur
along unnamed tributary streams within lower areas of the study area. These
soils are poorly drained, occurring on benches and concave foot slopes and
also in swales along the base of ridges. AnB soils are strongly acid to very
strongly acid throughout.
The AnB soils are considered best used
for woodlands or permanent pasture
because of the slow permeability and
restricted root depth, caused by the
fragipan subsoil and a high water table
within 6 inches of the ground surface.
AoB Andover
extremely stony
loam, 0 to 8 percent
slopes

(Group D)

Soils classified as AoB Andover extremely stony loam, 0 to 8 percent
slopes occur within the lower slopes of the study area. These soils are poorly
drained and occur on nearly level to gently sloping benches and concave foot
slopes along the base of prominent ridges. AoB soils are strongly acid to very
strongly acid throughout.
The AoB soils are best suited for
woodlands because of the slow
permeability and restricted root depth,
caused by the fragipan subsoil and a
high water table within 6 inches of the
ground surface.
BkC Berks shaly
silt loam, 8 to 15
percent slopes

(Group C)
HYDRIC

Soils classified as BkC Berks shaly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes occur
minimally within the lower slopes of the study area. These soils exhibit
moderately rapid permeability and overlie fractured shale bedrock at a depth of
32 inches, which restricts the rooting depth. Because of the more than 25
percent shale in the soil, it is very strongly acid to strongly acid in the surface
layer and subsoil, and medium acid to very strongly acid in the substratum.
The BkC soils have good potential for
farming, pasture, and trees.
BMF Berks-
Weikert association,
steep

(Group C)
Soils classified as BMF Berks-Weikert association, steep occur in limited
areas within the lower slopes, ranging from 25 to 60 percent slopes, of the
study area. These soils exhibit moderately rapid to rapid permeability and are
strongly acid to very strongly acid because of the large percentage of shale
fragments in the soil. The depth to shale bedrock varies from 15 inches to 30
inches.
The BMF soils are suitable for woodland,
although the rooting depth is limited by
the shallow depth to bedrock.
BuC Buchanan
gravelly loam,
8 to 15 percent

(Group C)
HYDRIC

Soils classified as BuC - Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent occur in
limited areas within the lower slopes of the study area. The soil, which is
strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The
water depth ranges from 10 to 36 inches during wet seasons because of the
slowly permeable fragipan.
The BuC soils are suitable for pasture,
woodlands, and cultivated crops if
properly managed. The hazard of
erosion is severe.
Soils Designation
(Hydrologic Group)
Soils Description Land use suitability
BxB Buchanan
extremely stony
Soils classified as BxB Buchanan extremely stony loam, 3 to 8 percent
slopes occur minimally within the lower southeast slopes of Jacks Mountain
BxB soils are suitable for woodlands.
Page 21 of 25
loam, 3 to 8 percent
slopes

(Group C)

within the study area. The soil, which is strongly acid to extremely acid
throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The water depth ranges from 10 to 36
inches during wet seasons because of the slowly permeable fragipan. The
depth to bedrock is 60 inches or greater.
BxD Buchanan
extremely stony
loam, 8 to 15
percent slopes

(Group C)

Soils classified as BxD Buchanan extremely stony loam, 8 to 15 percent
slopes are commonly observed within the lower slopes of the study area. The
soil, which is strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow
permeability. The water depth ranges from 10 to 36 inches during wet
seasons because of the slowly permeable fragipan. The depth to bedrock is
60 inches or greater.
The BxD soils are suitable for
woodlands.
HSD Hazleton-
Dekalb extremely
stony sandy loams,
moderately steep
(Group B)
Soils classified as HSD Hazleton-Dekalb extremely stony sandy loams,
moderately steep occur prominently on the upper slopes of Jacks Mountain.
These soils extend 25 inches to 60 inches over gray sandstone bedrock and
exhibit moderately rapid to rapid permeability. HSD soils are strongly acid or
very strongly acid throughout.
These soils have poor potential for
farming because the limited rooting
depth, the stoniness, and the slope. The
best use for these soils is for woodlands.
HTF Hazelton-
Dekalb association,
steep

(Group B)

Soils classified as HTF Hazelton-Dekalb association, steep are the
predominant soils on the slopes of Jacks Mountain. The slopes range from 25
to 70 percent. The soils are extremely stony and very sandy, extending to
depths of 25 inches to 60 inches over gray sandstone bedrock and exhibit
moderately rapid to rapid permeability. HTF soils are strongly acid or very
strongly acid throughout.
These soils have poor potential for
farming because the limited rooting
depth, the stoniness, and the slope. The
best use for these soils is for woodlands.
KrB Kreamer
cherty silt loam, 2 to
8 percent slopes

