r GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

AROHJ.EOLOGIOAL SURVEY OF ~ D I
CENTRAL
ARCH0LOGICAL
LIBRARY
ACCESSION NO. IS' 4 o
CALL No. CZ54.o2 E.fl-Dow-
D.G.A. 79.

..
..


'1.
\ .
. , ' .

.
. . .
. .
'! 0
\
..

i
I
I
I
I .
'
I
_j

'
THE HISTO.RY OF INDIA

l
CENTRAL
LIBI\ ARY, Nl:.W lJELHI.
Aco. No . ... ." .. . ... .... : .. ............. . ..
11111.0 . ...... : ... .. ... .. ....
Call No ............. .......... ....... ... .
'
. '
, .
,,,

'
THE
HISTORY OF INDIA
A' Told By Its Own Hislorlaru
:rHE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD
or nm t.ATE
(lwhj
l!di!A:d by Jobn DoWion
--
'&f5'+02.

....
Fint .Pub.IQDed 1877
195-i
\'
,.
PUBLISHERS' NOTE
Tlle present volwne comprises nine articles, five of which.
appeared jn the Third Volume of the original edi-tion: of . . .
this : work., which "carries the history from the death of , / '
Nasiruddin, in 1260 A.D., to the inroad of Timut die '
Tatar, in 1398 A.o." .... ''0 the first five works included
'in chis volume three 'were noticed in the old volume pub- .
lis);lcd by Sir H. Elliot himself. . . . Part of the History
WassaE has . appeared in a , . translation, frqm the
pen ot but to India
, , first .. ;U'fue. The To:ri!J;h-i
is :more a poe1n than -a history, but it bears -the celebrated
name of Amir Khusru, and it enters into details which
the student of history cannot pass over and sift them.''
The concluding -fou-r articles are reprinted from the
J<ourth Volume (Original .Edition), "which traverses the.
- disordered interval between the inuption of Timur and
the culmination of the Mussulman glory under Akbar.'' ... '.
''The extracts from the Habibu-s Siyar appertain to th:e
of the Ghaznivides, and so they are_ supplemenia1
to d1e accounts given of that dynasty in the History_ o.f
.Ghazni, Part I ; published previously. .
The following is a list of articles in this volume _Witb f.,
the names their respective authors : . 1. . .
Tawarikh-A Mitnshi revised. by the Editor. 2;
.loilli!w:rd. Amsar tU(i Tajriatu-l A.sar-Pint by' Sii ' It.

and part by a Munshi, and revised" b:y

3: . Benakti-A few lines ' bt : the..,
4. by
A ia.i::..i.Si.i.: :H; M. Elliot . . 6. Ra.uzatu-s ' a UJ..U
Elliot . .. 7..\ l(:hulsatu.f A:lihbar-Sit "H.. M.'
H, M: .E1li6t., 9. ' Hab'i
l . . . .. .
.. : Lushirigt(;ln. ,

,
.:. '.
"
., .....,. 1,.1
... ,..
'!t-..,. .. ;':l
J
ll: ,}
:
'
,
CONTENTS
1.- ]ami'u-t Tawarikh
2. Tazjiyatu-l Amsar tva Tajriatu.l Asar
3 . . Brie History-of the Sultans of Dehli
. -4. The Conquest of
5. Tarikhi Binakiti- .
-o, Tarikhi Gu:tida
. : 7,. 'of J(.hazairz'u-L Futuh ,
:. rsi:; Jitau-z'a'tU.s Safa ...
xhulsaiu-l Akhbar
'10. Dashwu-l Wuzra
. II. Habibu-s Siyar
12. Amir Subuktigin
1.3. Sultan Mahmud
14. Expeditions into Hindustan
15. The of Somnat
16. Story of Dabshilim
.39
46
59
64
.71
98 .
"
112
... . 119
124 . :
153
157
tl
\

'
'

HJSTORV OF CHAZNI
Part lJ
-
'

'

I
r
..
'
JAMI'U-T TAWARIKH
OF
RASHIDU-D DIN
The Jami' u-t-Tawatikh Rashidi was completed in' A.H. 7IO>
-i\.D. uno. TllC author l;azlu-llah Rashid, or Rashidu-d
din ihu 'Ima<lu-d dai1la Abu-1 !Chair . ibn Muwafikud
daula,
1
was born itt A.U. 645---A.D. 1247, in the city of
Harnadap.
2
His practice of the mecjical art brought
him notice at the court of the Mongol ultans of

pare. o his .life in the service. of

the Tartar king- of Persia, arid one of the
deilcc'i)dants of Hulaku Khat1. As a subsequent period,
Ghazar1 Khan, who wa.-; a friend to literature and the
sciences-, aud who appreciated the merits of Rash.idud
din at their proper value, appointed him to the post ofl
Wazir in A.H. 697-A.D. 1297, in conjunction w_ith Sa'dud
din. Rashidu-d din was maintained in P,is office by
Uljaitu, surnamed Khuda-banda, the brother- and suc-
cessor of Ghazan Khan, ;mel was by him with:
great consideration and rewarded with the utmost
liberality. The author that no sovereign:.
ever lavishe<l upon a. subject su.ch cnonnous sums as be .
had received from Uljaitu Khan,
Rashidu.d: din. a1id his colleagues did not . .
to conduct the a.dministration with '
' \Jut. thu;.sccms to have ansen less from any mfirmtty of
'.. . . . . . . . t
om:'.

temper than from the envv and

'
1
t - I ,
0
,,"
'' .. !.'}It ' I
1
[D'Ohss.On says t'hat he was also called R.ashidtJ.i!'
danlat and haklt clin. Hist ..
1
des
Mougols , . , -, . \. , ;.
\Z[Tlie [JiOg'l'aphiaa.I portian_ of., .,,
most part, r-ake.11. .. .of .. ,.,
in V;ol. VI, of . .
'I' , ' '". ' ,: :,:' , :' ;- .;, ' ' , ' ' /t .::
I..
-.
2
RASHIDUD DIN
which actuated his enemies. In his first rupture with
Sa'du-d din he was ca.mpelled, in sclf-def<."'l'lce, to denounce
him, and to cause him to be put to death. 'Ali Shah
Jabalan, a person of low origin, who had managed by
.his talents and intrigues to raise himself into considera-
,tion; was appointed Sa'du-d din's succcssOt at Rashidu-d
.din's request, but with him he had shortly so serious a
;misunderstanding; that the Sultan was compelled to
-d:lvidc their jurisdiction, assjgning the care of the Westc:rn
;provinces to 'Ali Shah. and the Eastern to Rashidu-d din.
Notwithstanding this arrangement, the two Wazirs
continued at enmity, and shOl:tly after the death of
Uljaitu; who was succeeded by his son Abu Sa'id, 'Ali
Shah . so far succeeded in prejudicing the Sultan against
:the old minister
1
'that he was, after many years' faithful
service, removed from the Wazarat in A.H. 717-A.n. 1317.
l s Mtt time iftetwards he was in order to
reme<iy, :: mal:administtation which was occasioned by
bis 'absence, but it was not long before he again lost
favour , at court, and was accused. of causing the death
of his patron l,J!jaitu Khan. It was charged against him
that he llad recommended a purgative medicine to be
to the. 'deceased chief, in opposition to the
of another physician, and that under its effects
:the .king h'ad _expired. Rashidu-d . din was condemned to
de'ath, and his family were;: after. the usual Asiatic fashion .
in his_ Ris son Ibrahim, the chic
'butler, w):lO bniy .sixteen 'yeats old, . and by whose
'han(l.s the potion was said to have been given to the
was put to death befcite Of his parent,,
who was immciiiately afterwards cloven In twain by the
executioner . .. Rasbidu-d din. was 73 years
4
old . when he
' . . .. - ' ' .
' ' I. "'
3
Moa. Univ. His.t., tv. :461.
"'This is the age assigned by M. Qtiatreinere (CoU.
Tom. 1. p .. xliv.) but these must have been
lunar years, if -he was-: b6r.n in A.D. 1247.---,.Hammei-. ,
!Purgstali says, Rashidu-d din wn.s 80 yea1s ;old when he..:-::"
..
p ; ..
. ' . " ' ..
. ; . .' .. , ..
j .'\MI'U'f
<lied, ml<l hls death occurred in A.n. 718-A.l>. 1318. His
head was borne tW:ougb d1e shects of T abriz, ancl pro
.claimed by the public cticr ns the head of a Jew, hi<
-childxcu and 1clativcs h:od their property confiscated, and
the Rab'a Rushidi, a snbmb which be had built at an
cnomwus expense, was given up to pillage, His eldest
sou, Chiyasud din. wus subscqucmly miscd to the same
dignities as his father. and met with nn equally tragicnl
death.
"The bully o( the nu,dcrcd Wazir was buxicd near
rile moSC[liC whidt he ltad ii1 Tah'riz, but it
not destined w repose quietl y i11 last asylwn.
Nearly, n ccmw:y after his death;' the govenunent of
Tabriz,, cogcche, wirb tlmt of the whole province of
Aznrbaija\1, was given by Timor Lang to his son Miran
Sh:1h. T he young prince, "'*n,Uy of a mild disposi
tion, b:>d become partially in <:onscqucuce. o[
injury of bead occasioned by n fall !rom his
dlm'Sc, an<l one d:>y, dul'illg :1 temporary access of madness.
he caused the bones n[ Rashidu-cl din to be exbwned,
they were linally <lepositcd in the cemetery of. the
Jcws.-a tcnewal nf the insult offered by his enemies.
-dllXing his life and ac the time of his deat h, 1n order to
Ius nnmc odious amongst Musulmans."
"Almost all those had conspired co ruin
Rashidu<l din perishccl in !he course of the following
year. 'Ali Sbab, the one most deserving of ptmisbment.
-alone survived to enjoy the fruits of his crime. Re.con
tiouc<l by his add= to maintain his high hono-cos al\d
tlrc fa:vour of his master o1 tltc space of six years, when
b e died, 'being rbe only W.Wr, since the establishment of
.died. (deschichtc dcr llchalle, Vol. ii. p. Haji
Xhal{a gives 717 as the year of hu death., but Sa.dik' h./1.(<
it ,.igh.t. . .
'["This calumny was probably groundeii upon" thif
partic,./ar attention he )zad 'paid to histlily arlir-
..:U.rtontf of the ]ews.'J .:..:MoTley:]

the Mongol mon.u-chy, who 'had nut met whb n violent
de:dlL.
1
'
Rasbicl!Hl dh\ W:lll cndowc<l wit:!J a wonderful degree
of ability a.nd indumy. "Few JnCD, even of d>O$C who
hnvc devoted tbeir lives to research, could hope to atta.il
the knowledge 3cquired U)' hiJ'il; and when we Tccollcct
dat fro.w his yuuth upwatds he involved in the
intrigues und tulllul w; o( tbe court, and tlmt he horc the
principal weight or the adminisu'llliun of an imn.cusc
ca+pire under three successive Sultans, we CllllllCIC IJUt rcct
the l"e$pccL fm his tulcms. llc.1idcs llledidne,
with those scicuccs which mc illmtcdinLclr con
ncctctl with il. he <:u!tivated with suacss agriC\IIturc,
architecture. l\lld and hat! rcnclcrcd himself
conversant with tbe most abstruse points u( Mllsulman
:nd docuinc. }{c was also an
ling!!isL, being with the Persian, Arabic.
Mon&Plian, and Hebrew languages, and, as it
seems fl'om hi! works, with the Ch.illesc also. Amongst
J:li.s great natural powers, we may reckon as dtc most
important, the talent of writing with extreme facility;.
is attested by the extent or his works,
and by a po1ssagc in one or his writings, in which he
asserts that he composed clwee of bis vi<.:
tbe f(.itll/)llt faw!.Qt, the Miftalmt ttlfasir, and che
Il.it(liaty.l,,r in. the sbo):t space of eleven mond\s.
and tbis not by giv.ing up his whole time tQ his literary
labours, but in l,lle midst of the of. government. and
without reck,oning U\!IUCtOus ocher l:rCJ!.ti,'!Cs ,on various.
intricytc r'liic,l) .,\>rittcn. by hllll during l:he
same period," a; . book on R\1ral Economy, and,
works on Theology, :md Musulman Theology.
I'It was noc tiU somcwhafolatc ip. Jife : that
din t.urned his ,though\" tO until .his.
master, Ghazao J<.bao. orde1-ed lrim co compose a history,
of the Mongols, be h<1d nat, ventured to. conllnit
resul ts of learning io' the
of rite world.' ' This history occupies tbe ,of,
.
(
r'
.JAMI'UT TAWARfl\:H
lthe ]a.rni'u-t-'l'tttvarikh, and has received the highest
commendations from European scholars.
"The work was on the point of completion when
Ghazan Khan died,' A.H. 703-A.D. '1303. Uljaitu Khan,
.his successor, not only app.rovcd of r.hc plan which our
author had followcd, and the. manner in' which he .had,
.executed l1is task, but enjoined him to complete it, and
to add thereto a general account of all th.c people known
to the Mongols, and a description of all the conntl'ies of
-the gloqe. Rashidu-d din undertook this laborious . work,
.and. a few years sufficed for its accomplishment, for we
find that ill A.H. 13.10, the entire history was
.writtl(tl
1
.bound, and' deposited in. tb.e mosque constr11cted
lhy the author at Tabriz. It is true that the aUt,h9r..;.of
the T arikh-i W assaf affirl'ns, that Rasbi dn-d din coni:iri u-
ed his work till A.H. 712, but this, pmbably, orily applies
to that portion of it which gives the history of Ul.iaitu.
Haidar Razi, in hili General History. says, that the por-
tion relating to India was completed in A.H. 703, t'he
period when our author received orders t6 commence h,is
tesealches.'' Still it is cvide!lt that he copied
Wassaf, who wrote; upon Indian History down to
710 A.H.
The entitc wOl'k, when completed, recciyell from it.<;
author the title of ]ami'1.tt Tawarikh, or "Collection .of
f.l very appropriate name, for . it . is not' a
general consecutive history, but consists of sevex:.al
J I).dependent works, arranged and bound up togetber ifi .
order according to tl.1e fancy of the copyist. :
Thul the first volume is often considered as ' a oY,'
itself, and as such is called the Tarikh-i Gha:umir. .alir-
the b,y whose orqersit
. it was dedieated. .
[rhe value of the ]ami''ut: .unques: ,
. . tionable, but Rashiqu-d din must be' as .
I
:or ratli.er . . historianS.
1
-: He, ,. .
. by wholesale predecessors.: : ,, ..
' ... ,prQ4uctions, :with all th&t: ,aJld ..
:;.:,<:. ,;. . - ,: .. . :: . ... _'. .: ... > : ... . .
6
RASHlDU-D DIN
examination or judgm.ent of his
credit, however, th'at he fairly and
own. It is lO his J
openly acknowledges .. 1
the sources from which he has borrowed; and he occa-
makes additions which may be his own, or whicb.
. may have been derived . from other unknown sources.
For the geographical account of Indian he is avowedly
indebted to Biruni, tJ10ugh he adds some passages in
continuation.
7
In his account of the Ghm:nivides . "h(:
.follows 'Utbi implicitly as far as the Yamini extends.
taking out not only the facts, but giving a literal tran:;la-
. tion even to the images and similes.'' He makes n()
attempt to improve m supplement that work. his ac-
count of the Ghawivides closes where that closes, and
so he omits all notice of the famous expedition to
.

The Tmikh-i has also been laid
. contrib.utio'n. D'Ohsson finds that he often copied
but he adds, "the history of the Wazir
-.R:as'lijl:l!. .most complete, and that in which the best
6rder' and; method. prevail; his style also has that noble
:simpliCity .suitable : to histarical : Wassaf, a
1 contemporary o.f: Rashidn-d din, is another of tl1ose from
. whom he copied; and fm:ther investigation will probabJr
re'Veal more of the sou1ces of tl1c ]ami'u.-t Tawarildr..1ol
to. hl;\vc- been doubted whether the ]a.ini'u-t
: Tattilzi'ikh was originally ,-wl:ittt!fi ih Arabic or Persian.
Most .authors 'Who have mh.tioned . tbe work consider . it
l

t
1
to bee1i: ,written hi and translated, under <'
the author's into :but it is certain '. ::
'.
1
:
0
[Vol. I. fJ: 44: Origirial'"Ed>]. : . '
7
[Vol. l . fJ. 61. Or. Ed-] ; ',, <:.: . . r l, ..
11
[See .flo{. II. 'fi. 430J 61, Ed. ; ]o1.tr. A. s.: New ...
Se1ies, Vol. III. fi. 426] ".:::., .. . . :.
: !'fD'O'hsson . Hist. Mongozs; I.;''.'!Clii. ' and
: .
1 0
[David's Tu.rkish G-rtlfnmar> Hq l...
:::

Qumf?emere cm1cu1s, a11d "M_ais :;
)'a de sur, et que l'aute1.t1' atte:rte de la .. ia. pl.us ..
fotmalle, att moment ott il deposa clans -la grati.:dt( :
. , . . . ,. .. -. . )I
. . . . :1
7
that no Persian copies were very generally available in
Akbar's time, for 'Abdu-l Kndir Badauni states, under
the transactiolls of A.D. 1000, that he was directed by the;
Emperor to translate the ]ami,,.t Tawarikh ron Arabic
into Persian. It docs not exactly appear from the text
whether this was an abridgment or a translation, but
portion which was completed by 'Abdu-l Kadix Is distinct
J y said to lULVC beCJl translated frorn the Arabic. It i&
clll'ious that an interlinear translation of a part of the
l1istory, executed under the orders of Colonel Francklin,
and presented by him to the Royal Asiatic Socict)'.
shoufd . also bear the name of 'Abdu-l Kadir, who tlus
r appellJ'S to-have cxooutecl a second time what Jis name
.akcl had done before him more than 250 yean ago.
A portion of the Tarihhi Gllazani has been admir-
ably translated by M. Quatrcmcrc in the frrst volume o
the Col/cctio11 Ori6ntale, :<nd we arc indebted to him for
11 full account of our autho1's biography nnd his literary
merits. M. Etdmann promised an edition of the
complete text of the ]ami'' (which bas never appeared,
construit par lui a Tabriz tttlC collection com-f>ltte !Je ses
ouvrages, il fit tradt#re en arabe ce qui avait etc fnimi-
tivement ecrit en perSttn et, m persan ce qui etait redige
.,-n 1e.r dettx redactions on/ ete
executees par l
1
aUteur lu.i-mt!meJ ou
1
at moins, son.t sa.
direction-Par consequent ellt.s se t:rouvi!Tit egalement
authe,ltiques."-]ou,r . . des SllV. Sep. 1850. A further an4
deci#vc a.-gument may be drawn from the fact previously
fiot/Cect; that proper names are met with in
'the Arabic version, in which a Persian pr.eposition bq<We
a name, or a numeral immediately after it; is taker! as
/>iring part and parMI of the name itself.-Sei: P' 6/; 1.
p. '62, Or. Ed.
"Journal l1siatique, 2nd Series, Tom. 1. p. !22. [The
work /1as been tranSlated ihlo Russian, and a "Tfi(/J.r
translatiot" has also bee11 matk- Utsohrif D.M.{J, VI.
12!>- IX. 800.) ... . I
8
AASffiOUI> I)!N
. he bas given a short cxtrnct thcrcirom upon
'fllaxkiarok.'s Reginlng" in ilie.Zeitschrift des l)mtscltctl
M.orgenlandischcn. (voL IX. 800)].
The following account ,of ilie contents of the entire
]a,mi'u-t Tautarikll, is taken from n notice in Arabic, by
Rashidu-cl din himself, prefixed to a MS: of his thco
1ogical works, in tlie Ro:ylil ' Lib:racy at P:ttis.
"The book called ]Mni'.w.t 'l'awarikh, comptisCll four
"Volume.s,- tbe first of which coutairis a_ prdace" lin account
.of tlle 6rigin of tile nations of the pum.bet
<? l:lleir t;rlbes, and au account of the "Kings, Khl!na,
Amin, and great men who have spmng from <ilch lribe;
also of the ancestors of Changiz K!);ut, the history of that
monard1's actions, and of his dlildrcn and desccnd:mu.
v;ho Jmve occupied tbc throne down to the time or
1:Tljaitu Sultan. To tbc life of cadl prince is added his
-gencalogy
1
an;accolinl of his and of his wives,
anct 1!1iil<!ien,. a notice Of the Khalifas, Kings, Sultans,
and A:tabili, who were contemporary with him, and a
!Wtory oE the TemarRable events thrit occuncd during
his reign.
"The second volUme contains an introduetiot\ and a
bisiofY of the llfe of Uljaitu from the time of his birth
tp.' the present day; to t:b.is portion of the secoad volume
-will be added a supplement, comprising :m at-eount of
ilie <laily actions .of iliis prince. written by mo, and
continued by 'the court historians. This
volume also contains a t:oncisc history of tlw
Prophets, Sultans, and Kings of the universe, from the
dayil o Adam to the present time, together "!ith a detaiJ-
cd account of man:y P,eople, of :W)).om h\stor.ians hav.c, till
now: given little no that! have said res
.pecung them I have taken frbm, $Cll' own book$, and from
the mouths of the JCAtned mea of eacll nation; it also gi'Ces
t he history of the People of the Book, viz., the .Jcws.and the
'Christians. and the histories of the Su\tam and ,m06t
cclcbl:'atcd Princes of each country; also an acCount of
the lsmailis, atld many corious and instructive particulars.
1

JAM1
1
U'I' 'l'hWARU-:11
9
"The third volum" the preEacc. a
<lct:Ult-d account of the descent of the l'1ophcts, Kings,
Khalifas, the Arab trihcs, the companions of the Prophet
MulllllltJllau, etc., rum Lhc time of Adam to the end of
the dyna.1ty of rhc Bani 'Abbas; the genealogy of the
.ancestors of Muhammad, and o( Lllc descended
from them: the series of Prophets who have appeared
amon!Jllt the !\ani the Kings of the latter, nnd an
enumeration of tbci-.: di[crctu: tribes; the ),'encalogics of
the Kail!Crs and othct-.; oE the C:hristian pdncc.s, witJ1
their names and t11c number of ycn1s nf thch ,espectivc
Tcigns. All tllcsc dcmi.Is pave bccu f'lJithCuly
from the of these people, aQd arranged in
ol'ller.
"The fourth a preface and a cir
-cmnstantial :t<X'.Oilllt of ihc limits of each o( the seven
climates, the and extent oC the "''"'t countdcs of
the globe, the goographical position antl description of
the greater part of tllc cities. seas, lakes, valleys, and
mountains, with their longitudes. and 13titudes. In w1it
ing this l,lOrtion of our work, we have not been satisfied
merely witll extracts from t.he most estcctnerl geographical
works, but we have, bcsidcx, made inquiries fr01n the
Dost learned men, and t.bosc who have themselves visited
the couutrk'$ desCTibcd; we have inserted in our relation.
particulars obtained from the learned men of Hind,
Cbiu, Machin, the coufltrics or the etc., n.nd
others which have been faithfully cxuactcd [rom woc!J
in the language.< of those .tilfc>cnt countries." ..
This ls tl1c account given by om autllor . himself o
bis \YQfki iL 1Dust, howcVol', be remarked, .that In
pre(ace l io- Lilc 1'arikhi . Olw:umi aucl in many other
paMagct, bi: liJ'>Caks of tluec volumes only, .w,riting,
1 h.c hc"d of. UI.C second, the matters which hete form iliu
'COntentS of -the se<:ond and thirq. The t:asicit . wa.y ill' .
2ccouniiug for this ,cc)nttadiction is to suppose, that
5fl)l$equently divide4 .v.olume ijlto lWO P9lt
10
RASHIDUD OlN
tions, on account of its great bulk and dispxoportion in
size to the others.
In the preface to the Ta1'ikh-i Ghazani the work is
divided, as mentioned above, itito three volumes, accord-
ing to the following distribution :
The contents of the first volume are the same as
given iii the preceding description, and it is dedicated to
Gh::.,tan Khan. It comprises two books an<l scv<:rat
S
1
ecti6n:s.
' - The se-cond volume contains the histor.y of tfljaitn
Sultan (to whom: it was dedicated), from bis birth to tJ1e
tilbe when mir author 'Wrote; this forms the first division ot:
th.e volume. .The second division comprises t wo
the first of which is again subdivided into two sections.
The first section contains an abridged of all the
J>.r9phets
1
K.ha!ibs, and o( the diffei:'ent:races of:
R1:fhe J Iight; 700. ... tJ:ie second section compriser.
. ;:a.,_;: of all the inhabitants 'of the earth,
1
/ftctO:rdiiig i:o their races, extracted from their varimis
arid from. the mouths of natives of the different
countries. The second part is filled with the remaining
. :p,gt:iion of. the hist<?ry of Uijaitp, 'the Sultan of Islam,' '
h.e,t is . styled, and was destined to be continued in chro-
nological-_ <;>rder to the time of l1is death. "Tl1e histo1'ia.i1S
who .are, or may be, servants of. the court, will take care
to write . this, an:d adcl it .as a , S'!lpplement to tl.1is second
volume:'
. ! .. '
. The third volume , the description of. the
Geographical chart?;,, arid the, ... rOU;tes from one
place to another, .. the..,. . men-
tioned. "The author lias, as ar :a.S wat( in,, his
multiplied m'ld vcrifted his r.esearches . .froni all th.'lt was
previously known on the subject in f
described in books or di:awn ih charts: To .this he has
I ' ' I '
added all . that, during this epoch, .. tf;1
sophers and wise men o( Hind, , Chin,, Farang. .
aiid other countries have written, .and ..
'I<
1 l ' ... .. ... :
f
JAMI'UT l'AWAR!KI-l
11
in this third volume, after having fully ascertainecl its..
authority."
The extended notice which is here given to Rashidu-d
din and the ]ami'u-t Tauta.rifth, is noi: only due to his.
merits and to the curious SO\ltces of his information 011
lndian subjects, but to the interest which was excited.
si>J'ne years ago by the discovery, under very peculiar. cir-
cumstances, of a larg-e portion of the-work which, up to
that time. was supposed to be 1ost.
A full account o this curious. discovery is given in
the sixth of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic
. Society. W.. Morley, while engaged in making a:
catalogLic of the Society's MSS.; met with an imperfect.
Aral:fk MS., :wllich proved to be a portion of the ]ami'u.-t
'Tawarikh. It was Wlittcn in a heatltiful and very
Naskhi hand, with mai1y pictures very creditably executed.
He addressed a letter t o the Socictr, giving an account'
of his discovery, and before the latter was published'
Professor Forbes accidentally fell in with a much larger
portion of the same MS., comprising one half du::-
original volume, of ')'hich the Society's fragment _forme<f.
about one-fifth. TJie two fragments proved to be. parts
of thE( same original. and were thus brought together
after many years, perhaps centuries, of separation. This
larger portion of the MS. of the ]ami'tH Tawa?'ikh :
belonged to .Colonel John Baillie, an eminent .
. Shortly after his death, his MSS. _and books were
fot. trammission to the seat in Inverness-shire,, but
they were actually despatched Professor Forbes
Ql)tajt).ed. a sight of them. He there-picked out a. fif!e
latg'eGhistorical MS. on the back which
.a disth1Ct Persian hand, Tabari/' .and _as u,
this were not. sufficient, . there was a note. written in
Persian! .on ' a. bl'ank page! folio 154
1
of which_ the {'Ollow- .
ing is a literal translation. "The name o this book js
.The Tarikh-i Tabti?i) (th'e His'tory or . . of
Tabari), the autdgraph. The nuinber of>
'leaves, lvhen complete, amom1ted 303; .:
' ...... ' ..
12
J>IN
.:some one has. stolen and carded off one half of it, or
.about 150 leaves. It was written by the author's own
.. hand, in the year of the Hijra 706 (A.D. 1306-7 .' ') This
;descdption of the MS. a$ J)eing the work of Tabari was,
froui the da.tc alone, very suspicious and unsatisfactory,
. .and. Profcs89r Forbt'S, in his enquiries, was eventually led
to examine the MS. of the Royal Asiatic Society, wlleu
. proved to he portions of one
. and the same book.
, , These' discoveries. were commu.nicatccl to the Asiatic
:S&iety of Bengal, and a xequcst was rnadc that the
.Sodety would interest i tself in searchiug for manuscripts
..Of the work. A circ11lar was in consequence issued to
many of the native chiefs and literati of India, hue no
;satisfactory reply . received. {J.pon ,tb;flt octa:sipn .I
. '1 .
. .v . ..
.. :was-broughfltiV
-,; .'T-' Malcolm fiOui PetSJa, and presented to ' l;.he College
-'William, .as .appeared ftom a notice at the end of:
of ' Tipu Sultan's Library. The work
for and discovered, in consequence of this
)l.: .!4'0J;mation, among those which were transferred from
. College to the Asiatic Socicty.l
3
.
., . .It '\ias not till some years afterwards that I had the
<satisfaction of reading the superb :French publiCation,
Orientale, in the preface to the first
of which . I found. that the v.ery same en.quiry had
by. M .. . in the .'follqwing
de, nC'Jfse par . Je
.. Major ;du I<'ort
'Willarh, . je 'tiouve
. warikh-ltadim .. - Ce livre : du: . travail ,.de
C'est ce :q'ue.je h'iti

Haa 'tlijs
Journal Asiwtic So. X .. P:.W-;4: .
. Vte et les ottvmges tle set,o!}dfJ j?{lrtze, . ..:
fJ. lxxxv. .
' . ' . . ':' ; .. ::
: .. : . ' :: ... ..
JA.'dl' U'C TAWAIUKH
enquiry then atu"acted Lbc of tbe As.iaLic Society
of Bengal, it would have resulted in an (larlicr discovery of
the missing volume; btlt at last it was drawn forth
fTom tbch Hhrary, it had become of comparatively little
importance, for, in the mean time, a manuscript of tbc
Persian original hact been found in the library of tile
East India House, of which a full d=dption was shortly .
after given uy Mol'lcy il\ the scvcn.th volu.mc of the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Socict)', rrorn wbirb the
cxttact is Utkcn:
"'l'hc MS. in qucstiou l$ of a large folio size, and
in ()ll 1 but :1s numerous h:tvc
been left Jhe il15,ertion. paintil'lgs. tl1c. actual volume
q, wor.l:: ik #6t. equal ti> its appai'cnt . cl<l:cnt; tile.
cfJara<;tcJ is a. atlrl tolcral>ly clear Nast'alik; t11c
tramcribcr was evidently both careless and ignorant, and
the text ahomtds with crrors,- this i; pnrticularly cou
spicuous /11 t11c spcUi ug of the n:unc':S of pl:tt'C.'S :;tnd.
in.dividuals, the same name being [rcqucutly written iu
two or tlwce di rtcrcnt ways iu the same page; mnnr
considcrablc also occur in the body of tho-
work, the original from wbicll our MS. was tr.uucribed.
being, in all probability, <i:unagcd or defective in
parts.
"The ]11111i'ul. :f'awarikfl COiLisL of a collection or
llistol'ie$ (as 111uuc Imports), each distinct from tbc
other and complete in itself. Those in .ow:
MS. occur in the following order: .
. "I. A gL'!leral J.liscorr of J'ctsia :tnd Arabi..1, froin
tl!,e earUcs& times to tile fall of the I<JJilafat; th.is history.
a preface two scctiom. The
taiJIIlr "1). mccount of Adarn :IJ'ld children, of Nub
his posterity, of the Tcign of Kaiumars. the of the;
kings Fa;rs,-. apd of the tribes ,of the Arabs, to the time
of prop)1et. ;rhis preface
btStory composed tl\c ,year of Fhgl\t. 79.9
from vari?U.' ';
i;' Sqcto.n I
. :.'

.l4 RASHIDUD DIN
.and or the events that occurred in their respective reigns;
..alSo accounts of the prophets from the time of Kaiumars
,until that of Yazdajird, the last of the kings of 'Ajam . .
"Section 2 contains a copious and detailed history of:
,he prophet .Muhammad and his Khalifas to the time of
Al Mustasim bi-llah. This llistory, which in our MS .
.. comprises 3G4 pages, was transcribed in the month of
Shawwal, in the year of the Flight 1081. It is
entire in the MS. of Colonel Baillie, with the absence of
Jorty-six leaves, seven of: which arc, however, to be found
in the MS. of tile Royal Asiatic Society. .
11
11. A concise history of the Sultan Malimud
Subuktigin, the Ghaznivides, the Samanides, the Buwai
liides, and sonic others, to the time of: Ahu-L Fath
Maudud bin Mas'ud, and tlw year of his death, r'iz.J the
:547th of the Flight. This history compl'ises fifty-six
pages, and was transcribed in- the month Zi' l hijja, and
.<tlie. l03lst. year the F'light. This is also in Colonel
:Sail.lie's MS., of which it fonns the third portion.
"III. A history of the Saljuki king;; and of the
Ataqaks, to the time b Tughril bin Muhammad bin .
Malik Shah, the last of the Saljuks, who was slain in the
')'Car of Flight 589. It comprises fony-two pages.
"To this ' history is acldcd a snpplcrncnt, composccl
'hy Abu Hamid Ibn Ibrahim, in the year ()f the Flight
.599; it contains an account of the fall of the Saljuks, and
the history of the kings of . to the time of
Jalalu-d din, the l\lst of that dynasty. This supplement
COmprises pages, and apparently formed part
Of- the original ]amiJtt-t TawmikhJ as Professor Forbes
mentions two leaves existing at the end of Colonel
'Baillie's MS., which arc occupied with .. the history of
Khwarizm. .
: "IV . . A history of Ughuz; and of the othet Sultans
;and Kings Of the Turks; it twentyL'WO pages.
At the end it is stated that this history is to be followed
,JY that of the Khans of Chin and Machin. '
' ''V. A history of Khita, and of the Kings of Chin
...
'
I

.JAl\U' UT TAWARIKH l!)
.and Machin, to the time of the conquest by the Mongols ..
It comprises farty-iiix pages. At the end it is stated that
this history is to be succeeded by that of the :Bani Israil.
The concluding part o tllis account. of 1\.hita contained
in the MS. of the Royal Asiatic Sodcty.
"VI. A history of the children o( Israel, comprising
forty-eight pages. At: t he end it is stated that this hiswry
is to be folloi-\'Cd by that of the Frauks, aud the of
transcription is said l<> he the month Safar, in the year
of the 'Flight 1082. The lilst portion o( this hhu>ry
occurs in the MS. of the Royal Asiatic Society.
"VII. A J1istory of the Franks, from the creation of
Adam to r.he thne when the author wrote, viz., 705th .year
of the . Flight, g-iving a short account of the
Emperors and .Popes, amounting to little more than a.
list of misspclt rmmes. It comprises 122 pages, and beats.
the date of Rabi'u-1-awwal, in the year of the Flight 1082.
"VIII. A histOJ:y of the Sultans ol: Hind and o( the,
Hindus. It comprises !J8 pages. This history exists in
.the MS. o the Royal Asiatic Society, supplying the
lacuna in MS. where about six pages are wanting
7
"IX: A treatise on metempsychosis. {Tom
the Tawzihat-i Rashidi by Rashidtld din . This treatise
comprises 12 pages. The date of transcription is Rabi\t-1-
awwal, in the 1082 year of the Flight; the name of the.
scribe is also here given, uiz., Tahir Ibn Al Baki Alayi. , .t
"X. The general preface and contents of the
volume, headed, 'This is the book of.. the collection 'of, '
' This preface comprises eight. pages. It bas
'l:>een published, with a translation by M. Quatr.er:Qt!re
1
ir:i .
the _first . volume o the Collection .... ,; .:0, .
"XI . ... The first volume of the .. 'l:awafikh; .
entitled .the Tarilth-i Ghazani, and containing. ";
o the Turks and Mong<?ls to the thne Khtiqa
banda, who reigned when the author ' completed bis:
work. This history . comprises 386 pages; : and-f. 'lvas
tpnscribed in the' .month . and . the yeax:! .gF the
. Flight 1082.'-' . , ., :,

'
......
16 RASJID>UD DtN
By comparing this table oE contents witlt tlle one
above given by Rnshidn-d din himself, it wiU be sccu
that the India-House Manuscript does not contain the
entire work; the parts deficiem being the first division of
the second volume, containing U1e life of 'Oljaitu Sultan,
with the supplementary journal, ancl the whole of the
third volu,me containing the
Ic is, however, very probable that the last vofuUIC
was never w,rittcn, for we nowhere line! :1ny
amongst nt!thors of :Rasltidu-cl din a writer on.
geography; and what gives greater colour to this pro-
bability is that be intct'Spcrscs some or bir. narratives with
gL-ogt'llpbical details, which, in many inxt:mccs, migllt he
considered to supctsedc Ill<: nccc.sity of. any further uoLicc-
in a separate volwne. This umy be observed in the
of the of India, his account of which has been
printed in Vol. 1. (Odginal Ed.) In that brief account he
exhausts ail that was then known to tltc
Asitics of the geography of rotel he conW therefore
merely have repeated in the third, what he bad alrcatly
given in the second vol\tme.'" (Origin:tl l!d.)
It docs not appear that these discoveries
o( the ,Tamiu ... t Tawaril<h in English coUcctioos have
hccn followed by othet'S on tl1c Continent of Europe.
None have been announced rom Paris, or Leyden, and
rwo passages in the prc(':\cc to the Gcschiclltc: dcr
Goldenen Horde (p. xv. and xxi.) show that, up 10 1840,
no copy had been discovered in Germany. u
Morley perhaps attached a little ,too mudL
"[M. Quatrtmcrc, in reply 'lu this ofnniorr,
in ftwottr of Rtuilidu-a harling wrilltn the volum<'
nn Geogmphy, and say.<, "On peut done ctmelure, tnJeP
Ct:<l itude, que lc taite de geographie se trouva!i comprif,
flilrmis les nom!.rtrux otwrages composes (Jar l' -l
]. des Sav. Stj1. 1850.]
'"[A letter of Dr. Dorn's in 1852 anni>unced tht:'
discovtny of "third part of Rasflidu-d din's His!arf'
JAMI
1
UT ,TAWARlKI-1
l..8
v.olume. will. . .reeeh(e . !!lor-e patti
R<>tice; 1!11t .an portion the
version,, CQV!pVsi?g :of exlits
' ,i.p ,!ihe .Royal. ,at ,.L\Ic;lq(Q,\Y, under the wrc;mg tit\t
Of..:T.afj/$/l;i It ,pottiom of. tim'!!
bOQks, {or,it,J:legit.U:.;;.lcvuhe.llistm:y p1 M'llJrnud.
JlDd of the G)laznivides, a:n(l
'Qf lhe .\Un8'! of l{hwarizm, the
,Saljtikians, the and part of lhe Wstory of 'the
.. ;KhaliE. lt .embellished with paintings which are
iP,.cry.cSnd.'the average degree of Asiatic merit, and the text
:is. written in a clear na.kh character, comprising one
:hundred und five folios, wilh thirty-five lin.es to a page.
-It would be useful fol' the purpose of collation, although
in n1any parts ic is written very incorrectly, especially in
.the names of. places, where accuracy , is particularly
.r know of two copies of tbe Tarilth-j Ghozani,
''11t!t '.no portion which has not already been
ma'de.:familiar to the public by the French edition of M.
noticed above."
In. inquiries after tbis work care must be taken not
.to confound tbe ]ami'u..,. .Rashidi with the Torifth-i

.: ."'i'' .Compare des Ori::rlts, Vol, V. pp.
265.-272 ]ourndl . des Savants, 1858,. pp. 501---514.
Tom. 1. p. Von Hammer, Geschi-
cllte ,dqr sihOI'len R4dehunsl4' Pe-r:siens, pp. 12, 242 . . Dr.
Beritharil Doi;n, 'Hi$1: of the dfghartS, p, xv. Willu:n,
l:list. Ghatneuid4n+rn, p. ii. journal of Asi<ltic
'Society Betlgal, Vol. IX .. p. 113l; V.bl. X. p. !!84. Saclik,
Isfahani, p. 4!)/ 2nd Serit:J, , Tom. :{,
.p, 522; Srd Seriu, Ifio. 36, ' 571:589
1
.. ;
I.pp: ']ofl.fnal of Royal A.,riotil;
T'ol. fl. AA ll>-41; Vol , )!;11. fifi. 267-272. Gesc'K!r
, t'Jtt; . "'r w_, pp; 259>262. M,
.Rem.'!tat, N.otweoul' M elo,!.lges A.<>ahtJUe$,, 'Fom .. 1.
fiP.: !;,!8?4'11\ Mo4. ... f111iv<f!l:l_ifl. Jill.
Htij. tKhalfq II. .M;lafii;oth-;irt:'
:t...

