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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II LABORATORY MANUAL
1
For Final Year Civil Engineering Degree Students
Of
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
Practical Journal
Of
Geotechnical Engineering II (CE-801)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE
PIES, INDORE
Name:
Year: Branch: Semester:
Roll No.: University Roll No.:
Date of Submission.:
P PR RE ES ST TI IG GE E I IN NS ST TI IT TU UT TE E O OF F E EN NG GI IN NE EE ER RI IN NG G & & S SC CI IE EN NC CE E, , I IN ND DO OR RE E ( (M M. .P P. .) )
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II LABORATORY MANUAL
2
List of Experiments
S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. DATE OF
EXP.
DATE OF
SUB.
TEACHERS
SIGNATURE
1. FIELD DENSITY TEST BY CORE CUTTER
METHOD
2. FIELD DENSITY TEST BY SAND
REPLACEMENT METHOD
3. DIRECT SHEAR TEST
4. CBR (STUDY)
5. PLATE LOAD TEST (STUDY)
6. UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
7. STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (STUDY)
8. DENSITY TEST
9. VANE SHEAR TEST
10. UNDRAINED TRI-AXIAL TEST
11. PROCTER COMPACTION TEST
P PR RE ES ST TI IG GE E I IN NS ST TI IT TU UT TE E O OF F E EN NG GI IN NE EE ER RI IN NG G & & S SC CI IE EN NC CE E, , I IN ND DO OR RE E ( (M M. .P P. .) )
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II LABORATORY MANUAL
3
EXPERIMENT-01
DENSITY OF SOIL BY CORE CUTTER METHOD
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To determine the field or in-situ or bulk density or unit weight of soil by core cutter method
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Cylindrical core cutter
2. Steel rammer
3. Steel dolly
4. Balance of capacity5 Kg and sensitivity 1 gm.
5. Balance of capacity 200gms and sensitivity 0.01gms.
6. Scale
7. Spade or pickaxe or crowbar
8. Trimming Knife
9. Oven
10. Water content containers
11. Desiccator.
THEORY:
Field density is defined as weight of unit volume of soil present in site. That is
=
W
V
Where, = Bulk density of soil, W = Total mass of soil & V = Total volume of soil
The soil weight consists of three phase system that is solids, water and air. The voids may be
filled up with both water and air, or only with air, or only with water. Consequently the soil may
be dry, saturated or partially saturated. In soils, mass of air is considered to be negligible, and
therefore the saturated density is maximum, dry density is minimum and wet density is in between
the two.
Dry density of the soil is calculated by using equation,
1 +w
Where,
x 100
Calculation Table:
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3
Mass of core cutter, W1 (gm)
Mass of cutter + soil from field, W2
(gm)
Bulk density, (gm/cm3)
=
W
V
Dry density , (gm/cm3)
1 +w
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Steel dolly should be placed on the top of the cutter before ramming it down into the ground.
2. Core cutter should not be used for gravels, boulders or any hard ground.
3. Before removing the cutter, soil should be removed around the cutter to minimize the
disturbances.
4. While lifting the cutter, no soil should drop down.
APPLICATION:
Field density is used in calculating the stress in the soil due to its overburden pressure it is needed
in estimating the bearing capacity of soil foundation system, settlement of footing earth pressures
behind the retaining walls and embankments. Stability of natural slopes, dams, embankments and
cuts is checked with the help of density of those soils. It is the density that controls the field
compaction of soils. Permeability of soils depends upon its density. Relative density of
cohesionless soils is determined by knowing the dry density of soil in natural, loosest and densest
states. Void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation need the help of density of soil.
P PR RE ES ST TI IG GE E I IN NS ST TI IT TU UT TE E O OF F E EN NG GI IN NE EE ER RI IN NG G & & S SC CI IE EN NC CE E, , I IN ND DO OR RE E ( (M M. .P P. .) )
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II LABORATORY MANUAL
6
EXPERIMENT-02
SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD
OBJECTIVE
Determine the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.
NEED AND SCOPE.
The in situ density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soils, for
the purpose of stability analysis of slopes, for the determination of pressures on underlying strata
for the calculation of settlement and the design of underground structures.
It is very important quality control test, where compaction is required, in the cases like
embankment and pavement construction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Sand pouring cylinder of 3 litre capacity, mounted above a pouring cone and separated by
a shutter cover plate.
2. Tools for excavating holes; suitable tools such as scraper tool to make a level surface.
3. Cylindrical calibrating container with an internal diameter of 100 mm and an internal
depth of 150 mm fitted with a flange 50 mm wide and about 5 mm thick surrounding the
open end.
4. Balance to weigh unto an accuracy of 1g.
5. Metal containers to collect excavated soil.
6. Metal tray with 300 mm square and 40 mm deep with a 100 mm diameter hole in the
centre.
7. Glass plate about 450 mm square and 10mm thick.
8. Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing through 1.00 mm I.S.sieve and retained on
the 600micron I.S.sieve.
9. Suitable non-corrodible airtight containers.
10. Thermostatically controlled oven with interior on non-corroding material to maintain the
temperature between 105
0
C to 110
0
C.
11. Dessicator.
THEORY
By conducting this test it is possible to determine the field density of the soil. The moisture
content is likely to vary from time and hence the field density also. So it is required to report the
test result in terms of dry density. The relationship that can be established between the dry density
with known moisture content is as follows:
Where,