(Group C)
HYDRIC
Soils classified as KrB Kreamer cherty silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes
occur minimally within the lowermost slopes of the delineated watersheds on
the northwest side of Jacks Mountain. The soil, which is strongly acid to
extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The water depth
ranges from 18 to 36 inches during wet seasons. The depth to bedrock is 60
inches to 74 inches.
KrB soils are suitable for crops, pasture,
and woodlands.
LcD Laidig
extremely stony
loam, 8 to 25
percent slopes
(Group C)
HYDRIC

Soils classified as LcD Laidig extremely stony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes
occur prominently in the middle to lower areas on Jacks Mountain, downslope
of the HSD and HTF soils. LcD soils exhibit moderately slow permeability and
have a moderately slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil, extending to a
depth of approximately 60 inches. These soils are also strongly acid to very
strongly acid throughout.
LcD soils have poor potential for farming
because the slow permeability, the
stoniness, and the slope. The best use
for these soils is for woodlands.
Soils Designation
(Hydrologic Group)
Soils Description Land use suitability
LDF Laidig
extremely stony
loam, steep

(Group C)
Soils classified as LDF Laidig extremely stony loam, steep occur on 25 to
45 percent slopes in close proximity to LcD soils, extending to a depth of
approximately 61 inches and exhibiting moderately slow permeability. There
are areas of fragipan in the subsoil which limit the rooting depth of some
plants. These soils are strongly acid to very strongly acid throughout.
Because of extreme stoniness and
steepness, LDF soils are not suitable for
farming or pasture. These soils are best
suited for woodland and wildlife habitat.
Page 22 of 25
Pe - Penlaw silt
loam

(Group C)

HYDRIC

Soils classified as Pe - Penlaw silt loam are associated with areas adjacent
to streams in the lowest portions of the delineated watersheds. These slowly
permeable soils extend to a depth of approximately 69 inches and have a
fragipan which creates water table depths of 6 to 18 inches during wet
seasons. Although there is a seasonal high water table, Pe soils exhibit
neutral to medium acid throughout.
Pe soils are suitable for crops, pasture,
and trees.
Ru Rubble land

(Group not available)
Where the proposed wind turbine positions are located along the apex of
Jacks Mountain, soils are classified as Ru Rubble land, consisting of rock
fragments without any soil or with extremely stony soils. The areas of Rubble
land occur on ridgetops and side slopes and also in narrow gaps between the
high ridges where water has caused downcutting through the ridge rocks.
Exposed bedrock also occurs in these areas.
These areas are classified as unsuitable
for virtually all uses except for wildlife
and recreational uses.























Page 23 of 25

Table 3 Computations for stormwater discharge for forested ground cover and for 10% impervious ground cover.

Subwatershed
Designation
CiA Stormwater
Q For
Forested
Area (cfs)
Computations of weighted
C with 10% impervious area
CiA using weighted
C with 10%
Stormwater
Q with 10%
Impervious
Area (cfs)
SE-1 0.16 x 4.7 x 201 = 151.2 [(0.87 x 20.1) + (0.16 x 180.9)]/201 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 201 = 217.3
SE-2 0.16 x 4.7 x 237 = 178.2 [(0.87 x 23.7) + (0.16 x 213.3)]/237 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 237 = 256.2
SE-3 0.16 x 4.7 x 92 = 69.2 [(0.87 x 9.2) + (0.16 x 82.8)]/92 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 92 = 99.5
SE-4 0.16 x 4.7 x 136 = 102.3 [(0.87 x 13.6) + (0.16 x 122.4)/136 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 136 = 147.0
SE-5 0.16 x 4.7 x 214 = 160.9 [(0.87 x 21.4) + (0.16 x 192.6)]/214 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 214 = 231.3
SE-6 0.16 x 4.7 x 69 = 51.9 [(0.87 x 6.9) + (0.16 x 62.1)]/69 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 69 = 74.6
SE-7 0.16 x 4.7 x 68 = 51.1 [(0.87 x 6.8) + (0.16 x 61.2)]/68 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 68 = 73.5
SE-8 0.16 x 4.7 x 51 = 38.4 [(0.87 x 5.1) + (0.16 x 45.9)]/51 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 51 = 55.1
SE-9 0.16 x 4.7 x 96 = 72.2 [(0.87 x 9.6) + (0.16 x 86.4)]/96 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 96 = 103.8
SE-10 0.16 x 4.7 x 88 = 66.2 [(0.87 x 8.8) + (0.16 x 79.2)]/88 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 88 = 95.1
SE-11 0.16 x 4.7 x 98 = 73.7 [(0.87 x 9.8) + (0.16 x 88.2)]/98 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 98 = 105.9
NW-1 0.16 x 4.7 x 209 = 157.2 [(0.87 x 20.9) + (0.16 x 188.1)]/209 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 209 = 225.9
NW-2 0.16 x 4.7 x 152 = 114.3 [(0.87 x 15.2) + (0.16 x 136.8)]/152 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 152 = 164.3
NW-3 0.16 x 4.7 x 97 = 72.9 [(0.87 x 9.7) + (0.16 x 87.3)]/97 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 97 = 104.9
NW-4 0.16 x 4.7 x 96 = 72.2 [(0.87 x 9.6) + (0.16 x 86.4)]/96 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 96 = 103.8
NW-5 0.16 x 4.7 x 84 = 63.2 [(0.87 x 8.4) + (0.16 x 75.6)]/84 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 84 = 90.8
NW-6 0.16 x 4.7 x 154 = 115.8 [(0.87 x 15.4) + (0.16 x 138.6)]/154 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 154 = 166.5
NW-7 0.16 x 4.7 x 111 = 83.5 [(0.87 x 11.1) + (0.16 x 99.9)]/111 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 111 = 120.0
NW-8 0.16 x 4.7 x 97 = 72.9 [(0.87 x 9.7) + (0.16 x 87.3)]/97 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 97 = 104.9
NW-9 0.16 x 4.7 x 69 = 51.9 [(0.87 x 6.9) + (0.16 x 62.1)]/69 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 69 = 74.6
NW-10 0.16 x 4.7 x 112 = 84.2 [(0.87 x 11.2) + (0.16 x 100.8)]/112 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 112 = 121.1
NW-11 0.16 x 4.7 x 141 = 106.0 [(0.87 x 14.1) + (0.16 x 126.9)]/141 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 141 = 152.4
NW-12 0.16 x 4.7 x 139 = 104.5 [(0.87 x 13.9) + (0.16 x 125.1)]/139 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 139 = 150.3