,
JA?.U'UT '":'AWARlKH
19
R4shidi, which is common in Hindustan, and derives its
Dame of Rashidi chieay (though 'other are a&Sign-
from. h5!ing the reigning Khan 0' the
Mughals, Rashid Khan, by its author, Mir1a
Haidar :pughlat G:urgan. It contains
. HistoJy Qf l _!ld.ia . .. }'here is also .. a. '.wor).:. o:f'
9f ]pmi'tt.-t Tawar,ikh, of is an
..count in Von Hammer's Geschichte des Osmanis'chen .
Reichs (Vol. ix: p. 180), and which t he same quotes
.as one of his authorities in his Geschichte der Assassinen.
It was compq_scd. 1,574, and is said tQ .be compilt:cl
.cllicfly frog>. J he NttamtLo-t 1'g.warikh of Baiza.wi, and
Ta1J!a:r:ikh ? Shukru-lla. is also .an
Arabic wJch, from sim.ihu;ity o,f may pe
for it, the Mukhtasat ]ami'u-t Twadk._h, by lbnu-
1-Wardi, a valuable general History from 1097 to 1543 A.u,.
I will now proceed to describe the volume in th<;
Society's library, t>rcm.ising that it was copied
A.TI. 1098, and is written in a clear nasta'liko, charactet: ,
r I. A. histOrY. . o(the kings, to the last of .
dynaty, Abu Tt!lib Tughril, son of This ,
to p. 44, a by ; A-bu
Muhammad, son of commences, c;_omprising
'the history o! . the Sultans of Khwariz!!l, roll}
PJ> 4.1 ' to . -..,
.. ll: : A of and tf?e,. . HP
77; , .. that. ,it j s. a.,
'1:\ lst""' , o Ob.ttna. . . . . . . , ,1 , . ,..
1
,,
4!'.1! 7/.... '1> . , ' . . <t. '),. - ".m; "Jf
, ' "":"'f4J.;.
1
or. .
.. .. ' .
!n thl$ .. represept .the
tbCllf. the J'hi& ' .. :,.;1
is !?r an . account. o -Bani
T lus pp. 78 to .
ry. A .. J?s!oty the children of S:i9- to. be
JAMI
1
U-T 'f.AWAKlKfl
enmity between Nasiru-d din Subul<tigin, and Khalaf,.son
of Ahmad, and !he assumption of tbe reins of. govetJllnent
by tbe Su!tan.-R.especting Shamsul Ma'ali Kabus, ,
.his retnrn.to bis country. Tbe.friendship,and
CIJJDity between tbe Sultan and llalc. Illian-Rclal!j,og. to
tbc sacte<l war o Bbatiyah.-Respecting tbc captute of
r.he.fort J\him.-Reg-nling the family of the khalif'-M
Kailir, Billab, and his govenment-His attachment' to
-the Sultan and Bahau.<J. :Paula, son of 'Aldu.<J. DauJa-
An account llahaud Dauln.--,Respec'ting the alfair at
Nar<;J.in.-Rela.t.ing co the sacred . war--of Ghor.-Regaril
ing the traitQ:rs af.ter' their ref!,Ul\ fr<lJ!! M.l\waraun Nalu;,
- Re)llting tQ dle retirement ot Khan from
Boliliara; aJid the rcru:rn of ;Nuh, son. of N!amur, tQ liia
home.-Respecting the Afghans.-Ami Nasrud
of Nasintd <lin Subuktigin.-Thc reign of Muhluninitd,
son of Mabmud.-The reign of Abu-1 Fat.b Maudud, son.
of as'ud, son of 'Mahmud. From pp. 468 to
Vll.. On Hind and Sind and Shalununi,
onto; the following chapters and sections:
Chapter 1st. On eras and revolutions.-Tbe rnea--
su'tClllCnt of the eal'th-On the
waters of its countl'ics, citic.. and
.On the islands . .:... The Sultans of Dehli.- The birth ,o
ldngs of India

Kashnnr. 1ts hi.fu, waters, and ottes.- Ant atcowlt of !h,e
Xinw of the Trita Jdngs of .tlie D1vaplil' jug,_
1'he .k:i!W of .!he KaH- jug.
' Ail a.cconnt of the_ .or the
Hil\dm, of 'Whon\ t.herc ate six of the - highest cl-3$5,
Sbakniuni be4ng_ the 9irJ:h of
and ssgns of a man . ...:.0i!, Uic
.tha<acfer: co11tlu.ci:.. an,d, i!!ayittgs of ShaliJ:nu)li;-O;t
. austccitiC\1 SlfakJnmli, ancf:J>'is .Wir.h'l'the
-div_inc 1>'roccealngs ' of. ,
. "his in'Vatiotls 'f.n!>i-'"On ttie of:
:cer,taln prayers. ' "'dil:ressed tC! G:o<il-oOh the
\degreas .. .o.f> the Qf hell$F<
'
'
...
581 pages, of: liO lines.
'i..;.4./,h ' 'i .' Of
The" however,
is.;. veTy. di'fferen't, as will be evident
,,V,b;ti : f.els disp.osed. to cQrilpai:e. them.
o{ the ] ami, ,l,rhich relates to the gC'O'"'
of ,In'dia,;has bee1i printed in Vol. I .. original' cdii.. '
.Wo:t,k" (page 42); and that which describes tlie'
aluO: ditt Khwarizm Shah with . .. ,'it'rt"''
lianks bf'the ! rid us, will l)c found in:
. . .I:L. 'page.550): or. Eet
eXtTatt front t.tie' COJUtnencetnefl.t ot the
rf. i.:
AS. Soc. of.: B;cng<\l)J-... . :,_...; , . ;!. . ..- 1".\:r'
. : . : ..
. , f:h(!.'
.: : .son. of. Di:b tll'aJ
til t>f ... ....
. .son of . Olja?.., son of 'Yqfi't. < .
' 'h'l1/L tftJJ' ?l.istory 'of Uglmz zs call-e4.
j{hanr mid' 'it . 'is :staterl .-tluit. Dib
J "'
,1
L
r
19 ;?ra z t ; ; sA
JAMI 'UT. TAWARII<H
dants were all kings in succession down to -tile t.in).e of the-
mission of the chief of the apostles and. seal of the
the chosen, (may . GOO. bless him.
and his descendants 1) .
I I,
Tugb;r;il iJl the city of Marv for twenty
and. flfter his death 'I'ukak sat in his pla'ce; . he .
seven years, and :was contemporary with t:}le '
of the prophet. he d,ied, Duk.uz. Yawaghui was. '
raised to the ' throne .. and reigned twelve . entire year& ..
After his death, Saman (or 'the noble born) was exalted
to the soverei:gnt}U n:- tlre countliytOf Maw<Ujlu-n. nahr;a.nd .
he it is wliom..:dhe 'I'aziks (Tutks) Call Samail J ada, . since
he ""Was the ancestor of all the Sarnaniaris. -Mrei: him the-
sovereignty. was, given' to, U'ghum Yaiv.aghui. . .He was.
succeeded' by Kukam Yawaghui, who was' . boy
near the age of puberty. The nobles roanaged,'. the ad-
ministration of the kihgdoni and the appointment of .irs.
governors.
:All at' ,once an enemy, by name Faiashib,
19
brough.t.
:an army' froni all parts of the .country against him, and!
oppressed both - Turk.s and Arads.'
0
After some batd .
.fighting the of. Kukarn Yawaghui w.a:' ovel:Come and
r '
,nagnijic,ence,. and. Bf!waku a chief of thi I ( isl
almo;st < impossiblp r to fix the _:of tl!e 11ames '
oJ,. th'e" earlier; Mortgols, as they mre sp-elt in! tR.e.'.
e9-ch , wlier.e :<zacut.: .
eat:li1!g YawaG_fi'U, ts fa!vo-ured 1Jy
oct:U:rs. witli tlh','t(fr :;ttye11'tt11'
. . of ltizs_'Ji}fr.!gli_bi{ft
remarlnid uponr elSewhere. T he forms 'Vf "one fl!efr ...
known SO , flUmerOU!. from

.. ... , . Jt
4
- ... ,
. .x. .umtt@ Karas/iib;] '
TTLcanltnu : o( ,this is
,Pilt 1o ftght. The enemy plundered his. l)o1lse- and took hi

and to capture Uljai.

_ r Tho_ forces Kukain 'Y-awagliui again (ollected and
recovered sttl!ngth. With a of and pride
they all, men, wo(!l.cn, amt .children, pu'('llued Farashib.
and \.scattered. his ' ollowcrs,, and, retuming
_ an'11 ttiumphant, oetllpied themselves in
.managipg th'e' affaiTS.., ci( tlieir govel'llment. -a few
):C.aJ:I the infant brother of Kukam, whom they c:alle;cl
'SariDgl' and who was kept in abj ect captivity, .when be
,att1linei:l the age of manhood, 8C'Ilt to hi& brother Kubm
,;jnd asked him to despatch an army for his succoUl.
, :&ukam Yawagllui sent a thousand brave men of
.and warriors agaim.t Farashib. When the two annie
.:onfronted each other, Sarang went ,ovcr an.d joined hi
.brpther's A gt:cat ensued. At last the
.parties retitec:l ' to tbetr-, respeetive
wJps. Sa.rang hiS whole story before his
.brother, Said, the enemy had given him the office of
. porter, Kuk:un Yawagbui said: "Let
tl>is. treatment here recoil upon him.'' ..
;K'ukam ruled twCJJty years, wb.en he died suddenly.
Sat:uig kept his brother in a coffin in his house for a
;year, and pretended that be was lying sick. He
managed and carried on the affairs . of govex:n-
;meQt the laii7 or' a yciir the .n.ohles. an.d
'told Sarang; Ite . s)!oulcl show h1s brothct to them 1
';\no if 'dead he; should (lo loogcr conceal the fact,
.but seat himself upon' the tbrol)e. Sarimg wept and
'Confess&! that his brOther bad. dead a year -past,
:hi.tt as he numerous entmies, lie ;l:iad.'kept ' his , deatb
. ' ,._ ., .... .. .... ...
. "[sar}lao1gi mijtJ. wadil.r/Jani Jartn..;(Jand. The w01;d .. fat
'Yl cmg must here- b'ea1' 'it:( baser meaning or " 'serjeant, foot
.roldier, guardsman: 1s proba1il'J conie.ctcd willl' the
-name Srrrang, which indeed is tvriiten ' '$ar.hang" itl one
:1mlat/ce,] , '
["bidan rah bikard '(bagird) injaham,J
JA"Ivtx>u-T 'rAWARIKH
the corpse of his
then mounted the throne
'.. ,' . .. . ....
ASAR
'

i
I
'

i
l
TAZ.JlY.t\TUL; AMSAR 2'1."
. '
so full oj metaphors tha:t the sovereigFt
: .. poetry,: has. worked
,> on the limited subject :of geography and in
.:}: -U!e. :Wide neld o, hist6ry!' ., SirH, ktliot, while admitting
i i'style .of.;<- W.assa elaborated, :
'"l'.,jl;Jammer' s . aeseriptioii of it to '!be' rather overdrawn.) He
:''says :Ha:n'llneJ.!; ;. in:.:: his notic'e'.'o Aibak's reign,: makes
((: 'taj'u-l Ma-a.si.r in but
'-_',I . In the ' extracts 'Which follow.,
'ai'n,ori.rlt lo .one-fortieth part oE
;:; . . 'ea'l: matta oh Ihdia than in a far gteatef . ext<mt
;_, \}-'ey.z, though the latter work i!t specially
' .
: ,. . . . Wassaf's reflections and opinions are judicious and
< .,appropriate, as where he speaks of 'Alau-cl din slaying
the: He .was to introducing Arabic
.. a,;r!i,:, _

:
.\ :' -.. l . .. ''i for
";1J., I ' . . . , . < .., ' '
the .conquest
- a15ie; avowedly in imitation of 'Utoi.
"e:JCttact Java has the words
in to show their prevalence in his ordinary
Some.o the extracts are literal and some arc

with the omission of all super-

. fl'iious words; but is so full of useful historical
. that; aft divesting his yolume 6 all redufidancies
. .:we. shoul'd .:redttd: them t d only '.h'al. tlieir, site, whereas,
were _l:.he . a, siinila.r process, __
.not more than ,J>f .it would temain. :
(An editioa ... of. Wassaf: 'with' .a. voca- .
bulary of wor&,.was. pU.l?liShe'd'- at .,:,Bombay,,.i.R. :
:1853, and in. 1856 pll.blished:.cl),e.-.
of the text with a ... .
.fuily printed in the Imperiai_ prin.ti'ng:. .
.:-rhe fu!ther publication of the :w:ork has bee.q
.by the . death of the veteran and
[In Sir H. . Elli_ofs there-is -pnly_
:of Wassa,f, and some loose leaves
'I '
. .
... t
TAZJIYA'l'UL AMSAR.
exu:acts' printed very badly copied, The work.. is.
not rare in Europe, for several contain cOpies.r-.
, . . ' . .
' ' I
. ._ ruler of tllat country, s ,LRam, to pay
dl,iS:rcspects to m'ajes4y witb.s>Jfarings and humble
reprcscntatlorJ.S, but pre<\estined death did not grant him
'lite power of moving from tbat place. Afterwards his
son carne to tl\l' foot Qf tl;le .S<Jb.lirue.. th<:one. ancl acquired
lrbundant good forturrt the bestowal of favmll's
kirrdr(ii1Ses sl'in!!''nna his majesty, ri'fter {.i:'cing an
t;jif,t&(e jn gold .aild the of tll11,t country,
:c"b'frf{fined. him in the fios.ie.Ssifm of if.
!: -.' 1'/tc tru-e n.tcljUnt i>E' lliut country is, Lh:tt ft i,s .t(
ti<in hj tire porLiliwl of tile occm1 full oE nccu'mulaled
.r}ur.ositics ntlll alllmllmrt wettlt.h with plenty of all idhds
'of tfea.wre.r nllll fll'ccinu.r jcwcl.r, aml cluoming prolluct:r
of ingcntLity, ancl hmrmrmble gifts of merchamlis, dis
.. Playing the contrivnl1ccs of th.c .incomparal>ie one. That
.:coontty alf iifoun'il with otjours of
au!''t-w.'$.(!6. ana crdveft '{!'rid :i{'ltzitlS atld kreaitlct,S,. 'iirs: vocal
WlcUi the "i!ofes ' /Jt pnttotS. 1ia,lng.''"1 iztn 4 'file
of wllich a rmfa by l7re freslinit.rs of lire gm,. chti
f!f etc., and so forth.
"'.;:.. "# \ ......
"- 'Eulogiwn upon the Corwl.rie.< of
"'rtdia; accoi.'d.iilg to tl;c opinion of all "ritcrs,
H"lhc ifiost abode on the enrth, and the most
qftarter of the wo.r.ld. Its dltst is purer tltn! f
.air: air purer "lb:ttl -puri'ty itself:; its
plai.ns TellCinble tlic garden of'. Paradise, n.nd the particles
:of earili arc like mpics and: .
1
._ I
. the Khqn never _:ti'Omitlz'of!
Java" rs of 110 value, becattsr,arhe'' ftft 'Clflflli' 129:f.
he must i,.s,lariil.. ' exfMdit!otl
.. sailed fm it. Mi!Lt coruiders ' 'slan'ti to tieen
.Of p: s'&
ltuiel-s:Cathay, p. '!j!S. . . --
. O.(?ettiTlg is
. c'2!!:mences accl>tmt .of in th! ratd
-work, "calletU Blihru-l bnldar1. It is a .af;.'[h}.
'
,,
'
TAZJIYA'rut.. AMSAR
31
Some commentatol'll up<iu !lie, Kw.m, jn t;b.e
,Uon of the accOunt of Adnm-(Peacc be to hiilil ).: .... have
stated, lhat when. our first father, having received . the
-ol-der. to "go down," was about to descend frol.ll.; tltc
-gardens .. pleasant to the w.tl and delightful to t!Je ey.e
:to. the wretched world below, the all-cmbr:ocing gt'11C'I
-cod:. made omc of ihe muumains or the Jale of Ceylon
tO ,be ;the place of his descent. This land is .clininguish-
..00., from all parts of the globe by. ito extreme tcmpcmte-
.ness . . nod b}'- the puri!1' or ics .;water and air. 1f be hnd
-fallen .once from the, bcsc ro the change
billro 'llao.l.S'e'd '0 bis healcli and the
:bt b);, l:ill\bs. ,Indeed, tHe ot the
.the cf the air: togethCi. Wltll .tire
, variety of. itS wealth, precious metals. stones, ani! otlicr
abu:ndllnt productiom, arc bey<m<l description.. The
leave., the bllrk, and the cxndutions of d1c trees, Lhe
,grass, and woods of tllat country are cloves, sp!l;.enard,
,al<woo<l, sandal, carnpbor. and the fragant wood of
Mand<Ll White amber is the dregs of sea, antbits
.io,fligo_nnd red Bak11am wood are c.osmetics .and roiige
the f-ace: the thorns and woronwoods or its .fields.
;regulnLors of the sonrce of . nnd ore useful. elecru:uii!S
i.O: the .of )lcRlhig for the of. f'Ortul)c;
!.t.a -icy Wf!tU is a balJ of. 11mrn.i:ya. foo the l'tactnres,of tJ.w
' . . . ,- 1(/::J-3
- ;4iart,l .hi lad of Z4kariya Ka:tiJJini, with a ' fetll
.-oott iiild(tiolis, of which this is' o,t,:
. (1(/i&!...:kornt u; a.ssaf's an f htp . ar; peh/1
. >U!Or_k! p. 94. .
.'Ohet1taf Mldthon. -tUWo;.Lthac ;when wr;,t:!ul
cast , out PAr.dd($6; . .:A:dam-
at <ito -rlii!
and lbll.r. iit 'M,u1tan}.fo.tlj at1midiilg to
'3o1M, . f/mfit:oli<rgr 1M ,pr;,.r, ofi -J,ddm
1
S>I(oot, . ilriil
'fl,quo.JI 'bJ! .;;Buf1dhistj 1a,.11(
' th"' th"at1:1>ftne i!t,{lriltard.s' Sir


J 'Gut.- d'. 8.8. ,
"'
..
.
: , '\VASSAF' ... , ...
I .: ,
. wmldi and the ' beriefi.ts of its commerce display. i:fie
of alchemy; the hedges Of its .fields
, the heart like the. influen(e of the stars; and the . maigi.rts.
' and edges of its regions .are bed-fellows of loveliness; ii:S'- ,
. . myrohab.ns . the blackness . of youthful hair; and
its peplletco'ffis put' the tfi,ole of face of beauty on the- .
of (enyy;' its and ate like the lips
.. hli;eek!; , of .. chaJ;nll'ng girls; . its light-shedding recesses
6 coined gold; and 'its treasuries and .
. ' .are like. oceans full of: polished gems; it&
are in continual freshness and verdure; and the
of its air arc pure and odoriferous; the various
birds of its boughs are parrots; and the
p,beasants of its gardens are all like graceful peacocks,-
"' "If it is asserted that Paradise is in India,
i li' . , Be not surprised because Proadise. ..
. ...

any one suppose that these selected epiiliets-:-ex.cie@.
-:.au bounds, and think the author 'indulges in
tion and l1yperbole, let hiin, after a deep reflection on
this matter, ask his own heart whether, since the days
.,of Adam till the present, from East to West or from-
. :., to South, there .has ever been a country, to which
:. . : export gold, silver, commodities, and curiosities,
... ,, in . exchange, they. bring . away .. only
thOfnsr ,Cfregs, dust, pebbles, and various aromatic roots,
has ncyer been sl!rtt. to any
for the' purchase o goods. If, by the will of God,
) \<! , my ' . to be . overcharged With
hYletbol6, .. must , admit. d1ese pra,ises to be.
:r '(),',,., With : all its diverse ,;
' tep<)rted that the extent / '
breadth of
i:n,.:. this matt
. , >

' F:;.. '1..,"; .. {, -' '
I

,.
I
TAZJIYATUl, AMSAR
been recorded in the books of that philosopher. Al-
though it has no great connection with this book, yet my
desire is that my readers may be with the
extent of these regions and the counlries of thal inhabit-
ed or the world. The whole surface of Lhc
planispherc of the earth is divided iuto four equal panl'i
by the imcrscction of two great circles .. uuc proceeding
ca1>t and. one west, and the o1her tlw mcridiim. which
crosses it al right angles. Two of tlw quarters lit.: to the
north, one eastern, the. other western; ami two to the
south, one eastern,. and one western. .or foUl
qu'arters-. .the north-eastern quarter .i.<> habiLablc. aud ccm
cains .the. climates; and e"Ven within this qtiarter the high
11orrhern 'latitude, on account of exlreme cold, is not
habitable by animals. and the southern hcmi-planisphere.
is abo not habitable on account o[ heat. The
area of the whole globe (sea and land) is D2,1l(i,100
mils, ancl the area of the habitable pan is
parasangs, which is equal to 24.,429.900 mils.
7
RJt is related by sufikicnt experienced
travellers, who have long fixed their staff in the counll)'
of: Hind and raised the standards of enquiry and research.
that the lcngth. breadth, and the number of . its most
celebrated provinces arc as follows: -Mali bar, from the
' borders of Khor
0
to the country of Kttlam, is about 300'
I
.parasangs; that Bula.
10
from the beginning of Kan\bayat
. the borders of Mali bar, is more than 400 patasan&,rs;
, .. tli!lt. Sawalik contains 125,000 cities :mel villages; and
I I( : '
is again .. in thl: /:i:xt into jitth_
c:ligitsl ,and intt> batleycorttJs. .
rf[Qpmpare Rashidu-d din's account

11
[$et-_:an article by Col .. Yule, apjJenring ?:?J..Jfi (f/>tu ..
R.A.S. l'{e'[.IJ' Series, Vol. IV.] ... '.,, '

name is' so transc;ibed by S,ir .# , b't
hi.5 Persian extracts the line i11 which the ?zame o'Ct11.1-S
has been subsequently. added in pencilJ . the name there-
1eads "Dewal."J
f'
3
. .
'.
.34 WASSA.F
Malwa 1,893,000 towns and villages. And it may be
about thirty years previous to my hying the foundation
of this book. that the king of Malwa died, and dissension
arose between his son and minister. After long hostili-
.ties and much slaughter, each of them acquired posses-
of: a part of that country. In consequence of these
disturbances, every year incursions are rnade into it from
:most parts of Hind, much and wealth, and
,captives, and Hne linen (ki1bas) are carried off, and as
yet no change (for the better) has taken place.
Gujarat, which is commonly called Kambayat, con-
;tains 70,000 villages and towns, all populous, and the
;people ;.!bound in wealth and luxuries. In the course of
.the four seasons of the year seventy d.ilferent species of
beautiful flowers grow, within that province. ''The
purity of its air is so great that if the picture of an
anim-al is drawn with the pen, it is life-like. And it is
:a.nothci. tYnatter of w:onder many plants and herbs
.are found "'ild and uncultivated there. You may always
see the ground full of .tulips even in the winter season.
'The air. is healthy and the earth picturesque, neither too
warm too cool, but in pewetual spring.' ' The
winter is brought about only thro.ugh the
,moistne.ss o.f dew, called barasi. When that harvest is
over they begin summer cultivation, which is dependent
upon d1e influence of the rain. The vine:yards in this
.country bring forth blue grapes twice a year; and the
strength o the soil is so great that the cotton .
spread their branches like willows and plane trees, and
yield produce for several years successivdy.
Had the a\lthor full leisure to express fully the cir-
ccumstances of tllat country, and to ascertain them from
trustworthy men and _and to devote a long
period .o.f his life to explain them, still he would not be
:able to record even .a partion. of the marvels and excel-
:lences of that country."
. .. . . .
Ma'bar extends jn length from Kulam to Nilawar
TAZJIYATOL A.\ISAR
35
(Ncllorc), nearly three hullCb:ed parMaugs along the sea
.coast, :md in the language of that country the king is
callccl Dewar, which signifies the Lord of Empire. The
.curiosities ,of Cltin and Machin, and the beautiful pro
ducts of Hind and Sind, laden on large ships (which they
call junks), sailing like mountains wit.h the wing3 of the
winds on the surface of the water, ;u-e lllways arriving
there. Tile wealth of the Isle& of the Pensiun Gulf in
particular, ancl in pare the beaut)' :end adornment of
other coum.-ics. fro1n 'Irak nn<l Khur.tsan <IS far as
and Europe, :uo fTODJ Ma'bar, which is so sii:\Jatcd
as to be the kef of Hincl.
11
A few 'ycou:s since the Dewar was Sundar Pnndi,U who
had ihree brotlicrs, each of whom established himself in
independence .in some different country. The eminent
prince, the mnrw:avc (mtrrzhau) of Hind, Takiu-d clht
'Abclut' Rahman, son of Muhammndut Tibi, whose
Yitmcs and accomplishments have fot a long time been
the Lbcmc o[ praise nnd ncluliration among tl1c chief
inhabit,mls of lhaL bcautifnl countl], was the Dewar'
deputy, and adviser. and was a man of sound '
judgment. Fitan, Mali Fir.an and Kahil" were made
over to his or he is still worthy (lulbil) of
having the Khtttbn 1ead in his name, and, nohvitl't$tand
ing these high dignities, is not worthy of seditions (jittUJ).
It wa.'l a matter of agreement rbat Malik.ul Islam
.Jmalu-d din and the merchants should emba.rl:. every
Col. Yule's "Cathay/' pp. 21819.]
.. '?Sundar., or Sun.daT'iz, runs a common nn.rrn:
the Pandya Dynasty. The nanu o1iginally a
king ot vat!quish.ed arid wedded a
of the farrul<y. Sundara J,Y smd (O har1e been Sllla cn
human form, and the tutelary deity of Madura is still
StmdareSUiara, the linga erected by S1mdara. See Wilso1ts
Macltenzie Collection, p. Jour. R.A.S. Vol .
lll. p. 199. .
"[See .Col. Y1tle in]. R. . New St1'ies, Vol. IV.] ,.
WASSAF
year from the o[ Kais and land at Ma'ba.r '1,400.
horses of . his own breed, and of such generous origin
in comparison with them the most celebrated horses
of .antiquity, such as the RukJ?..s of Rustam, etc., should
be as worthless as the horse of the chessboard. It was
also agreed that he should embark as many as he could
procure "from all the isles of Persia; such as Katif, Lahsa,
Hurmu'l. and Knlhatu. The price of each
was fixed front of old at 220 dinars of red gold, on this.
conditit>n, that if any. horses should sustain any injury
during the voyagc, or should happen to die, the value
of them should be paid from the royal treasury. It is
related by authentic writers, chat in the reign of Atabak
Abu Ba.kr, 10,000 horses were annually exported from
these places to Ma'bar, Kambayat, and othe.t ports in
their neighbourhood, and the surn totaf of their value
aniouitted to 2,200,000 dinars, which was paid .out of the
. overflowing revenues ' of the estates .and endowments'
b'eion-ging to the Hindu temples, arid from the tax upon
courtezans attached to them, and no charge was incurred
by the publiC treasury. It is. a thing that when
those arrive there, instead of: giving them raw
barley they give them roasted barley and grain dressed
with butter, and boiled cow's milk to drink.
Who gives sugar to an owl crow?
Or who feeds a parrot with a carcase?
A crow should be fed with a dead body,
And a parrot with. candy and sugar.
Who loads on the back oE an ass?
Or who would approve of giving diessed almonds
to a cow?
They hin.d them fo1 forty days in a stable with ropes anci'
pegs, h1 order that they may get fat; and afterW-ards.
without taking . measures for training, and without
stinups and other appurtenances of riding, the Indian
soldiel's .ride ur.on them like <lemons . . They arc equar
to Burak in cefetity, and arc employed either in .or
exetcise. In a short time the most strong, swift, fi:esh,.
t
J
.
,l,b'i', '
TAZJlYATU-L Ai\-CSAR
37
.and active horses become weak, slow, and stupid.
In short, they all become wretched. and good for nothing.
I n this climate these powerful horses which lly swiftly
without a whip (for whips axe required for hoxses,
especially iJ: they arc to go any distance), should they
.happen to cover, become weak and altogether
worn out and unfit for rid.ing. There is, therefore, a
.constant necessity of getting new horses annually, and,
consequently, th(' merchants of: Muh:tnunadan countries
:bring them to Jv.[a,har.
14
'Tlicir loss is not without its
attend;mt advantage, it is a providential ordinance of
God that thG .continue in want o Ca$te:J;1l
lbe worict of western products, . and
that the north. should with labour procure the goods ,of.
the south, aticl the south be furnished. in like tnanner
with corrunodities brought in ships from the north.
the means o( easy c<>rmnunication are
always kept up between these different quarters, as the
social nature of: human beings .requires and
profits by.
'1' t:allr.tl 11 ?IW'It ber.mnr, t.l1ou 1m:rt t.nclt>IJ;Crl lo'Ue.
In the months of the year 692 H. t'hc above-mcnti<m-
.cd Dewar, the ruler of Ma'bm, died, ancl left behind him
much wealth and trcasuxe. It is related by Maliku-1
H These curious facts regarding the Jwrse trade of
.Ma' bar in accorclatlce with 1:he st.aterrrents of
Poloj who 1dsited that coast al,out .t:tpenty years
this was written. He sa)'S: "la this cmmtry. no
. Dtorses. a?q , teme{Z,. and hence t:he greater
is in o.btaining 'them frqtrh fPJJ!ig!t
regions. .The me?cha11Ls of Cu,-mos, .of et;?tiifflr;
of g.,nd_.qf Arlen) whose promnces
steeds of quality, purchase, embark; anc( bring_ them
to the king an.d h.is fottr .tlrr..m
jQ1' 500 sagi 9.! gold, wo,r+h more tha.n wo of :silj;er:
1 asstt1'e yon plO'?(lrch buys annually . m9re than 2,000
:bttt by. the e.nd of the :al{ deadt
. '
38
WAl:ISAP
L.!nm J <.tin, that om of that t>:eastnc 7,000 oxen,
l aden wilb precious ton<:S, aod pure gold and silver, Cell
' to the share of t he brother who succeeded him. Malik-<
n'?.llnt Takiu-d din continued prime minister as before ..
and, in fncl, ruler of kingdom, ancl his amt
mngnl6cencc were yaised a thomnnd times higher.'"
Notwithstanding chc immense wcnltlt hy
trade, he gave orders that , whntevm commodities and
goods 'Were imported from tltc remotest parts of China
and Hincl into Mn'bm, his agcnt'l nn!l factors should be
nllowc({ the first S(!lcctlon. until whkh no one else
"llowed to purchase. Wltcn be had clccll:tl his r,nods be
dcspntchctl them on 'h is nwu ships. m clelivccccl them
mcrchnnu and ship owners to carry to the island of Kais.
There also it was not permitted to merchant to con-
tract a bargain until the of Maliku-1 Jslam had:
selec'ted what they -rcq_uirccl, and after that tbc merchants
WCt'C alJoW\..--d LO buy wbatCVCC \'li\S 311ltcc1 tO the WOUts oE
Mil'bar. The rcnmants were exported on ships noel'
beasts oE burden to the isles of the sen, ancl the countries
of tllc case and west, and with the prices obtained by thcir
sale such goods were pn(chnscd as were suit.Lblc for the
home market; anct the trade was so ma:nngetl that the
produce of the remotest China consumed in the -arthest
west. No one bas seem cbc like of it in the world.
l'{obUity arises f-rom danger, for the interest is t-en in
forty.
Tf m':'l'chants clrcad l'isk they can derive no profit.
ing tile merlicine necessary to keep them in health. 1'/le
merchants ruho imfJO>'t then <Utint this to happen, anrt
nrc careful, therefore, nnt to intmr!ucc /Ita cura."-
"'J'avelr,'' Mnrmy'.v Ed. p. 296. The E<lilor adds: "Count
.Boni (p. 172) ltas tottnd in Tiwernier and tltr. .Lcttres
Edifiantes, that frequent medicine at1d pcc"lia care ar"
requi.tite to i<ecf> tltern in health." Sea nlro Marsden.
" [Sec Col. l'ulc, Cathay, p, 218, 219, and ]our_
R. A. S. (Nt!w Serr:cs), Vol. lV.]
TAZJIY.\1'U-L Ali!SAit
As the eminem dignity and great power of Maliki
a'zam Taltiu-d din, and MaJiku-1 Islam, and JamaJu-d
din were celebrated in most parts of Hind to even a
greater extent than in M<1'bar, the rulers of distant
countries have cultivated and been strengthened by their
friendship, and continually kept up a com:spondencc
with them, expressing their solicitations and desires.
The correspondence, in Arabic. between Jarnalu-d din
and Sultan '.Ali bin Hu>.abbaru-d din Muwa.iyid, wiU
show the consideration io whid\ be was held by con-
temporary princes.

Brief 'hi.ttory of the Sullans of Dehti
From Book ill. of the MS.
Dcbli h one of the southern countries, ;md in honour
and in position is like ll>c l1eart within the b<>cly, irs
provinces bcing placed aJ'ound like the limbs and
extremities. us lnh:lbitants are au Musutmans, an<1
cady for the prosecmion of holy war. Its. soU is odori-
ferous, its air temperate, its water pure, its gardens
charming, and its plahtS spaci<)us. Its disciplined armies
exceed the number of 300,000 men_
The following are tlte most celebrated cities and
tracts which lie' between Khura$an and Hindustan, ac-
corcling to the testimony of eye-witne$5es. After crossing
lf.tC Panjab, or five rivers, namely, Sind, J elam, tbe river
of Lohawar, Satlut" and Biyab, there are B:uuan of tbe
Jud Hills, Sodra, Jalandh2t', the Kokar country, t.fultao,
Uchh, Jasi, Sarsuti, KaitbaJ, Sanam, Tabarhindh,"
Banadri, Samana, Hajnid, 'Kahram and Nagor.
On travelling from DehU to the province of Hb\'d
rou proeeed in this wise-'Iwaz (Oudh), Badauo, Kana:
Manikpur, Behar, Silhct, Lakhnauti. Each of these places
comprises several subo.rdinate village!, ao'd there are
"[In the margin "Satluj:" tfle SutleJ.J

note i11 Pol. IJ. p. 200, 302. Or. Ed.J

40
strong forts and towns and other inhabilcd spots, .which
.tanpot be noticed in this narrative on account of their
gTeat number.
18
In the year 512 H. (1118 ,A.D.) Bahram Shah, a
.descendent o Mahmud Subuktigin, became Sultan of
-Ghaznin. and .af:ter some time 'Alau-d din Husain bin
Hasan, ;:he first ki.ng of the Gharians, attacked him and
.took his country; and !iCated his nephew on the throne
.. of Ghaznin, after which he again returned to Dchli.
When Bahram Shah saw his hereditary freed
.. from the lions of Ghor, he again rose in arms and took
the ncphev,. of -' Alau-d din prisoner, and disgtaccd him
hy him on a cow and parading- him round the
walls o Ghaznin .
. When '.Alaud din heard this intelligence, he again
marched to repel him, but before his arrival Bahram
.:Shah had :died, having received the order .of God, and
. Ith:usru had placed the royal crown . upon ll.*s
..:head, but not heing able to oppose , Alau-d dili, he fled
towaxds the country of Hind. 'Alau-d dii1 plundered
and massacred in Ghaznin, and after depopulating the
country he up his abode at Dehli. Kbusm Shah
died in the year 555 H. (1'160 A.D.) and the dynasty. of: the
became extinct.
'Alau-d din Husain appointed (to the governni ent of
Ghaznin) his nephews, the sons of Sam, son of Hasan ..
namely Gbiyasud din: Abu-! fath Muhammad and
shahabu-d <lin Abu-1 Muzaffar. When Sultan Ghiyasu-cl

18
Smfte ttames of -places have l7eeu omitted as being
dottbtful. The author's. knowledge of the of
Upper lntlia . is very imtJerfect. From the rivms of t he
Ptmjab he omits the Chinab, and transposes the .order
of some of the others. He is not more fortunate in the
-former history of Elindustan, which differs so very
from all othe1 autho1s, as to inspire little confidence,
except_, perhaps, in those passages where the proceedings .
cf the Mughals are mentioned. .
.v; ..
, .
./
MriSAR 41
,din died, the g-overnment devolved alone upon Sultan
.Shahabu-d. din Ghori, who was slain. by some
.devotees in the year 602 H. (1205 .A.D.).
As he had no son, Kutbu-d din Aibak, his slave,
.succeeded him, and severn! inwortant holy wars were
undertaken hy him. When he died, leaving no male
.child, a slave. by name Alrnmsh. ascended the throne
under the Jlamc ol: din. I-Ic afso engaged in
n1any .holy and conquests. l-Ie reigned for a long
ttirne in splendour and prosperity.
When he died be )eft two soi1s and one daughter ..
namely, . Jalalud din, . Nasirud din, rmd Raziya. Hilj
;slaves, Ulugh .. Khan, Kittlagl.\ Khan. Sallke-z Khan, , Aibak
'Khitai, Nui: Beg, and Murad Beg 'Ajami, forg'Ot' theil'
gratitude to their old master, attacked J alalu-d din,. and
. .aspired to 'independence. J alaln-cl din fled in the year
:651 H. (1253 A.n.). aud. sought tht- protection o( Mangu.
Kaan. Katlagh Khan and Sankcz Khan, ta1.dng alarm
.at Ulugh Khan's proceedings. also followed Jalalu-d din
to the same court, upon which lJlugh Khan plar:;ed th.C
(virtuous Sultan Raziya, the sister of Jalalud din, '\lp:on
'the throne, and. himself became . administrator, guide,
c.ounsellor, and ruler.
Mangu Kaan. t1eatccl J alalnd din with great kind-
ness, and ordered Sali Bahadur to alford all the assistance
which the Mughal army on the border wa( able t,o
Tender: to esco-rt him to his hcrccJitary country; and
deanse his garden from the rubbish ol' the enmity of tlH'!
.sla,V'cs, who had realized the proverb of . have
:become rulers:'' - ;.,;:
din returned, accompanied by .Sali
-and his army, and reached as far as Hajnir (Ajm,;ir) .(ni
t.hc botders of Dehli, but beyond that they we:r;e not; ahle
to advance!: and. therefore, retreated. J alalu
1
d din then
took possession of the ... hills and the passes :which led. to
-them and Sodra, which were then in the occupation of
the Mugh'als, and was tbete 'co:rripelled to: content him-.
-self, with a small t><>,rtion: .of 'the' "'vh?le: " ;
42 WASSAF
After some time, Ulugh Khan slew Sultan Raziya,.
.and his son-in-law Nasiru-d din assumed the crown-
After two or years, during which Nasiru-d diu held
the name of king, while all substantial power was wield-
ed by Ulugh Khan, he perfidiously cut off his son-in-law ..
When Ulugh Khan bad cleared the country of his.
opponents, he himself placed his foot upon the throne,
and assumed the title of Sultan Ghiyasu-d din. He took
possession o the treasures, and brought the army into
subjection to his orders. He flattered l1itnself that the
whole world o disobedience would be repressed during
his time, and that the country would find security under
his protection; but suddenly death, the exposer of
ambushes, attacked him and gave a reply to all the
schemes which he had c.ontemplatcd against. others, for
the arrow of destruction discharged at him from the
one whose power cai1not be resisted. His death
oc:cnrrecl in .. the year 686 R. (1287 A.n.)
, '.. .. He was succeeded by his grandson, Mu'izzud. din-
Kai-kobad, the son of: Bughra Khan. Meanwhile Hulaku.
Khan issued an order to Famlak,
10
who was the ruler of
Sind, to bring Nasiru-d din, the son (of Ghiyasu-d din)
into his presence; . and on his a.lTival, Shamsu-d din Kart
and Prince Barghandi tnunped up some accusation
against bini., ,and exposed the impurity of his conduct
with such exaggeration, that he, as well as some ot: t.is
chiefs and adherents, were brought to capital punish-
ment under the law.
On receiving this intelligence, Malik Firoz, who was
governor of Khilj on the part of N asirud din, alarmed'
py his suspicions; went to Dehli, and entered into the
service of Kai-kobad. whom he found in occupation of
the throne, and endeavoured to ingratiate himself in his
favour by the perormahce of many useful services. As
.many signs of wisdom and courage were observed in him,
.
..
19
[So written in Sir H. Elliot's extract from W,assaf,
. but the 1e(l'l name i.s "Karla.gh."]
'I
TAZJIYATUL J\MSAR 43
he was appointed to the government of Multan, which
'is on the frontier of the invasion, in order that he might
preclude the possibility of any invasion by the Mughals.
After he had been employed for some time, he was,
according to the usual practice of the envious and
inimical, accused of entering into a truce with the
Mughals. In consequence oE tl1is he was recalled fTom
his government, but 1cfuscd to rctm:n. as he was appre-
hensive oC the Sultan's anger.
Notwithstanding tl1e frequent orders l1e received he
made excuses and_ delayed his return. The Wazir became
at his dilatoriness and opposition . and by orders of
the Sui tan, marched with . a few follower$ .towards Multan:
to .enforce his attendance. They met each other on the
road; and as the Wazir addressed to him several harsh:
enquiries respecting the reason of his delay, Malik Firot
answered his insolence by the tongue of his sharp s.word,
and slew 'the Wazir. He then hastened to the capital o
the kingdom. The royal servants were alarmed at his.
approach, and the Sultan himself was disabled by sick-
ness. The opportunity was favomable for Malik Firoz,
so he entered. the royal apartments and slew the king.
This happened on the night preceding the eighth of
Shawwal 689 H. (October, 1290 A.n.). .
In order to gratify the people, and silence the opposi-
tion of the army, he placed nominally upon, the throne.
an infant son of the tate king, by name Shnmsn-d din
Kaiomars, and thus satisfied the army; but a few days
:.:-a'fterwards' he sent the son to. follow the father, and
. Malik ascended an inauspicious throne on Friday; . .- 25tJi
Zi'l .hijja (December) of the same year. He
provided for the defence of the frontier, and his
brother's son, 'Alaud din Muhammad, wbant he . had
himself bfougl;t up, to one of the princesses, an,d. bestow-
ed upon him the government . of Oudh and Bada'tth.
T.here 'Alau-d dirt remained for . a long time, and, by
degrees, collected a large army. It was J;eported to hiJ:U
that the Rai Of Hind, whose capital was Deogir,: haa
I . 44
WASSAF
immense tre.:lsurcs in money and jewels, and he ther'(!forc
.conct;ived an intense desire of securing them for himself,
as well as of conquering the country. He appointed spies
to ascertain when the Rai's army was engaged in warfare,
.. and then he advanced and took. the country without the
n1.eans which other kings think necessary for conquest.
The . prudent Rai, . in order to save his life, gave his
--daughter to the . Sultan . and made over to him his
treasures and jewels.
'Alau-d din Muhammad, having- laden all the beast'>
procure with his spoils. giving thanks to
'God, returned to his own province. When Malik Firoz
heard of this, he sent an envoy to communicate the
. expression of his pleasure and congratulations at the
victory, and invited him to the presence. These invita-
tions were {Tequently repeated, and as often declined,
:till . a .suspic;ion of his rebellion arose, and induced Malik
Firoz to ad"ance against him with an anny.
When 'Alau-d din learnt his uncle's intentiohs, he
'began to entertain evil designs, and went with a few
personal attendants to have an interview with him at
Dehli; and the two parties met on the banks of the
Jumna. Malik Firoz, abandoning the course which
prndencc dictated, and relying upon the terror which his
frontier and power inspired, as well as the
which he supposed his nephew to entertain
towards him, crossed the river with. only fJ.Ve attendants,
arid went to the camp of 'Alau-d din.
When news was received of the approach of Malik
Firnr... 'Alau-d din advanced to receive him; and when ]le
:nc::ned the river he went bare-footed, and, as usual, kissed
the earth in the presence of his uncle, assnming a deport
mcnt. of humility instead of hi<> previous opposition, and
behaving towards him . as a son does towards a , fath(:r.
'They then sat down and held a conversation together,
and after a time Malik Firoz took Sultan 'Alau-d din's
''hand and invited him to come to his camp.
;reached the bank of the Malik Firoz wished to
I
.1
1
TAZJlYATUL AMSAR 45
enter the boat first, 'Alau-d din following him. Two o
'Alau-d din's servants, Ikhtiyaru-d din . and Malunud
Salim, went behind him and waited their opportunity ...
As Malik F.iroz had placed one foot on the boat, and.
was about to lift the other upon it, Ikhtiyarud din .
struck at him with a sword and wpunded his hand . .
Malik Firbz, in alarm, . tried to throw himself into .the
boat, but Mahmud Salim came up <!nd dealt him such a
blow that his head fell into the water and his trunk into
the boat. This happened on the 18th Ramazan 695 H.
Qune 1296 A.p.). The period of his reig1i was nearly six.
years.
Wlien the army of' Malik Firoz. :Witnessed these trans-
aCtions froi:n the opposite bank, they were greatly excited, .
and to appease them 'Alau-cl din distributed gold amongest
the nobles and officers and thus gained their goodwill.
Everyone felt himself compelled to proffer his allegiance,
so they all returned to Dehli in company with him, ancl
in tl1c month of Zi-1 ka'da 695 H. he arrived at the
palace.
The garrison of the fort refused to open the gates, .
upon which 'Alaud din placed bag!l filled with gold in
his mangonels and discharged them i.uto the fort, whiclt
bad the effect of pcsuading them to abandon their
resistance.
Two sons of: Malik Firo:z, Kadar Khan and Ai'kali
Khah, who were at Mull-an, were brought to Dehli and
dej>rived of their eyes. So it . is; that iti this the
wi:s&''are depressed and the unworthy raised to .honour
ari(f. prosperity.
Sultan 'Alan-d din then ascended the :iri"
perfect', security> and protected . all the 1of .':e
empire oy . his great power. Towards the beg'.i.zlriihg of:
his reign; Pi:incc Katlagh Kbwaja. son of i'dva:ticed
: i l .
20
Dtta, o; Tua, of the Chaghata:i brarzch t1i: Turkistan
and Transoxiana, was a celebrated rival of Kublai. He .
died in 1306. He had seveml sons, wh,o,'' ar-e of
Wi\SSAP
with a large anny, like drops of rain, towards Debli, in
.order to conque1, massacre, and plunder. S11ltao
'AJau<l dht advancecl against him at the head of a large
.1rmy for cbc purpose ot c:u:rying on a holy " 'ar, actuated
by pure faith, sincere i.ntcntions, the hope of rcsnrrcction,
and the determination to bring on the
infields. Without placing his troops in array, be attack
cd the enemy, and put many to the sword; and the
:r-emnant, in sorrow, loss, :mel disappointment. returned
to cJtch native country. Pardon go with them!
The rest of the of 'A.huocl din's reign
shttll be recorded in their pmpcr place for the illformn-
tion of my readers. !'raise be lC> Cod, who h<tth poured
l>is blessiD!,'S upon !.he jl'OO<l, and frooo worship
.advantages :tl"C tlcrivccH '

The Co11qucs1 of Somu"t"
F.lom. llook JV. of rhe MS.
When Suhatl 'Alau-cl din, tlle Sultan o( l)chli, w<:ll
in the C(!Oti'C of his dominion and had CUt oO:
the beads of his enemies and slain them. und had imparted
:rest to his subjects from the fotmtnin of his kindness and
jtisticc, the vein of tltc zc:tl of religion beat high for the
ubjection of. infidelity one! destruction uf idols, and in
rhe month of Zi'llijja 698 R. (l2D8 A.D.) his hrodtco
itl Mo>lgol History. Among the best ltnollltl II>'C Gunjult,
who died itl !308; GueiJek, who dictl in a111t
who clittl i " 1330. D'OIOS$on. Iii.vtoi
des MongoLf, Vol. II. p. 520.
" [This does 1101 maan the of Somnat, bttt as
Ziau-(l din Barni explain.f, "a. idol to the
Btahmlms gaue the name of Sornnat, a<fltr IM victory of
Malzmud, atld his dcstmetion of their idol Manat" (Te-xt
251). G11zerat was OlJCrTim mod NtJhrwala roas .take11 in
tl1is e.(Jedition, but there is 110 spcciil.l mention of the
temple or town of Sam11at.]
T-'ZJIYAl1lL AMSAA
47
:Malik Mu' izzu-d din'" and NuSl'at Khan, the chief pilllll'
.of the state and the le3dcr of his armies, a generous and
intelligent warrior, were sent to Kamba)'llt, the most
celebrated of .the cities of Hind in population and
wealth. Its air is pure, itS water de.1r, and the cit-cum
jaccut COiilltl')' beautiful clmrming both in scenery
and buildings. With a view to holy w11r, ::ud 110t for the
lust of concl'lcst, he enlisted under thch banners about
14,000 cavalry and 20,000 lnl:mtry, which., in their
laugoagc, arc called dak!t .. "''
They went by daily tlllll'cbcs tlnougb. the hills, from
stage to stage, and when they arrivccl at their destination
at early dawn th'ey. surrounded Kam.bayat, and the
idolators were awakened !'rom. their sleepy state or care-
lessness and were taken by surprise, not knowing .where
to go, and forgot their children and dropped
tbcm from Lbcir cJubracc. T he M uha.mmadru1 forces
began to "kill nud slaughter on the 1ight and or1 the left
throughout tho land, for the sake
of Islam," and blood Oowcd it1 toncnm. T hey plttnder-
cd gold and sUvet' to an extent greater than can be con-
ceived, and nn immense number of bdlHanl precious
stones, such as pearls. diamonds, ru.bics, and Cllleralds,
etc., aa well as a great vaTicty of cloths, both silk and
<:otton, stamped, embroidered, and coloured.
They took captive a b.-reat numbcJ' of handsome and
elegant maidens. amoliDting to 20,000, and children of
botll sexes, "more than the pen cnn enumerate,'' and
thcitteen enormous elephants, "whose motions would put
tbe .eaxth in tremor." In shC>rt, the 'Muhammadan anny
.
.the translation of Fi>'ishta ha is called "llltt-f
Khnn/' llut this is moneoti.S tran.sCTiptio,. of his title
" Ulugh Khan,! or " G-reat !<.han,'' the sarne title as 'Wit.!
previously bome by Ghiya.mtl din Balban, The texl.r of
a11d Barni both read "Ulugh Klta1.'']
"Thi.r, probably, meant dag, "a pace: just a.r we so.y
20,000 foot.
4tl
WASSA!,'
bl!oughi:. the country to utter ruin, and pestroyed the lives.
of the inhabitants, and plundered the cities. and
captmed their offspring, so that many temples wc:re
deserted and the idols were broken and trodden under
foot, the largest of which was one caHecl Somnat, fixed
upon !)tone, polished like a mirror, of charming shape and
admirable wolkmanship. It stood seven y;m1s high. Its
position was such .as if: it was about to move, and its
cxptession such as if it was about to speak. If the
introducet of idolatry were to look. on it he would
become enamoured oJ: its beauty. The infldCls objected
to people going ncar it. Ils head was adorned with a.
crown set with gold and rubies and pearls and other
p1ccious stones,. that it was impossible for the eyes to
trace the .redness of the gold on account of the excessive
of the jewels, and necklace. of large shining .
. peads, like the. belt pf Orion, .depended from the shoulder
-t{;rW.wds the .. side o_f the. body. . .
. ' The Muhammadan soldier.s plundexed all tlloS<;
jewels and 1apicUy set themselves to demolish the idol.
The surviving infidels. were deeply affected with grief, and
they engaged ''to pay a thousand thousand pieces of
gold'' as a ransom for the idol, but they were indiguantly
1ejected, and the idol was destroyed, and ''its lim'j)s,.
which were anointed with ambergris and perfumed, were
cut off. The f-ragments were 'conveyed to DchH, and the
entxance of the Jami' Masjid was paved with them, that
people might remember and talk of this brilliant. victory."'
"Praise be to God, the Lord of the worlds. Ament"
After some time, among the ruins of the temples, a:
most beautiful jasper-coloured was disco'\fered, on
which one of the merchants had desigQ.ed some beautiful
o fighting men and other ornamental
"globes. lamps, etc:, and on the margin of. it were sq.xlptQr
ed . verses from the J.(uran. This stone was sent as an
offering to the shrine of the pole of saints, . Shal.kb
Murshicl Abu Is'hak Ibrahim bin Shahriar . . At ' that
time they. were building- a lofty octagonal
'l'AZJIATU"L AMSAR
tomb. The stone was placed at the right q.f the entrance.
"At this time, that is, in 'the year 707 H. (1307 A.D.),
':Alau-d din is the a9knowledged Sultan of this country.
On all its borders are infidels . whom it is his duty
to attack in .the ' prosecution of a holy war, and return
laden with countless bpoty.''
. ... ... .
i.l11 Account of some Contemporary Princes
When Sultan Uljaitu was fully established upon the
thtone, Shaikhu-1 Islam Jamalu,d din, towards the close
of the year 708 H. a3Q3 . A,D.), came .to the court . of the
of dlc :received. wit!h ,distinguish
. .honours and. was nomiriated :to the
go:vJ:JrJtroent' df F.ars, but tht:: ;ppoirir.meht, and
returned to bis independent principality of Kais.: ,:
In the beginning of: this year, the Malik-i 'Azam,
Margrave of Hind, Takiu-d din 'Abdu-r rahmanu-t Tibi,
who was endowed with great power and dignity, depart
ed from the. country of Hind to the passage (ma' bar) of

The king oE Ma'bar was, . anxious to

obtain his property and wealth, but Malik Mu'.azzan:i
Sira,jud din, son of the deceased, having secured his
goodwill by the payment of two hundred thousand
dinars; not only obtained the wealth. but the rank alSo-
of his father.
Embassy to China
Malik' .. Mu!azzam Fak.hrud din Ahmad and Buka . Elchi
, order of tbe just king, appointed; . it:l:
" : 697 H.> as, ambassadorS to Timur Kaan,
211
- "IW.tlli ::
presehts>.-of qloths, gat:m,ents; and
r: .. "l'll r ., " . .
. ; . . .. . .,, \
'';tt:,t'h:t l:lq;e .of the sentence the. author ;,co,nt,;.ll,dl'tts.
ana"'."a!e;ribes this. event to the year .f.r..: {,' = . .

made of this interesting. Jremliassy by:

D'Oh.sson (Histoire des Mongols, 1'om. IV: p. 320), bttC ..
there. ' is 110 allusi.o.n: -to the . voyage by-mt . :'iiiir to . ' .
charafteristic reception oft'he ambMsa:{i;.Q,rs: .. :, :.'.''::."
4.
50 WASSAF
leopards, worthy of l1is royal acceptance; and ten tumans
{one thousand pieces) of gold :were given to him
frpm the chief treasury, to be employed as capital" in
.trade. Fakhru-d din laid in a supply of necessaries for
lais voyage by .ships and junks, and. laded them with his
.own merchandize and immense jewels an4 pearls. and
<>ther commdities suited to Timut' Khan's country, belong-
ing to his .friends a.nd relations, and to Islam
din.. He was accompanied on the voy(lge by an
army of expert archers, Tnrki and Persian ..
The actual distance of the voyage was much aug-
mented by the constant dangers to which their lives and
property were exposed on the sea. When, at last, they
arrived at the port of the Chinese frontier they were con-
ducted stage by stage, by the deputies and. officers of that
country accortling to the Kaani were furnished
with supplies ' and tents, and were not troubled for the
payment of, arty duties. In this manner they reached the
Urdu, or . Imperial Camp, at Taidu, near Khanbaiigh.
The Khan was at that time indisposed, hut the four
prindpal 'ministers and other nobles
26
were present in
the assembly and sat beyond the royal c(lrpet on golden
seats, with great pomp and dignity. Buka, on his first
introduction, considered a salam sufficient, and did .not
kneel down, to which want of respect they raised objec-
tions. :Buka, who was a shrewd .and eloquent Turk,
replied, ''It is the royal order, that until I behold the
blessed countenance of Khan, the very abstract of the
hook of prosperity,. I should not look upon any pillars of
the state or_ nobles of his majesty." They were. then .
admitted to a personal. . interview, ' and presented
rarities entrusted to them, which were most graciously
received. The merchandize also was brought forward -and
approved. The Khari then presented. a cup of wine with
his royal hand, 'and -issued orders :that the ambassadors,
. ., .

titles of these high dignitaries will be found in

D'Ohsson, Hist. des Mongols, Tom. IV. p. 637 ..
' CAZJIA'l'U-L AMSAR 51
during dtcir stay, should be fwnished with residence..,
food, clothes, servants. appropriate to the four seasons;
and fortylivc horses were placed at their disposal. .. .
The ambassadors remained !-our years in Chna and
were dismissed with honour, an.d daughter of one of
Lhe nobles WllS bctowcd upon Fakhrud din. A friendly
reply was wriLtcn Lo Ghazau Khan, ;uld presents were
sem in return, together with some valuable silk
which bad CaUen to tbe sllarc of Hulaku Khan, but had
rcmainc<l in China since the time of Mangu lilian. An
ambassador took charge of them on a separate junk, and
he was comt1tissioned to deliver expressions of friendship
and regard. '
Malik Fakluncl din departed, much gratified at his
reception, accompanied by the .and twenty,
three junks, and other vessels JadeL\ with valuable
propcrt.y. The ambassador of tbe Khan died on the
voyug<: . . . autl they were only two days di'tant
from Mn'bru:. Malik Fnkbrud din also died. . . . His
com!> is in Ma'bar, near that of his uncle. His death
occnrred towards the close the year of 704 11.
11
(130o
A.D.). , .
ln the middle of the year 750 IL Sllaikhul Islam
Jamalud diu was from tl1e principality of
Ibis Lo the capit>tl of Shira<, tl:te government cf which
place Wllll conferred upon biro.. He ae<;cptcd tltc tffir.e in
obedience to the oonunand, aJLhougb he was ill al the
time .... He died in the year 706 lt. (1!06 A.D.) to the
grcat:xegl'et of rue inhabitants of Shlraz. who raised a.
tomb over hls remains, and composed an elegy
upon hfs death .... The aulhor abo, in consideration' of ,
certain obligations conferred upon him by the deceaicd, :
gave vent to his feelings in tbc following p6em. - ..
The History of Sultan 'lllau-cl din (coJuinued) .
When Sultan 'Al:lud din fully established himself
. .
'l'hi$ ctoes coincitk with the fact they
1'emai11ed imly fou;; 'Years i11 .0Mna.

52
WASSAil
iu tbc empire o DchU, aud his conquests and holy
had proclaimed him universally as the greatest champion
of the MuhammaciaJl teligion, it happened, that in the
year 708, Ali Jleg Gurgan, with ;,n ann)' consisting or
three tumllns, nurched to Hindustan, and pitched hi9
camp in the viciniLy of 'Iwaz (Ondh) and Badaun, expect
iog to make au easy conquest of that c<>uno:y. The
Sultap despatched his gcncrlll Hazar-Dinar!, who was
callc.LMalik. Kafur," .with 80,000 formidable ancl veteran
cavalry to expel them; and when rJ1e "rmy of !shun wn
within ihe distance of a d<ty's jtnnuey frnm the enemy, .
it made suddenly a Ui!,ollL :ttlUCk ()Jl their c:alllp, w!Jich
was left quilc unguarded, nnd the greater pan o[ tbc
Mughal armies rcccivccl their rctl"ibutiou ('ituflz) fro1n
the empire of Dchli, where they met with l.hc silent WUlh
of entire aottihilatiou. Having suarouudccl the renuHtllt
tl,tc field of battle they deprived them of their arms.'
and. 'Ali B1:g and other olfioet-s of the M"ughals were
carded captive to Dchli.
"Sultlln Ahm-d din gave orders that the sword of
menace nnd the dedamtion of mtity should be offered to
thcm; when, as they could not help rJtcmselves, Liley
placed their hcad5 on rbe line of Islam,'' :mrl repeated
the profc.'!Sion of the creed ... . " Aland
din honoured nnd gave preferment LO 'Ali Beg, avd made
hint one of his nobles, and the Mughal urmy wa pm
vide<! for the armies of Islam. After the baulc
an order was issued by Alaud din tO gather together
the bends of those who had been slain. This matter was
specially made over to the Hin.dux. Oo rouming them
"A II t.!te copies 1 htwe give this name os
Nt>lm or Niu; p,obably the form"' may lume been n em
mf>lifm of Nail>, which Wfl. hi.r true rlesignation.
[In tlu; text of Fi>irllr.a he is called "Malik Naill K.afur
Hazar-dinori." Till! lattet title is .raid to have f>Cetl
detitJed from his havi1g been originally f>u!"claascd for
1000 ctitlllrJ. See Briggs' Trans. Vol. I. $65.]
TMJlATIJL
53
!l[I.CI' they were I brown at the feet of the holy warrior
they were found to autoum to 60,000, and, . as was done
with the Nigudari"' a pillar was constncted of
these heads before the Badaun b'lltc, in order that it might
be' a wanllng and sp,ec:mcle to fu turc gcncr.ttions. The
gi)(Xl tidings <>f tllh ltappy cunqucst were published
th.rouglwut all chc t'OUlltrics and pwvillces both of the
faitb(ta l and he idolatrous.
Co,qtutst of 'J.'ttliugtma
lu the year 709 (!809 A.D.),- the year :nrivcd in pros-
pClity and the' time was propitious,-the lofty mind of
the:: k.ing g!'eat!y . incljpcd cowards the conq_uC$t of lhe
whole of Rindnstan, nn<l the subjection ot the infidels.
Previous to tbis, hac! been conquered; he, therc-
foxc M::ilii< Nabu, Zafar Khan, and Nanak.
Hindi.'" with :m army consisting of one hundrecl.
thousand hot'sc unll foot,-
Oh tholl for whom there is an arny that cbtains
victory,-
to conquer the pwvincc of Telingana. Wbeu they
on ils J'1on tier, the Rai of thnt provin((: adopted
:t pmdcnt rcsolutiou. submitted co the Muhrunm:tdans,
and agt"Cf!d tn pay an :1nnual t:l"ihuto and receive tbe
rnyal collectors, and that populous ten:itory, replete with
every kind ul' ll'<'lllth-
,Nigudm; a younger .ro" nf Chagatai, after his dis-
gract, esrttblislwd him.tclf ruilh his vassals and follDTvers
in Sista11, lltld' committed rtwage.r upon tha neighbowirfg
trrovi.nces. His follorver.t we>e called "Nigudari," o
''K(WtlUntlSS.n
.4.
"1'he is doulJtfttl. One copy has Khanlr.a
Mawli, tmil Firisht'll has Khwafa Hafi. As 4mir Khusru
.tpeahs of tiM accomfJIInictl this
tltetc is t!O !mprobauility in th reading adopt-
ed in the tc.<l..

'
54 IV ASSAF
As the of your C-ricnd Cull of cxccllence,
In wbJcb arc all desire$ you arc in se;ucb. of,-
containjng 1uore than 30,000 of cotmtry, was added
to the Muhammatlan empire. lt Is related that 6,000
k.bnrwars, or loads, of gold were de.5ttcbed to beb.li,-
Mucb yellow gold was in the large sacks,-
and il\ consequence CJE the oE diamonds
obtained by plunder, lhey became so cheap that, out
weighing a miskal, coul.d be purchased Co1 tltrcc dinttrs.
'l'ha Co11qttest of Dzu Sam.uwlar
The 1'oyal army marche-d [tom tllis place towards Lhe
countr)' oe Dur Samun. Rai Pandya offered opposition,
and begged the a!ISistancc of au army fmm Ma' har. At
that time enmity prevailed between the two brothers.
Sundar Pandi and Tira Pandi, after the murder of their
father. The 1atter sent to his assistance an army of horse
and foot. Subsequently, the :Rai, turnh1g to the right
rank, declined a contest, and, b.aving pmffered his sub
mission, he was left in of bis country without.
the necessity of He deli vCl'Cd up to Mali!;.
KaEur lhe country of 'Atikanna, as a prool' uf his allegi
ance, nnd. treasure beyond what imagination can conceive,
together with 5U large elephants,. which were worthy of
carr)'ing tho gr.eat and fortunate heroes of the tilne, so
that the oounby wa.1 r.cstorcd to him, ancl, imtc.1d
of shell-blowing, p)' Wintr), and iclol-woz11hip, J.be
true faith the live droily prayers were established.
On accotuu of these uansactions the fame of the lj1'St
holy wars which opened Hind under Mabmud Subuktigin
was erased from the p:ogc of history. '
At the present time the impc:rial army of
Muhammadan disciplined holy warriol'8, whose
names arc recorded by lhe imperinl mustcrm .. tcr, and
whose pay and rations are entered in the regulations of
the depulyvictttaller. They most obedient tc) the
orders they receive, aml are prepared to sact-ilice their
TAZJIATU-1. AMSAR
lives for the especial sake of their religion. Four hundred
war elephants . . . . are kept in the royal stables, and
swift camels .... are employed to convey daily
reports, with the greatest expedition, from and to the
distant provinces of tbe empire. . . .
biuasion of Ma'bar
In the month of Rajah of the year 710 H. (1310 A.D.) the
appointed leaders, accompanied by a select army, were
dispatched to. conquer Ma'bar, and some of the towns
were obtainecl. th1ough the animosity which has lately
. arisen between the 'two brothe:tl;; when at last a large
artny, attended . by -numerous elephants of wat, was sent
out to oppose the Muhammadans. Malik Nabu, who
thought himself a very Saturn, was obliged to retreat, and
bring back his army.
U ljaitu. S1tltan sends an Embassy to 'Alau.-d din
About that period the king of theworld, Uljaitu
31
Sultan,
. -May his empire last for ever! -Sent: two ambassadors,
named Khaluya and Muhammad Shah, to the court
Dehli, with a royal mat1date to the following. purport,
that as the rulers of that quarter, both in the reign o
the Emperor Changiz Khan, the conqueror of the world,
and the l'n.ost generous Uktai Khan, had tendered their
friendship and homage, and, through the language .Of
the ambassadors, had occasionally offered their sentiments
. 6f goodwill, it is, therefore, strange that, sinGe tire ..
. . . throne has been adorned by .our auspicious
il:ccession, and the sun of the kingdom of Islam has
its iight over the world.' Sultan 'Alau-d din hall
opened road of andent friendship by means :lpFah
l:o' our regal court, nor sent a message cQilvey-
ing tidings , o :himself or cqngratulations to 'll:Si it
therefore, . that he 'will bencefoxth fie willing to
apply himself to strengthen the foundatioQs of regard and.
. . . .
31
It sig-J'llifies m 'the M01igal language ..
.56 WASSAF
intercourse. In connection with this embassy it was
. intimated the Emperor asked in marriage one
of the Princesses from behind the veil of the kingdom o[
Dehli.
32
_
Sulta'n 'Alau-d-din, 1iotwithstandii1g all his bravery
and conquests, and abundailt treasures aud obedient:
.armies; combining in himself all personal accomplish
mcnts and worldly advantages, 'was a tyrant, and never
used to hesitate at slaughter, burning, restricting the
of . the axmy, or rc<luciug the allowances of his
.servants, and was quite overcome by his disposition
:towards temerity and oppression. As a proof of this he
ordered the ambassadors to be imprisoned, and severa!:la
of their attendants to be trodden . under the feet of
elephants, and thus he submerged the jewel of his good
.ame; for to bring t1ouble on an ambassador. is, under
every system of religious faith, altogether opposed to the
law; 8ocial observance, and commo'n sense.
respect to law, an ambassador receives his
tials without even the suspicion o criminality; with
respect to social observance, the oppressor and the
oppressed, friend and foe, peace and war, are all equally
in need of embassies and communications: with respect
to common sense, it is <l;bundantly that tbe kill-
ing of one man, or even ten, no infirmity or
-injury on a kingdom. Inasmuch, therefore, as 'Alau-d_
din, free to d9 as he. chose, was guilty of a , hom
which danger might have resulted, and without any cause
non similar occasions the like delicacy of expression
is Thtts, when the dmtghter of Ata.bah Sa'd of
Shiraz was bestowed upon Sultan ]alalu-d din, 'Atau-l .
mulk ]uwaini says, in the second volume of the ]ahan
Kttsha: .
durd he dar s_adf-i-khanda?l-i-karim dm hasn hisanat
:miyan-j-aql .wa razanat tMbiyat yafteh bud dar .
muna,jati shud.
83
0ne copy reads eighteen.
\
TAZJlAl1JI. AMSAt{ ' 57
.cxhibitctl his enmity, he 111Ust be .considered to have a<.:tcd
cont:rary to . what a peaceful policy and sound prudence
dktatc<l.
Con.tinti{Ltion of lhe history of the Kings ot Ma' bar
K.alcs Dewar, the xulcr of Ma' bar, enjoyed a highly
perous life, <::xtell<ling to forty and odd years, during
time neither any foreign enemy cntetcd his country, 'nor
an.y severe mahldy Collliucd him LO bed. His coffers were
replete with \Vealth, inasmuch that in the treasury of the
.city of Mardi . there. were L20<J cror.es of gold deposited,
.every beh1g a .

laks, and every

.l{l;J.<, ()l;l,c . hund., reg thetlslU1d Besides this . there
an u:cumulation of precious stones, such as
mbies, tlllquoises, and erncralds,-mo1c than is jn the
pmvcr of language 1o express. (Here Iollows a long suing
ol: upon the instability or worldly wealth a.nd
gnll'dem:.)
This fortunate and happy sovereign had two sons, .
elder named Sunda1 Pandi, who was legitimate, his
mother boing joined Lo the Dewar by lawful marriage,
.and the younger named Tint Panui, was illegitimate; his'
mother being one oE the mistresses who continually attend-
ed the king in his hanqnct of pleasLue; for it was cus-
torn<!ry with the rulets of that country 1twt, when Lhe
daily aiiai.J,"s of the were over, and the
.crowds that altcnckd the court had gone to their
homes, a thousanc! . beautiful . wurtcians nsed
....... .r,irq' the king his pleasure. They to
prescribed to. each of them; some.-W:ez:e.
appointe!! : as chamberlains, !iO:l'l,le as ...
and clay and tdght both 1he sexes
1niscuous jn.cerqourse together; . and it the
. :.
3
'Pmf;erly only t httnd1ed) if tlte ,-eading. of. "crore"
b.e correct; b,ul. the: cofnes I have consultecl' read
which m.ight be mearzt to imfJly an vessel, or some
capaciou5 ,eceptacle calculated tp contain a fmnclred
' . . . '
..
58
king to invite to big bed that t,oirl upon whom the Jot
mould liappen to fall. I have mentioned this in illus-
tratioJt of thei customs.
As Ti"ra l'ondi wns remarkable for his shrewdnCM
and inttepidity
1
d1e ruler nominated him as his
His brother Snndar Panc4, being enraged at this super-
Cession, killed his father, in a moment of rash11css and
undutifulness, towards the close of the year ?09 n. (1310
A.D.), aud placed the oown on his head in tire cit)' ol:
Mardi. He induced the troops who 1vc1-e there to
support his interests. and conveyed some of the myal
treasures which were there w the city of
and he himself atcompanicd, mRrcbing on,
nttr.ndccl in royal pomp, witb the botses, and
rxeasures. Upon this his brother Tixa Pandi, being
:resolved on avenging hls father's blood, followed to give
him battle, and Oll tbc margin of a lake which, in their
language, they call Talachi, the opponents c.me to
action. Both the brothers, each ignorant of t11c fate of
the other, Reel away; but Til-n Pandi being unfortunate
{lira bakht), and having been wounded, fell into the
hands of the enemy, and seven clcphantloads of gold also
f:cl.l 'to the lot of the army of Suudat Paodi.
tt is a saying of philosophcn<, that ingratitude will,
or later, meet its :md this was proved
in the sequel, for Manar Barmul, the son of the daughter
of Kales Dewar, who espoused t11c cause of Tira Pandi,
being at that time at Kar:unhatti. near Kalu.l," sent
him assistance, both in rncn and money, whicl1
attended with a most fortuJlatc resnlt. Sundar Pandi
had taken possession of the kingclom, an1l the army and
the trcnsure were lli.\ own; but, as in every religion and
faith, cvj.i deeds produce a life of insecurity, a marter
whfch it i unJlecessary to expatiate he. notwith-
standing all his treasures and the goodwill of the army,
was far from being happy and prosperous, entertaining
"(Madtl/'4?] "'[Namhul?]
'J"Ail(KJN BINAf\..1 l'l
cA.d, notions, and n<vcr awaking from his dream of
pdd<:, and at lust he mel wiLb the chastin1emeot lue to
Ingratitude, for in lltc mid<lle of the rear 710 {131(}<
A.o.) T ir:t Pan<li. having mllcctcd au army, advanced to
oppose him, :mel Sundar Ynndi. tretnbling and rJarmed,.
lied from his tmtivc countrr. nnd tool:. refuge UJ:tder the
protection oE ' Alaud din. of Dchli, and Tira J?andt
became linnly crtablishcd in his hereditary kingdom.
While I was cngngcd in writing this pnssagc, ouo of
my li:iends said to me: "The kings of Hind are tele-
brated or their penetration and wisdom; why then did
Kates Dewar, dltl' ing his lifetime, nominate his yottnget'
and illegitimate son :ts his successor; to Ute rejection of
the elder, wlltl was of pure blood, by which he introduc-
ed. distl'llction inLo n kingdom which had been adorned'
like n hrde?"
TARlKH-l BlNAKLTl
01'
DIN. BTNAKITT
'fltis is the same work as is caUcd lli11a-Ge1y by Jamcs-
l ' r:o$Cl', in his "(:afaloguc of Orieultli 1\fmm.fcrif>Js;" an<t'
JJi1111i-Octy hr General Bl'iggs. in his trnnslation o[ the
Prcfncc o[ I'irislttn, which would seem to Imply that the
Litle wa$ considered by them co bear cbe meaning of
'.'History of the Foundation of tltc World.'' It ccrtain-
)y. ls. so understood hy natiTc fell' T have seen
no .copy of Firishta, not c:vcn the li thogrnph edition, in:
which it is. not so written, and it has been so translated:
by some Continental scholars. Its concct name at full'
length is "Raw:at ulmt-1 AlbaiJ fi Tawarikhul Ahabir
ilnsab," " the garden of the leamed in the histories
of great mcb and. genealogies." It is chicA.y an abridg
mcm. as tl;ie author ltimsclf state.,, of Lhe .Ta.mi'u-t
Taro11rik.h of Rashidu-d clin, ancl was compiled only
seven years after d1a1. work, in A.ll. 717 (A.o. 1517). by
Ahu-Sulaiman Daud. bin Abu-1 F:tzl, bin , Mullamm;td'
-60 .6INAKITI
.Faklu
1
Binak,iti. He is conimonly called Fakhru-d dt1
from his having been born at . Binakit, or
l<'inakit, a. town in T:ransoxiana, afterwards called
Shaluukhia. He copies . Rashidu-d din closely, without,
l10wcver, adopting his arrangement, and dedicates hh
work to Abu Sa'id, the 11inth Mongol king of

The, author was a poet as well as an histodau, <ind
was_ appointed by Sultan Ghazan, ppet laureate of his
Till the discovery of the lost portio11s of the
]a.mi'ttt Tawaril<h, lHnakiti's work rankeJ very high
both in Europe and Asia, but it must now take i.ts place
.. as a mere abridgn1ent, and can be considered of no
value as an. original composition. Several good copies of
the work exist in European libraries, as in the Rich
.collection, Nos. 762(), 7627, of the Museum; in
library of the Royal Asiatic Society; in th_e Leyden
and in private collection .
.. The work 'is not common I in India. The best copy I
know is in the, J>Qssession of an Indian gentleman at
'Lucknow..
The 8th Book of this wor k is ;tlready known to the
'European public, though ascribed to a different author.
I n t'le year 1677, Andreas Muller published at Berlin
a small work in Persian, with a Latin translation, under
t he title of: Abdallm Beiclavrei Historia Sirven.Sis, ascrib.
ing the . original .to tbe Nizamttt Tawarihh of Baizawi.
It was reprinted by his son in 1689, and Brunet
2
tells us
-that Stephen Weston published fifty copies of an English
.translation in 1820. M; had the ingenuity
to for several reasons wl1ich he. states in detail,
that this was in reality an extract from the History of .
1
This is the name he gives in his own P'reface .
. .EuY'opean 01ientalists generally call him Fafr,h,u-d din . .
TModey cites several variatio1i.s in the name and
,gimealogy.J
2
.mb voce Abdalla.
TARll<Ht BtNol.ltl'rt
61
.lli.na.kiti, and not from llaizawi; and by comparing the
pasoagc he has given from Muller's printed work with
Binak.iti, of which a copy was not avaUable to M.
Quatl'cmcte, it pxovcs to he verbatim the 2nd Chapter
of the 8th Book of Binak.lti; and a.' the same result bas
l>ccu obtained by compnring it with the copy in the
British Musctmt, there can U() longer be any doubt on
this point, and the Flistoria. Sinr.nsi.1 mu.u hcncefortll
be nuributcd to Oiuak.iti.
CONTI!N'l'S
Book L--l' he Genealogy nnd Hist.qry-o the Prophets utd
lllitciarch.s from thc time of Adam. t<> Abraham, compris
'lng a pctiod of 48S8 years. (The usc of the word
11tsiya sh<IWS the writer to be a Sbi'a
fmm p. 2 to 25.
tl<JOk. Jl.-'rhe of Persi11, fTom w
together with the celebrated Prophets aud
1'bilosopl1ci'S who were tMir contem1\oraries; 13:!2
-from p. 25 to 119.
aook II1.-liistotr <)f Muhammad; the four
J{balif.s; twelve Xmams, "nd later down to
Mustasim bi-Uah, the hut of the 'Abba sides; 626 )'Cats ;
- from p. liO to 186.
Book J.V.-Thc Sultan.1 and kings who, in the time
or the 'Abbasidc Khalifs, rose to power in the I:Jngdom
of . Iran, incl uding the dynasties of Salfarians, Samaniru1s.
Ghaznividcs, Buw>1ihidcs Saljukinns. and
tltc kin&' of the Fotcst or Heretics (Assassins): 100 ycari;
-from p. 186 to 208.
Book V.-Thc history of the Jews, their Kings ' a'i'id .
Prophets, ; from Moses to Mutina (Zedekiah, sec .2 Kings
xxiv. 17), who wa. slain by Bak.btnassar; 94-1 years:-
from. p. 208 to 230.
' IJook VI-The history of the Christian&4 n.d Franks;
the descent of. the Virgin Mary ft:om David;' the kings of
the Fmnks, the Ca:sars, and Popes; yeus;-Irom p.
231 to 260.
62 niNAKI11
Book VII-The Hindus; an account of the country
and kings of India from Basdeo to 'Alaud din, and an
ac.count of Shalonuni{ 1200 years;-from. p. 260 to 281:
Book VIII.-Histary of Khita. The government
lasted, according , to local -historians, 42,875 years;-from
p. 281 to 299.. . . .
IX.:-:History of the Mughals; the origin of
Changi,t Khan, and his conquest of Persia, etc., with an
account of his sons and successors; 101 years;-from p.
299 to 402.
" SizE.-Small Folio, containing 402 pages, o 21 lines.
A fuller detail is given in the Vienna Year-book for
1835 by Hammer-Purgstall, who states that our author
composed his work in A.H. 718, not 717, though the h1tter
date is expressly mentioned, not only in the Preface, but
in other parts of the work. The same author gives the
year of his . death . as A.H. 730 (1329 A.D.), and reads his
. [Morley. al!K) has given , a full notice of
the work.' in his Catalogue of .. the MSS. of the Royal
Asiatic Society.]
It will be observed that the seventh Book. is devoted
.to India. Throughout the whole of it Binakiti follows
Rashidu-d. din impliCitly, copying him even with all his
errors, just as Rashidu-d din follows Biruni. Nothing
more completely the ignorance of the western
Asiatics with respect to the state of India since Mahmud's
time than to find these two 300 years afterwards.
mentioning that Bari is the capital of the province of
Kanauj, of which the kings arc the most potent in India.
and that Thanesar is in the Duab. All this is taken
from Abu Rihan.
It is needless to. translate any passage from this work,
. but it may be as well to mention, as the. Calcutta copy
of Rashidi, as well as that of the India House, is deficient
in that respect,
3
that the . su<;cession of the Kabul kings,
who preceded the Gbaznivides, occ;urs in nearly the same
order as in M. Reiriaud's edition of Binmi, and with
nearly the same names, b'ut the last of the Turk
TAR!Kli-1 IIINAKlTI
63
whc;mt M. Rcinaud calb Laktouzeman, appears here uttder
the more probable shape of Katoran, or Katorroan, ''king
of t:bc .l(atorcs." lt is worthy of remark that the
j>rc.wnt cliicf of Cbitral is called Shah Kator, and clajJIUI
descent from the Macedouians. KaJar, the first oi the
Brahman dynasty, is omittt'<l by l3inak.iti. Anandpal is
converted into Andapal, and chc nearest approach to M.
Reinaud's doubtful name of Nardalijaopala (correctly
perhaps Niranj;opal) is Tasdar Jalpal.
J;:Xl:RhCl'
fl'h.c following is translated 'from a MS. in the library of
the ltoyal ASiatic Society:
' "After (hlnl) Aljun became king; alter him ,Kank,
who was tlic last of the Katorman !dogs; after him
Jlrah.ma Samand became king; after him Kamlu; after
him Jaipal; after him Andab pal; and after him Tadar
Jaip:tl, who wa.< killed 412 llijri (1021 A.o.).''
3
(1'lle 1Jritish MS., and tha A>tbic MS. (1/
tile Royal Asiatic Society l1nve 11a.ssages upon the rubject
obviously ilctived from Bironi. See Tllomru "Prinsep,"
]. 31/l.]
[See Vol. ll. p. 4(}1-. Orighral d.ilion].
Compare Morley's Cat. p. 25. Hamme>-Purgstall's
p. 194. Recu8il des Voyages, Tom. /1. fJ.
!69. F1ndgru.be11 des 1.' om. lli. p. 38(}. Gesch.
dtr Jlcham:, Vol. 11. p. 267. Coil. Or. 1'om. 1. pt1. /)<xxv.
-ei. ]chrbltchcr, No. 1\9. Ant. Blatt, p. SS, aud
N" 73.-j>. 26. Gesch. d. Red. ?m. p. 241. Etphlnl
tone, Ei11'gd'om of Cabrd, App. C. p. 6!9. JJnrnes'
Bokhara, ITo!. 11. p. 209. ]ourn. R.. A. S. Vol. IX. p.
191. C. Ritt.rr, Erd. vo11 As. Vol. P. p. 207. Geinal
tksaat elM Lebemb. Pol. IV. p. 85. Zenktr, Bibliotlreca
Or. 857, 858. Gesch. d. G. Hn1'de, pp. XX)ti. 34!.
]enisch, Hi.rt. priorum Regum Penarum. p. 14.2.
TARIKH-1 GUZtDA:
OF .
HAMDU-l.LA MUSTAUFI
T hi s work was composed in, .A;.H. 730 by. Hamdu-lla
bin Abu Bakl:. bin Hamd bin Nasr Mustau{i.l Kazwini,
and was dedicated to th.e Gbiyasu-d. din, the son
of to both of whom ot1r a4thor had. bcexi

I t ranks among the best general histoiies of the East.
l,teinaud used it for his Mlmt. sw l' Indc. Hammcr-
Purg5tall calis it in different passages of his works the
best, the most faithful, and the most brilliant of all tltt
histories which were composed about that period. Ht:
. :remarks that it contains much matter not found else-
where, and coilcurs in the praise bestowed upon it hy
;Haji Khalfa, that implicit confidence is to he placed i n
its assertidns. : I t is a pity, that the work is in
so abridged ' a fom'l as to be more useful for its dates
than for its details of facts. The authors of: the Universal
History quote it under the name of "Ta1ik
Cozidih.''
Eleven years after tbc completion .of this history, the
author composed his celebrated work on Geography and
Natural History; entitled Nuzhal-Lt-l KuJu.b, "the delight
of hearts," which is in high repu'te oriental
scholars.
2
.
The author . states that he had under taken to write

1
"P1esident of the Exchequer. Com. le Brun says .
the Mustaufi _is chief of the ChatnlJe? of Accounts of the
. Lordships which jJmticula1ly belong to his Majesty.
P1ice 360) calls him contmlle:r or auditor of . the
Exr.hequer. l11 the case of ou:r , author the title q.ppea.n:
tc: be a family. desig-nation, derived from actual occupa-
ttqn of the offtce. by an- auceslor. The title Ka'zwini .... is.
derj.tted ftom his native town. Kazwin. :} ._.'-- ; .
2
[See Aboulfeda Int. clv.] ' : _. .
1'AJl.(f<)l-l CUZIDA
6!>
in verse an universal history from dle time of Muhanunad,
and had already written five or six thousand lines, and
hoped to complete it in S<:veoty-five thousand; but being
anxious to bring out a wo:-k in prose also, in order that
he might have the satisfaction of presenting it as soon-
as possible to b.h exceUent patron Gbiyasu-d din, whooe
praises extend throughout two pages, he compiled the
present work. wuler the name of Tarikl-i Gutida, "Select-
ed History.'' having ab3tractcd it from twenty-four
different works, of which be gives d>e names, and
nuongst them, tb.e history of Tabari, the Kamilu-t
of lbntl-1 Asir J azari, the Nizamu-t Tawarilth
of .Baizawi, the tubdlilu-t Tawarikh of Jarnalu-d din
Kashi, and the }aha>i-ku.thai o Juwaini. .Besides' these
tweuty-fow, be quotes occa.1ionally several other valuable
works, many of which are now qtitc unknown. ln il&
turn the Tarik/1-i Guzida has been used by latet
T hc Habibus Siyar quotes largely from it.
The Tarikh-i Gutida contain.' a Preface, six Books,
and an Appendix. The only :Books useful for tiJe
illustration of lndian history are the third and fourth,
in which al'c comp1iscd the account of the early attempL
of the Arabs on the Indian rontier and the history .of
the Ghaznivlde and Ghorian momacb.s.
(A portion of the work, comprising the history of the
Saljuk.ian dynasty, has been translated. by M. Dcfremery,
and published in the Jmrnal A.siatiquc,-' and nothcr
portion, relating to the city of Kazwin, bas also been
translated by the same writer.')
0
The Preface 'torltains an ar;count of the creation -of thC'
world; from 'p._ 1 to p. 8. .
Book 1.-An account of the Patriarchs, Prophets, and:
'[Jlo/s. XI.; XII., XIII. Quat,, Seriet]'
'(lb. 5 Strie. Tome :rq
5
. . c :MVSTAUFI
in two Sf!Cth>.ns and .two subsections;-from
p. to f>7. .
.Book II.-The Peshdadlaru, Kaianians; . Ashkanians
anc,l :rawltif) and SaS&anians; in four .
.sections;-frolJl p. 68 , to 10}).
:Book III-1\,:uharom.a.d, th.e Khalifas and IJ:Q.ams; in
:an p. 109 to 311.
... J,V.-:-irh.e el!tetq monarchies, fxom the begin-
l!ing .. to A.n. 730 (A.D. in
iwelve sections and several subsections, devoted to the
Dynasties: -Bani Lais Saffar; Ghazni-
v.i<;les, (;-horians, Bnwanhides or Dyalima, Salju-kians,
Khwarizmians, Ataba.ks (2 sections), Ismailians, Karak.hi
tais, and Mughals;.....:.from p. 3.11 to 477.
Book Saints and Elders o the Muhammadan
.PhiiQSopbers and Poets; in six sections;'-ft'om p.
4.77 .... - __ _- - - - .
.;. Bo:ok VI.-.:.,An. qf .the r.1.1thor's motive .place,
. ... }fs in eight sections;
-from p . . 557 to 603.
: cqMains Genealogical Trees of
Philosqphers and others;-from p. 603
to 618.
- Sin.-Svo. containing 618 page,c; of 14 lines.
. This history, thopgh often qu9ted by oriental writers,
is_ rare in The best copy I know is in the library
o the Bengal Asiatic Society, No.- 493, but it is un-
fortunately defective both in the beginning and end.
Yar 'Ali Khan, chief native Judge of Jaunpur, l1as a
good copy, and there is one also in the king of Lucknow's
library. Robert Cust, Esp. (B,C.S.), has an admirable
.copy, written in 864 A..H. In Europe the most cdebrated
.are , those o St9ckholm, Plllis, the Museum, the
Bodleian Library, :>nd Sit W. Ouseley.
11
M. _Q11atremere also possessed two copies.