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Table 4 Computations for stormwater discharge if study area is developed with a wind facility. The Stormwater Q values
shown in bold type exceed the stormwater discharge of a 10 percent impervious ground cover within each subwatershed.

Subwatershed
Designation
Computations of weighted
C with developed impervious areas,
Roads, pastures, and remaining
Forested areas
CiA using weighted
C for developed
area
Stormwater
Q for proposed
Developed
Area (cfs)
SE-1 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 3) + (0.16 x 191.0)] / 201 = 0.19 x 4.7 x 201 = 179.5
SE-2 [(0.87 x 21.0) + (0.74 x 7) + (0.16 x 209.0)] / 237 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 237 = 267.3
SE-3 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 3.5) + (0.16 x 81.5)] / 92 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 92 = 103.8
SE-4 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 26) + (0.16 x 126.4)] / 136 = 0.33 x 4.7 x 136 = 210.9
SE-5 [(0.87 x 21.0) + (0.74 x 7) + (0.34 x 8.8) + (0.16 x 177.2)] / 214 = 0.26 x 4.7 x 214 = 261.5
SE-6 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.2) + (0.34 x 8.5) + (0.16 x 51.3)] / 69 = 0.27 x 4.7 x 69 = 87.6
SE-7 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 1.2) + (0.16 x 59.8)] / 68 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 68 = 76.7
SE-8 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 1.7) + (0.16 x 42.3)] / 51 = 0.28 x 4.7 x 51 = 67.1
SE-9 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.8) + (0.16 x 77.2)] / 96 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 96 = 130.8
SE-10 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.9) + (0.16 x 78.1)] / 88 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 88 = 99.3
SE-11 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.0) + (0.16 x 80.0)] / 98 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 98 = 133.6
NW-1 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 4.2) + (0.34 x 49) + (0.16 x 148.8)] / 209 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 209 = 235.7
NW-2 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.5) + (0.34 x 48) + (0.16 x 85.5)] / 152 = 0.30 x 4.7 x 152 = 214.3
NW-3 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.7) + (0.34 x 23) + (0.16 x 64.3)] / 97 = 0.27 x 4.7 x 97 = 123.1
NW-4 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.7) + (0.34 x 10) + (0.16 x 76.3)] / 96 = 0.25 x 4.7 x 96 = 112.8
NW-5 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 3.6) + (0.34 x 9.3) + (0.16 x 64.1)] / 84 = 0.26 x 4.7 x 84 = 102.6
NW-6 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.0) + (0.34 x 3.8) + (0.16 x 141.2)] / 154 = 0.20 x 4.7 x 154 = 144.8
NW-7 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.7) + (0.34 x 11) + (0.16 x 81.3)] / 111 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 111 = 151.3
NW-8 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.0) + (0.34 x 1.8) + (0.16 x 77.2)] / 97 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 97 = 132.2
NW-9 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.2) + (0.16 x 59.8)] / 69 = 0.25 x 4.7 x 69 = 81.1
NW-10 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.7) + (0.16 x 93.3)] / 112 = 0.27 x 4.7 x 112 = 142.1
NW-11 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.9) + (0.16 x 122.1)] / 141 = 0.25 x 4.7 x 141 = 165.7
NW-12 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 5.7) + (0.16 x 126.3)] / 139 = 0.22 x 4.7 x 139 = 143.7




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