5
See Haji Khalfa, IV. 176, '.VI. 7. Wiener ]ahrbb.
No. lxix. p. 10, and Anzgbl. p. 31. BriggS' Ferishtaj Vol.
" . '
1'ARIKHI GUZIDA
67
. A work in so abridged a form can scarcely be
expected to present any passages worthy of extract, but
the following are selectes} as comprising a few anecdotes
which have escaped the notice of some more ponderous
-chroniGlers :
Sultan Mahmud
"The exploits of the Sultan Mahmud arc more con,.
spituous than the sun, and his exertions in the cause of
1eligion surpass all description and eulogy. The Tarrikh
Yami11i, Makamat A..bu N.air. and the volumes of
Abu;t r,. testify: t@,,ihis. ,achievements.
11
.
ll;. triend'-td; 'lt'farned men. and .. pOetS; on
wliomt.;.h'e bestowed munificent presents, insomuch . that--
evc:;ry year he expended upon them more 400,000 .
dinars. His features were very ugly. One day, regard-
ing his own face in a roitTor, he became thoughtful and
.depressed. His Wazir inquired as to the cause of his
sorrow, to which he replied, 'It is understood
that the sight of kings adds vigour to the eye, but the
fonn with which I am endowed is enough to strike the
beholder blind.' The Wazir replied, 'Scarcely one man
in a millioi1 looks on your face, but the qualities of -your
nlind t>hcd lhcir influence on every one. Study,
fore, to maintain an unimpeachable character, that you
may be the beloved of . alJ hearts.' ' Aminud-daula
. . .
. . Fundgr. d. Or. Vol. Ill. 1' 231. Oesch. d4t
}I!pr(le, pp. xvi, xxi.i. Coil. Or. Tom. I. p: 1i"TI "-'-.
Gesc!J.. : df:r :Ilchimej F ol. II. pp. 2!)8, . Gesch. d; .. ..
Red. P,e,'Y! . . p. 12. ]ourn. Asiatique,. IlL Ser.
58L Mo--. Petis de la Croix, H.ist. de (;1mghi'z
541. D'fle,be-fot; Bibl. or. Art. Tarikh Khozi.del:,.Biog.,
Vniv: v. Kazw.,yny; Rampoldi, 322. Gemal'aesqal
xi. Ouseley's p . . xi: Pfice, . Mahom,. 'Hist. _I ..
464, 11. 638, . 672. Shajtat: .. az . .. Gildeme:ister,
p. 2. Journ. Sav., 18.1)( p. :47. _, : ..
6
[See Vql. II. . PP 430, Or. :.
)
70

wa.s a temple of the Hindus. Re was victorious, and
obtail).ed much wealth, including about a hundred idols
o.f gold and silver. One of the golden images, which
weighed a million miskals, the Sul,tan appropriated to the
decoration of the Mosque of Gluuni, so that the orna-
ments of the . doors were of gold instead of iron.
"The rulei"s of were at this time called
. A..b,}' Nasr was. Shar of the Ghurjis. He was
. at enmJty wtth Sultan Malunud, whcJ sent an army
against him, having taken bJm pt"isoncr, the Sultan
,cont:ludcd peace with him, and putdmscc.l his possessions.
);rom that. time he remained in the service of the
Sultan tQ the day of his deneb.
"The ruler of Mardain, having likewise rcbeUcd
.against the Sultan, withheld tho paytllcnl nf tribute.
T he Sultan deputed Abu Sa'id Tai, with a11 a.rmy, to
EULke war wi tb him,. and be himself followed o.Cterwards,
:cn,suing, the chief o[: Mard:1in too" r.cfugc

The Snlta11 destroyed i t walls by UleallA

and thus gained possession of tlte fort. I n "
house there were found some inscriptions on a stone,
giYiug the date of the erection of the fort, which they
so far back as 40.000 years. Upon this all were
convinced of the folly of the idolaters; as, from the crea-
tion of A<lam, the age of the did not (as it is
generally understood) reach 7,000 years; nor is it pro-
bable, according to tht: opinion of the l.ca,rned, that a
building could remain in a state of repair o long; but
as their ignorance is en lTiCd to such a degree thnt they
worship idols instead of the Supreme. Being, it_is not
improbable that they really did entertain sud1 a belief:
f' .
'Othd1 atttltorities u.utlly say Nnrdi11 or
TARIKHI 'ALAI
OT<.
KHAZAINU-L FUTUH .
OF
AMlR KHUSRU
Tl\c histoty which goes by both these names is a work in
prose, by Mir Khust'U, wlto died in 1525 A.D. It contains
an interesting accotmt of the lim years of the reign of
Sttltan '.Al_au-d wn :&.ltilji .(whotp be. also. styles Multam
mad Su.ltan), ft:Qm to tho throne in
6.95, ":) to li.is of Ma' bar at .the close
Qt 7.JO N, (1-'110 A. D.). lt is most ;>robably t.he same work
as tllat which is quoted by some of the general historiads.
under the name of Tmilw 'Alaud tlin Kililji; but, If so,
it has not been r.l(>scly examined, for several facts of
interest bnvc cscupcd the compilers.
It wlll be observed that t.llis sma.lt worl<. containS
much information on the to which it relates.
The mode of warfare of that pe-riod, especially, receives
illustrations suclt as can be obtained from no other work.
The style io which it is composed is for the most pa'rt
difficult, a's the whole is of a series of fanciful
analogies, in tbc same manner the preface to the
Bakiya Nakiya and the l'jazi Khwmvi of tho same
author, and the Odes of lladar-dlachi, and the treatises of
Mirr.a J{atil and evcral other works, in which fancy is
pi'W,ominailt over sense. Every portion is devoted <to
of words connected with one
Fot' among the p'a&;agcs !T.lmlated below;
portion, p. 69, is composed of words derived from
, an<>thi:r, p. 71, is derived' ,.C't'Om' 'Wow
descriptive of the powers and anatomy of.. tlu:.
another, at p. Is composed of words <Used 'in' the gam,e
of chess. l 'have uot thought it necessary 10 adhere. close-
ly to the similes \in every part. T-hose which' are used in
the passages noted ll.bove are of sitffici'ently
72 AMlR KHUSRU
tedious in translation, tl10ugh certainly ingenious in the
original.
I t may easily be conceived that a work w composed
contains much that is forced, trivial, mid unnatural; but
we can forgive that for' the solid infonnation we are oc-
-casionally able to extract from it. Indeed, these puns,
riddles, and analogies, are even valuable on one account,
:for t.he author rarely mentions a date whic.h is not com-
!Prised in a sentence. containing some kind of enigma, so
.. that :We can easily ascertain the correctness of a date; if
we ha-ve -reason to doubt the correctness or the numerals.
'The following are instances:-"When the boat of the
moon's crescent entered the stream of clouds (abr)''-oJ:
whicl1 the initial letter being alif, or one, the first day of
the month is signified. Again, ''When the computation
of the .month Ramazan had reached that stage, that the
periQd of the fast (ryam) bad departed, and the last
.bad not yet , is, that eleven days 9f the
had Me.aning, that by rejecting the first
and last lett'ers of syam, only ya remains, of whicl! the
.numerical value is eleven.
The Khazainu-1 . Fu tuh contains many Hindi words,
shewing how partial the author was to that language
with his Muhammacla,1 contemporaries. Thus
we have Kath-garh, pa.rdhan, basith, 'mar-a-mar, and
others. The work is . not written 'in chronological order,
but, as in the case of the Mughal invasion, the author
.bas grouped together the series of events which occurred
-over several y[:!ars' in one particular part of the empire.
1
Mir Khusm's .auhority is great as a narrator, for be was
not only contemporary with the events . which he describes, \'
1
The work is rme, and, being in prose, is not
taineil in the Kulyat or complete (poetical) works of the
author. The MS. wed is an 8vo. of 188 pages, 15 lines
to a page. [Thomas has a copy, and there is also
a cop-y at King's College. Cambridge; ]our. R.AiS. Vol.
II. p. 115, N.S.] ..
l.'
't'AIUKHl 'Al .. U
73
but was a paxticipator in m:my of them; and his uicnd,
the historian Zia Bami, appeals to him rrcquently !or
.:onfinnation of his own assertioms.

Tha Accessicm of Sullan din to the Thro11e
'Alau<l din Khilji, on the l9tll of "Rabi 'ulakllir, 695 a .
(Feb. 1295), left Kan'll Manlkpur, of which he was then
governor, on his expedition to Dcogir, and after taking
inuncnse booty from Ram Deo, the Rai or that country,
he returned to Karrn on the 28th of' Rajab of the same
year. , His acccs.iion to tle on the 16th of
'Jlrunazan, 695. u. Q'U!y, 1296), after murdering bis uncle
ana father-in-law, Sultan Jalahi-d din. His arrival at
Dchli, where he again mounted the rluone, on tbe 22nd.
of Zi-1 bijja of the sainc year. His l'ules, regulations,
justice', and libcmlity. Tile cheapness which prevailed
In his time.
Edifices Erected and Re(lo.ied by tlr Stdtar1
The Sultan determined upon adding to and completing
t.he Masjid-j Jami' of Shamsu-d din, "by building beyond
tile three old gates and courts a forth, with lofty pillars,"
"and upon the surface of the stones he cngnived verses of
t.hc Kuran in such a manner as could not be done oo.
wax; ascending $0 high that you would think the K.urah
was going up to heaven, and ag-.Un deaccnding, in anotlter
line, so low t.hat you would t.hink it was coming down
frOrp heaven. When the whole wo1'k was complete from
top to bottom, he built ot.her masjids in city,
strong that iE the and tbOU$and-eyed heltvo1Jt
were to fill, as they will. in the universe-quake; on ,the
day of resurrection, an arch of them wollld' not be
broken. He alsc repaired t.hc old masjids, of which tbe
walls were brokell or inclining or of which the roof and
domes had fallen." :
"[ Pup11rl!d by Sir Fl. /If. .Elliot.] _
74 AM.IM. I<HUSRIJ
"He then resolved to make a pair to the lofty minar
of the Jami' masjid, whicl1 minar was then the single
(celebrated) one of the time, and to raise it so high that
it could not be exceeded. He first directed that the area
of the square before the masjid should be increased, that
there might be ample 1-oom for the followers of Islam.''
"He ordered the circumference of the new minar. to
be made double that of the old one, and to make it
higher in the snmc proportion, and directed that a new
CMing and cupola should be added Lo the old 'one.''
Tl1e stones were dug out from the hilb, nod the temple&
of tbe infidels were demolisllc<l to furnish a supply.
The building of the new fort of Dchli, and the rcpaira.
of the old one. "It is a c-ondition that in a new build
log blood should be sprinkled; he therefore sacrilicect
tliousands of goat-bearded Mughals for the purpose.''
He alro repairs to be made to all the other
:lnd forts throughout the kingdom.
As the tank. of Shamsu-d din was occasionally 'dry,
'Alan-d din cleaned it out and repaired it, aml erected
dome in the middle of it.
Mughal JtlVllsiotl under Kadar
"The following is the account of tl1e victory wbicb the
champions of the triumphant army obtained, on the fint
occasion, during the reign of this Sanjar-like Sultan, may
God protect his $tand.ards I over the oldiers of the ac
cursed Kadar, in the land of Jarao Manjnr. when .. f.he
subtle (mushilwf) Tatar, acocmpanied by an army, like
\lfi avenging deluge, as presumptuous as ever from
the Judi mountain, and crossed the Diab, and Jelam,
and Sutlej.' and tho advancing wave of the hellitcs burnt
down all the villages' of tlae Khokhars in su.:h a way
This is the order obscrvecl in the Migina!.
Thl! wora is "talwara," a commol Mma jot a viliogll
i11 111!1")' parts of the Uppe .. l'anjab. The "tlllw11ndi" of
the Khokhars is 11 local word similarly flf>PIMcl,

TAJUUI-r 'At..AI
the flames extended as far s the suburds of the city, and
ruin hmled its ravages upon the houses. Such a wail-
ing :u:ose, that the sound reached his majesty the king
of kings.
"He despatched the late Ulugh Khan, the arm of the
empire, with the whole of the right wing (hand) af the
army, and the p<mcrful an.d the offictTs who
the support' of the state, ancl he named him for the
purpose of wielding the sword of holy war; 10 that,
making t hcmsClves ready with powet, they might go and
lay ll1cir bands upon . t\)c iJtfidcl." "T(1e K11an sped
as an arrow from .its bows ):ring, and made two-
mat'Cb:es in one until be reached the borders of J ara.n.
Manjur, the field of action, so that not more than a! bow-
shot remained between the two imnic.1. That was a date
on which it beCame clark when the day declined, becauJIC
it was towards the close of the month, aud the moon of
Rabi'ul akblr waned till it looked like a sickle above
the heavens to reap the Gabrs. Arrows and spears com
mingled together. Some Mughals were captured on
the 22nd of Rabi'ul akbir, in the year 695 H.
(Feb. 1296 A.D.). On this day the javclinhead of the
Khan of islam !ell on the heads of the inlidels, and the
standardbcarers of the holy war received orden to l1ind
their virtorious colours firmly on their backs; a.nd for
honour's sake they tumcil their faces towards the waters
of the Sutlej, and without the aid of boats they swam
oytii: the river, striking out their bands, like as oars.
a boat.''
'Iilie Mugbab were defeated, "though they were .in
num!Ser ants and locusts,'' wil.h a loss of
thousand 'men rctt :dead. on the plain. Many . 'to
Right, and''many were taken prisoners, "and the' iron
collars, which were desirous to be so employed,-' embrace(!.
-
"These words also llear ,espectively meaning of'
b<mes, tmdons, wrists,' the words itl' this being
inleJlded to bear som1l to the arm and hand.
'76
AMIRKHUSRU
them with all respect.'' On the.return of Khan to
,the King, he was received with many., th!l.nks and honours,
..and a festival was held in celebration of the event.
Invasion under ' A_li Beg, T<ttl:tak, and 1'urghi
. ' '
''When 'Ali Beg, Turtak, and Turghi ca:me with drawn
swords . ftom' the borders of Tltrkistan to the river Sind,
.and, after crossing the Jelam, tumed their faces in this
.direction, Turghi, who already . saw his head on the
spears of the champions of Islam, who, although he had
.an iron heart, dnrst not place it in the powcr of the
. . anvil-breaking warriors of GO<l, was at last slain by an
'lrrow, which penetrated his heart and passed through
-on tl1e other side.
"But Hurtak and 'Ali Beg. as they had never yet
.. <;:ome to this country, regarded the swords of the Musul-
mans)ls if were those;of mere preachers, .and rushed
:;({n ,Jmpe6.tously with fifty thousand horsemen,
.FJ-om the mere dread oE that army the: hills trembled,
.ancl the inhabitants of the foot of the hills were con-
.founde<L-all fled away before the fierce attack of those
wretches, and mshed to the fords of the Ganges. The
-ligb,tning of Mughal fury penetrated even to those parts,
.and smoke arose from the burning towns of Hindustan,
.and the people, flying from their flaming houses, threw
:themselves into the rivers and torrents. At last from
those desolated tracts news reached the court of the
.protector of the world, and a confidential officer, Malik
Akhir Beg, Mubasbara, was directed, at the head of a
powerful body of thirty thousand .horse, to use his best
-endeavours to attack th<" accursed .. enemy, and throw a
-mighty obstacle in their way.' ' He obtained victory over
-them on tl1e twelfth of Jumada-s sani A.H. 705. "In
short, immediately on discerning the dust of the artny
of Islam, the grovelling Mughals became like particles of
sand revolving above and below;" and they fl,ed pre-
,-cipitately "like a swann of gnats before a
''The enemy made one or two weak, attaclcs, but the
I
77
army of Ute second Alexander, which you mlgilt well
call an iron wall. did not even bc.nd before the foe, but
drove before them th0$C doers of U1c deeds of Gog.''
"Their frte<olourcd faces began to fall on the earth, and
in the rout, 'Ali Beg and Tu:rtak, the when
they saw destruction awaiting them, threw themselves
under the shade of the standard o( !slam, and exclaimed
that the of our >words hac,l cast Ike upon
them, that they could !,raUl no repose, until they had
arrived under the shadow of God."
".He who hilS 'bur11t by the heat of misfortune,
Letltlm seek: no 'rest savetinder the shddow of God."
"The t\el<i' of battle became iikc a chessboard, witlr
tfie pici:c.S maoufacuu-cd from the bones of the elephant:
bodied Mughals, and tbeiJ. faces (mkh) were divided in
two by the sword. The slaugbtt.:ed hoggish Mughals
lying righr and left. like so many captured pieces,
them wounded and some taken; thMc who, lik.c lhe
and were then tbrusl into the bag which holds the chc"'"
men. Tile hones which lil\ed the squares were some of
pawns, retreated, dismounted, and, advancing on.
foot, made themselves generals (queens). ' Ali Beg and.
Turcak, who were the two kings of the chC3Sboard, were.
falling before the fie1cc oppositioJ\ which shown by
the gaunt bones of Malik Akhir Beg, who chcckmaled
them both, and determined to send them immediaLcly
ro his majesty, that he -.:nig:!1t order either t11eir lives Lo
be spared, or that they should he pilmatcd, or trodden
to dcatb by elephants."
' ltwa.sio11 untkr Kapa11
'
'.
"Dust arose from the borders of the land of slna, arid
the inbabit:an'cs Re<t and threw away their property-like
leaves dispe'rsed by thc.'wiud in autumn; but as that 15lasl
of dcstructi<1n ' bad no power to raise the dust as far as
Kuhram and Samana, .it turned its face towards lhe
dese1ts of Nagar, and began to sweep away the: dwellers
of that country." The king despatched Malik Kafur
78 AMIR KHUSIW,
.against them, with orders to advance rapidly without
attracting observation. "The kindhcurtcd
:running up from the right and left, took Kapak
prisoner," sent him to the sublime court, and made all
J1is followers prisoners.
Invasion -under Mudbir, Mudabir 1'ai 1Ja.lwi
' ' Anothct army, namely, that of lkbal Mudbir and
Mudalinr Tai llalwl, followed close behind Kapak's,
thirsty for the blood of d1c Musulmans, but well filled
with t.hc l,llood of their owu uibcs. S11ddenly a
-o blood of the slaught.crcd infidels flowed tow:uds theut,"
.and t11ey had no place t<'> stand on. "Meanwhile, the
van of the army of blam advanced like doncls lllld rain
.ag-.. ln!t them, and .fell like a raging stol'lll on thos<:
.JW.uhiai?:S;'.' . Doth. these leaders were compelled to fly
.across ,the river or Sind. lkbal was taken priso.ner, with
many. oE liis- follo\Yers, and those who escaped lied
the north, apd "countless infidels were despatch
.ed to bell." A far man was issued by Sultan 'Alau<l clin
that the su,rviviug prisoners should be massacred, and
beaten up imo mortar for the fort
'They bung down f:rom rhe 'l'atari and Cb.ini forncss,
As Abyssinians with heads inverted hang from a new
building;'
And a bastion was formed from an hundred thou.sand of
.their beads."
of G"jarat, Son111at, Nahrwala, and Kambay
The Sultan despatched Uhtgb Khan to Mn'bar and
Gujarat foJ rhc destruction of the idoltcmplc o Somnat,
on the 20th of Jumadal awwal, 698 a (1300 A.D.) He
.destroyed all r.he idols aud temples of Somnat, "but se.nt
one idol, rlte biggest of aU clte idols, co the court of his
Codlike Majel!ty, an.d in that anCient stronghold of
idolatry the' summons to prayers was prouo\lnted so loud,
l'ARUU:I:I AJ..A.l 79
.that they heard ic b.t Misr and Madain." He
.oU.so the city of Nahnvala and the city of Khrunba.ib.'
.and other cities on that seash.otc. .
ihe Conquest of Rantam/Jhor and Jh.ain
The. king himself went to conduct the siege ot R.anb<m
bhor. :'The Sacurnian Hindus, who pretend to relation
with tluat planet, bad fox purposes of defence collected
lire in caclx ba8tiou. Every day the lire of those infernal$
fell on th.e light of tbc Mu.snluums, and as Lbc.re were no
means of extinguishing it they tUied bags with earth
.and prepared entrenchments. You might have said that
the se,w.ing up of'the .bags containing tl).e sand looked as
jf the jpng of the e>rrtl). was preparing to invest the
l<!rU'ess w:i Lh au c:artl1en robe of honour. When the . bank
of the ea1trcaichmem had reached the height of the
wcstCln bastion of the roro:ess, the Royal Westerns, shot
l:rrgc uartbeu b:tlls ag:>hll>r. that infidel fort, so that the
lcart o the Hindus began to quail." "Some newly
converted Musulmaus among the ill-starred Mugbals had
turned tlteir faces fr01u the sun of Islam! and joined
those Saturnians;" but they discharged thcir an'Qws in
.cftcct11ally against the party they bad desened. "The
arruy tcmai.ned encamped under that fort
from the motlth of R..ajab to Zil ka'da." Every day they
collected at the foot of their outwork or entrenchment,
and made vigorous attacks, rushing like salamanders
tbrough the lire wbid1 sun'Oundctl . them. "The stones
wlli.ch, shot from the catapults and balistas, within
:!-., -
[NJ,ir, Eg'Jpa, Madain, tM two citi4s, ''M6cca and
MedinaJ'] >'
'[Cambq,y.)' . .
A name applied to t!J.e calajntlts and similar .inslf'll'
mcrat.< of war from the West.
'The word "flashib''-!Wally ai>f>li
"a footstool, ot a mo"ntain, the' botCom of'
II /adder.'' .t1 /ittfe (OU!er , down, in the si4ge. of
WJJr(lngal, WI! find it 11 slope to a breach.
so
' AMIR l<.l:l.USRU
and witb.ouc the f.ort, encountered each OthCt' half way,
and emitted lightning. They fell upon the fort like
haibtones, a11d when the gnrison ate them, they became
cold and dead.'' "No provisions remained in the fott,
and famine prevailed to such an extent, . that a grain of
rice was purchased Cor two grains of gold.'' One night
the Rai lit a fire at the top of the hill, and threw his
wotnel'\ an!! .family into the flames, and r ushing on .the
with a few devoted adherents, they sacrificed their
lives in despair. "On the fortunate date of the Srd of
Zi-1 ka'da A.H. 100 Guly. !301 1\..o.), this strong fort was
taken by tl>e slnughtcr of the stinkiug Rai." Jbain w:c
also captured, "an it-on fort, an a1\ciCOL abode of idC>lall-)'
and a new city of the people o the faith arose.''
temple of Dahh Deo, and the temples of other gods, wctc
all razed to the ground.
Conquest of Malwa
"On the southc.l'll border of Hindustan, Rai Mablak Dco,
of Maliva, ru1d Koka, l1is ParCib;,n, who had under their
COllUDand a select body of thirty thousand cavalry, and.
infantry ,number, boasting of their large force,
had rnbbed their eyes with the antimony of pride, and,
uccordiog to the verse, 'When fate decrees the sight i.s
blinde-d,' bad forsaken tlte path of obedience. A select
army of royal boops was appointed, and suddenly feU on
those blind and bewildered men. Victory itself preceded
them, and had ber eyes fixed upon the road to see wben
tbc triumphant anny would arrive. Until the dust of
the army of Islam arose, the vision of their eyes was
closed. The blows of the sword then descended upon
them, their beads were cut ol!, and tbc earth was moisten-
eel with Hindu blood."
The accursed l<.oka, also, was slain, and his head
was sent to tbe Sultan. His conf1dential chamberlain,
'Ainu-1 Mulk, was appointed to the Government of
Malwa. and directed to expel Mahlak Deo from M:uuiu,
"and to cleanse that old Gabristan &om Jhe odour of
TARIKHI 'ALAI
81
inlidelity." A spy showed him a way secretly into the
fort, and he advan,ced upon Mahlak. Deo "before even
his household gods were aware of it.'' .The Rai was..
slain while attempting to fly. ' This event occurred on
Thursday, t;he 51;h. of Jumada-l awwal, A.:ti. 70.5
1
0
1305 A.D . ): 'Ainu'l Mulk. sent a chamberlain to
Sultan with a despatch this event. The
Sultan returned thanks to God for the victory, and
Mandu to the of 'Ainu-1 Mulk.
Cor1quest. of. Chito.r
On Moncb;y; t;he 8th Juinada-s sari.i,, A,H. 702, the loud
drum:s . '!he 'royal. .. in.arcn from Delili, under-
a t.o. capti;lte of . Chj tor. : . au t.h?,r
ict:ompani'ed the' expedition. The . fort was $>1).
Monday, the 'llt;h of Muharraxn, .A.:u. 7.03
A.D.). The Rai fled, but afterwards surrendered himself,
''and was secured against lightning of the scimetar.
The Hindus say that lightning falls wherever there is a
brazen vessel, and the face of the Rai had become as
yellow as one, through the effect of fear.''
After ordering a massacre of. thirty thousand Hindus,.
he bestowed the Government of C.:hitor upon his son,
Khizr Khan, and named _the place Khizrabad. He
bestowed on him a red canopy, a robe embroidered wit4
gold; and two standardS-one green, and the other black.
-an,d threw upon him rubies and emeralds; He then
returned towards Dehli. ''Praise be to God I that. ho
the massacre of all the chiefs of Hind out. the;
p1t le ' o _ by his infidel-smiting sword, that if iQ.
time il should by happen that a schisrp,atic
claim hi& right, the pure Sunnis would . swear ,in '"' tHe-
name of ' this Khaiifa of God, that
rights:'! ;::.-,. . .. "'' ,;:: .:
, 'I t
. . '
1 ; but either the date is wrong or tbe event is
taken out of chrmcilogica.l order.. Firishta it !.n
704 H.]
6
' .
82
AMJJI. KHlJSJI.ll
Cotlquest of Deogi.;
Rai Ram Deo, of Deogir, having swerved from hi& allcgi
ance, an expedition of thirty-thousand horse was fitted
out against him, and Malik .Naib Darbak" was appointed
to the command. "He accomplished with ease a march of
.three hu1ldred paras.1ngs over stones and hills, without
<irawing rei,n,'' "and arrived there on Saturday, the 19th
of R'!lllazan, A.H. 706 (March, 1307 A.D.). The son of Lhe
Rai fled at once, and most of the army of .the Hindus was
5cnt to hell by the spears and anows. Half o the rest
fled away, and the other half received quarter."
After the victoty, the general ordered chat the soldiets
>hould retain j.hc lxlot}' they bad acquired, with chc CX<cp-
tion of horses, elephant&, and crcasun:, which were ro be
reserved for the king. Tbc Rai wu takc,n prisoner >tnd
oent to the king, by whom he was detained for six months,
and then released with all honour, and a red umbrella
was ~ e s r o w e upon him. ~
- - .
Conquest of Siwa!Ul
On Wednesday, the JStb of Muham.m, A.ll. 708 Guly,
1!08 A.D.), .the king set out on his expedition against
Siwana, a fort situated on an eminence, OM bundre<l
parasangs from Debli, and s=unded by a forest occupi-
ed by wild men, who committed highway robberic'l!.
Sutal Deo, a Gabr, .at on the summit of the hill-fort,
like the Simu:rgb. upon Caucasus, and several thousand
.other Gabrs, were also present, like so many mountain
vultures.'' ''Tbe Western mangonels were placed under
the orders of Malik Ramalud din Garg (the wolf);
"For in slaying lions he excelled
As much as the wolf in killing sheep.''
Some of the ganison, in attempting to escape to the
jungles, w<:re piU'Sucd and killed. "On Tuesday, the
ll[Barbak or Barbeg, the officer who presentJ person.<
.at Courl.)
i
I
'
I
r
I
TARIKHI 'AI.Al 83
23rd of .Rabi'u-1 awwal, Sutal Deo, the Savage, was slain.
When the affair with those savages was brought to
completion, the great king left Malik Kamalu-d din
Garg, to. hunt ' the hogs of that desert,'' and he himself
returned to Dehli.
Conqttest of Tilang
On the 25th of Juni.ada-1 awwal., A.H. 709, Malik Naib
Kafur, the minister, was despatched on an expedition
to Tilang, and "accompanied. by .the royal red canopy.
thiough the kindness. of the Sun of Sultans, he departed
towards. sea and Ma'bar.'' "The army . marched
'by stage for nine days, when the lucky stat of the
cliicf of Wazirs, at a fortunate moment, arrived at
Mas'ui:l!mr, so called after the son of King Mas'ud.
There the army halted for two days, and, on the 6th
of the Jumad, he took his departure with all the
chiefs." The difficulties of the road described, through
hills and' ravines and forests. ''The obedient army went
through this inhospitable tnct, file after file, and regard-
ed this dreadful wilderness as the razor-bridge of hell.
" !11 six days the army crossed five rivers, the Juu,
the Cbambal, the Kunwari, the Niyas,
12
and Bahuji,
which were all crossed by fords, and. arrived at Sultan-
pur, commonly called Irijpur, where the army halted
four days.'' "After thirteen days, on the first of .the
month of Rajab, they anived at Khandhar; in such a
:;.. , the month .of God advanced to meet the army
of Here they . remained fou;rteen days. "At,
this fC?ttunate season, all the Imams, Maliks, the pious aiid
celebrated wsons in the army, assembled before t1:1-e royal
canop,y . arid' offered up prayers for the king. . .
"The,arriiy advanced, like a raging deluge,
.. ' ' <
12
[This mi1ne may also be read as Bambas. The
is .the Kuhari of the and the Niyas and
BtfJl'l!-ji must be the -r:ivers now .knqwn . as the Bind and
,
l .
84 AMIR KHUSRU
passed and water courses-n.ow . up, now
down. day it at a new river." "There
were means of crossing all the rivers, l>ut the Nerbadda
was such that you might say 'it was a remnant of the
universal deluge. As the miraculous power of the saintly
Sultan accompanied the army, all the whirlpools and
depths became of thciD$elves immediately dry on .the
arrival of . cp.e army, and the Musuhnans passed over with
in t,he space of eight days after crossing that
arrlvcq at Nilkanth.'' "As Nilkanth was on
"the bordets of Deogir, and included in the country of the
Rai Rayan, Ram Dco, the minister, acting under the
orders . of his Majesty, directed that it should be secured
against being plundered by the army, which was as destruc-
tive as ants a11d locusts. No one, therefore, was able to
carry off doors, et1closures, dwellings, and grain stores, or
t'O't ut <fo}VIii the crops. The dtums which sound-
. W.ie here . two days, while enquiries
. about th.e in advance, and on
the 26th of Rajah, the artny again moved forward."
The difficulties of the next sixteen marches desoibed .
. hiils, streains, ravines, and pathways ''narrower
than a guitat,sLTing." ''After crossing three plains and
hills with fortitu4e and detennination, they arrived at a
place Within the borders of Bijanagar, which was .pointed
out as conraining a diamond-mine." It was iti a Doab,
or Interatnnia, one river being the Yashar, the oiher the
Bamji. . ;
About this time, he arrived at the fort of Sarbar,
''which is considered among the provinces of Tilang."
Tf:le commander, without delay, ''gave orders that the
fort should be invested; from without the archers shot
arrows, from witl1in the Hindus exclaimed 'strike I strike I:
. (mar matr).> " when, in consequence of the
sr,ot . by th<? hol:!-ses in the fort began tQ>
burn, "Every one threw himself, with his wife aild -
upon the. fl.a1nes, and departect to hell.'' -w.hile :
the fire was yet bhizing, an . attack was on the fort,:
. I .
'
" ..
\ ....
TARlt<HI 'ALAI 85
.and those that escaped the flames, became the victims o
the sword. The N aib 'Al'zi 'rnamalik, by name Siraji
-din, when he saw that the moment of victory had arrived,
.called upon Ananir, the brother of the commander of the
fort, who had made his escape, to surrender the fort with
all its treasm:es. Tbe defenders who still survived fled
in terror;
On Saturday, the lOth of Sha'ban, the army marched
from that
11
in order that the pttre tree of Islam
might he planted and flourish in the soil of Tilang, and
the evil tree, which had struck its roots deep, might be
torn up by force."
On 1.4th 'of the month, they -arrived at Kunarpal,
Wbeti Malik Naib Barbak sent out a detaChment of a
thousa1ld men to seize some prisoners flom whom infoinl'a-
tion might be obtained. As the army had arrived near
Arang<ll, two chiefs were sent with forty mounted
archers to occupy "the hill of An Makinda, for from that
.all the edifices and g-ardens of Arangal can be seen."
Here he encamped a few dars afterwards.
'The wall of Arang-al was made of mud, but s9
strong that a spear of steel could not pierce it; and if a
ball from a western catapult were to strike against it, it
would rebound like a n.ut which children play with.''
"'At night Khwaja Nasirul Mulk Sirajud Daulai: distri
hu ted the troops to their several destinations, and selit
.every detaclunent to occupy its proper place, so that the:
_ be invested in 'every direction, and that his
might find shelter fiom the naphtha and fire of
1those Withiri. '"* >:--
. "\'Vhe'l).. the . canopy had been fixed al!o,u't'a
.n1.He 'hom the gate of A.rangal, the tents
together so closely that the head
.could

thein.'' '
1
To every titm!n;(tribe or
--division) .was allotted thousand and tivo:. hundred.
yards of land, and the. entire d:r:cuit .of. the wall was
twelve thousand an<i five hundred and fotty and six
were issued' th<tt . every man .
86 AMfR llAUSKU
behind his own tent a hath-gar, that is a wooden
defence. The trees were cut with axes . and felled, not-
'vithstanding their groans; and Lhe Hindus, who worship
trees, could not at that time come to the rescue of their
idols, so that every cursed uee which was in tbat capital
of idolatry was cut down to the roots; and clever carpen-
ters applied the sharp iron to tbe blocks, l!O that
a wooden fortress was dr.nvn around the army, of such
stability, that if lire had uincd from heaven tbeir camp
would ltave been unscathed."
A night attack W:ts made on rl.1c camp by three
rho\Lsand H.indll horse, under the com.mml(l of Jlau,nk
Dco, the chief (mulwtlrlam) of that country. It was un
successful, and "dte heads of the Itawats rolled on the
plain lllcc aocodilcs' eggs.'' r.hc whole party being slain,
taken prisoners. Frotu dte latter i t was learnt that
"in the tow)t of Drundhum, six pa1asangs from Tilang,
three pwerful elcphmus were kept.'' A thousand men,
Liifc!:er Karcii.h 'Beg, were detached to seize them, and they
weie brought into camp and eserved for the royal stables..
The Nnib Amir gave daily ot'ders to attack the cl.tiefs
of Laddar Deo, and he also ordeTed the "westcm stone
balls'' to be thr'!wn at the wall from every ditection "to
demoBsh it, and reduce it to powder.'' The ma.tljaniks
from without bad more cJEect than the al"''at!M from with
in; "the stones of the Musulmans all llew high, owing to
the power of the strong cable, but the balls of tbe Hindu&
were shot feebly, as from a Bl"hman's thread."
"When the stories and redoubts (sabat f> g(flrgaJ)
were completed, and had attained such a height that
garrison of the fort were placed suddenly on a lower
elevation" the ditch of the wall whicll was in front of
the army of Islam," nne! which was of very g:reat depth,
bad to 'be crossed. This was filled io the JnOutb with earth.
" One face of the fort, which was one hundred cubits in.
13
W c fi"d this kind of outtuork ct!.llrttcted by Cillltlgiz
Khat1, in hi.r siege of 1Jamia11.

1
AC.Al
87
Jengd1, Wll3 so battered down by heavy stones it no
longer covered the Hindus and afforded them
On another face also, the balls of the western engines
which were in the outwork had, by the breaches they had
made, opened several gates. AU those breaches were so
many gates of victory, which heaven bad opened for the
royal anny.
"A the earth whidl was b:utctcd down from the
waU filled up the ditch from t11c very bottorn to the middle
of the wall, and the walls o! the earthen fortress were
pounded into dust by the stones discharged at them, the
comman<!er was abQm to make a sloping ascent to the
so wide and open thatn hundred men could go on
it abreast. llut as it would have taken several days to
make this slope, and victory wus herself urgent that she
should be secured by rapid action, the wise minister sum
mooed his prudent Maliks to a collnci.l, and it was un
animou.sly determined that, before making an mcene to
the breach, an assault sltould be attempted."
On the night of the 11th of Ramazan, "the ministell
of exalted rank issued orders that in every division high
ladders, with other apparaus. shoulcl be kept in
the middle of the night, an.d whenever the drum should
beat to action every one should advance from his entrench
mcnt and carry the ladders towards the fort-
"Tb.at the work. of victory might be exalted seep by step."
During the attack. tbe catapults were buaily plied on
,both .sides. "If one ball from an engine without the walls
was discharged, it (ell as two balls within, but from tlJe
engines within, although two balls might be discharged at
a time, no .misfortune befell the proclaimers of unity'.
Pr.ise be' to God for his exaltation of the religion tlf
Muhammad 1 It is not to be doubted that stones are
worshiped by the Gabrs, but as stones did no sa-vice to
them, tliey only bore to heaven tlie futility ol ihat wonbip,
and at the same lime prostrated their devotees upon earth."
Three bastions of the oute1 .walls were taken and occu-
pied by the Murohnaru. '
AMIR
.OJJ Sunda)' the 13th, "a day dedicated to the suu,"
atuu.:k. was ccnewc<.l, and <.Ties ot
11
" huua huu," anU
"kltuUI. klntu.," the acclautation .of the tl'iumph u holy
"They took JU:c with them, and threw i[
,int9 tbc of retreat of the Gabrs, who wprsbippcd
fire." Uy .Wednesday, tbe wbole o the outer was
in possession 'of the Musuhimns. They then saw the i011er
which was built uf stone. "You might have
.s,;U.d .was the fort of Nai, in the is as much
lQst in n reed." When the anny .reached the iuJe'r
"ntch, tley Rwam nccrox it, and commenced a vigorous
.attack on one or the stone bastions, which so alarmed
RaJ Lnddar Dco tho.t be offered tenns ,,r capitulation. He
.desp;ttchcd conftdcntial messengers to offer a.n :mnual
payment of tribute, and sent n golden image of limsclf.
wi\b a golden chain round iL neck, in aclmowlcdgncut
9i. ' 'When the messengcnt< of the
q>:QJ.e the ted canopy, which i the honoured .bar
J)ingcr of victory l!Jld triumph, they rubbed their }tllow
faces on _the earth till rhc ground itself acquired tbcil
.colout, and they drew out their tongues in clocJucnt
.Hindui. more than a Hindi sword, and they deli
vcrc.tl Ulc message of Ute Rai." .
. "The idol-breaking Malik comprehended the gilding
<>f the Hinclus. and p:tld no regard to their glozing speech,
:and would not look towards that golden image;'' but be
(" part of the second Alexander'') orclel:ed bis o.fli.ccrs to
take the gold tl1at was brought and suspend
the !ort. He demanded, in reply. everything that
"An early e113tern use -of Hu.zxal huzw! 1'/u: .t11me
occur in t.he Mifltr.ht.-1 Futuh: "bihar /uwi
l<huzza khu:a dar t1illat1 lmru.ll ti hfl'f savi lmz.w.
lu= dl:r jaTutn 'buvad."
"The Hindi word basith i.r here used. It is one of
'lti!ose chosen by the author f(Yt' illustrlltion in his Ulell
ktlown vocabulary called "Khalik bari."-"raSt.tl f!lligiUlm
:bar jan basith ya.,. dust boli fa 'ith." .
TARIKH I ' ALAI 89
the Ra.i' s country_ produced, from "vegetables, mines; and
animals. On this condition the tort-taking Malik stretched
forth his right hand, and placed his sword in his scabbard,
an9, struck his open hand, by way of admonition, so
forcibly on the backs of the ba'Siths that. he made them.
bend .under the blow. They hastened to the fort, tremb '
ling- like quick-silver. The Rai was engaged all night in
.accumulating his treasures and wealth, and next mom
ing his officers returned with elephants, ucasurcs, and
hotscs, before the red canopy, which is the dawn of the
eastcm sun; and. the Malik, having summoned all the
chiefs of the army, sat down in a :PlliC!'! which was found
in J'ront of the exalted throne, and every other. officer
fo'und place in the assembly according to his' rarik. :The
. coronion pople and servants in a crowd: He
then sent for the basiths of the Rai, and directed them. to
place their faces on tbc g-round before the the
shadow of God; and the elephants were placed in front
of lhat assembly, to be exhibited for presentation.''
The- Malik 'took the cutirc! wealth of the Rai which
was ' brought, and threatened a general massao::e, if it .
!;hoil.ld be found that the Rai had reserved anyth.ing for
l1imself. An engagement w<\s then entered into that the
Rai should serid jizya annually i:o Dehli. The Malik. left
Arang<tl on the 16th of (March; 1310 A.D.) with
.all his booty, and ' ' a thousand camals groaned under die .
)\'eight of the treasure." He arrived at Delili' orr the llth
':a( M:uharram, A.H. no, and on, Tuesday, the. 24th, in an
o all the chiefs and nobles qn tlte .of
::Nasiratd the plunder was presented, and . the' MaH:k
. d I b . d . ' ' ' . ' J .... , .
u y onOl;Jre . ' . 7 :

1
'They raised a bJack pavilion on

1ike the in t:he navel of the; _:; :i'fJh;. :.m(i
kings ah'c1 . pfinces of .Arabia and their ..
stations aroti'n'd it, while . various other' c&:lebra(ed.
who had to .the cit:y of "pure intcn- .
tions to offer allegiance, al}d hop.oured! t}l,c dust. which
.adhered to theii- foreheads .when -' prdsttaHng
90 . .\MIR Kl-IUSRU
upon before his majesty." "You would
said that the people considered that day a
second 'Id, when the returni ng pilgrims, after travers-
ing many had arrived at the sacred dwelling of
the .king. The tommon people went roaming and
there was no one to prevenJ their enjoying that blessed
sight. They obtained the rewards resulting from pil-
grimage but a greater reward than that attending other
T ;as, that, on whatsoever person the fortunate
of thr. king fell, that person was a recipient of his
.. JPnclness ;.nd favour.''
The Co111qu.est of Ma' bar
"The tongue of the sword of the Khalifa of the time,
which is the tongue of the flame of Islam, has imparted
'iight to the entire darkness of Hilldustan by the illumi-
. nation of its guidance; and on one side an iron wall of
toyal :swardS has been raised before the infidel Magog-
"fike"Ta'tafS,':so that all that God-deserted tribe drew their
feet within skirts amongst the hills o Ghami, and
even their advance-arrows had not strength enough to
r each into Sind. On the other side so much dust arose
from the battered of Somnat that even the sea was
not able to lay it, and on the right hand and on the left
hand the army has conquered from sea to .sea, and several
capitals of the gods. of the Hindus, in which. Satanism has
prevailed since the time of the Jinns, have been demo-
lished. All these impurities of infidelity have been cleansed
by the Sultan's destruction of idol-temples, beginning
with his first holy expedition against Deogir, so that the:
flames of the light of the law illumine all these unholy
countries, and places for 'the criers to prayer are exalted on
l1igh, and prayers are read in mosques. God be praised t
":But the country of Ma'bm which is so distant from
the of Dehli that a man travelling with all expedition
could .only reach it after a journey of twelve mon.ihS..
t;he arrow of any holy watTior bad not. yet reacb..ed;
but this world-conquering king to carry
TARlKH"l I Al.Al 91,
army to that distant country, and spread the Ught of the
Muhammadan rcligiop there.'' Malik Naib Barbak was
appointed to cotumand the army for this expedition, and
a royal canopy was sent with .him. The Malik represented
that on the coast of Ma'bar were live hundred elephants,
l2xger than those which had been presented to the Sultan
from Araogal, and that when he was in the con
of that he bad thought of posses.sing llimselti
of them, :md that now, as the wise determination of the
king had combined the extirpation of idolaters with this
object, be was more than ever rejoiced to enter on_ this
gl'nud enterprise.
The army left Dehli on the 24th of Jumadal akbir,
A.FJ. 710 (Nov. ' 1310 A.o.) and aftel' marching by the bank
of the Jun (Jumnn) halted at T ankal for fourteen days.
While on th.e bank of the r iver at that place, the Diwan
of the 'Arix-i Mamalik took a muster of the army. Twenty
and one days the royal soldiers, like swift greyholmds,
rn;H:lc lengthened while chey were tu;ki og tb.e road
short, until they arrived at Kanhun; from that, in seven
teen more days, they nrrivcd at Gwganw. During these
seventeen days the Ghats were passed, and great heights
and depths were seen amongst tbe hills, where even the
ol.eph:mts became nearly invi.sible.'' ''And three large
rivers had to be crossed, which occasioned. the greatest
fei'IJ's io their passage. Two of them were equal to one
another, but neither of them cq uallcd the Ncrbadda.''
crossing those r ivers, hills, an.d many depths,.
the Rai of Tilang sen.t twenty-three powerful elephants.
' for the royal sel"Vice." "For the space of twenty days the:
victorious army remained at that place, for the purpose-
of l!<loding on tile elephants, and they took a .muster of
tbe men present and abl!<lnt, until the whole number was.
counted. And, according to the command of. the king,
they suspended lWords from the standard poles, in. order
'that the inhabilllnts ,of Ma' bar might be aware that the
day of had arrived amongst them; and thtt
.'92 ' Ar,:IIR KUUSRU
.aU "th.e bt1rnt
1 0
Hindus would' be despatched by .the sword
.to their brothers in hell, .so 'chat fire, the improper object
. . of their worship, might mete proper ' punishment to
.them."
. '-' The sea-resembling a<rmy moved swiftly, like a bur
.:deane, . tQ GhurganwP Everywhere the accursed tree,
-that produced no religion; was found and torn up by the
an,d. the people w.ho were destroyed were like trunks
along in . the torrent of .the Jihun, or like straw
up and down in a whirlwind, and carried forWard.
Wl1en they reached tbc Tawi (Tapti), they saw a river
Jike the sea. The army cmssed it by a ford quicker than
the hurricane they resembled, and afterwards employed
itself in. cutting down jungles and destroying gardens.''
''On Thursday, the 13.th of Ratriazan, the royal
-canopy cast its shadow on Deogir, ,which u.nder the aid
heaveu been by t,he angels, a.nd there
. : \. the. ::af:ttly to make all preparations for exti'rpat
.:'ing .. Billal i::>eo and. other Deos (demons). The Rai
Rayan, Ram Deo, who had heard safety to Satan pro-
.claimcd by the dreadful Muhammadap tymbals, consider-
-ed himself safe under the protection secured to him; and,
.true to his allegiance, {:orwarded with all his heart the
preparations necessary for the equipment of the army sent
.by. the. Court, so as to render it available for. tl:J.e extermina
.tiori Qf rebels. ;.md the destruction of the Bir. !and Dhur
'Samundar.".
18
The city was adorned in honour of the
occasion, and food and clothes plentifully supplied to the
Musulmans.
1
c["Sokhta." literally ''burnt," but also signifying con
;S?tmctl by trouble.] .
17
He1e speli with an h in the; first syllable.
1
R[Dwnra-samudm was. the capital of the
rajas, ancl Jlira Narasinha W'(lS the name of pri fj,ce . .
who was overthrown in this invaiion. See
Mackenzie Collection, Int. , p. Buchanan'.s
iii .. pp. 391, 474; Thomas) PrinsetJ's p. 26'7J
l'ARIKHI 'ALAI 93.
Dalwi, a Hindu, who. had been sent on to hold the.
gates of access to the Bir and Dhux Samundar, .was cirect
ed by the Rai Rayan to attend on the Musulma;n camp,
and "he was anxious to see the conquest of the whole of
Dhur Samundar by the fortunate devotees of the Ka'ba.
of religion.'' The Muhammadan army rertlained for three
and on the 17th departed "from the Imanabad.
Deogir to t_he Kharababad of Paras Deo Dalvi,l!J in f1vc
stages, in which three large rivers were crossed," Sini,
God<wari, and .Binhur,
211
and other frightful rivers; and
''after five days arrived at in the (ikta').
of Panis Deo Dirlv'i, who waS obedient to his exalted
Majesty, and that, by the {circe of the arms of the
victorious Muliammadan soldiers, Bir Dhui Bir
Pandya
2 1
might be reduced, together with the seas which
encircle them, into one cup.

Here he stayed to niake in<Iuirics respecting the coun
tries in advance, when he was informed that the two
Rais of Ma'bar, the eldest named. Bir Pandya, the youngest
Sundar Pandya,
26
who up to that time continued on
lfl Dalwi is perhaps me.ani. for atl inhabitant. of Tuluva,
the mod.enl Canara.

doubt the f>res(mt Sina and Bhima, btLt the posi-

ti911 of the Godavmi is transposed.
21
[1'his should signify Bit (Vira) the Raja of
. ;sarnui1a
1
and Vira the Raja. of Pandya; but the1e was
-:' a confttsion in the mind of the writer as
jJe-'FSons and places, as seen in this passage. In another
pltice h:'e .says , fort which is called Bir and -l:YJt!fi/rJ ,
Samunditr:'t : wass!Lf call$ the Pandya raja.
and 'f>Ull) 'On this name, . calling 1lim
showing t-hai :.ine -llid not know the real name.] . '
22
There is punning here wells (bir) and
lnir.kets (d.alvi), which is impossible to renaer English.
so . as t,o. make it comtrt.efl,e_?ifible.
23
See elsewhe1e.
.: .4.
94 AMIR KHUSRU
friendly terms, had advariced against each other with
hostile intentions, and that Billa! Deo, the Ral of Dhur
Samundar, on learning this fact, had for the
purpose of sacking their two empty cities, and plunder-
ing the merchants; but that, on hearing of the advance of
the Muharnmadan axmy, he had retun-ied .to his own
country. ' .
On Sunday, the 23rd, after holding a council of his
chief> officers, he took a select body of cavalry with hi m,
and- pressed on against Billal Deo, and on the 5th of
Shawwal reached .the fott of Dhur Samund,
24
after a
difficult march of twelve days over the hills and valleys,
and through thorny forests. .
''The fire-worshippi.ng'' Rai, when he lca:rnt that
''l1is idol temple was likely to be converted into a
mosque,' ' despatched Kisu MaL to ascertain the strength
.and,.,chGUmstances of the . -and he returned
. --alarming accqunts that the Rai next morning
despadied- Balak Deo Naik to the royal canopy, t()
rep1esent that ''your slave Billa! Deo is ready to swear
allegiance to the mighty emperor, like Laddar Dco and
Ram Deo, and whatever the Sulaiman of the time may
order, I am ready to obey. If you desire .Parses like
.demons, and elephants like afrits, and valuables like those
of Deogir, they are all present. If you wish to destroy
the fou:r walls this fort, they are, as' they stand, . no
obstacle. to your advance. The fort is the fort of the
king; take it." The commander replied that he was sent
with the object of . converting him to
or of making him a Zimmi, and subject to pay tax, or of
slaying him, if neither of these terms were assented to.
When the Rai received this reply, lie said he was ready to
give up all he possessed. except his sacred thread.
1
2
The au.thor spells. it both and .
"samund;'-here he makes it. rhyme with ku.nd and
tund; in another place he puns upon "samundar" IllS the
name of a salamander..
'fAR.lKllI 'AU.l
95
On Friday, 6th of Sbawwal, the Rai sent Balal:.
Deo . Naik, Narain Dco, and Jit Mal, with some other
basiths, to bow before rbc royal canopy, .and they were
accompanied by six elephants. Next day some horses
fol\owcd. On Sunday, "J3Hlal Deo, .Lhc sun worshipper,
seeing the splendour of the sword of Islnm ove hls head,
bowing down his bead, descended Tom his forn:est and
came before the shadow of the shadow of God; and,
trembling and hc-.utless, pn>sLratcd himself on the eartl>,
ancl rubbed t11e forehead of subjection on c.he ground.' '
He then returned to fetcb his treasures, and was engaged
all night in taking them ouc:. and next day brought them
before the roya\ canopy, and made them over to the
lJhg's.. b:easwer.
The collliDander remained twelve days in .that city,
"which is Iour month's distance from Dehli," and sent
the captu.t'ed elephants and horses to that capital.
On Wednesday, the 18tll of Shawwal, Lhc Malik "beat
his drums, and loaded his camels for his expedition to
Ma'bar, and after Ji.ve days arrived at the mountains
wh!ch divide, Ma'bar from Dhur Sa>nundar. In this range
there are. two pa&'les-ouc Sannali, and the other Tabar.
After traversing the passes, tbey arrived at night on the
banks of tile tiver Kanoba1i, and bivouacked on the sands.
Thence they- departed fot :Birdhul, and committed mas
sacre and devastation nil round it. The Rai llir showed
an intent o Jlyiug for security to his islands in the ocean,
but as lte was not to attempt this, Ws
counselled him to By by land. With a smal\ aip.ount of
treasure and property, he deserted the city, ana fled to
Kaodur, and even there he dare not remain, out. again
fled to the jungles.
Thither the Malik pursued "the yellowfaced :Sir,"
and at Kandur was joined by some Musulmans who had
been subjects of the Hindus, now no longer able to .ofler
tllem protection. They were half and not strict
.. The Rai i$ here frequen!l'J called Bir,
96 AMIR KHUSlW
in their religious observances, but "as .t.hey coul.d repeat
the kalima, the Malik of . Islam spared their lives.
Though they were worthl y of death, yet, as they were
Musulmans, they were .pardoned."
. Aftez: . z:eturning .to Birdhu1, he again pursued the
Raja to K.andur, and took. one hundred and eight
elephants, one of which was laden with jewels. The Rai
agaip e,scaped him, and he ordered a general massacre at
It was then ascertained that he had fled to
Jalkota; ''an old. city of. the ancestors of Bir:'' There .
the Malik closely pursued him, but he had again escaped
to the jungles, which the Malik found himself unable to
penctia.te, and he therefore returned to Kana:m, where
he searched for more elephants. Here he heard that in
Brahmastpuri there was a 'golden idol, round which many
elephants wer.e. stabled. The Malik started on a night
. W,is place, .and jn the morning seized
... .two :hundred and .fifty elephantS. He then
determined on razing the beautiful . temple to the ground,
-"You might say that it . was the Paradise of Shaddad,
which, after being lost, those hellites had found, and that
,it was the golden Lanka of Ram,"-"the roo was cover
ed with rubies and emeralds,'' -"in short, it was the holy
place of the Hindus, which the Malik dug up roin its
foundations with the greatest care," "and the heads of
the. Brahmans. and idolaters (lanced from their. neck.c; and
fell to :the ground at their feet,'' and blood flowed in
torrents. ''The stone idols called Ling Mahadeo, which
bad been a long time established' at that placc,-quibus,
nmlieres infidelium pudenda sua affricant,
2
1l-fhese, up to
this time, the kiCk. of the horse of Islam had not attempted
to break." The. Musulmat1s destroyed all. -the lirigs, Hand

to a practice, which it is unnecessary , to

partzcularize more closely, which is said to .be still .m:uch
Qbseroed amongst the Khattris, and which Hindus in
general repudiate, it at the same time to the
Saraogis. . . H ' '
TARJKf((I
1
ALAr
91
l)eo Nara.in fell down, aod the other gods who had fi.x.ed
tbeir seats there raised l.beir feet, and jumped so high,
that at one leap they reached the fort of Lanka, and in
that affright the lings themselves would have fled had
they had any legs to smnd on.", Much gold ana valuable
jewels fell into ,1)le ha1ids of the Musulmans, who return-
ed to the royal canopy, after executing their holy proj ect,.
on the lSth of Zi-1 ka'da, 710 H. (April, 1311 A.D.). They
destroyed all the temples at Birdhul, and placed the
plunder in the pul>li.c tre118ury.
Capture of Sotlthcm Matlu'a (Matlllra)
After five days, the royal moved from .S.itdhul on
Thurs!liy,.:'.,tfui 17tll of Zil l<.ti'd:i, and arrived at Kbam,
a.11ii 'dayil afterwaxds they arrived at the city Mathr.<
(Madilra), the dwcllingplacc of the brother o the Rid
Sundar Pandya. They [ound the city empty, for the
Rai had fted with the Ran;s, but had left two or three
elephants in the temple of Jagnar Qagganath)." The
elephantll were captured and the temple burnt.
When the Malik came to take a muster of his captur-
ed elepbams tbey extended over a length of three para-
S.1ngs, and amounted to live hundred and twelve, beside$
live thousand bornes, A.r:1bian and Syrian, and five hundred
mans of 1cwcls of every description-diamonds, pearls,
emeralds, and rubies.
Return to De!ILi
011 Sunda,y, tbe 4th of Zi-1 bijja, 710 !l. Malik Kafur, ac
gJ))p11i1J.ed py his army. returned towards Debli with ..alt

and arrived in on Monaay, the 4th.!!>f

. Sani, 711 H. Sulia.n , din. held
of the Golden Palace, and all
and on the rigbt and on tbc left,
to theiT ;rant Malik Naib Kafur with . the-
. wiio' hiJD. were io ,the
Sttltan, before whom the rich booty wu . exbib)ted. T he
$ultatl was much 'gratified, ' loaded . the' warriors with
honour, and the daTbhi' was russolved. .
7.
RAUZATU...S SAFA
OF
MIRKHOND
Tl1c full title of this work is RattzaltN Safa fi Siratul
Ambia wau-l M"lult wau-l Khttlafa, "The Carden of
Purity, containing the History of Prophets, Kings, and
Khalifs." It was composed by Mirkhond, or more cor
reedy Mir K.hawand, whose ttue name at length is
Muhammad bin Khawand Shah bin Mahmud. He was
born towards the close of tbe year 836 u., or the begin
ning of 837-A.n., 1433.
We gather some few particulars of him and of his
family from the account of llis patron, the minister, Ali
Shir, and of his son, Kbondamir. The father of Mirkhond
,vas Saiyid Burbanu-<lin Kbawand Shah, a native of
Mawaraun nahr, who traced his pedigree to Hasan, the
soil- of All. When his father died, K.hawand Shah was
yottng, and being compell ed by circulll$tances to abandon
his country, he fixed his residence in the town of Ballth,
where he indulged himself in the study of literature and
science, and after an intermediate residence at Hirat,
returned to Balkb, and died there.
Of Mirkhond himself very little is known. When he
was- only thirteen years of age he accompanied his father
on a political embassy, which was only entirely
unsuccessful, but tile negot1ators were unfortunately
pillaged by the Tu:rks and deprived of every thing they
took with them. On another occasion, he tells us, that
he was on a huo.ting expedition, when, for leaving his
.post to join in mid-day prayer, he was reprimanded by
wme of the :royal servants, and was so much at
.the reproaches and at the extortions to which he was
-exposed in consequence, that he fell ill and remained in
.a bad state for seven days. "Frightful dreams troubled
:him during the night, and before his departure the
.bumble author of this history took God to witness, and
'
99
vowed tht on no acroum would he ever be induced to
join another ltwlting expcd4ion."
'rhese hick.le&$ adventures seemed 10 have
him .towards ali active and public life, and be devoted
himself early to literature. His son tells us that
Mirlchond having employed his early life in acquiring all
that was attainable in Eastern science, in which he .roon
outlluippcd all his contemporaries, he applied himself
with equal assiduity and success to the study of history.
"Through the seductions of a corvivial disposition. how
ever, and too uoreatrahted an intercourse with the vowies
of pleasu.re, it oocwTed .1:6 hinl w engage in the
labours o( composition, . until, by the goodness . of l'ro
deuce and the iofiuence of his bener destiny, he. found
means to be introduced to the e.x.ccllcnt 'Ali Shir, frc:im
wb.om he immccliatcly c.xpcricnccd every mark of kind
ocss and cncouragC.Illent." He assigned 10 Mirkhond
>partments in the Khankab Akblasia, a building erected
by him to serve as a retreat and asylutn to men of merit
clistinguishcd by their auainmems; and cheered him
with intellectual converse when exhausted with the labours
of composition.
'Ali Shir himself, in the biograpltical article which
l>c devotes to Mirkhond, vaunts in pompous terrru the
distingnishcd of the historian, and greatly ap
plauds himself for having by his counsels and urgent
remonstrances overcome the modesty of this honourable
man, and for having thus contributed to enrich Persian
literature with production w remarkable as the Rau.tlli!N
Saja. '
A gt'tat portion of this work was composed on a'bed
of sickness, and the author bas given an-account
of the painful circumstances under which he was
led to write. lt is forttmate that writing was found
:rather to rcHeve than aggravate his disea_sc;. "1 wrote all,
chapter by chapter, lying on my right side; and because of
the violent pains 1 felt in my loins, I was not able
write a single page sitting Clever physicians
100 MIRKHOND
assured me that thiq oCcupation would relieve me of the
malady, or at least prevent .its becoming worse. If on any
1 bnppened to neglect my mual labour, and wished
to abandon myself to rcposp,. L had troublcsoll1 dreams,
wo'ke up in affright, or an excessive heat came ovc.r me
whillh prevented my sleeping. If, on the contrary, I set
myself to write as usual, t had.a, good sleep and agreeable
dreums.'' I - .. - ..
." For whole twelvemonth before his he gave
hiroself up eodrcly to religious duties, while his malady
increased upon bim every day, an(l after a lingering illness
he expired in the mouth Zil ka'da, 903, corresponding
with June, 1498- aged sixtysix years.
There is no Oriental work that st:u1ds higher in
public estimation than the )lQJUzatus Safa. The author
has availed birnll.cl o no less than nineteen Arabic anq
twentytwo. l!enianc.histories, besides ot,bers which he oc-
c:<rlonall!y'' His w'ork. 'forms : the basis of many
oth& and the -greater portion of Haji
lfhaHa's-History muy be considered to be founded upon
it. I t must be confessed, however, that the Ra14zat1t-s
6afa. is very uneq\1al in its execution. some portions being
com:posed in great detail, and others m,orc compeodiously.
It s moit copious in what concerns the kings of Persi:..
" I ,
CON'l'l!N"''S
the study o'f History in. general, and
its eopccially to Rulon.
Book 1.-C.ivcs ,an account of tlle Creation of the
World, and of the Deluge; details tl1c lives of the Pat
riarcl\s aod Prophets; and comains the ancient History of
P,el'Sia, to the conquest of thnt country by the Muham-
madans A.f>. the Life of Alexander, and severn!
Grecian l'hilosopl')cl-s-::SS9 pages:
Book the: History nf. Muhanuoad and tll!'
. ; , IQ111!Jemore has give some. of Mirkhcm/l and
of son K/IOndamir in the ]ouma( des SaTJO.nL.t.
RAUU'I'US S.AFA 101
four Jirst KJaalifs, Abu. Bak.r,' .'Umar, 'Us)llan and 'Ali,
with a par.cicular acc0unt .of.their conquests to A.D. 664.--:-:-
.368 pages. .
Book Ill.-.C0nt.ains the lives of the twelve
This sectiom. con'iliprises also the History of the U:.IJl
mayidc and :Abbaside Khalifs.-232 pages. . , .
Dook IV .-Includes Memohs of Dynasties of
Tahirides, Saffarides, Samanides, Buwaihides, Saljuk.ides,
Ghaznivides, Ghorians, Atabaks, etc., who reigned over
Persia, Transoxiana, . 'lrak, etc., from about .d1e year 300
to 1263 '} -...,., . , . . .
, Bo0k. Y ........ _of tQ$! coD:-
.queror Changiz Khl\n, : wb.Q- was born A.D.. liM) and
at the. age of. 73; also Memoirs of his descendantll; wll9.
reigned over Iran. and Turan till A.D. 1335.-pages ..
. Book VL-Exhibits the History of Timnr; al110 of his
sons and successors to the year 1426.-pagcs 408.
Book. VII.-In this section are pteserved the Memoirs
of Sultan. Husain Mirza Abu-1 Ghazi Bahadur, fourth in
descent from Timur, who reigned with great . repute over
Klmrasan for lhirtyfour years, and died A.D.
pages 166. .
Condusion.-Contains a description of the city 9f
Hirat (then the capital of Khurasan), and of scveral other
places of that kingdom.-pages 75.
Size.-Folio, 2 vols., .containing. respectively 939 and
.1195 pages, of 29 lines each. . ,
. :. ,. . This accords with tbe Table of Contents given by tlle
.auth'ot himself, and copied by Ste\vart in his "Ca-tat,0gue ..
of Tippu Sultan's Library," .but differs from
.Catalogue of the MSS. oLErpenius, at page 2tl
Appendix tti . Hottingeri . Pmmptuarium. . . .
A very' full list of. .Contents will be fou.ild iu.- the
Vienna ]ah-rbucher, Nos. ' lxix. ruid lxx .. ; :Aii!Jzeige:Blatt,
where the RubriCs of the eiltire work ate given. Baron
Hammcr-'Purgstall has also detailed accoun.t of
.contents in Hamdschrijteri HanimerP,urgstalls;' Wien, 1840:
. M. in his . elaborate 'article 'in the ninth
102 MIR.KHONO
volume of Notices et Ex traits' des MSS. obser:ves tl:iat
additions were subsequently made to the seventh book by
the author's son, Khondamir, because the author died
A.H. 903, and events are .. recorded in it of A.R. 9IIl. He
consequently disposed , to. ascribe whole book to
another hand. Major 'concurs in this . opinion,
2
but Sir W. is of opinion that Mirkhond Wrote
at least the .part of that book. His sdn Khondamir
distinctly observes, that. of his father's work the seventh
'bd<lk: remaine(l incomplete for want of materials, or, as
has been . suggested, more probably through the delicacy
of engaging in a narrative of the passing events of the
reign of Abu -1 Ghazi. This omission he pledge<l himself
at a future period to supply, should the requisite materials
be procurable, and heaven be propitious to his hopes. This
he accordingly did, and the seventh book is composed of:
extracts takcm from the Habiqu-s Siyar> and .contains the
bt6gtaphy: of : Mirkhond. The preface leaves .. it very
doubtful whether any portion of seventh book was
written b:y Mirkhond, for the names of both father and
son occur in it in a very strange combination.
The Conclusion; or Geographical Appendix, is more
rarely to be found than the other portions. In this also
there are several interpolations by K:hondamir. -:fhere is-
an excellent copy of it in . the Asiatic Society's Library.
The entire text of Mirkhond's .history was published
in lithography at Bombay in the year .l848, and the first
part of a Turkish translation was issued at Constantinople
in 1842.
We have no entire translation o this .work, but at
different times, and in different languages, several por
tions of the History. have . been made available to the
European reader." The early volumes of the Modern
Universal History derive the history of Persia from the
2
"Ret?ospect of Mah. Hist./' vol. iii., p. 656.
8
":Travels/' ii.> p. 397.
4
Vide ''Ancient Universal History/' iv., pp. 248, 288.
RAOZATUS SAFA
Raw:atus Safa,......a portion of the work whiCh has been
attributed by some co De. Hunt, by others to George
Psalmanazar.> It is alluded to in the Dictionnll!ire
Historique of Morcri, under the name of Tcrrik Mirkon.
Major Price bas u&ed the .Rauzatu$ Safa more copibu$-
ly than any other work. in his Retrospect of Mahommedan
History, and in his History of Arabia. The auootance of
a great portion of the history has been presented by Pedro
Texc.ica, a learned Portnguc&e, in his .Relacion 1M los
Reyes dtt Persia, ancl more in a French work,
e'nt.irled Les .Etats, Empires; .et . Principautes du Monde,
Pads, 1662: .. A tranilaLion .. was published at Paris sub
SC<J_uently by Cotolcndi, in 1681, whicl\ is cllaracterized in
the Biographie Univmelle as :assez mauvaise." It was
rmnslatccl into ltalian by Alfonso Lasor, and into English
by Captain J. Stevens, in 1715.
The following is a list of the publications drawn
from this history:
Histori01 prioruw regum Persarum, post fmnaturn in
regno lslamismum Pers. et Lat. cum notis geographicis
li tterariis. Auct. M. Jeniscb. Vienna:, 1782.
Memoires sur diverscs antlquites de la Persc, ct sur
les mcdaillcs des rois de la dynastic des Sasoanides, suivi.s
de l'histoire de celte dynastic, . trad. du pcnan de
Mirchond. Silvestre de Sacy. Paris, 1793.
Historia Sama.nidarum, Pers. et Lat. F. Wilken.
Gottingen. 1808.
Notice de l'histoire unlvcrsclle de Mirdtond, suiyie
de l'histoirc de Ia dynastic des Ismaelic.ns de Pcrsc"cJ<ttalt
du meme ouvrage, en persan et en francais, par M. A.
Jourdain. Paris, 1812.
'Dr. Hunt's 1J{)rtion rQoula seem to be /.he "A.rabic
rather than the Persian. Both do con.riderable credit to
/he wmk, and shame tr1any more modern competitors.
In the Arab portion Khondamir is more quoted tflan
Mi?-lthoml. and Ptrllaps at secondhatld from D'Hcrbelot.
l01
MJJtXHONP
Mirchontli historia Tabcridarum, Pel'S, et Lat. E.
Minschcrlich. Cottingel,}, 1814; Berlin, 1819.
Mircbondi hisLOria GlturidllJ:wn, regin:, Persia:,
lndia::que at.quc imperatorum :rawia:,
Pers. et Lat., ed. et annotavit Dr. E. Mitscberlich.
Frankfort, 1818.
The Pesbdadiaos ancl Early Kings 'of Persia, with
!he Introducticm. David Shea. London, 1882.
- Historla Gbasnavidarum, Pers. ct Lat., annota
.ttonibus historicis illustravit. F. Wilken. Berlin, 1832.
Geschichtc der Sulranc aus dcm Gescblechte Buje/1,
Pers. \tnd Dcut!lch. 11. Wilken. 13erlin, 1835.
Erlautcnmg und Erg'dD?;ung cinigcr Stcllen dcr von
Mircbond verfassten Geschichte des Stamme. IJuweih
durch von Erdtnann. K:ua'n, 1836.
Hin
0
ria Seldschulddarum
1
Penice. Dr. J. A. Vullers.
Gicw:n, 18!\7. . .
'"- Hi!toria Scldsehukidarani, translated into Get:maJ1.
Vnllers. Cicsscn, 1888.
Vic de Djenghiz Khan, Texte Persan. M. Am.
'aubert. Paris; 1,841.
Histoire des Sultans .Khareuu, Texte. Defr:emery.

Hi$toire des Saroanides, Tcxte et Traduction.
Ddrcmery. Paris, !81-5.
Hi&tory of the Atabcks of Syria and Persia from
Mirl\hond. H. Morley. London, 1850.
1-Iistoire des Soultans Ghourides, Texte et Trad.
De.&emcry. Paris, 1848. Oounial Asiatique.)
Stu' le Kiptd1ak et les Ch.Uwanchahs. Journal Asia
tique, iv. selie, tome xvli.
Besides these, some will be found in the
No!icc.r ct Ji.xtro.ils, vol. vii., 1799. by Langles; in Wilken's
Auctal'ium a<l Clm:stomat/!it.,ll, Leipsic, 1805; in the Ap
pendix to Stewart's "Catalogue; " io E;ctraits des MSS.;
in Sttr les Russes, by HammerPurgstall, St.
Petersburg, J825; in Dorn's HiJtory of the Afghans,
1(15
London, 182!); and in the Mm. de !'Acad. Imp. de St.
tome iii., by M. Charmoy.
The names of the 'numerous authors used hy
Mirkbond in tbe compilation of his history, ue not given
by him, but two are named in the Habiln-s Siya,r nd
Firisbta. One of them is the famous Abu Rihan al
lliruni. Bliggll (Firishta, 1., ll3) has mongely
tlle name, transcribing it as Anvury Khan, but the
Persian original, )lthog111phed at Bombay, gives it
corrcttly. "
. 'il:'hcre are sevet'al 1,)1anuscripts or the Rau:atu-s Safu
in India sud in E11rop,e, bl}t few arc pcrfuct. M. Jout
ill!in, i r1 bjs article i11 tome jx. of Notices t des
MSS., quptes no Jess than eight diJFcrent topics; and
prefaces to the several mtnslations nociccd above give an
account of several valuable MSS. which contain [><>:rtions
of rhe Rau.wttN Sa{ a in the different Uhraries oE
Tltc 011e lithogl-apbed at Bombay in 1848, in two folio
volumes, the most perfect copy known to me. It
-comains the Seventh Book and the Tbc
txccution of so laborious and expensive an undertaking.
reflects great credit on we Indian Press of .13ombay, hut
it is to be regretted that tl1c work was not critically edited,
witll uvtices of tile varianL,.
comjlalc Silvestre de Sacy. mcm. sl'r div. Antiq., etc,;
Wilkctl, ltiSiit. at! fund. li11g. Pets.; Clwestomath. Notices
fl .8xtr. des MSS., tom. v., pp. 192-229, ;,,, pp. 117-274;
Price, Retrosp. of Mahom. History, vol. iv., p. 656;, [oum,
-cl. Savants, 1837, pp. 7'19- 729, 1843, pp. 170--:;185 4!.14
885-403, 1845, p. 383, 1837, pp, 162-18Q; wien ]Qhr;
bucher, No. lxxvi. p. 227; Nouv. ]. As., Tom. :.i., pp.
179-182; .f. Asiatiqm, 4th series, tom. iii. pp. 258-291;
Ftmd.grubetl d.. 0- vol. iii., p. 330, vi., 269; As. ]ounal,
vol. xxvi., pp. 228--;-237; Cosi.,.i, Bib/. Arab, flist., vol. ii.,
p. 68; Gesch. d. Gold. Horde, p. xxiv,; Haji Khalfa, tom.
iii., liOl, vi., 548.
106
loUllKKONO
&XTRACTS
Death of Mao/lrnlld
Sultan a l ~ m u d was ill for two years. Opinions dllfer as
to his disease: : l!(>me say it wa:s consumption, others a
disease of Lbe -rectum, and others dysentery. During Lbe
time of his Illness be used to tide and wall<. about as be
did when in heal.th, although the physicians forbad his
doing so.
It is said that two days before his death be ordered
aU the bags of gold and silver coins which were in his
treasury, and all the jewels, and all the valuables which
be had collected dUting the days of his sovereignty, to be
brought into his presence. They were accordingly all
laid out in the courty.u-d of his palace, tv.bich, in the
eyes of the spectaton, appeared like a garden full of
nower{ of red, yellow, violet, and other colour.;. He look.
ed nt them with sorrow, and wept vc.ry bitterly. Alter
shedding many tears, he ordered them to be taken back
to the treasury, and be did not give a farthing to any
deservi.ng man, notwithstanding he knew that in a day 01
two he must depart from this world. When the compiler
of this book read this account in history, he was much
disgD$ted with this victorious king, and has never since
been able to listen to any excuse for him. It is for lhe
same rcasOtl that he has oc-casionally made n.cntiott of this
glorious king in the course of his narrative simply hy the
name of Mahmu<l. When the !dog had .<e<:n l'hc vruual>lc
contents oE his treasury, he sat in a litter antl wcnl out 10
the field. There he 1-cvicwcd toll his pc1-sonnl 5lavcs, l1is
cattle, Arab horses, camels, etc., and aftct casting his eye
upon them, and aying with great sorrow und regret, be
retumed to his palace.
Abu-! Hasan 'Ali Maimnndi says that one day Sultan
Maltmud, having asked Abu Tahir Saroani what quantity
of precious stones the Samani:m king>< had collected in
their tremury, he was told, in reply, that Amir Kazi Nub
RAUZATUS SAPA 107
bil\ Mansur po$$essed seven ratls' in. weight. On this
he placed hia face on the earth, and s:lid, "Thanks be to
God, who hath bC3towed on me rnore than a hundred
ralLt.''
Abu Bakr 'Ali, son of Hasan, cle.rk of Muhammad
bin Mahrnud bin Subuktigin, relates that Sultan Mahmud
departed from this perishable world to the eternal abode
on Thursday, the 23rd of Rabi'ul al<hir, A.rr. 121, in the
sixty-third year of his age. Even duri.ng his illness he
sat upon the throne and gave audience to the people. His
remains were buried in the palace of Firoza, aL Ghaznin,
in a dark night, . when rain. was falling. He was 'liery
bigoted in religion. Many- authors have dedicated their
works P> him. He undcnook repeated expeditions
a brief account of whicb we have given il)'
these pages. It was a gl'eat blemish on his characc.cr t.but
he exceedingly covetous in seizing the riches of
'"caltby people. Ou one oocasion it was reported to i:;im
that a person in Naishapur was possessed of immense
riches, so he called the man to and told him
thac he had learnt that he was an infidel Karmatian.
The man rcpljed he was not, but LIJat the Alrnighty had
bestowed much wealth of Lhis world upon him, and be
would rather that the JJng should take it all from hiln
than stain his character by that name. The Sultan tool:.
his property, :md ordered a royal certificate to be given
of his orthodoxy.
lt is said that one day, as Sultan Mahmud was sit
in his palae<l, his eye suddenly fell on a reckle.s
fellow, who had a pair of fowls in his hand. Secing t.hat
the Sultan was looking at him, he made a signal. The
Sultan disregarded it, but asked h.imself what he" could
mean by it. The next time Mahrnud looked at him he
made the same signal ag.Un, and the king ;rg.Un over-
looked it; but on the third signal he called him into his
presence, and askecl him who be was, and what he was
1
A potmd 1'roy.
lOS MJRKIJOND
Lloilg with the pair of fowl11. The man aJIJiwcrtd, "1 aJU
a g-amester; tO day l gambled in my OWl) a.nd !he
name, and have won two pairs fowls, so I have b)ought
one pair for His Majesty." The Sultan ordered the
fowls to be received from him. The day the man
came again, and another. pair.. The Sl!ltau. ask.ed
hilllliClf . what tjle; fellow e<>llld mean by sucjl. par.mership.
The. tllhd dar the mao came. in tle 8alDC man.ner; but
OA t bll be came enptyhauded, and stood loolqug
. very SOl'rowfuJ under the king's window. 'The Sui t.an,
baving looked at hiru, knew that some misfortune had
bc(alleJt his parmcr, because the signs of dlstres:; were
visible in his face. He called him, and him dlc
reason of his grief. The tlmiJ replied, "1 played todu y
irJ partnership with lbe king and have lost one thousand
dirQms." The Sultan smiled, and ordered ftve hundred
1
dirat'lf to be given to him . but added
1
" Do not mak.e me
in future unless I :un present," Many
sto.ties and anecdotes are told of this king, but they arc
not worth rclaliog io an ' historical work.
Deposit.ion of Mas'ud
Mas'ud haviug reached Gbami in a stale of great
and embarrassment, certain of
chief offic;Cr.$ of the Slllte, and put $ome of them .to death,
w1der the suspicion of their having misconducted them
selves in the Will' wi.lh the Saljulds. He then despatched
towards .Ualkh his son, named Maudud, at the head of
a dctadlmcnt of h is army, nccomp:mied by Watir AIJLL
Nasr Aluoad, sou of Muhanunad, son o 'Abdus Samad,
while be himself, altctldcd by his brother Muhammad
Mnkllul! and the sons of !he latter, named Ahruad
'Abdur Rahma11 and ' Abdur Rahim, as well as by all
his proceeded to 1Hnduston wilh a view to pass
"Makhul mea11s "deprived of Iris eyesight," for
had l!lin<lct! /Jy order of Mm'll<l .-TIIc 011ly mean.
ing ruhich Richat<lson gives to this wmd is " Anointed
RAUZA'fUS SAFA
109
the cold there. In the spring be assembled a \'cry
large an:ny, and m:u'Ched towards Khurasan for the pur-
P'"C of expelling the Saljukis. After Sultan Mas'ud had
crossed the Indus, the royal treasure, which was in the.
on the other side o the river, was plundered by
Nolhtigin and the household troops of; the Sultan, who
afterwards waited upon Muhammad Makhul, and
aluted Wm as Utcir sovereign.
On his refusing to comply with their request to-
ascend the throne, they aid that they had rebelled with
a view to the advancement of his interests, and they
tbreacenedL:utbe same time, that in the' event of his non-
compliance, 'they would put him to death, nnd enter into
n understanding with oome otlter chief. Muhammadl
Makhul was thus compelled tO agree to their
and crossing tbe river with him, they fought a battle-
against Mas'ud. The army of Mas'ud, which was very
sroaJl, was defeated, and he wu compelled to take sbeltet
in a neighbouring sarai. He was at length taken
prisoner, and brought into the presence of bis bi'Othcr,
who assured him that lte had no intcnelon to take his
life, and desired him to name any place which he might
select to reside in with his family.
Mas'ud chose the Fott of K.iri, to wla.icli place
Muhammad senr him and all hb family, and set a guard:
over them.
It-is said that when Mas'ud was about to set out for
that fort, he begged of Muhammad a certain sum to meet
his. ;e'iqlemc. Tbc parsimoniou.\
10
Muhammad sent 1lli
only 590 .dirarns, on the receipt of which Mas'ud wept;,
and exclaimed. . "Yesterday I command
thousand loads of. treasure. but today 1 have nota
r .
,oitll co(!yrium." [Both meaning.< are right, for the
miklral, or bodl!-in used to apply collyrium, isthe instru
mcnt .employcti irt tle.<troyint: the
sec, note, TID I. ii., f' 273 (Original _Ed.) .
>OWilken tran.slo.tes "mera ex negllgmta."
110
MJRKROND
diram which I can call my own." Upon this, the bearer
of the 500 dirams gave to Mas'ud 1,000 dit1ars out of his
own pdvatc resources. This Hberal aet led to .die pros
pcdty of the donor, who met with his reward in the reign
of Maudud, son of Mas' ud.
As Muhammad had been deprived of the blessing of
sigllt, he left the adminlstraUon of (he country to his son
Ahmad, and reietved for himself mere\ y t4e name o4i
king.'
1
Ahmad, wllose mind was somewhat deranged, In
toncett with the son of Yusuf Subuktigin, and' with Pie
son of 'Ali Khcshawand, went to the fort of Kiri, and,
without the consent of Muhammad, put Mas'ud to death,
which circumstance afl!icted Muhammad very much.
Somu say that Ahmad instigated his father to procure tbo
death of MM'ttd.
Mas' ud reigned nine yea1'S and eleven montJ.i.s. He
was brave, affable, generous, and fond of the company of
the learned, whom he placed under manifold obligations
ro him; on which account many authors dedicated tbdr
work$ to him. He was very profuse in his charity. A
story is told of him tbat on one occasion, during the
Ramazan f11St, he directed that a million dirams should be
distributed among the de4erving. During his Teign so
many colleges, mosques, and otber religious edifices were
built in vuious parts of his dominions, that it is impos
sible to enumerate them. After Mas'ud was killed.
Muhammad Makhul wrote to Maudud, son of Mas'ud,
naming the persons who had slain Mas'ud, in retalia-
tion for blood spilt by him, and dcclaTing that he himself
bad taken no part in the murder. Maudud answered to
tb.e effect that he hoped God would give the king's mad
son sense to live better in future, fo1 he had engaged in
great m a t t ~ r s and had sbed royal blood. The Jting, too,
11
Wil!ten translates "neque regim di(S11itatis nomen
retinl'it." He reads pesh instead of besh, which latter
reading is shoum to be correct by the word tiya"da, in his
MS. marMd D.

\
RAU?.Al'U-S SABA lll
had called him Chief of Princes and King11; but vengeance
would won fall upon him. A{rev the murder of Ma5
1
1ld
the couptry went to decay, and neither soldiers nor
people had any confidence in Muha!UliUld or his sons.
All the property and possessions of the people of
which is a wide and extensive province, went to ruin.
In that country slaves were then sold at one; diram
an.d one man of wine realized the same price, and there
were more purchasers for the wine th;1.n for the slaves.
XXJI
Victory of Maudud
When the news of the murder of Mas'ud reached hjs son
Mal.\dud, he set from the vicinity of Balllh
Ghaml. MuhallllXllld also came .10 the confines of Ghazni
from th.e ne.igbhourltood of the Indus. There they met
in battle, and Mnudud gained the victory. Muhammad
himself, 'ith his two sons, Noshtigin Balkhi who bad
been the prime mover in the conspiracy, and the son of
'Ali Kh'eshawaud, all fell into the hands of Maudud, and
al.l were put to death: no one found except
' Abdu-r Rahim, son of Mubanunad. The reason why he
was spared was this: When Mas'ud was kept a prisoner,
his nephews, 'Abdur lhhman and Abdu-r Rilhim, went
to see Wrn. 'J;'he former snatched the cap from the head
o! Mas'ud, but 'Ahdu-,- Rahim took it from the hands of
his brother and replaced it on the head of his uncle, at
the sam.e time reproving and condemning his brother'
cOtJ,duct. This graceful act saved him from death, while
i\Bdur Rahman threw himself with the others into the
aby$s of destruction.
.
K.HULASATUL A.KHB.Alt
OF
KHONDAMIR
This work may be considered an abddgmcnt of dte
:Rtz1J%tltu..s Safa. lt was wriLten by MiTkhond's son, Khon-
damir, whose full name is Chiyasu-d dln Muhammad bin
Hwna:mud aih.
1
Kbondaruir was born at Hint, about the year 880
H. (A.D. 1475), for be states i.n the Pref:ace to the HabibtN
Siyar, that ,.hen he commenced it in the year 927 tt., he
had advanced through seven or eiglll stages bcyoufl tbe
fortieth year of his life.
Fti>m his early youth he sbow.ul a predilection fC>r
history, and pursued with h1dcfaligahle ardour books
which created of that science; and guided by the example
liM adv\oe of his illustrious father, he prepared himself
l<i,t' -pu: comp6silion of some work by which he might
attain equal celebrity. In this purpose he was =isted by
the learned minister 'All Shir, who, having collected a
valuable library of the most esteemed works, placed our
author in charge of it. According to Haji Kbala, it was
about tbe year 900 H.} lhat J(hondamir completed the
Kliulasatu-l Akhbar, and at the dose of it be gratefully
acknowledgc_s that, had it not been for 'Ali. Shit's con'
siderate in placing hiai in charge of the llbrat:y,
1
/ am awal'c that Mirk/10/lr.l full$ ever called by
the Mme. of f-lumarmHl din during his lifetime. It might
have beetl an honr>ti{ic title givetl after his death. It is
perhaps the use of this wma which has nwr./.4 some authors
suppose that Kltondamir rutL< 1101 a son, but a nephew
of MirlthomJ.
sc note published elsewhert.
But the au.Lhor himself A.H. 904, A.D. 1498, in
his. Preface, a.r the time when 'Ali Shit's Library was
placed at his disposal.
KHUI..SATUL
113'
he could not have completed in six years n tenth part of
what he bad, concluded in as many months, and to that
excellent minister he gratefully dedicated his work.
K.bandamir was occasiooally employed in a public
capacity. In the year 909 u., when Sultan Badi'uz Zaman
n'solved on repelling the Uzbeks, who were preparing to-
makc an attack upon Khurasan. \lnder the cnmmand ot
Muhammad Shaibani Khan, he despatched an embassy
to Khusru Shah, the chief of Kunduz, in order to invite
hill'l to join the common cause, and to the prepara
tions which wctc making or tl\e destruction o this or-
midable enCJlly. Our autllor joined thi& embssy, and
was deputed by tbe bend of the mission. co convey cettaiu
important intelligence to the Sultan.
Under the reign of this Sultan, the last of the des
cendents of Timur who sat on ihe throne of Persia, we
lind Khondauili appointed tn the office of Slldr, or Judge
o( the Ecclesiastical Court, a post 1vhich had been held.
by his uncle Nizamu-d. din Sultan Ahmad; and shortly
after he was commissioned by the Sultan to proceed tO
Kandahar, to induce itS ruler to join the general league;
but the death or one of tbe Sultan's <bughtcrs at tbat
time put a stop to his joumcy. Khu=n was soon.
invaded by the ancl in the year 913 (15()78), tbo.
capital itself, not being able to make any effectual l'esisr,
ance, offered terms of submission. K.bondamir drew up
the conditions, and his nephew was commissioned tt>-
ncgor:larc tl1c surrender.
TJnder the rule of the Utbc]<s, our author haii 'to
submit to great indignities, and .be was not
il overthrown by the victorious = of Shah !lima if in
91G tr. (!510 A:.n.). During the troubles of t!ili Fiod he
went to reside. at l3asbt, a village in
devoted his leisure co literary pursuits. ',While in
retreat, he seems to have composed the Malisir<'l Mu/uk,
the Akltbaru-l Althyar, the Da.riuru-1 t"e M.ako
8
114
l'liONDAMJR
1imul 11/<illak and the Muntakhab 1'aTikk.i Wassaf:
1
J;!:e is round again a.s a negotiator in 922 (1616 A.n.).
After tbe death of this monarch, A.n. 932 (15256),
.Kbondamir seelllS to have found ij ttle induceroe.nt to
reside in Persia, fot in the year 935 a. (15289 A.O.), he was
introduced tu the F.mrx:ror Babar Agra, and that
monarch and our aut,l)or concur in mentioning the very
day of the At i:he conclusion of the lim volume
of the Fiaoibws Slyar, '1le tells' us, under the unavoid
able ' law of destiny, the writer was compelled in lbe
middle of Shawwal, 93S H., to l<:avc Hirat, his dcat home
(may it evL"t be protected from danger!), and bend his
steps towards Kandahar. On tbc lOth of ] uutadns sani,
934 H., be undertook a hazardous journey to Hindustao,
which, in consequence of the great distance, t:lJc heat of
the weather, the setting in o! the 1-a.iny season, and the
b'road rapid riVL'l'S which int-,rvened, it took him seven
indni:hs to complete: On -Satilrday the.'lth -of Mubarram,
9!15 ;11., lie reach'e'd the metropolis of Agra, and on that
day bad the good fortune to strCJ1gthen his weak eyes with
the antimonial dnst of the high threshold of i:he Emperor,
the mention of whose name Jn so humble a page as tb.is
would noc in conformity with the principles of respect.
He was allowed, without delay, to kiss the celestial throne,
which circulll.'l\an.ce exalted so. tnllch, that. it
'T.hcsc works are me>ltiO!Ied ,;. t'frc a;lthor' s in tile
Preface tc the "1-lat;ibus Siyar." 1'he "Akhba1'ul Alt/;yar",
which is also the >wme of a tvorh on the Sllints b)l 'A bdul
l:laldt Dchlivi, is in the copy r:oruultcd by M . Quatremere,
alld in I obtained from 1laidarabad, but omitted
(..am three <?the copies which 1 ltave examined, and in
which the Idst two <vorks mentioned in the text are added.
1 have. seen niSo another work ascribed to Khondamir,
called the Gharaibul llsrar. These, togcthlh' with the
]awahirolllkhbar and the liabibu-s Siyar, are a sufficient
evideTk:IJ of o11r a.fl.thor's indtutry .. as well as of tile versati
lily of hi.r to{C1'1ts.
J\JoJULS.A'I UL AK HBAK 115
the wry foot of his uignity over the heads of 'the Grea&
and Liule llears in the Heavens.''
He ntcompanicd the Emperor 011 his expcditiGn to
lleu&'lll, aud upor1 his deal11 attachccl hin\:lcl! to- Hulllilyun,
in whose name he wrote the Humayuni, wbi<;h
is quoted by Abu-J Fazl in the Altbar-nama. He accom
pauicd th:u mou;m;h to Guzcrat, and died iu his camp ill
the year !.11-l u . (1&31-5), aged sixty-one or sixty-two
At his own derirc, body was conveyed to Dclui, and
J1c bul"icd by the side of Nir.a.mud din Aulya and
Atuir Khustu.' For lhc saint and the poet he enter-
tairted" a high veneration, and of both he speaks iu most
eulogistic terms In the BabibtH Siyar. ' ;
I "The K/udtMaht-1 ,1khbnr is a most able compendium
of Asiatic history, brought down LU A.H. 875 (.-1.0. 14-71),
but cvcms ute rcconlcd in it us late A.O. 1528. 11 is
held in high xcputc both in Asia and liuropc. A portion
o( rhc.: fhlSt. book h01s been uanslatcd in Lhc first voJumo
of tJ1c Asin.lic Miscellany, and the of the Saljukians
ha. been given in original, with " French translation, by
M. Dumorct. in N01111. }. A.r. xiii. pp. 240-256. Major
Price is "largely indebted co it in Ills Retrosf>t!ct of Ma.ftotn-
r-Ii.rtm-y and bh Histoy of Antbia, ancl
D"Hcrbclot's" obligations to it arc still we:tter.
l'vl. Charmoy has published :the text, with a transla-
tion, of expedition against Tuktnmisb Khan, of
Kipchnk, in the Mem. de I' Acad. lmf!. de Sl. Petersbourg,
>Clme serie, tome iii.
The- chapters relating to d1c Gbazniyidcs, the
rians, and the kings o Dehli, arc .contained in
Book, and the Indian occurrences are narrated dow.n to
A.H. 717 (A.D. 1317). But we derive no inforoiarin- Jr9in'
l1is shor.t be himself referring for fuller
,. 4 -
see ]ourJMI des _Savants, pp,
"This commils the &rrcw of attributing 17tt
work to Mirkllond, in which he has /Jccn blindly foll-owed
by several othcts.
116 KHONDAMIR
to the: Tabalwt-i Nasiri, the Tarikh:i Wassaf, and the
Rauzatus Safa.
The l(lzu.lasa.tu-l Allhbar comprises an introduction,
ten books, and a conclusion. Size, large 8vo., 734 pages
of 19. lines .each.
CONTENTS
Introduction-Cives an 'of 'the Creation of.
lli.e ;woHCl., the Deluge, Jinns, Iblis, etc. pages 5-13.
_.,, Book I.-The Histor y qf the Patriarchs and Prophets.
pp. 13.:_116.
Book !I.- Of Philosophers and illustrious personages,
pp. ll7-I23.
Book III.-0 the ancient kings o Iran and adja-
cent countries; pp. 123-212.
BOQk .. IV.-:-0.. Mul1anunac1 and his conquests, pp.
.. . . '', ..
the i:weive Imams and the
. of
1
Aii, . pp. 285-346. .
Book VI.-0 the Ummayide Khalifs, pp.' 347-399.
Book VII.-0 the 'Abbaside I<.halifs, pp. 399-460 .
. , Book VIII.-0 the kings who were contemporary
. with the 'Abbasides, and of a few subsequent to them,
pp. 460-579. .
Book IX.-0 the posterity of J aphet, . the. life of
Changiz Khan and his successors, pp. 579-624.
Book X.-The history of Timur, and of his descen-
dants who resigned in Khurasan to A.D. 1471, pp. 614-680.
Cmlclusion.-:Oescription of Hirat-Memoirs of its
celebrated inhabitants, pp. 680--743.
[Morley has given a more detailed statement of
the contents in his Catalogue of the MSS. of the Royal
Asiatic Society.]
In Europe there are several good copies of this work,
of which the best known are those of St. Petersburg,
Vienna, the British Museum, and Sir W. Ouseley.
7
The
7
Von HammerPttrgsta.zt, in noticing. these in the
. '
KRUi.SATU.L ARJIDAR
117
woTk is colllJllon. in India. In the Asiatic Society's
Library there is an excellent manusctipt, bot by far the
most beautiful copy 1 have seen is in the possession !Jf
Muhammad Ra1.iu-d din, chief: Judge of Allahabad,
though a little defective at the end.
EXTRAC'l" '
n8gardi"g the slrmes of Lhe Clwrian I<ing., 1uho aLll<illtil
regal diJ, 'Ility
Sultan Shahabud-din took oonsidctablc c.lclight in purchaa
ing Turkish sl.nvcs and educating them. He bc'l<towcrl the
government of the territories of Kinnan and Turan,
dependencies of Sind, upon one of these sla'(es, named
Tajud din Yalduz, who, upon tbe dcatb. of Soltau
Shababud din. ascended the llu-one of Ghazni. He
reigned a short time, but in a war witl> Snltan Shamsud
din Altamsh, King of Pehll, be was taken prisoner and
put to death. .
Kmbud din lbak was likewise one of the slaves of
Shahabud din. He was dilltinguishcd for bis .. great
coun>gc and liberality. Having had the reins of the
government of Dcbli cnmlsLed to by the Sultan, he
ptosct:utcd many religious 1vars in India, the patticolars
of :;omc or which arc Tccorded in tho: M.a-;ui>.
Kutbud din Ibak ntled twenty duxing fourteen
1ears of which period be hcl.d himself indcpc>ldcnt of the
Sultan, and had the KhuLb" read in his own name.
Upon his death, his son AJ.am Shah "sccudcrl the
but owing to his want of ability, he was dcpospd
after a few days, and was succeeded by Sultan shawsu-d
din lbak (Altamsh). . ,:;,,;
Malik' Nasirn-d din Kubaj (Kubnchaj, ,
I 'ttl
Gesell. d. Gold. Horde itl :Russ/and, p. xx!v, ,has
1
J,ailed iq
observB hiJ acc11rary.
[See vol. ii., p. 204. Origi!Wl Erl.J
'[He is J.ere by mi.<lake styled "Sultar1,'' but after
wards correctly "Malik.'']
118 .
.KHONDAMIR
death of his master Sultan Shahabud din, took posses-
sion of Uch, Multan, and several towns in Sind. Wl'len
Changiz Khan committed t:,Teat depredations and mass
acres in Persia, the people of Khurasan sought refuge, in
great numbers in the territories of Nasilud din, under
whose protection they were treated with munificence
and consideratiori. Malik . N asirud din, in the l atter
years o his reign, assumed '.hostiie attitUde towards
Sultan Shamsud din Alt.amsh. Tf1e latter m(.!rched an
ari:rt.y' -toward'S. Uch and Multan, and Nashud din lleiug
. defeatecl., 'fled to the fort of Bakar. On receiving
l'igence of the intended attempt on that fort by the wazir.
'of Shamsud din, named Nizamul Mulk Muhammad, son
of Abu Sa' id, he tried to get away in a boat, ana
escape from that whirlpool of danger to the shore o
safety; but in the river l1e sank into the ocean oE
mortality.
Some say Sultan Shan,.sud din was one of the slaves
of Sultan Shahabud. din; others again say he was one ot
Ktitbu-d din Ibak's slaves. However this may be; it is
certain that after the death of Kutbu-d din Ibak, the
kingdom devolved upon Shamsud. din, who administered
even-handed justi<;:e for twenty-six years, conquered a
great number of forts and territories in India, and died
in 633 A.H. (11235-6). The Jami'ul Hikayat, 'vhich was
dedicated to Wazir Nizamu-1 Mulk son of
Abu Sa'id, was composed during the reigfi of this king.
Sultan Ruknu-d din Firoz Shah, son of Shamsud din
Altamsh, ascended the throne, and was exceedingly liberal
in his largesses and donat ions, but in consequence of his
inordinate addiction wine, he altogether disgusted and
alienated the nobles and ministers of the State. They at
length seized him and put him jn prison. He reigned
only seven months.
'
'
{
.
t
,i
DASTURUL WUZRA
OF
KHONDAMIR
This biographical account of Asiatic ministers is.
by the same author, Khondamir, and may fairly claim a
place among the General Histmies. There- is a later and
shorter work on the same subject, by Sadrud din Muham
mad, son of Zabardast Khan, written in India, in Muham
mad Shah's un'der the name ol:. b-shadu-l .
The latter contaio.s . notices of wazirs of India, which are
not included .. in the but. it is vepY brief. Both
wal'ks . .are to be found in the Farahbak.hsh. Libra.ry . at .
Luc;know.
1
The Dasturu-l W1.tzra is not an .unc;:ommon
work in India. The copy used is a 4to . . volume, contaih".
ing 234 pages of 19 lines each.
EXTRACTS
There were ten wrtzirs of note 'during the reigns of the
Ghaznivides. .
Abul 'Abbas FazL bin Ahmatl
In the beginning of his career he was secretary to Faik,
one of the nobles of the Samani court, and when. the
fortunes of that noble declined, he. attached himself to
Amir Nasirud din Subu'ktigin. Upon the death of that
king, his son Mahm.ud greatly Abul . 'Abbas
Fazl, and appointed him to 'the .post .of wazir. It is
related in the ]ami'tH Tawarihh, that Abul Fazl was.
man of learning, nor 6 good manners, and
hi' .was ignorant of the Arabic language; but his
and anmiftisttative abiljties were .. marvellous. "OotVhn-a
given liifri .-a -son called . Hajj a], who- was
such an excellent disposifion, and 'such
... , ..
.. , ... .:. ... .
1
See t.-865, 11ii. 483, 42g. ''G'emaldesaati
Pre[. xi.. xv; ,..r._.
2
This is 7'elated wi.thottt a.ny new' P!J.rticular.s in the
]ami'u-l Hikayat, i. 14, 37. , .. ,
. '
120 .
KHONDAMlR
mental faculties, that he surpassed aU his
contemporaries. He composed most excellent Aiabit:
verses, and was a perfect master of the traditionary sayings
of the Prophet; and many writers on the traditions have
.quoted him as an authority. . . .
When Abul 'Abbas ha4. been minister for ten years,
.the star of ,his destiny fell from the firmamcnt of pros
pe1ity into' pit of a.dVersl.ty . . Some, ,historians have
thus related the cause of his dismissal:
, ... Sulti\p. Mahrhud had an intense' love for slaves (possess
iJ)g faces as fair as that of the planet Jupiter). Fazl bin
Ahnutd followed his example, which accords with the
.saying-, that ''men follow the opinion of their master:
Fazl, on hearing the reputation of the beauty of a boy in
Turkistan, deputed a confidential person to purchase that
boy (whose countenance was beautiful as that of the
. piatiet Venus), and bring him to Ghazni, according to the
.m9de of . conveyance usu! ll y adopted for fe)\D.ales. When
to the king these
his most august Majesty demanded that slave (who was
as white as silver) from the minister . (whose glory and
digni ty were raised as high as the planet Mercury). The
ininister made evasive replies, and pertinaciously refused
.to . part with the slave, notwi thstanding His Majesty!s
absolute power. The "king one night visited the minister
at h1s house, where the minister entettained him with
the respect and hospitality due to die qigni ty a sove
reign. When slave (who looked as beautiful as a
virgin of .paradise) came into the presence of the king,
high words passed between him and his minister, and so
.greatly was .the king's anger kindled, that he issued orders
to seize the minister and plunder his house. Soon after
this the king departed for Hindustan, and certain evil
disposed amirs tortured the minister so severely with the
rack that he lost his life. "No man can secure himself
from the frowns of nor can any one . look upon
fortune as permanent."
{


.
'
121
4 hmad bin Hu.san Maimamti'
He was a foster-brothet and a fcllow-sLUdent of Sultan
Mahmud. His (ather Hasan Ma.imandi, dwing the life-
time of Amii Nasirud din Subuktigin, was employed in
collecting the revenue at the town of Jlust; but Am.ir
Nasirud din was led by the secret machinations of his
enemies to entertain au un[avoumblc opinion of him.
Has-An, however, did not live long. lt is stated by some
that he one of the ministers o.t Sult:tn Malunud. This
statement is . altogether hcorrcct and unfountleu, as it is
not malnt'llined by any !,'l"Cat historian.
Ahmad bin Hasan, in consequence of cls beautiful
handwriting, excellent qualities, proficiency in eloquence
and great wildom, bec:unc the most conspicuous man of
his time, and was regarded with affection by several cmi
nent persons. The king, taking him into favoul', appoint
cd him seactary, and continued to promote Jilin, time
a[ter time, to higher till ut last. in ;,ddition to
his former offices, he was nol!linatcd the cbief lcg<LI autho
rity of the State, as well :IS invested witb the superintend
encc of th.c eonccrm o the anny. A short time after, ho
was fo.ttbet entrusted will! the additional duty of cun
ducting Lhc alfairs of Khul'USUll. All tbesc duties , hc uiS
charged in a manner that could not be excelled. At
length. when Abu! 'Abbas fell into disgrace, the
king conferred on Abmacl the office of minister. He held
the office o minister without any control fot: a pcl'iod of
. eigh,teen years, When a number of the chief amlrs, st:cb as
Altunfiash, the chamberlain; Amir Ali Khcshawand and
others, brought bc[ore the Court of the king
lmputati011s and false charges against him. According to
the saying that "whatever is listened to will make an
impression,'' these injurious words did not fail t6 take
effect on the heart ot the king. So the minister was
'Sec Rampoldi, vi., 51. M.od. Univ. Hlfl., iii., 3.
Biog. Univ. v. Meimcndi.
122
deposed, and imprisoned in nne of the forts of Hind.
When Sultan Mas'ud ascended the throne of Ghaznin
after the death of his father Sulta11 Mabmud, he released
Ahmad and reinstated him in the responsible office o.E
minister, which he ltcld ag-ain for a long periocl. He died
in the year 444 11.11. "It is finally ordained as the lot of
all crcntures that nobody should. live ror ever in this
world."
Abt4 Ali Husain bin M1thammad, alias Htnnk Mika.l .'
. . ..
From his cady youth be was ln the service of Sultan
Mahmud. He was very in his convcrs.1tion,
well-behaved, energetic and qwck in apprehension, but
be was not a good writCl', nor wns he well versed in nrith-
.metic noel accounts.
is in the So.fa, that whcu
Sultan M.:ahmud,. in nccox:d'ancc wir.h -the solicitation of
Nub bjn ,S,amnni, was OQ- bia march to Khurasan
Abu 'Ali SamjuJ;, it was tepresellted to him that
there was in neighbourhood of the place where he
was then encamped a distinguished fo:r abstin-
ence and devotion, ancl called Zahid-a/n,pos/1 (a devotee
wearing a deer..;.kin). The king bad a firm belief in tlte
power of danuesiles, and paid him a visit. HasnaJ< Mikal,
who bad no faith in the sect of Sit/is, was in attendance.
and the k.ing said. "Although l know that yott have no
belief in sufis, I wish you to go with and sec this
devotee.' ' So Hasnak Mikal accompanied him. The king
having had a long interview with the dartue.<h, when be
was about to go- away. offered to bestow upon him any-
thing of which Jte might stand in need. The dcvOtll' mau
stretched {orth hand into the air, and placed a band-
Mod. Uttiu. R ist., i., 486, iii., 3. Rampoldi, 187.
B/acas, ii., !17.
'[This story is give11 in the l'l.tn<talu-s Sa/a, among
other anecdotes at the end of Mallmud'.r reign, a.nd tilt:
'translation agrce.v with the as thtre given.]

DAS'I'URUL IVUZ.RA 12!1"
fu\ of coins in tho pahn o( the king, with tile temark..
tnat whoever could draw such wealth from an invisible
treasury had no need of the treasure of this world. The
king handed those coins to Hasnak, who found that they
were struck in rbc name Abu 'All Srunjur. The king oo.
his way back, Hasmll:. how be could refuse to accord
his belief to such miracles as thi. Hasnak answered, that
whatever the king observed in to miracles
very cot-recc and proper, but :1t the sntnc time he would
suggest that His Majesty shoultl not venture to CO\Itcnd
against a man in whose lllllUC the coins bad been struck
in the invisible world. The king asking. him whether
indeed the coins were st:tUck in the name of Abu All, he-
showed them. to him; upon which the king astonished
and put to the blush.
In fnct, Hasnak was a constant auendallt of the king,
whehe1 on jotuneys ot at home. The circumstances '''bien
led to his appointment to the office of chief minister are
as follows:
On the dismiss.;! of Ahmad bin Hasan from the post,
the king issued orders to the other for the nomi
nation of some great man to till up that office. The milustcrs
accordingly nominated Abu-t Koshn, Abu-t Husain Al:.ba1i.
A.ltmad bin 'Ahdus Samad, and Hasnak Mil:.al, and sent
their names to the king to make his selection. The king,
in 1cpl y, observed that the appointment of Abu! Kasim
to the office of minister would interfere with his present
duty. of '1.1riz; that it would be impolitic to confer this
offite on Abu-1 Husain Akbali, as be was too avaricious;
'that Ahmad )>in 'Ahdus Samad was indeed fit for this
post, but he had been cntru.;tCtl with the duty of
ing the impoltant affairs of Khwmizm; and that Hasnal:,
though be was of a good family, and bad n quicker nppre-
hension than the rest. yet his age offet:t:d an
obstacle to his appointment. Tbc amirs, on weighing:
these sentiments of His Majesty, concluded that be was
inclined to nominate Hasnak his minister. They, tbcre
fore, \Uianimou&ly represented to the king, that pTefer-
124 KHONDAMlR
enct: should be 'given to .Hasnak Mikal. The king, in
compliance with their recommendation, appointed
Hasnak to the office of minister. This post be held
during the reigns of the king and his son Sultan Muham-
mad, who did not interrupt his enjoyment oJ: all the
powers d<:legated to him by his fal:l1cr. Hasnak, with the.
view of ingratiating with Sultan MuhammaQ:,
lTcquently made use of disrespectful language, in speaking
of Sultan Mas'ud, . who was then . in 'Irak; inso
m:ucli, that one day in fu U Court he expressed his
apprehensions, that when Sultan Mas'ud ascended the
throne. he would impale him (Hamak). Accordingly,
when Sultan Mas'ud came to Khurasan, and took posses-
sion uf the dominions of Sultan Muhammad, he sum-
moned Hasnak, (and inflicted condign punishment on
him).
HABIU-S SlYAR
OF
KH.ONDAMI'R
'This. famous h.istmy is also by Khondamir, and was
wrillcn subsequent to the Khu/asatu-l Akhba1, and 'in a
much more extended form, though (Descriptive
Catalogue, p. 4) strangely characterizes as an abridg-
ment of that wo1k.
The Habilm-s SiytLr was at the desire of
al Husaini, who to have the facts. oE
universal history collected into one volume. He died
!ihortly aftet the work was begun, and the troubles whiq1
ensued induced our author for some time to suspend
labours, until an introduction to Karimu-d din
llah, a native of Ardabil, encouraged him to
them again with ardour. Habibu-llah was a gre(tt ctllti-
vator of knowledge ; all his . leisu.re hours were deoted to
HABlBU-5 SIYAR 125-
its acquisition, and he was particularly partial to history.
It was . after the name of this new patron that he entitled
. his work Habibu-s Siya?. It may be supposed that, as he
travels . over nearly the same ground as his father, he has
made great use of the R.a1tzatu-s Safa, of which in many
p:u;ts he offers a mere abridgment; but he has added the
history of many dynasties omitted in that work, ~ u d the
narrative is generally more lively and interesting. He has-
added, moreover, the lives of the celebrated men wh()
flo,tirished during each, period -that he brings under review.
The Habibu-s Siyar 1v'as . commenced in A.H. 927
(1621 A.n:), .When the author was ahout forty-eight years
df age. It is not known in what year it was completed,
but M. Quatremere (.Tounl. des Savants, 1843, p. 393) has
noticed that the year 930 (1923-4) is mentioned in it, and
that the occurrences of Persian history are brought down
to that time;-but Khondamir perhaps continued his
labours long after that period, even down to 935 H. (1928-
9), because, in an interesting passage at the dose of the
fust volume, of which part has already been quoted in a
preceding article,
1
he says, "Be it known unto the intelli-
gent and enlightened minds of readers that the writing of
these histories which form the Jirst volume of Habibtt-s
Siya1, has been completed for the third time by the move-
ment of the fingers of the composer, according to the say-.
ing that 'a thing attaincth perfection on its third revisal.'
):J:le compiler, :while on his travels in Hindustan, finished
this volume, to the entire satisfaction of all his ftiends,
~ ll: '
stopping every day and every night at a different plhce.'
The pen, 'whose production is as sweet as' a parrot's ir_nit-
ation of human speech. and which, by dipping into. the
ink like a diverinto the sea, brings forth to light_different
narratives as precious geins from the dark caves of)he
deep, and displays .them to the world, threads certain re-
markable ipcidents as valuable pearls . in the following
manner.'
1
SufJra.
l2u Kl'lONDAM!R
. "The wxitcr bad not been long in Hindustan when
he fell sick, and weaker day by day. The regimen
which he underwent for three @t four . months, with. t;es-
'pe<:t to drink and light food as well ,t!S niedicines,
inelt<:ctual, so that he was reduced to so slender a sk,efe-
ton. that even the mormng breeze was capable of wafthlg
llim to a different: countl;'y: const1ffi,ed his body as
easily as flame melts .a candle. At lengtlt_ ProViden<:e
bestowed upon him a potion for the l'estoration . of . llis
health from that dispensary, where 'When thou fallest
sick, it is He that cureth thee.' The <:ompiler lifted up
.. ' head from IJis sick bed, as the disposer o all things
opened the doors of convalescence towards his life. At
this time, under the <;hadow of the victorious standard oE
august Babar (may God maintain his king-
dom till the day of judgment I), the complier had
11ion 10 proceed ;Bengal, and at every n1arc4 where ther{::
the least delay, he devoted his. time to the
-of the volume, which was finished Ttirmuhana, near
the confluence of the Saraju and Ganges.''
2
The passage is taken .from a copy written A.H. 1019,
but I cannot trace it in any oth<:1:s, all of which end with
the verses which precede this conclusion; and . it W<lS
most probably not in the copy consulted by M. Quatre-
mere, or it could scarcely have escaped the penetration
of th(!t learned scholar. It seems, therefore, to have 'been
a postscript written for his I.ndian friends, and the work.
which he imposed upon himself may, after all, have been
2
This, therefore, tnust haf!e betm tu1it:ten about May.
J .?29, shortly after the dispersion of the mmy of Kharid.
Th'C. position of the tract is cmrectly given by
Erskine, though with a slight ermr a.s to the lirl}itF
Caldecott:, his epitomizoi, makes Kharid a genera'{,
speaks of the army under Kharid. (See Leydft1 :. ana
Erskine's Memoirs of Baber, p. 4'11, and Caldecott's 'Life
of Baber, p. 230 ; "Erskine's Life of Babe1, i., p. 502.)
t
HABIBUS SIVAR 127
mere copying, for the third time, of that which he had
already composed. .
It has been hitherto customary to translate the name
of this History as the "Friend of Travelling,' '
8
under the
jmpress!on the of the original is Sair;
but it has been shown by M. Von Hammer and Baron de
Sacy (Not. et Ext1. ix., ii. 269), that Siyar is the word,
''biographies, lives.'' The reason advanced for
this is, that the clause, fi ahhbar-i afradu-l basha1, follows
immediately after . tbe titl.e; apd propriety, . so
much stugier;l .. word
should . tli*efar.e be Siy,ar:, rather than Sci.ir . . .Fur,ther con-
.finri.ation 6 coi:rectness of this view will b.e'found in
t,he .third line of the condusio.q, where Habzbu-s .' siya:r. .
. follows immediately afler A1jimandtt-l asar; showing that
two .syllables arc necessary . to compose the word Siyar.
The entixe name signifies, "The Friend of BiogTaphies,
comprising the history of persons distinguished among
n1en.'' .
The Habibus Siya:r contains an Introductioi:t (lftiah),
three (Mujallad) . each subdivided into four Chap-
ters (Juzv.). and. a Conclusion (Ikhit.iam).
CONTENTsl
The Introduction cOiuains the history of the Crea-
tion of. heaven and of earth, as well as of its inhabitants.
. , . Book !.---:Contains the history of the Prophets, Philo-
. . : sopP.ers, and Kings who existed before the dawn .of
:A . "' . .

some account of Muhammad and the first
pages. , :
..
,.!:'- .
3
D' Herbelot says, "t' est ce que nou.s appellons dans.
l'usage du . vu.:lgaire ttfi Veni mecu.m."-Bibl, Orient., v.
liabib al Seir;_. ,
"-[See . MorleY.'/ acco"+nt of the Contents, in his Cata-
logue of th>e MSS. of the Royal Asiatic Society, which is
much more detailed.]
128

Chapter 1.- The history o! the Prophets and Philo
sophers.
Cbaptcr 2-The bistory of the kings of Persia and
Arabia.
Cllapter S.-An account of Muhammad.
Chapter 4.-The eve11ts which occurred in the tituc
of the 6Jst four :K.halifs.
l3ook TI.-Comains thci history of the twelve Imnms.
the' Ummayidcs, 'Abbasidcs, and those kings who were
contemporary wit11 the ' Ahhasidcs-710 pages.
Chapter 1.-An nccount of the twelve lnmmz.
Chapter 2.- The events wbich occurred in the I nne
of tl1e Uo:imayidcs.
Chapter 3.-An account o( the events whidt' oauncl
in the time of the 'Abbasides.
Chapter 4.-Gives an accottnt of several ki ngs who
w.ete contemporary with the 'Abhasidcs, as the Ghar.nivi
Ghorians, . . Saljuks, Atahaks, etc.
Book the history or several other dy
nastics-784 pages.
Chapter I.-An account o( the kings of
and of the reigns of Changiz Khnn ancl his dcsecndnnts.
Chapter 2.-The history of t11e Kings comemporary
with Cbangiz l{han.
Chapter 8-Gives an account of T imor and his des
cendanLs, down to the time of the author.
Chapter 1-.-An account of his patron, tl!C reigning
monarch,
The Conclusion mentions the wondcn: of the world,
witb 11 brief nccowlt of lcarocd aud holy men, rx.cts, etc.
Sile.-Small Folio, of 2318 pages, wi th 20 lines to tl
page.
The parts re.lating to Ind.ia arc the sections on the
Ghar.niviclcs, the Ghotians. and the kings of Dehli: down
to the death of 'AJaucl din. Timur's invasion is dcscrib
ed at great leubrth, but the Tughlik dynasty is not men
tioncd.
... &HONDAMnt ..
bin N lil: :Of: K:iliira$an,
<hiring.:cl\J.-e. . .reit;1l Malik') ewing
, .. , -whi<>h he_. had of> :.that -,Pt:Wce,
:' :Alptigin., left . Khtlrasans. :a.ad. the standard-
, .desire that
.
' tee". .. ,)}!' he :was suc-
.;;Ge ' ,{ . . .. all the
, . 1-j_ ... -:- n . ..:.:.:.-;:;. : -... ..1\l . ?<,. 1... ,_
, .. . ': . , ,u o:aw : :--anw.
: . ... ;(i:ist:i'nguished above all the
' : ,; ... :' : . igi.ri, for his bravery and liberality. Abu Is'hak. had
Hved but a short time, when he died. u The chief men of
. Ghaznin saw the signs of greatness and nobility, and the
:lites of felicity and prosperity in the forehead of Subuk-
tigi;n, who widely spread out the cat:pet of justice, and
out- a:nd- by co:hfer-
. fdfl'th
" ,.;;. '
tJhe,.St&f{er H:e
n4 :o.f. .Hindtts-
car.ried elf.. muf7b -plunder the In
.ille year 36'1 H. :he tooK. Bust anc1 Kusdllr, and, after these
the. of Sultan Samani, .
ire--, tm:ned his. .
,: .Jtmir: Sub'uktigi,J) died. at .' tHe city- of ih.-
month of Sha' ba:n, 387 an'd:
rdescendaiits
7
occupied hiin. 'nistorians
6
Firishta says, Alptigin died in 365 H., and left a son
whom Su'buktigin' acco_mpanied to Bokhara. Js'halt
was .then appointed by Mansur Samani t'o be governor Q/
Ghazni, and Subuk(igin his deputy. Is'hak died in 367 H.;.
when Subu'ktigin was a-cknowledged as his successor. Tb.e
real clale of Alfitigin's death is doubtful. Hammer ; .
. 'Ptugstall says, according to some aut!t01ities it occuri-'ed''<: :.,. . ;
.in according to others in 354. E. Thomas
:'rat of t'he Royal Asiati.c Sqciety, vol. viii., page_ 298') _iiVts
;good reason for assumzng 366 .as the correct
7
The Tabakdt-i Na-siri also . gives . -?'tigns;
.. .
ll.!.lliDUS SIYAR
181
!he sovereignty of" the Ghamividcs as
the conquest of .Bust,. and they . calculate that Liley
flourished for ISS years.
Account lakin$ of lJust at1d Kusdar, and 'Of
arriual nf Armr Subul:tigin at the summit of fJ/JWdf -
the Ra11zahH Safa, written by en elegant pen, ana
Liul illustrious aurbor of wbiclt the mantle of {or-
_givtC.tC$S of sin., has been thrown,, it is written thus. At
!be . coJl).mcnccwclll- o! Ll).e fllign of .Arnir an
jndtvidual '{Yg!ll\'l held s"iaY in the fort of lj.)lit.
-A certa,ln, Jlaitw:, having oil
"belled and. dro9e h1rn otit of. J3usf. fQJ:'.JlTI}
.tcction to the Court of Subuktigin, and for. 1\el_l>.
Haviug consented ro pay a large sum of money, he pro-
.m.iscd that, if by the aid of the amir, he should again
llct:ome possessor of Bust , he would carry the saddle-
. doth oE &crvicc on shoulder, and pay tribute;
.and chat during his whole life he would never de-
part from the. path of obedience. Sttbuktigin consented
to. rcqucsr, led his army to Bust, routed Bai1!Z with
J>lows of the soul-burning sword nnd flame-kindling. spear.
and Tughan m-rived at the of his power; but he neg
lcctcd the which he had made to Amir Nasiru-4
dill (Sllbukligin). and displayed by proceedl(lgs the
b_ilnner of fraud nnd treachery.
One day, while riding out in the midst of his suite,
h:arshly required him to ful-fil tbe
he bad 'entered. Tughan retu"tii&
hn 'improper answer, seized bls sword, and 0\nid,
ed Sub\lktigin in the hand. Nasim-d din, 'W(tli me.
wounded hand, strllck Tughan with this
'"a about 'io de5patch blm with anotlili w)ten .
. - - . .? "'-:.
but the NiwrriatU:.t: TO.wariJi.h only
.also ascribes 161 years fo the dynasty, anct malt8s
Mallmtld the first king of. '1:> Tankh'i.
gives fourteen reigns, occufr?ing 150 Y.e(l'r$, ll'"
132 J{HO.NDAMIR,
getting mixed with one iaised.sucb.
: 9uds of dust, that Tughan, uttder cover of It, escape?-. to
KiriQan; and Subuktigin himself master of B;ust .
. . , ,Of the many whic],l _ to Nasiru-d din
, 'from'.that couhtry having !fallbl.'into- one was,, .
. th'af 'aou:r .. was' an .;Bu$h. a- tnah
,.,nJt: in: d$te'int .. "t;jt, but
: . y . at d. . Fath
sectei at}t :of but' :.
,.,, expelled from Bust, he had lived in
Sdbbktigii1 was informed about him, aud issued a royal
mandate that that learned man, who wore the garment
of eloquence, should be brought before him. He adorned
the stature of his fitness with robes of different sorts of:
and 01dered that he shquld be appointed pro-
. .- ltters.' F'or several days, Abu-1 Fath,
'0. tlk time, .begged tO' be
. ro ':lirrdeha'Ring tfiis, important taslc., :but at last he
1iecitfii:(! the 'Yiitmsli'f and: writer of. Amit Subuktigin, and
continued to hold that post' until the time of Sultan
MahD?-ud of Ghazni'n.
8
Having received some ill-treat-
: i:irent from Mahmud, he fled to Turkistan, and .there died.
A_mit Subuktign bad settled the affairs of Bust; . he.
tiiined .. the reiris of his desire towards Kusdar, :He su"d-
.denly that lieta'trle
victim of the powerful decree of fate ; bui: Amir
Subuktigin, of. his innate clemency and bounty, showed
kindness towards him, and again made him governor of:
Kusdar, after fixing the sums of money which from the
!evenue of that country he sliould pay into the royal
treasury.
About that time, Amir Subuktigin formed the desire
. of fighting with the infidels of Hindustan ; and brought
. parts of that counu-y into the
; .. l.
' i_: Rauzatu-s Safa quotes from Abu-l iath.
an account of his connexion with Sultan Mahtnit.d.
r
\
I
. I

i

fJABIBUS . SiYAR 133:
of obedier;ce. Jaipal,
0
who was then the greatest prince
of Hindustan, fearing that he .might lose the country
which he had inherited from his ancestors; formed a large
army, a:nd his steps towards the coun.try,:ot the
faithful. Aniir Nasiru-d din Subuktjgin caine out. to meet;
him, and a battle was fought most obstinate on both sides:,
In the trtiddlc of the beat of: the battle, Amir Subuktigiri,
Ofdcred that they should throw a quantity of dirt into a
fountain which was near the camp of Jaipal, the innate
quality o the '\\later of which was such that, when it be-
polluted with impurities; Lthunder and 'lightning
fi')l:ed;, drth, . a&tf." an'. . -frigidity ,,
t.. . t ithey"::b:ad: done as 'Nisird-d difi hadl ofdered/ the
r . ' nattire 'of thatwater became fully apparent;
( Hindus were unable to resist any longer,
10
and sent
1
ines;'
sengers to Subuktigin, offering ransom and tribute. Amir
Nasiru-cl din was willing to consent to reconciliation; but
son Mahmud wished to prevent him fTom acceding to
this measure. At length, after J aipal bad repeatedly sent
messengers and letters, Mahinud also consented .to peace.
It was agreed that Jaipal should quickly deliver over ''1000
dirham:r ancl fifty elephants, and afterwards that he .should
surrender to the agents of Subuktigin p'ossession of sever-
.al forts and cities of his country. These were the condi-
tions of the capitulations which '1.\l'ere drawn up betwe!!p:
them.. Jaipal, after he had sent the money and,.the ele-. .
j >hants, despatched several chiefs of his axmy, byway 'of . .'
, , to and abo '" ... ,
. "of' his tli'resliold, which was ::::
.: '' 1 ... , "J .. I
1
, ,
' htm li

tor :f:"',JE,
1

lo<; ' r ' ""'-" .. .... .. .. . .,
atfthority in . Ut'tn or Mzrlthond. . , .. ' :;
, ,..,. \II ....... \j .. ' ,, "" ... ... 1.

Tabakat-i Akbari says the Hindus w'ere:,urtal;i e,

to withitancr the. .. in . c9nsequence
tomerl to it; :liftd. horses tvnd;: ()tfreT.. '.Were ,.
killed. The cdntta.t:;-:,t6 other atttho': ,: ,
tities, fixes the scene th# .actioit tlie:.Jud hills . . .: : $;
: . :, ,. ' +
.,
l<HONPAMtR
felicity, with Jnipal, in order that they night t;J.ke po-mil-
sion o the country whlcb had been ceded to Ghazuin.
Wbcu Jnipal returned to his own country, be placed.
tbc bOok his e,gage1Ucnts on the shelf of fol'gctfulncS$,
attd imprisoned those noJ;l.lgn.ch, saying, :
gin sends back those whom .be 'took away witli:
him? 1 wlll ,thetc m'>n,. tW .till When
N aslnr-Q din heara thiS; he a sewnd tune hastened:
tQ l:J;\nd; .l)nd Afgbai1
10
anA places.
collected a great army '!Tom the .Cities o. _dlose
parts of Hindustan, anti nearly 100,000 men directea tll.i'ir
Heps cowards the band of rhe faithful."
Amlr Na.liru-d din went out to meet l1lm, aud a
drCJtdful battle was again fought on both sides. This time.
:Jaipal, hcing shnmefully escaped into the fur
th_est cxttertics of his owu country, and the gr!lat land:
ot Hind in the courtyarq of
Subuktigin.
14
:1\.f.ter Aimir Nasirud din liad retutn:
this expedition, in with the of
Abu! Kasim Nttb bin Mansur Samani, he led his army
to Khurasan and liberated that ptovince. He then spent
''Briggs represents that this was done at the instiga-
tion of Brahmans, but that the Kshatri nobles strcmg-
ly-di.!suadcd ]aipa! from the vi&lation of engagen16tlts ..
is not warratcd b)' the origitlill, which' exfi'r6ssly'
says that the whole council, both of JJi'a/imans and [(sha-
tris, their remonstrances in Vllin.
'"(Sic. I have not found this {lastage in tire MSS.
1 have comul/.ed.]
" Firishta says he invited a.id the Rajas of Dchli,.
A.jmir, Kalinjar, and [(anauj, and that Jaipal had undef'
his banners 100.000 cavalry, tountless infa,.try, and m11n)'
elephants.
"Firishta so:ys he brought under su/Jjtction
c.ountrics of Lamghatl and Peshawar, including all .tft.e;
west of the Nilab, and atJfJointed one of
officers U>itfl 10,000. to tlie gouernmmt of Peshawar.
his time t9 of heart, . until the
lJlQnth .of _9.87/
6
when death
him. Amir .$l!bJJ.k..t.i.gi_n .declared his Isqm.'il; .wno was
born of the. daughter of Alptigin,u successor,
:.,jQ:utJley the. world. . ;_,
A
. ..,._, Isma.'il bin Nasiru-d din
.... !
Nasiru-d din Subuktigin tied up his travelling air
paratus for another world, Amir by o the
will of father, _ the throne at Ball.W, the
tJl.$ a: ,., . ende<ryo':!l's,. t? attract
. ., peo:J?Ie; he
. g, .,,.,;;:.. Amir
fo : :: an;1ong. the soldiers. The .. (?f;_.
r
I
I
1
I
!
I
t
l.
Game -to ... the ears of his elder brother Saifu.d-.
Mahmud, at Naishapur, who sent Amir Isina'il a letter
to this effect': "You are the dearest to me of all men..
Wf\atever you may require qf the country or of tb.e
revenue is not denied; but a knowledge of the minut{!
points in the affairs o government, a period of life reachr
advancd age; experience 'in the . times . and
al}.d of wealth, possess
adva11_tag.es. . If y:ou possessed of these -quaHiiies,
would certainly subject myself to you. . That my
my absence. has bequathed to you was
I was at a . great distance, and because he
calamity. Now consists in that,.
.,. -ypy.

div!-4e :' _
: i$Y effects-. o IllY
;..: _::i' ... 'W ' ... .. , .;\ . ,,l .... 'I' ., ' q ' .... :,
.! ..ta.ys... 36.8-. a . .._.,:
tam,--. zn _that .work.
-cpin be. taund .. in .
that 1W.rk,:\ 'T-he .N#{zrinN. Tawa,rjkh
Vol. 11., .,. . :t_'.\''k..
16
The original _ has "the .
-$,u1ntk.tigin , .. I
we shou.ld- read fotr "'TJ4.bir.eh_:' ' - . .
'
' . . . .. .
,. ' : :'!
' ' _,.;ygdi.:;;
. j' ::
.'' .. :. .
l!l6 KHONDANIR
iog to law aod justice, and that you should give up lhe
royal residence of Gharnin to me. Then will I deliver
o'l'er to you the coumry of Balkh.. and tbe command of
the army of Khuxasan."
Arnir would not listen to this proposal, so
Saiiu-d daula Mabmucl entered int<? a league with his
uncle . and Naslftf.a; din Subuktigin,
who was ""and Nais):iapur, marchcCl
tOward!; GBaUiin.. A'illir.' Ismii'll als'o moved in that
diialfi6n; aniFwhcn both parties were ohc another,
SaifUd claula used his virtuous endeavours to prevent
:tsmD.'il (rom engaging in btttlc, and tried w make u
reconciliatiotl, hut Jrc could not succeed; and after light
ing t.bc flame of battle, and the employment of weapons,
and inflicting o[ blows, Amir Isma'il was defeated. He
. took in the fort of Ghaznin, and Sultan Mabmud
into arraogemeots with him, took from
pim?!he key.ll of> tho: ireasuty, and appointed adntinfs.
fr,!lfon" Jru affaift.. He tb'en llllltdlled towards
Balklt.u
It is related that when Amir Isroa'il bad been some
in the society of his brother, in the assembly of
' (riendsb.ip. Sultan Mahmud took. the occasion to ask.
"lf the star of your fortlltte bad been sucll t\tat yl5u
b'ad na9e< dotte-witlr 'iile?!' '
Istna'il. "My mind
iliat if I had obtained the victory over 'tou, rw6tild liave
shut you up in one of my forts, but I would have allow
cd you necessary for repose and the e.njoyment of
17
T h4.Ratlzatus. Safa that 'the illu.striotJS Shahta
Kallir was appointed Prt:fect of Ghazni, and that this was
the origin of the of tluzt family. Hammt:1'
Pitrgstall (Gemaldesaal, iv., 113) will nllt allow thiit
Shalma here bears a.ny but its common meaning,
"goTJernor of a province."
\
11
Haidar Rm;i adds, that he was accomfianied by his
brother fsma'il.
HAnlBU-S 'SIYAR
137
life, as .much as Sultan .Mahmud,.
after having obtained in that assembly the secret of the
heart of, his brother, remained silent; "'but: after 4 some
days, on some pretence, he over Isma'il to the
governor of Juzjan,
10
and told him to put : him .jJ.?.t:O a
strong fort, but to give him whateyer he should ask:',;
dticive to I' he repose and enjoyment of life. Amir .Isma:n,
.as he himself had designed to act towards his brother,
was shut up in that fort, and there passed the rest o
his days.
20
:..1 .'fl' - ... .,. .Mahfiiua . . .
.. .... ;:,,1 !,.... . '.. ' .
. ! .. ; ) iistoria:ns" whO are 1:5est, both ,and
.- . intrl:tl'sioalfy,. and whose happy pens hav$! wr.Jtterit ai if .
they were disciples of Manes, in the books' whiclltthe''y'
have composed, lay it . that Sultan Mahmud
navi was a king who attained varieties of worldly pros-
perity, and the fame of his justice and government, and
the sound of his fortitude and country-subduing qualities,
reached beyond the hall of the planet Saturn. In pro-
sperously car:ryii1g on war against infidels, he exalted the
stan'd.ards of the religion of the faithful, and in his l<ilid.-
able for extirpating her.etics, he rooted out
oppression and impiety. When he entered into battle,
his heroism was like a torrent whiCh rushes over even and
uneven places without heed, and during the time thad:ie .. .,' ': .
sat upon the throne, and was successful in his . ; .
ij};g$-;J,.,tbe of his . justice, like the rays : of . the surl . : .
every.one . .:- His wisdom during the:nrlits ' , "'
orn'fsortl.lrre, Hke a star, du.t .the ' .
!l._t.,
138
sw.ord pierced the joints of his enemies Uke the nand . o
fate.
.\ .. "He had. both wisdom <>f heart and strength of haJ;l't;
: With these two qualities he was fit to sit upoh .die
. throne:-:
But niighty .king, possession of:
these ,: .. il1' ac
and
ih pt<fi&ewo:r:diy Jrialmer. . .. .. .. .. ,. .
. he derived no honour, . t ?;
, .' ,,_:'
1
'Like as the shell the pearl; so he guarded
his wealth.
He. had. treasuries full of jewels,
But not a single poor man derived benefit therefTom."
The father of Sultaxi Mahmud was Amir Nasiru-d
, slight description of wh?m.my pen has alrea<J.y
.. W,.q.$, .. of _of
" w ;for.:t}lis he :was
!' . .. Ar,r., Nuh
th: title of. Saitu-d daula, but when. he had mounted
.. ,., ladders of . sovereign authority, Al Kad1r bi-llah
-: and. A.mit;_u-1 millat .
. ... :. .... oL rexgn of: Yammu-d daJ,lla,
J=Jll piP Ahtpad had the presumption to offer opposi-
which
p.aving seized c<:>untry
under his . sway. He several times waged .war against
the infidels in Hindustan, and he brought under his
subjection a large portion of their country, until, having
made himself master of Somnat, he destrqyed all the
idol-temples of that country. .
It was about the same time that Sultan Mabmud
contracted not only a friendship wilh Ilak Khan, but also
a matrimonial alliance with his family; but in the end,
quarrels and dissensions arose, and the Sultan triumphed
oyer Khan, when the rays of his justice shone on .,
the- confines of Mawarau-n nahr.
'_In. the same manner he led his army . to
HA!IUIII-S $.1YAR
and after some fighting, ,the Jigl3 of his ttoiv.ersaJ bene-.
valence were displayed to thejJJI.!abilants of !hat country ..
Towards the clo.se of his lile, he: marched 'lrak
'A.jam . lia)(ing wrestcsl these counn-ies Crqm the posses-
sion of MJijdud daula Dil:uni, be them $!V!ll:.
his Q,l'(n. sO)I Mns' nd, and rhen; after the accomplis4m.:en,
of his wishes, be returned to Gbaznin. He died of
tumpl'ion and liver complaint in the year 42'1 " (1030'
A.o.). His age was sixty-three years, and he reigned
thirty-one. Du:ring the eatiy part o( his reign, Abu-1
'Abbll!l Asfarain,i:Jldl\ the wazinbip; b11t
Jl.llV Ahmad_
bin, E:aRn e.;Uted tile of minis!!Y
Y.aJ1li'm1.-d di.tring the latter days his founQ.,
4'11.t ;w.i.tb .Ahmad, and issued agaiJst him the royal
of removal fr<un office, and then, according to b.i& 'wi&h,
he appointed Amir Hnsnak Mikal. '
Account of the hostility shown by Khalaf bi11 Ahmad to-
Sultan Mahmud
When Yaminu-d daula Mahrnud mounted the of
and Gha:min, he delivered over the governor-
ship ol Hirat and Fushanj"' to his uncle llaghrujik,'
0
and.
whilst he held this government of the Sultan, Khala(
bin Ahmad sent his son Tahir to Kohistan, who, aftct
he had wkcn possession of that country, hastened toward$.
I'ushanj, and mndc himself master of that city. Bagbrnjik.
intelligence of tbis, and having peJ:JUti- ,
S)lll!'!l Mahmud, be Il)oved towartb; the p.lacf
h9noJI.;L r;_quired .his presence. When be a.ritiJ c.s
in the of Fushanj, Tahir hastened out !lie
c;ity, and . men of both armies coote!\di!d
daggers ;nn<Upears. 'fhe army of Tahit was. b,ro'Kcn.:
several cups of tllee vapour
.,[A torvn ' abo'ft lt>l' parasangs
c"l/.s him,, " Buferac!" S. M. Sary, ''Bagrat--
chek." H,mnmcr-Purgslflll, "lJa,ghradsc)uk."

140
Klf0NllMID1.
o pride entered into the hall of his brain, and. Without
be pursued the Sistanian, and was engaged
ia se.izing the spoil when Tahir, having turned the reins
.of hb horse, approa<;hed :Baghrajik, and with one , blow
of his sword threw him from the saddle on co the ground,
and chen dismounting, rut off his bead, and rode olf
towards KoD:istan.
Vainin\:l<U daula, having rcecivcd. !hi,$ intelligena:,
, was oWlliGOme ,with gtie for his uncle, and clurlng the
year '890 1l. (1000 A.I>.); he marclled towards ,Sbtan.
Kdlllla(ietired into the fort of Asfabid, which was strongcer
than tbe. wall of Alexander. Mnbmud besieged it,
and Khalaf was dl'ivou to the extrcl!lity of despair by his
difficult position iJJ the fort. He sent letters and inter-
<:CSsOfl!, and placed the hand of selfhumiliation and sup-
plication ou the skin of the kindness and mercy of
Mabm\\d. He .sent alto 10'0,000 aill1's, valuable
aryd benedl<:tions without number, to the Sultan,
paving testifi.cel his o1i&Hcnce an.d submission, he
promised to pay tribute. On account of this Yaminud
daulu forgave him his misdeeds, and loosened tbe reins
.of mercy. He tMn went to Hind.
In the TarjumaYamini it ,is written, that when tbe
Sultan led his army from SLtan to Hindntan, and
;having, as UljUal, waged war with the infidels, returned
uiumphaut, Khalaf bin Ahmad plated hi$. .sO'n Tahil' on
the tbrohe. and hnving delivered over tbe keys of the
treasuries to hiru, and chosen a life of retirement, he
c11tercd ioto the courtyard of devotion, and sought
rclinquis/uncnl: from affairs both civil and cl'iminol.
When, nCtcr some little time, Tahir bad become absolute
in the affaits of government, Khalaf, repenting of what
he had done, feigned sickness. Having placed some of
the 110bles in the ambush of perfidy, he sent fo1 Tahir,
under the pretence of maldng his last will a.nd testament;
and while Tahir stood at the pillow of hls father. chose f.
perfidious men entered and tied firmly both his bands
and his neck. They then inca:rccratx:d biin, an.d after a
liABIB!/S SIVAA 141
few da:ys brought l>inL dead out o prison, saying tltat
"Tahir had kiUcd himself Etom excess of grief."
Tahir bin Rust, and some of the chief omirs of SiWLn,
who had been witnesses of this base conduct on the part
of Khalaf, withdrew their and sent petitio.n.s
to Yaminu'<i daula, prar.ing him to turn his standard,
which aboulded in vktory, towards that quarter. Sultan
Mlthmud consented Lo thclr request, and in the ye:u 894
H. (1003-4 A.l).) marched towards Sisttm.
Khalaf into the fort of Tak. which, in strength
aod IJ?acce .. ibility, V(as t.hc envy Of the of the tur
qliaise-bolaiucld. sky. The Sultan having fixed bU. statl;
da,rd of viCtory outside tbe fort, his noops in one day
Ctlt down so many trees that they filled up the ditch of
the fort, and made it level with the ground. Picked
troops of Lhe Sultan had tied up their gixllcs for the
demolition of the fol'l, '"hen Kuala, 1'Cduced to the
extremity of despair. craved quarter, and Yruninud daul;t
having put back the sword of vengeance into its scabbard,
Khalaf ran ont of the tort, and threw himself on Lhc
ground befc>re the horse c>f Mabmud, and /."Ubbing his-
white beard on the horse's hoof, he calletl him by the
title of Sultan. Yantinu-d daula MIS so exc<:.'ISively pleas
ed with this appellation, that he spared Khalaf's life, and
insisted always on the word Sultlln forming part of llis
L.ide. Yaminud daula having brought into the
of confiscation all the ttcasures and hidden valuables of
tK)l.a\af, JreOt. hi)ll to one of the forts of .JU7jall, al\d. tlt,e
..
'"'[Elpllinstllnt makes. Mailmud adopt this ilt/6
his of the of Kh11ra.um. I.t ,is i'm :lii'k
Arabic worll'for king, bill Me's not at;f/"" ofl ct}M G-h.az.ni-
vide coins till the time of Ibrahim. Utbi styles Mahmu.d
" Sultan," and. Baihaki. alto uses the term .... :1t may be
emarked here, that it wo.s 11<?t tili , t(!e 88!1 Tic ihM
Mahmud isslil:d his coins without the acknowledgnumt of
fealty .to the Samanis: a,tld Isma'il inscribdtl
on tlleir CIJI'?'"'"J' the . names of, 'their
KHONDAMIR
. -
life. of Khalaf terminated, . as. bas been deljneated,
jn the prison assigned to him by Mahmud.
Account of the friendship aiui enmity between ilaJi Kh'tltn
4oo Sullan of: thj: ... '!Jl.l}ih .Y aminit'd'
. daula gamed .b1 t he fiitiour .of God """..
I .... >;.: I ,, - , ._ 1 '<I
ln. the ..

o.f
a!'-{\l wJle.n
'Viccortbus standard of Sultan Ma.h.mud.:..h;tq
of superiority in the sovereignty of
llak I(han sent despatches announcing his victory
.congratulations to the Sultan, and manif:estcd affection
.and intimate friendship. The Sultan also, having reci-
procated like message of friendship, their intimacy and
.trust in on.e another became confirmed. .
< . A:t that. .Sultan Mahmud sel1t. Abu:t Tib
_ .w:as,pne. of ih.e
, .the the w;.th. .h:.,QW.
., and presents Jrom . Khur"'san and .
.to Ilak .Khan, in orde.r that be might ask .in. marriage fo.r
his a princess from .among the virgins. of the royal
:family. Abu-t Tib to Turk.istat). Ilak. recei':'e_d
il} .a most respectful manner at Urgan,d,
24
. and 1);).S!
hiS tQ,..' !;he
the Sultan in w,it4 .llal( .
.daughtet, who was .. provided with .a ... handsome .. and
.equipage. Upon this, for some time, the carpet of
friendship and u'nanimity was spread between those two
.mighty kings.
In the year 396 A.H. (1015-16 A.D.), Yaminud daula
led his army into India, and suQdued the cities of
llhatia
2
s and Multan, and in that expedition put to
.
2
'[See in another volume, ."Khwarizm."]
2
GThe Tarikh-i . lllfi and Haida1 Razi add, f(a . cit')'
nea1 The Rauzatu'-s Safa assigns no year to th'is
expeditionj but Wilken puts in the margin, "A>H. S93.''
The Tarikh-i Alfi gives' the capture-of Bhatia in the year
' . .
..
143
.IHgbt Jaipal, tle king of the k.ing;'l of. India, and Abu-l
Fath, the govetnor of Multan, and slaughtered-. many
his 2o.. "
Duriag that time, when neighbourhood . of
Mullan -was the place where the standard of victory of
Mal1m0d was fl.Xt>tl, Ilak Khan rebelled, and sent the
leader of his army, Siashitigin," to govern Khurasan, and
.appointed Ja'f:artigin"' viceroy of Balk.b. When Arslan
Jazib, who had been exalted by Yam.inud daula to the
government of the gre<tt city of Hirai;. obtained intcl-
Jigence of ili"' .. in whii;h tile Turlcs -had turned
lie- left and, -bascenlng tO-Ghamln,
he despatched:n swift messenger with the intelligence..to
Mwcan.
:J'he Suhan tame tq Ghaz11i o like the lightning and
wind:
20
from that place be turned the reins of his desire
towards .Balk.h, the taoernacle of the faithful. Siasbir;igin
wd Ja'fartigjn lied like weak flies before a hWTicane, and
and of Mullan ;,. 386, after the death of Prophet
in 39G and 397 of 1/1< Hijra.]
Ibn Ka.sir Shamt says: "In the yea-r 39Gu. the
Sultau took captive of the most powerful m/4rs of
ltldia, and after cutting off his little finger, re,sto.-ed the con
country to him." The passage is quoted in the
Tarikh-i A.lfi, and by Haidm Razi. The former also
f'rom lbt1 ]auzi, as among the events of this year, that,ntat,
W4de it.s tor. fifteen 11ights
.sipeJ,y;,cnid; w"'a.s;.as large. a.s the moQn. . . t; .,_.
' .l!H:izmmer<- P.urgstaU says th.e right reading,. is Sihi'
. three copies the
acccrrdmg }0 .,M;f,Ahqtlfl,
J;Li;itoria '(t M. Detremety.:, sot;i:UJe
.should read "Siachi He. has a lottg tllte
jJre su6jec de.s Seldsjlmltides, .p. 7.
"So in-M.iikliotll, ' Uibi, and most copies of F'irislita,
obtt( Briggs reads ."Jaku<ttv.gtMn." ,
The Tarikh-i ,Alfi says, "in fort-y days!'
144 KHONDAMlR
theiX lives by a precipitate retrea.t. llak Khan then
craved help from the king of Khutan, Kadr Khan, who,
with 50,000 men capable of breaking .the ranks of 'their
enemies, joined him, and those chiefs, wit:li .. t;heir
countless anny, prepared for , battle with Yaminu-d d.aula.
. The Sultan, with his army; the symbol of
and elephants like encamped. at" a . distance of
fo_w:: pa1asa?Jgs . when' . .tlak :Khan and
'crossed over the river Oxus, ilie Sult'an. turned
. attention towards distributing the commands o'J >;ik
army. He assigned the centre thereof to his brothe:r Amir
Nasr, and to the governor o Juzjan Abu Nasr Farighuni
and Abu Tai. and placed 100 elephants in
their front; he sent his chamberlain Altuntash to the right
wing, and he gave the command of the left wing to
ArsJan Jazib.:
10
. Ilak . Khan also having arranged his
atmy, {phtcec1 himself in the middle, and sent KadJ,-. Khan ..
!P'! the .ri ght :wing; he ordered that Ja'fartigin''snould
. exalt the standard of glory in the left wing. .. ' ..
Then the troops of both anuies, brave meri of both
countries, hastened- into th,e field of battle, commenced
:fighting furiously, and with the aid of well-tempered
swords, . and flame-exciting .spears, they mingled the
blood of _ one another with the dust of the field o
battle. When the Sultan, saw the excessive bravery of
. the fearless .Turks, he turned his face court
_'of God, and, standing on a mound of earth, rubbed the
forehead of humility and submission on the ground, and
asked for victory and assistance; thinking offerings
incumbent on him, he ordered alms to be distributed.
After l1e saw that his- prayers been heard, having
?nounted an elephant, he himself made an attack on .the
centre of the army of Ilak . . The elephant sexzed
,
3
0Wilken n;ads "A?sltm Habeb." S. rf.e Scy, "Arslan
Hamme1-Purgstall, "Dschasib,'' which,
transformed into Jazib, is conect. See Journal Asiattque,
1848, Afrril, p. 422.
HAl\DIUS SlYAA 145
Alarudar Khan, and threw him up in the air, and
' trampling unde. his many slaughtered them
After this, .Mabmud's army, the symbol oE victory,
at once rushed upon the enemy, and teStified their perfect
bravery and military ardour. The army of Mawarau-n
uabr fled, ancl llak .Khan and K.aclr Khan, with extrem.r:
difficulty, escaped safe from that place o slaughter, and
crossing over the Jihun, never again entertained tho idea
of subduing K.hurasan. llak Khan died in the year 10.'!
H. (1012-Hl. A.D.), and his brother Tughan Khan suc-
ceeded him. I am able to assert with COITectnc&S, that
tbe w.hicb Sultan .Malln!ud gained
0
ver llak Khan
during the year 3'97 .<.a. (1006-7 A.D.).
During this year also the Sui tan turned his attentioo.
tuwards Hlndustan, in order that he might punish.
Nawasa Shall, who bad turned an apostate from the.
religion o.f the faithful, and had rebelled agaimt Yamiuu-d
duulu. lmmediatel)' on hearing of the approacb of the.
Sultan, Nawasa Shah Wll$ overcome, and Mubmud, t.um-
ing the reins of his desire towards the dwelling-place of
his generosity, returned to Gbaznin.
into B indrutatl
When Yaminu-d daula Aminu-1 onillat Mahtnud
had rested fo:r 80llle time from his toil, be again, in order
to strengthen the religion of the Prophet, evinced a desire
to make war on the infidels of Hind, and accordingly
marched in that direction. When his standards, the
of victory, cast the shadow of their arrl;ral over
capacious Hind, Pal. bin And pal,,. who, for his excest[v,!;'
wealth and"numerous waniors, was more dis.l:lngu,islied
than tile Other princes of Hind, opposed and:
a terribfe . battle took place. The standards of the faith-
ful tiecariie exalted, . and those of the were depress
"So also sa)''
"So say Mirk.hond a7!d the Alfi, but Fii-isltlCL'
says "Anandf'al."
10
!{ .HONJ>A.M.lR
-d. T he Sullan ilullscl having J>Ul'SUcd we pagau
.I:JUcd :mul tHudcr. of wenl, with Lhc sworc.l, and having
JJfl'oved at the. fon of Jlhimnagar,"" l>c encamped. ll>s
victorious army in itS vicinity. '!"bat lon was built on
xhe top of a hill; the peoplo: oE Hiud it to bo
the 0 one of lheir weac idols, and or ages
,had transported a<1d treasures; they
J1ad liUcc.l .ib-wll!h monuy. ,and jcwcb, u}\d that by
.Willi aonduon they near -to- the house God.
When 'Mahmud besieged that lofty fon, fear seized upon
.roe bearcs of the residents. Their cries for quarter reach
.ed up to d1c hall of the planet Saturn, aud having opened
.the g:Hc o( the fon, they threw on the ground
befoe hon;c of the Sultan. daula, wit.h
governor of }uzjan, entered into that fort, and gaw
.Qrdcrs for tak.ing possession of the spoil. The wealth
which Jle Gbtaincd consisted of 70,700 mans of gold
.and sUv01' and the jewels and gold nnd robes and
m<l>,vilbllo effects were incakulblc. Suhal\ Malunud,
,J1aving cfelivered over the Iort to a conl\dcutial pcrsoll,
hoisted the standard of his return to Ghaznin.
In the year 4.00 H. he again exulted his victol'ious
tandanb, and hastened to the cities of Hind: and after
puru'!Uiing Lhe infidels and samcring abroad the impic;ms,
'lfgaln tUlned his steps towards tbo royal residence o
-Gh<*nin.. ln the same year( the 'lUng 'bf clic .kingg of
l'rindi bavi.ng a petition of humillation to the SultatJ,
'" Abdu.l Kadir ndds, "whU:h is now called Thana
Bllim!' Rc, as well as most authorities, says trea
sure was accumulated at that fort from time of Dhim.
><Whf:rc he held the festiual described ;,. the extract
jrcml the Tarik./1-i Yamin. Firishta fi"es the dale in the
year 400 H., and says it lasted for three days. Haidar Ra.ti
say.,, ''the beginning of the year 400 11."
. "TI!is mtl.rl allude to tl<e exfHJdilion against Nardit1 'I
or Naram, on which subject there is nothing in Firishta
.or Haiilar Razi. Mirkhond a.tC!'ibes it to Me year 100 H.
'
I
HAillllUS .. SIVAR
.147
sued for a pacification,. and consented to send him Jifty
-elephants, and .to pay every year a. large sllm of money
into the t:oyal . treasury. By way of subsidy, he appointed
2000 ca:valry to serve in the army, which the .mantle
A>f victory, . and swore that his own . posterity.
.observe the same conduct towards the descendants of the
Sultalil. 'The Sultan was satisfied with this xcconciliation,
and merchants began to <.orne and go between the .two
.t.:ountries.
T1ansacl'ions in Ghor
.... - t
th0 . year 40J. , H., Sultan. of Gl}'aznin, t4z;ough
a th:ii's't for \verldiy glory, led his . army to Ghpr;. .the .
governor o that country, Muhammad bin :Suri, haying
come out to oppose him with 10,000 cavalry, became the
victim of powerful decree of fate, and having sucked
.the poison whiCh was in his xing, departed this life.
That country came into the possession of the agents of
.the Sultan.ac -
Tmnsaclions in Ghwpstan
ln tllc miudlc of all this, Shar Shah, King of
rebelled against the 'Sultan and was taken prisoner; the
whole of which story, collected into a small compass,
.amounts to this: In those times, the inhabitants of
iGhurjistana
7
called their rulers by the name of Shar,
.
?'
1
M.i1:.kho:nd he1e insms an expediti{m to
av, hir:b i$ a:ssignetl by . Wil_ken, to 4()2 .. . Firfslzt(J.
.t.o11q'l!test Thanes'ar to that .. year. 1-Iaida:r f!W!! ..
ti'Gns. an 'l.ndian e;cpt:dition in 402, without .. .' (Jinty
p,lace; so does the Tq.rykh-i Alfi in after
dea.t.h. . . T!ie .expedition against Kusdar, , ariri. further .
pa?'liculp.rs respfi.cling Gh9r, wilf. be
Ext1a.cts jmm the Rauzat'iH. Sa.fa. _ . . . : .
.
31
Pr.ice (Maliomm.t .Hist., .. deoigitJ ..
i.n .this, follqwing D'Herbelot. :. Even Dr. -Bird, who
Jje11eral1,y very cautious, f<ills ' i'fito this error..
148 KHONDA.MIR
,as. Hindus call tliei;r k{ngs Rai. ln the time of N uh
bin Mansur Samani the Shar. of Ghurjistan was Abu
Nasr. This Abu Nasr, from the excessive integi:ity of
his mind, and the inclination which he had towards the
.society of men -of learning, resigned the reins of govern
ment into the J1ands of hj& son Muharo..mad. When the
star of .. the> ,of aaula. had travelled
.. to_,, the .. stp:nrnJt o( ;horiout; se.l')t' u tbi, _ the author
, .'()f''' tn.t' Tat Uth-i Yartl.ini_, to the Shar, he demand\ his
obe'cllente and submission. The Sha'r attended his
orders and his prohibitions. The son of Shar Abu Nasr,
whom they caU Shar Shah, came to the Sultan, and
having been treated with much kindness and courtesy,
and decorated with robes of honour, returned to his
country.
... . After some time, the resolution of making war having
. ,. int? the . mind ,of th: Sultan, he summoti
'"J:.. Shah to hts but
-sual"" imaginations and satanical delusions, he would
. not obey the order of the Sultan. Yaminud daula ap-
: pointed Altuntash the' chanlberl'ain, and Arslan Jazib, to
put him out of the .. way; and when these two officers
near . the royal re&idencc of the Sha:r, Shilr Abu
took shelter with Alt'llntash, and himself.
'of all. responsibility for the deeds of his_ son.. . Altuntash
sent hitn to Hirac, and .Shar :taken refuge in
a fort, gave himself up after a few days, in consideration
of quarter, and the chief amirs were sent off to Ghaznin.
When he arrived before Mabmud, the Sultan showed
him his mercy by only flogging him, and then shut him
up in one of the forts; but the superintendent of the
finances, according to the Sultan's . orders, supplied him
cmrectly spealts of it:, on the au. tho1ity of Ou.seley' s . Ibh
Hau.kal (pp. 213. 221, 225). as lying in the upper course
of the rive?: Murghab adjoining Ghf>r. For fu,rther parti-
CUlfLTS respecting its position, see Gem.aldesaal, vol. iv., p.
125, and Fundgruben des Orients, vol. i., p.
i'
.I
.
HAJHBUS SlYAR . 149
with all the necessaries of life. After this, Yaminud
daula sent for Shar Abu Nasr from Hirat, and showed
great kindness to him; he bought with gold' all the
villages and estates of the Shars, and Khwaja Ahmad
Hasan Maimandi took Shar Abu Nast under the s,hago'iV .
of his patronage. He died in . the year 406 ,:ur.
(1014-15

ExfJeclition to H inclttslan
In the year 405 H. Sultan Maluuud, again thirsting for a
war with the infidels, _ turned his attention towards . the
extreme . part o Hindus tan,_ and fought a battle with one
o! the greatest- .princes of that _ count:ry. .ije sept
of the heretics to hell, subdued the -city of ..
.then returned to Ghaznin. In the same year, he led an,
to the territories of Thanesar,-
10
the of whiCh
was a certain infidel well known, and possessed of
elephants which they call the Ceylonese. According to
his usual custom, he fought with_ and plundered the inhabi-
tants, and then returned to Ghaznin.
41

mentions in this ftlace a demand made by
Mahmud ttjJO?l the Khallfa for Lhe surrender to him of
Samarkancl and Khumsan. 1'he Kftalifa's reply was au
iudignant, bttt facetiotts, ?'efusal, which need not be here
1.letailed.
:uTILe TalJakat-i A.kbari says, ''Naudand in the hill
of Balnat," a11d fixes the expedition subseguent ta that
1'ham.esa,-, and says that Sarogh was . left '4
governor.. The Tarikh-i Badauni says uparnandanai'''' .
"-
0
Nizamu-d tlin Ahmad and Firishta tell us that ;the+;e:, ,:
was an idol there, called )aga'l'som_ &r ]agsom, , : .
. jaipal 'Offered to give to1ty elephants if .. riJpula ,. _ _- r
.Q.bstain from his expeditio.n. The_ Sultan, '
.advanced towar/is t-he city, broke the idol in .-"j)itces/ 'Cmd
sent them to be trodden tender foot at'- the of his
palace. .. .
-; .
41
He oinits the expedition to Lohkh( or "'Loharkot
in . the 406 01 . 407 H.
'.
150 KHON.QAMlR
-Expedition to Khwariz.ltn
. .
.Quring the . years of tvfahmud's reign, . au ,
individual piuned governed . Khwarizm, ap<(
when _he his .son Abu 'Ali became king qf ,_
COUtltry. . He tcsLi(-icct friendship ' to I Yaminud ciaul:t. and_.
married his sister. Atter the d,eath of Abn 'Ali, his
brother Mamtm bh'l' M'l\ti.tili:' .}lc. inarried his.
siSter
._ ' usage:; he professed allegLan:ce to Strkan
Ma:llnihct-:'- During the last ch'tys o[ Marnun, Yaminu-d
d:iuht, having --sent a ute);seng-er to Khwarizm, ordered
Mamtin-- to read the ldtul ba in his name. Mantull
consulted on this maltcr with his rnuustcrs of State .
.\\'fost o( lhcm replied, "H you hold your kingdom ill
partnership with any one else, we will not
bind -on the:. birdte of obedience; and if yon submit co
: command we . will not
. rhe" ignominy. of your service.' ' The <!nvoy
,. ' J:lavhi.g heard these speeches, returhed and made relation
of the circumstances.
-: After this, the general of the army o Khwarizm,
' Binaltigin,
4
!: and the nobles and of Mamun.,
. 9 misd,ee<:ts, and were terrified at
veiigeance of the Sultan. In the middle o all this, when
. one. da,y? . to . esta?Jished, tlie.r. went t?
pay' .tqeJ'r. to __ Mani u.n, news o[ .h111
\V'as divUlged to them, but nobody else was inform-
ed of the circumstance. Binaltigin then raised the son
of Mamun to the Sultanship, and eqtered into an agTee-
, .DlCllt with all the rebellious a.mirs .. to the cffc<:t thar, if
the Sultan should march towards them they wou1d un
animously make war upon him .
. ;Wllen . Yaminu-d daula heard of this, he marchccf
d
2
Dow him
"Begalthegin." S.
"Inalt:hegin."
''Abi5tagi
de Sacy,
Bochari." D'Herbelot"
"Nebal-teghin." Wilken_..
towards Khwatinu, with a . desire. of vengeance and
hostility, and in the of that country he .kindled
the flame& of war. Many of the Khwarizmians were
killed, SAd 5000 of them were taken prisoners, and the
o( the uofortuna_u:s flee!. Bina)ti!Po to a boat,
m order that be mogbt cross over the Joltun, but" on
accpunt or the llttlencs.1 of hi.1 understatldiug, he adnpt
cd. such an inwlent tone towards one of the boatmen
wl\o w:os known to him, :os to bring matt.ers to this poitit,
that that ,it:Jdividual s.eized Binaltigin, conveyed tb<:
ungrateful wreJcll to. the of Mahnmd, who
. qtV,eq, shojdd
tomb of. Ma111un, and upOt\ thcrn llionlt igin, .wJth SO!JlC
orher of the seditious nobles, was hut\g up b:y tbe
Having given over the .govcromcnt of. K.hwari.;m. to
Altuntash, the Sultan Jctumcd C:nrJlin.>
E.:pedition lo kanauj
Iu the year 40!1 H. (101819 A.D.), during the season of
flowery spring, when the days and nights arc equal,
when the lord of vegetation lea.ds his anny of 1erdure
and of Gdorifctous herbs over the deserts gardens,
ani! when from the temperature of the air of Ardiblh.isht,
and from the blowing of the morning b1 eeze, he has
subdued the citadels of the green rose-buds, Yaoninu-d
dnula again formccl the resolution of -..,arring agains.t the
infidels of Hlndustan. With au txcclleut anny of 20,00<!
\'d)unteers, who, for the sake of Jbtaining the rewanl of
maldng )"at 11pon infidels, had joined the .C<illlfp
he marched. towa{ds Knnauj, which was dista)ll th$,'1<
journey. In the of his way
.JJ11Rreg,n'!ble fort, whtch was the o a
ceita/'"":k.lng pojsq;serl , of bravery in W/).r.::
"TJre Saja !Inti Tnrikhi :1/fi !hat
some prisoners were sent tro.m K/nparii:IJI, aml
afterwards release4; . and serlt lo , nccom!Ja"'Y the atmy
despatclled to India.
152
.l:.ing saw the of the warriors of the religion of
the chief of the righteous, having to tl>e fooe; o
.the fo.rt, be confessed the unity of God.
The SulWl then directed his steps towards a fort
which was in the possession of a certain inJidel
.Kulchand. Kulcband fought with rhe faithful, but the
infidels were defeated; and K:ulchand, !hrougli exe9Sive
ignorance, liaving drawn his dagger, . firsr killed his wife,
:and' then plunged it into his own breast, and thus went .
to beJI, Out of the country of Kulchand the
.of daula obtained 185 elephants ...
From that place the Sultan proceeded to a certain
city, which was accounted holy by the people of we
country. ln that city the men of Ghaznin saw so many
strange and wonderful thiJ188, that to tell them or to
write a description of them i no easy matter. There
wexe a hundred palaces made of stone and marble, and
the Sultan, in writing a description of these buildings to
ihe nobles at Gliaznin, said ''that if any one wished to
make palaces like these, even if he expended a hundred
thousand times thousand diMr.<, ancl employed cxperi
cnced superintendents {or 200 years, even then they
wo11ld not be linilihed. Again, Ll>C)' found live idols. of
tlili pilrclf- gold, in the eyes of eacll of which there were
placed r:wo rubies, and eatb of these rubies was worth
50,000 (!iua.r.t : in another idol 'there 'were sapphires,
which weiglicd 600 dra<:htil!. The ntunbr of silver
idols upon tllC spot was more tha1l 100." In 31>0>1:,
Sultan Mabmud, having possessed l>imself of the booty,
burned rheii idol-temples, and proceeded towards
Kanauj.
Jaipal, who was the King of Kanauj, hearing of the
Sultan's approach, 6ed, and on the 18th of Sha'ban, of
44
So says 'Utbi, but Firishta has 80; Haida.r Razi, 150 .
.. Firishta. adds, thes4 lo.tlen on as mal'l)l cawu:ls,
'which, acconling to Briggs, :uould not cMry more than
150,0001. in
I
IIA'nlllVS SlYAR 153
the ycat above mentioned, Yaminu-d daula, having
an:ivcd in that coumry, saw on che banks of the Ganges
seven Ul:.c those of Xbaibar, but, as they were
desti tute of br:we men, he subdued them in one day.
The Gbau1ividcs found in these forts and their depen-
dencies 10,000 idoltcmplcs, an.d they lhe
vicious bclicr of the Hindus tu be, that since the erection
nf those buildings uo lc'" th:m three or four hundred
thousand ycal'l! bad elapsed. Sultan Malunud during this
expedition acblcvc.d many other couquests after he kft
Kanauj, nnd se11t to hell many of the infidels with blows
o tbc welltcmpcrcd sworil. Such a number llf slaves
were assembled in that great camp, that the price- of a
single one clid noL exceed ten dirhams.
r he Corquc.tt of Somnnt
When Malunud returned victorious llom this expedi-
tion to the residence of Gha>.nil, he built a genera.!
mosque and a c-ollege, and endowed them with pious
legacies." Some years after these events, Sultan Mahmud,
.of praisewonlly virn1es, fonned the design of taking
Somnat, and of slaying the detestable idolators. On the
lOth the Shnban, 4tG fl. (10256 A.o.), be marclled cowards
Mullan with cavalry, in ad<lition to a multirudc o
vmi.mmu nrc tlte conquest of Mtmj, Asi,
a11d the fort of Cll/lnd llai, which aTe menrioned by
'Utbi> Rasltidud di11, tmd Mitkltot!d. 1'he subse_qU4nt
expr.dilioriS to ludia preceding t}lat of Somnat, which
rrone of tiMse authors h<tve 11oticed, but which are givm
in detail by Firishta, arc also omitted. The . Tiirikhi
4lfi also omits t lu:se subsequent expeditions, 71'1tflli011ing,
however,. which cannot be idetlli{ied 'with any of
Firisllta' s .
., Firishta adtts, that letters VJ6re torltten to the
Kha/ifa by Mahmud, detailing his Indian vict.uries, nmt
that the Khalifa had them ead from the fn.ilfJits in the
presence of the people.
154:
I<UONDAMIR
IUcn, who also bent their steps thither for their own
pleasure, . and for obtaini.t:lg the reward . of warring
against infidels. Having arrived, at that city in the middle
of Ramazan, he resolved to travel the rest of the distance
by the way of the desett. The soldiers were obliged to
car.ry water and forage for many days, and in. addition the
Sui tau loaded 20,000 ., camels. witlF wat_er and provisions,
so the troops, might py, any means dimi
llfs};led ju_. . . Having . tluit
saw on the edge of tt several forts .filled wlth
lighting men, and abounding with inst'ruments of wat:,.
but the omnipotcnt God :;truck fear into tbc hearts of the
infidels, so thal thcv delivered the forts over without
s!riking a blow. Mahmud went from that place
towards Nahrwala,u and he killed and plundered the
inhabitants of: every city o_n the road at which he arrived,
until in the rnomh of Zi-1 ka' da of the above year, he
arrived at Sor.nnat. "Historians agree that is
name of a certain idol, which the Hindus believe in as.
the great'est of idols, but we le<_tm. the c<:>ntrary of . this
from Shaikh Fariclu-d din 'Attar, .in that passage where
he. says : "The army of Mahmud obtained i'n Somnat
that idol whose name was
1
Lat." At:cordirig . to
Sornnat was placed in an idol-temple upon the
tkJitrishta saj'S that .he passed Ajmir, bti.t the
Ti-rikk-i Alfi, fJedtatJs mo'l't: co1'redly, ]aisalmi1, des-
troyiug all the /.emples on his way, and massacring so
?rutrl\' of the . inhabi/.a.nts, that for some time no one oould
jJass. t hat way on account of t.lle arising from the
dead bodies.

10
Mirkhoncl Klwnclamir, and /;he Tarikh-i Alfi read
"Bahwam;'' but no doubt the reading of Firishta is
rect, "Nahnvala." Tt afJpears f1om Bird's 'GufaraC p.
144, thai. the name was ]anmnd_, a Solankhi Raj-
tnt/.. Athir says his name was Bhim, confounding :him
with his conl'emporal'y Bhimj'Jal, the last: of the . dynasty
of India. . ..
. ,
HAUIBU-.S SIYAR 155,
shore of the sea. The ignorant Hindus, when smitten.
with fear, assemble in this temple, and on those nights.
more than J 00,000 I l,1Cn co.me into it. From the extremi-
ties 6 k,ingdoms. they bring oi'[ering"S to that temple, and.,
10,000, j:ul tivated village:> arc set apart for the expenses of
keepers thereof. Sb many exquisite jewels were foU;rid :
tlw;re, . . that a tenth part thereof could not be contained .
cntiJely . in the trettsury of any king. Two thousand
Hrahman!i were always o<:cupiccl in prayer round about
the temple. A gold chain, 200 1/UL'IIs, on whkh
bells :were hung from a co.rncr of that temple, and
they rang them ai appointed hours; sq that by the noise'
thereof the Brahmans might know the time for prayer ..
hundred musicians and 1>00 dancing slave girls were
thp serva11ts o[ t.hat temple, and all the necessaries of life
were provided for them from the offerings and
f<il:' pious usages. .
.. The river Ganges is a river situated to the cast of
Kanauj,
50
and the Hindus ure of opinion that th e water of
river springs from tbe foimtain o Paradise; .having bur-
ch:ejr <lead, they throw the ashes into the stream; and
this practice they hold as purifying them from thei-r sins.
I n short, when Mahmud encamped ac Somnat, l1e saw
a large fort on the shore of the sea, and the "waves reached
up to the earth underneath 'that castle. Many men having;:.
come upon the top of the rampart, looked down upon the
, !!!' and that t heir false god would kifr
::'rt'A,. bltitude that very n ight. . .
' . c e :'fie:Xf:i day' when this world f ull of pride , . . :-'t;
"\ , , ' ;. "':'. ' (", i, 1 ' 1 t , . , ' I '1.
tJ:le'' stream of the . . ,r::._.,
tlic. i:lay aisplaying his golden
1
:; _ .
Cu( olf wit.I1 hi'S sword :t:he of die

.
. . . .. . . ' ..
: ' ...;.r'. : :,
1
.... , ...
.
60
Somethi1ig.".isr. 'omtnitfled heTe: bei?.}g, to-
imply that the idol tuashecl wit/1. wat.er. covveyed from
the Ganges.
.
61
.7-'he Turk bei1g .fair.: is .. compar.e.d to the day,
'
156
XHONDA.MJR
The army of Ghaznln, full of br.vcry, having gone
to tbe foot of the fort, brought. down the Hindus froql
the of the ramparts with the poiJlts of eye-destroying
m:rows, and having placed scaling-ladders, they began to
uscend with loud cries o[ Alla.ll-u Akbar (i.e., God ii
greatest). The Hindus olfCled and on that day,
from the time that the . sun entered. the fort of the
turquoisc-cololll\cd until tbc time tb:lt the stars of the
bed-chambers of Heaven were conspicuous. did the battle
rage between both p11rtic.,. When the darkness of night
prcvemcd the light of the eye .-om seeing the bodies of
men. the army of the faithful rcttn'llcd to their q,uarters.
The ncxc day," haviog returned lo the strfc, and
Jmving finished hingiug into play the weapon of war-
fare, t.bcy vanquished the Hindus. Those ignorant men
ran in crowds to the idol temple. embraced Sornnat, and
c'unc out again to fight until they were killed. Fifty
thousand infidels were l;.i)led Tound about the temple,
.and tl1e rcL who escaped from the sword embarked in
ships and fled :1way. Sultan Mahroud, having entered:
into the idol temple, beheld an excellsively long and broad
room, insomuch tllat li!ty-six. piUars" hnd <been made to
the golden sl1ield is to ,eprwmt tile .nm. The
night is called on accotmt of it., blachness.
02
Fi!'ishta ,eprescml.< th,at arrived to
the Hindu on the dtird day, led by Pamma Deo a11d
Dabshilim whom Mahmud nttru;ked and routed, slayitJg
5,000 Hitulu.s. .
'"MirkhotJd; tire 1"twiklli Alfi, mrd Firisllta, say that
some of tile Sultan( s men pursued. them 011 the and
as Snrandip is mentiorw!, .JJriggs considers that f!robably
difJ
1
or island of Diu, is indicated; but from the his
torical amrnl.r of Ceylo?l it appeo.r.t that t/141 island wM
the11 a depmdetJcy of Histtny of Bud.
4/lism, p. 31.
!Mirk/l(md. cul<ls thnt the columrrs ;uere set with
and pearls, O:tlll that colurrin had
...
SIYAR 157
' support the roof. Somnat was an idol cut out of stone.
height was five yards; of which three yards
65
were
vlsxble, and two yards were concealed in the ground.
Yaminu-d daula having; broken that 'idol with his OW-!1
hand; ordered that they. should pack up pieces of the
stone, take them to Ghaznin, and throw them on the
threshold of the Jami' Masjid.
116
The sum which the
treasury of the Sultan Mahmucl obtained from the idol-
temple of Somnat was more than twenty thousand thou-
sand dinars,M inasmuch as those pillars were all adorned
with jewels. _St\ltan Mahmud, after this glorious
victory . recluced a fort in which the goyemor of Nahra
wal,a had taken refuge.
Sl.ory of Dabshilim {is
At that time having made over the government ofi
Somnat to Dabshilim Murtaz, he turned towards.
been r-az'sed at the extJense of one of the chief "Sultans"
of and that more than 50,006 idolators :J;UC1'e slain
in this siege. .

in translating l\tli1khond, says "cttbitos,"

but the otiginal has, like the Habibu-s Siyar, "Gaz"
D'Herbelot makes t he five into fifty cubits, and says fo,ty-
5even of them were buried beneath earth.

1'abalat-i Nasiri sa.ys the fragments of the idol

_were thus tlist?ibuled, orle at the gate of the ]ami'
'
1
qt ,gate of the 1oyal palace, one was sent to Me,c.ca;
to Medma. . . ._
. i
1
0.ne of these thoil.sands is left o-ut in some cbpi'es:
' li
8
Meaning
11
disciplined, exe1cised, a he,mit!' . Bird
derives Dabshilirf from Deva Sila, "the meditative king,''
in the. objeCtive :case ."Devti. silam." The name isprobably
a mere legendary one. It is to be remembered that Dab-
a contempmary of Hushang, was -the 1ndian
monar.ch by wh_ose orders the we!l-knowrt fables . of Pi lpay .
were composed. Elphinstone concurs that. both these
Dabshilims were 1epresentatives of the family of C.hawara,
158 .
1\JlONDAMlR
lt is related LlluL when Sultan Mabmud was
.about w l'eturu nom Somnat, he consulted with his mini
ten of Scacc, and said: ' 'lc is necessary to appoint some
ptopcr person to the govcrmncrn and possession of the
T hey amwe.cd, "A. nunc of us will :t!f.Un
qoss over i11to t l>is couUlt)', it . is lilti.ng thnr you should
l\ppoint some pCl'SOU .in the .country to be the
Julc.l. ..
The Sultan' bavi>tg spoken un tltis subject co some uf
the people of So1DJ1.1t, one p:uty s:icl: "Among ch:c
soverf!igus of the c:mutuy. nc unc U: cqu:Lf Lo the tribe uE
Dnbshilim in character and liucngc. At the prcscnc
momcrtt there is a young man of that tl'ibc, a J3rallmnu,
who is wont to practise scve.tc austerities: if the Sul ta n
delivers over the kin&"liom to him, it \vm be proper." Au
other pll(t y did not app1ovc of this proposal, and said:
';Dabsh'ilim Murtaz is a man of a morose disposition, and
il is thtough indigence that he is obligetl to practise nus
terities. There is ailothcr man of the tribe of Dabshilim,
the ruler of a certaitf oountry, very wise, and a ke,cpcr of
his word, 'vhom it is f1tting that the Sult:u1 should make
-soveroign of Somnat."
Yaruin\Id dania said: "11 he will come and wait
upon me and make this request, it will be Listened to; b\lt
to gi:ve over a kingdom of this magnitude to a _person wbo
js possessed of one oP the kingdoms oE 'Hind, and
wllo has never been in attendance upon me, seems to be
a tltlng far ftom the sulitl opinions which actuate
Sultans. u
.Jo whom the father of the 1'cig11ing Raj" of the family of
CIUllukya ha'Cl ,su,ccceded through thc female lir;e. Sec
Biographic tom, x., p. 120.
. . ,,. The Tabakat.i Akbari says he ctllmetl by way of
Smrl and Multau, and 6i<(Jerienccd great difficulty itl th'e
deurt. See the gcrlilral Note Otl Mahmu<l's
published elsti!Jhel'e.
...
Then having ca1Jed Daba.shilin1 Murtaz, the Sultan
gave him the sovereignty or Somnal. Dabshilim agreed
to pay

and spoke thus: "A certain Dabshilim
is in: a state . of ,holitility towards me, and when he
that the Sultan is gone, he will certainly lead.
hither; and as I have not -the means of 1esistance,
1 be subdued. If the king will remove this mischief
from head, this great matter will be all right; but il:
not, . 1 $hall certainly be destroyed in a. very short time.''
The Sultan answered: ''Since I lwvc come [rom Ghaznin.
witn, tbc,_Fmpose. ofmaking :w.ar upon infidels, 1 will also
.business.''
01
. , ,
He led his army towards the country of that
Dabshilim,: and having taken him captive; delivered him
over to Dabshilim Munaz, who thus addressed the
Sultan: ''In my xdigion the killing of kings is unlawful.
but the custom is that when one king gets anotllcr into
';
11
1\fi,-hhowt malu:s him sa,y: "I will agree to transmit.
to Ghazni all !:he golcl and. ?ubies of !.he mines of I-:l.inclJ
it this , .ftt?:the? favour be confened on me.'
1
firishta.
makes h:im p:rornise lo remit dou.hle the 1evenue of Zabu-
listtm a11d Kabulistan.
1
nTJu: t.mswer in the Rauzalu-s Safa and Khulasatu-L
Ahlu.tr is more specific: ''As yeats have already
<ila:psed since my det}(Wttwe from Ghazni, what does it
m(J..tter if six months man: are added to that f>eriod?"
' Af\ b'j{ ;fdm.paring the di.des of his departure and 1:etuin;
. Miih.mu'd .does not appear to have been absent much
than -d;ie .year and a half). or at most, as Firishta
two years and a His campaign was co.nducted
.one coldseasvn . . .The rainy .season he seems to hrive'pass-
ed at Anhalwam, and after a little more fighting' a?Zd
plundei i.n the - Ire ginning of another cold he re-
.turned to Ghazni, ' lief ore tJie rains .hart, set in
He must haw delayed late in the hot . or he could
not have experienced his diffiiulties .and sufferings the
ilt:se-t. .'
160
KHONDAMIR
his power be makes a small aud dark. toow underneath
his o1vn throne, and having put his enemy into it, he
leavC& a bole open: every day he sends a tray of
into that t-oom, until one or other of the kings Since
it is now impossible for me to keep my enemy in thi
manner, l hope that the troops of the Sultan will take
him aw(ly to the royal rcsjdcoce oE Ghaznin, and that
when I am at ease abopt hitu, $hey will send him
Yamiriud daula ct>nsentc'd, :wd tb.cn hbiated the /lag o(
his rerum 10 Ghaznin.
Dabshilim Murtaz obtained absolute sovcteignty over
the government of Soru.nnt, nnd, after n few years hacl
elapsed, sent ambassadors to the Sultan, req .. estiug that
his enemy might be given up. At li:tst the Sultnn was
irresolute about ending that youug man; buL in dte end,
at the. instigation of some of his nobles, he deliveted over
that .Dabshllim to the emissary of Dabshilim Murcaz.
:When they had brought him to the te1Titorics o Somlat,
1Jabsbilim Murtaz ordered the appoint<-d prL<on to be got
1eady, and according ro a custom which was well known
among .them, he himself went out from the city to meet
him, in order that, ha,ing placed his basin and ewer upon
the youth's head, he might cause him to run by his stit-
mp; while rhey conducted him to prison.
In the middle of his way be bcga.n to hunt, and g-.tl
loped about in every direction, until the day became very
hot : he then laid down under the shade of a tree for
repose, and having spread a red handkerchief over his
face, during that interval, according co the decree of d1e
Most High God, a bird with strong talons. imagining that
ha1tdkerchief to be flesh, alighted from the air, and having
:itmck his claws into the banclkcrchief, they penetrated so
f.>tr into the eyes of Dnbshilim Murtaz that he became
blind. As the of Hiudustan do not pay obcdi
encc to those wbo are in way defective, a tumult arose
the soldic.-., in the middle of which the . other
arrived, and all having alll'eed to invest him
with authority, they placed that same basin and ewer upon
HAlBliS SIYAI\ 161
lhc head of Dabshilim Mu;taz, and made Win run as far-
as the prison, so that thus Dabshilim Murtaz became'
taken in tile very manner which be had planned for tbis
young man, and tbe saying, "Whoever digs a well for hb
brother falls into it himself," became app:ucnt, as also
it became clear "that Gocl gives and snatches aw-y a king
dom to whom and from whom be chooses: be gives
honour and dishonour to whom he pleases: Thou po;s-
sc..scst goodness, Thou art 10astcr of all things.' '
Tile Co1qu .. rt of 'Irak
Sultan Mabmucl, i11 the yc:n 420 t.r. (1029 A.D.), .form
cd the design of subduing 'lrak-i 'Ajam, and accorclingly
hoisted the standard of deparrure towards tb.at quarter.
When he arrived in the territories of Mazandaran, Mami
cbihr bin Kabus bin Wasbmichihr having hastened to pay
him bis respects, brought fitting magnificeut presents. In
tl1c mean 1 ime tl1c governor of 'lrak, Ma jdu-<L daula bin
Jlnlthrud clnula. having sent a messenger to Yam.inu-d
daula .. brought a complaint against his amirs. The Sultan
having sent his Lroops towards Rc. Majdu-d daula joined
bunsclf to the arruy of Ghaznin, and the ofllcen; of that
nnny took him and sent him to the Sultan.
Sultan Malunud himself went to Re, and having sem
tor Majdud daula into his assembly, thus addressed
him: -"Huve yoll read the Shahnama, and are you vcrs.
ed iJ] lh,c history of Tabari?" He ans,.ercd, "Yes.'' Tile
S,ulti1 .said: "Have you ever played al chess?'' He
niLWcrcd, , "Yes.'' The Snltatt said: "Tn those booKs
havp, you seen it -written that two kings can rule in one
country? and on the ehess-board have you ever seen .two
kings on square? He said, "No." Tbe'Sultan said:
"Thc,n how coues.lt that you have given ovec ,lhc relru
of your power LO onq who ba greater than yoW'
elf?" Fie sent Majdud daula an.d his son l!> Gh;11,
uin, under the QtS(Ody of a gu,ard of and
given over the of that couJt try to hi
11
162
>;JiONJ.lAMlll
be turned his reins towaTds the royal rcsi
.dencc of Gbaznin.
A. sh01t accmmt of the oppositio11 of MtJS'ua to his {atlt4r
. and of the (leatl of Mallmud
Historians who wear the mantle of praises, and
posers clothed ilT the gatb of felicity, have related that
Sultan loved his younger son Muhammad bcttct
.than Mas'ud.. On account of l:bis, he preferre<:l hlm as
the and one day, before the taking of 'Ink,
he asked Mas'ud how he would behave towards hi
brother. Mas' ud answered, "1 shall follow the example
.of my father, and behave towards my brother in tbe same
way as you behaved to I !1avc mentioned dtc
quarrel of Mahmud wl1J1 his brother tsma'il before, so
there is no need of a repetition. My only object in men
this is, that when Mahmud heard this speech from
Mas'ud, it entered into !lis mind tllat he would remove
Mas'ud to a. distance from the metropolis of Ghaznin, so
that after his death mr and quan-elling night not ta'ke
place between the two brothers. On this account, having
undertaken a journey to 'Irak, when he hnd brought that
country into the courtyard of subjection, he gave it to
Mas'ud, and said, must swear that aftet my death
you will not oppose your brot!ler: Mas'ud "I
wlll take this oath at the time wlien you feel an aversion
.to me.'' Mahmud said, "Why do you speak to me like
this ?'' Mas'ud answered, "If I am your son, I surely
have a right to your property und Mahmud
''Your brother will render to you your dues: do
you swear that you wilt not carry on war with your
brother, and that yon will not display enmity
him?" Mas' ud said, "If he will come and swear that
aq:ording to our precious Jaws he will render to me my
.due out of your worldly effects, then I will promise not
to display enmity towards him, but he is now in Ghunin,
and 1 in Re; how then can the affair be furthered?"
Mas'ud, !rom his excessive haughtiness, and from hls
,,

HABIBUS SlYAR 163
Govctousncss to obtain the idle vanities of the world,
showed his presumption and spoke in this bru:sh
to his father. The Sultan bade him adieu, and directed
his towards Ghaznin, where, after his arrival, he laid.
his side. on the carpet of weakness, and died, . either of
consumption or of disease of the liver, c
2
(for there are two
opinions urged on this point) on Thursday, the 23rd of
Rabi'u-1 akhir, 421 u.
03
(1030 A.P.). His (uncral rites were
performed on a night whilst it was raining, and he was
buried in tbc.blue palace at Ghaznin.
1'he learned. men who flourished dU?ing
Mahmud's. reign
Among the lcamed men who iiourished during the
time or Sultan Mahmud, on was 'Utbi, who composed the
1'mikhi YmhiniJ which is an account of "the descendants
of Subuktigin. That book has been translated by Abu-s
Sharaf Nasir bin Zafar bin Sa'du-1 Munshi-1 Jarbadkani,
.and the translation is well known among men. -
Another of the learned men of that time was 'Unsud,
who was the greatest poet of his and was always com-
posing odes and quatrains in praise of Sultan Mahmud.'
The following is one of his quatrains :-
"You are that monarch whom in the east and west,
Jews, Fire-worshippers, Christians, and Musulmans
Name when they count their beads, and ejaculate the
. . praises of God, . .
Oh God, give me an end that is laudable
,, , ' (Ma.hmud)." .
G:?.Tirfilken translates) "Elenim ambigitur tabesne
fue,it : a11 dorsi agritudo an alvi proluviu'l!t." Briggs
"the stone." Abu-l feda (Anin. Mos. tom. iii., p. 76),
"''diarrhoea ef cachexia.'' Price ( . Mcihom. t?Ol. ii.,
p. 294) translates) ' lla "consuinplive compla,int, accompani.'
ed by a in the lqins." . The Tabakat-i Akbari.
Bays "fever.''
63
The Nizamu-t Tawa1ikh says. 420 H,, but the text is.
164
KHOi<DAMlR
say tltaL 'Uusurl composed mauy verses in pmiso o(
Sultan Mnbmud, and out of the many books which he
wrote iu the name or the Sultan there was one book, viz.,
Wamik o' Ara which is now lost.
Another of tho pocrs, wbo Wa$ t1 pancg)'rist of
SultaJ) was 'Asjudi, w.ho derived his origh1 f-rom
lvlcl"\(. Wl!pn Somnat was iakeQ nc composed a IIII.Sidah
i1.1. Sultan , o[ laudable virtues, the beginning
ot mns thus:
"When the :tcute-tttindcd Sultan made expedition
lo Smhunt,
He mudc his own exploits tho swndard of mimdcs.' "
AuoLilcr of the poets with Sulnm
Mbhmud was l":uTukJJi, who, !rom the excessive gcnero
sity of the Sultan, having amassed J;l"CaL wealth, dctcl"
minell oo go to Samark.and. When he drew neat that city,
h:6. {y;u by highwaymen and plundered of all that
be=-bao. Having anived in Samarkand be showed himself
to nobody, but after a few days be hoisted the flag of his.
return, ltniring given to the following lines :-
"1 have seen all tbe charms of S:unarkand,
J have looked upon its gardens, its villas, it.s valleys, atul
its deserts.
But since my pmse and my pockets arc without dirhams,
My heart bas folded up tbe of pleasure from off the
courtyard of hope.
limm the learned men of every city
l have heard that tbCJc is one ko.ra and cig"ht pamdiscs;
I have scc11 thouS:tnds o! r ivers ancl thousands of
paradises
But I haL profit if 1 always rctnrn with :1 thirsty lip?
The eye 5ccing wealth, and not lla\i ng the money in
the hand.
L' like a head cue off in the midst of a gofdcn basin."
COIICU!"I"Ccl by jami'ttl Tarumikh, 11/Jtt-! Fazl Baihaki,
Abul facia, the Safu, and the Tarikhi Al{i,
quoting fi"Om Ha{it A/J1u aud the Tabakati.i Akbari.
HABIBUS SJYAR 1.65
Firdusi was another one of the poets contemporai'y
with Sultan Mahmud: his history is we11 It is
written in the books of learned that during his
first years took. great pleasure in versification. It
l1appened .that at one time he received ill-treatment from
somebody, upon which he set out for Ghaznin; which was
llie royal residence of the Sultan Mahmud, with the intenc
.tion of lodging his complaint. When he arrived that .
. city, he saw in a certain garden three persons. whO> were
sitting together, and seemed to be very intimate. He con-
jectured th,at they .the servants of the .Sultan, and
said within himself, "l will go to and tell them
some of m)' perhaps I shall gah1 some a4vant-
.age by ft.'' When he came near the resting-place where
'Unsuri, 'Asjudi, and Farrukhi were sitting, those indivi-
.duals were astonished at him and said, "He will spoil our
.quiet converse.'' They communed with one another, and
agreed to tell this person that they were the poets of the
.Sultan, and that they held no intercourse with any one
who was not a poet ; that they wo:uld. recite three verses,
.to which it would be difftcult to add a fourth, and
they would say that whoever would make a fourth verse
would be admitted into their society, and unless he could
do so he would be excluded.
When Firdusi arrived where they were sitting, they
played. off t1pon him that which they had
.among themselves. 'Firdusi said, ''Recite your
:al;O. wit. h. the (Briggs translating .
.day instead of Thttrsday), which, however, Hammet'-
PttrgstaU. a.sse1ts to be the .,.ight day. Haidar B.p,zi men-.
. tions the 11th of' Safar as the elate of Mahmud's deat'h.
The Nigaristan says the. !3th of aww.al, a?'ld De
Gttigne$ brings it down as late as ]umadal . awwal; . but
.there can 'be no d,oubt that the date mt:ntionell in the
text is the ((orrect one; for il' is the one whioh his tomb at
<Ghazni bea?'S. See Reinaud Men. mr l'Inde, p. 27-3, and
Thornton's Gazetteer, v. "Gftuzn,ee,".
166 IUlONDAMJR
'lJnsuri said, "The moon has no brightness like your
check.'' farrukltl said, "There is not a rose in the rose-
garden like your face." 'Asjudi said, ''Your eye-lashes
pierce through a coHt of llirclusi, upon bearing
those ver.cs, instantly replied, "Like the of Ceo
in the light with Pushan." The poeL< were astonished at
his readiness, and inquired about the story of Gco and
Pusban. Firclusi cold them the story at fuU length, and
acccm:Jingly, when he alTived at Court, be experienced
kind treatment, and Malnuucl told him that be had made
a paradise of his Court, and iL wn. owing to this that be
assumed his timlar name of Firdusi.
Having >Jftcnvanls been appointed 10 compose the
Shah-nama, be wrote a Lbottsand verse.<, and cook them to
the king, who highly applauded d1em, and made him n
present or a ihousand dinars. When Firdusi had liuishcd
writing the he took the whicll contained
60,000 verses, to r.he Sultan, expecting that he would get
a dina1 or each vct'lie, as .he l>ad done before; , but some
envious persons of Olean disposition, indulging thcil
malignity. wondered what must be the value of that poet
who was wortb being cx.<oltcd by such a large gift, ancl
tltcy tnadc the Sultan give him 60,000 clirhams instead.
When Firdnsi came out of the bath, and they brought
those dirhams before him, be was exceedingly vexed at the
citcnmstancc, and gave 20,000 dirhams to the bathkeepe.
20,000 to a sherbetseller 'vho had brought some bcver
age for bim, nod the remaining 20,000 dirhams he gave
to the who brought the money. Having composed
.. "Fu!tlta' ," a hind of drinh m11dt of waL'er-barlcy and
dri4d grapes. RichartlJon also IUlds "/Jeer or ale," in
which interj)rctation he is /JC1'1le out by M. Lorsllacll, tl/l!o,
in the fi-rst volume of the Archiv fur die
Litteratw, has adduced, several passages trom tl.vicenna i.-.
'fawur of thi.s interpretation .. He also adds, that in modem
Grech "Phoukar" signifies ''beer;" SeeS. de Sncy., note in
Notices des MSS., tom. iv., p. 235.
16'7
about forty verses, as a satire upon the Sultan, he intro-
duced chem into the beginning or conclusion of the Shah
714ma, and fled t;o Tus. One day, some little time after
this circumstance, Ahmad bin Hasan Maimandi '"as out
hunting with the Sultal), and having come close to him,
he repeated several verses out of the SluJhnama, which
were exceedingly applauded by the Sultan, who as'ked
whose poetry it was. He answered that the verses were
the produce of the genius of Fil'dusi. The Sultan rcpcmcd
of his neglect of that incomparable poet, and ordered
them to take 60,000 di11ar.< with rid1 robes of honour to
Tus, and io ask Firdusi's pardom In the .Ball(lri..rtnn it is
written that when those presents came in at one gate of
Tus, ilie coffin of Firdusi was carried out at the other. An
only duughte1 was his heiress, to whom the emissaries of
the Sultan offered those honourable presents ; but she,
&om the pride iflbcrelU in bet dispositinn, refused them
and said, "l have enough wcalt!J to last me to t!Je cod of
my days; I have no need of this money." The ngcms of
the Sultan built caravanserai in cbe neighbourhood of
Tus with that money. Afzalu-1 Anami Maulaoa Nurud
din 'Abdu-r rabman Jami has written these lines at the
end of this sto1-y:
"It is pleasing to recognize one's merits, when t.he
crooked sphere
Has bent the final arrow of misfortune into che shape of
a bow.
The honour. of the Sultan has 'perished fro1n the world,
and there remai,n,, not anything
Except this talc, that he recognized not the medts of
Firdusi.''
According to the Firdusi died in the year
1)6, but God. knows cvw:ychingl
Sttltat
When the band of '{aminud daula Mah.nmd was cut
off from possession itt worldly things, his Muham-
Dattla/ Shall ir1 "i.' Tatkim .tays 411 H., 1 0201 ,;,.o .
168 KHONDMUR.
mad,'" acconling to lhc will of hi.g father, placed upon his
head r.hc crown of SullJUlsbip, and, just as it was in dte
.days of Mahmud, he appointed Hamak Mikal prime mi-
.nister. Sultan Mas'ud, who wa$ nt Ramadan, having
.obtained intelligence of the death of his father, hastened
.toward& Khurasan, and wrote a letter to his brother to the
-eifec.r that he did not. want the aountry which Jtis fatl>er
ltad given to bis brother, but he insisted that his name
$hOuld be recited first in tbe khutba. Muhammad, having
J:etumed a stern refusal, began to make preparations for
wat, but sevet'al of those who consulted the welfare of the
_govcnuncnt employed their exertions w bring about a
reconciliation hctwcen the two brothers. They were un
av:u1ing, for Muhammad would not yield in the least.
Having entrUsted the advance guard oC the army to Yusuf
bin Subuktigin, he set ottt on the road. and on the 1st of
'tlie blcssecl month of Ramazan, in the year 421 a, he
at Naglnabad," which was in uuth Nakbatabad
"The Taba/w.t-i Nasiri styles him " Ja/alud daula,"
<tnd he wrote much Ambic: poetry. The Tarikh-i
Alfi, -quoti11g Hafiz Abru, says, "he was exactly like his
fatkr, of moderate statme, elegautly made, and marked
with 1J1e sma/l.pox; that Mas'ud wa.t taller stouter, so
that it was difficult to get a horse tb carry him, and, there-
jore, he usually rode em an elephant." ---
"[The real name is Takirmbad
1
bui t his can hardly
hll!JC been the spelling used by Khondamir ill the text]
Brigg>r says, "Takiabad, tllirVj miles 1101'111 /YOm
but he is not goi11g north, but wBst towal'll.s Hamatum.
It must be the pW:e mentioned in the itimraries as
lying on the road between 1J11.st a11d Ghaz11i, and five
.stages from lJust, which would bri11g it tlear Kfbndahar.
Oueley Geog., p. 210) calls it "Nus/u:cnabad''
.or Wilken (Hist. Giltu.n. pp. 193 arul
.237) calls it "T lu:aknabad," and M ordtfi'Ulnn (Das Btu:h
.d4r Landt t; p. J 14) it "Bahil'abad." Price
1
I
'
169
{i.e. the ;abode of calmity), at which place he l'emained
<luring Lhe whole of the fasting month. On the feast day,
!tis (:ap happened to Fall off his hcnd without any came,
a circumstance which the people interpreted as a bad
omen, for on the night o( the Srd of Shawwal, Amir 'Ali
1\hcshawand"' and Yusuf bin Subul<.tigin. having conspir
-ed together, raise-d tlte swnd:ll'd of enmity. and made. ad-
vances Ln M '"''ud. H.aviug S<tti'OUII<lcd the tent of
Muhamut:td. tltC)' scb.c<l bim nnd huprL,onc<l him in the
furl uf Na(l'iu:tbad."
T.hc chief men then went om Lo meet Mas'ud, an<!
A'nlii" iiasnnk, who was at Na:isbnput', came lo tbe Cotirt
or Mas'ud. When Mas'ud NSW him, be ordered !tim to
lie hanged, because he bad heard that Hasnak bad o1lc
day said in the Court of Muhammad that Mas'Ud
should become king it would be right to make wsu:. Wht 11
'AU K!Jcshawlll1Cl and Yusuf Subuktigin aJ'I'ivcd at :HiraL
declaring rbcir fealty Lo Mas'ml, the [ormer was im
prlsoncd :md the 11\urdr.r!'{l. Mns'ud rapidly
moved orJ to Gbaznin, having imprisonccl Muh:unm.nd in
the fort of Naginabad.
In coJ'JtnnJiction to what h:1s Uecu above Wl;ttcn, men
have it tbal before the eye of Lhc prospcl' iLy of Muhan\
mad made blind by the iron of he ltad
(I'Ylnltom.m. Hi.<t. 11111. ii., p. 1! 18) hn.! "Bikhcn or
TikkenabtUl.''
""Relatio.'' so called, .<n:ys Mirhllond, out of Moh-
mud's regard tor that indititlll<ll .
.. 'J'he Ni%11tnll l Tawnrikh .111ys Mas'11el 1<111.! on 'hi.<
road to GiulJ:ni, and. /hat his anivai Yusu/ biro
Subnktigin imprisoned M ultammad in the fort of
Other authorities t!i(fcr somewhat. Mir/:honcl mallts Ami.r
'11/i K-heslmwanrl the chief com{Jiaton Firi.ihta m.(lke.r
/Imcer 'Ali YtiSIIf, and Ha.malt f>arLicipltl.ors. fTc
dtls, /,hat Mnhammatl wa.v sL"'lt l.r> be imprisoned "i-n
tllr. fort. of Walaj, which. 1/zc people of Kandahar now
tall Kllalaj,''-no doubt tile (>resent "Kelat i Ghalti." The
170
.reigned four years. After Mas'ud hacl obtained the
kingdom, Muhammad was imprisoned for nine years.
After the death of Mas'ud he again became king for one
year, ro and in t.he year 4S4 11. he was murdered by the-
order of Maudud bin Mas'ud.
Sulta.n Mas't1d
The surname of S;ultan Mas'ud, according to some
historians, ojn, in the . opinion of
Hamdu-lla Must'auf!, it was Nasm1-d daula,u ,he
bad deprived his of eyesight, be placed upon Jili
own bt'2d the crown of sovereignty at tho metropolis of
Ghaznin. He occupied himself with laying t.he foundnt.'io1l
of justice and equity, and threw open the doors of kind
ness to all learned men. During the days of his ntlc,
such buildings as mosques, colleges, nncl irrns, were erect
cd in different parts of the kingdom. Every year he oc-
cupied his mind in war the io!idels of
Hind, and -it was owing to this that the Saljukians !)btain
ea all' opportunity of crossing the river Oxus, and
having gained strength, they subdued in a little time the
cities of Khurasan.
During the latter days, of his prosperity, again
made war tpon the cities of Hind, and on his ret11rn frolll
the river Indus, Nosbtigin, and the so11s of ' Ali K.hcsha
.wand, and Yusuf bin Subuktigin, all of wbom bore enmity
Tab!Z}utt-i A.kl>ari says the "for( of Wanj." The
Tarikhi Ba(louni "Naj;' or "Yakh;' but as there
arc no vowel points, it may read in ten tliffcrellt ways.
10
Thc Tabakat-i NasM says he eigncd Ol tltc first
occasion seven months, and on tiLe second {our months.
Some mthors, as Flamdulla Mustaufi, place the reip1 of
Muhtttmlla(/, tuhom they style ' lmadtt(L drJU/a, after
Marud's; but ntltqs, as Khondamir ar1d FfrishLa, place it
before Mas'ud's. The To.ruarikh present.< fmther
differences.
"The coim /uwe "Nasiud .dinu lla/1;'' and .ro he is
styled in tire Kanun Mas'udi.
SIYAR 17!
towa-rds him, seized him a11d delivered him over to his
brother, Muhammad Makhul: he was imprisoned in a
strong fort, and was killed in i:he year 430_ H . . (103_8-9 A.D.).
His reign lasted twelve years.
In .the year 422 u. CI031 A.D.) Mas'ud mounted the
throne of Ghaznin. He appointed Abu Suhail Hama-
duni72 to the ad1uinistration o Hirat, and having written
. out a fannan, he delivered over the governorship .of
Ispahan to 'Alau-d daula Ja'far bin Kakuya. 'Alau-d
daula was the son of the _maternal uncle of Majdu-<1 daula
bin Fakhru-cl daula Dailami, . a_nd in the language of
call unc:e by .the ,word. "Kakura.''
. TillS Kakuya was at first the vtceror of 'Irak, but after-
. he arrogated to himself absolute dominion. Iii
the rear 423 H.
7
:
1
(1032 A.D.) Altuntash hajib, confonnably
with. Mas'ud'sH order, proceeded from Khwarizm to
Mawarau-n nabr ' against 'Alitigin, who had subdue(!.
Samarkand and Bukhara. On the confines of Balkh he
was joined br 15,000 1ncn from the army of Ghaznin,
and Altuntash first marched to Bukhara, he took,
and then directed his steps towards Samarkand.
'Alitigin having come out of the city with the
tion of fighting. drew up his axmy near a certain village,
on t-he one side of wh_ich was a river and numerous tlees,-
and on the other a mountain, equal in height to th(!
revolving heavens. When Altuntash came up to that
spot, the flame of battle was kindled, and in the middle
of ' the fight a band of men, w:ho lain in ambuscade.

MS. calls him "Abu Suhail/' another
Su.hal.'' He is the-Btt $uhal Hamadu.ni, of BaihriM.] :
1
3Haidar- Razi ancl .Fi1ishta 11otice an expedit:iori tO.
Kej and Makran, in /:he year 422,
were compelted to pay tribu.te. :They also notice the.-
of 'Umar bin Lais' embankment lxy d:n. -inuncla-
tion, of which there is a detailed .and
in the Extracts from Abtt-l Frizal 13aihaki.
7
"'[He is here cailed in M$S. "Mas'ud. Tigin.''}
!172 hUONDAMIR
r ushed out and charged the trmy of Khwarizm. They
wounded Altuncash monally, but t11at brave mnn conceal-
ed the circumstance, and conducted himself with such
resolution that many of the a1my of Alitigin were killed,
and the rest, wllo escaped the !Word, were taken
When it was night, Altuntaslt sent for the noble and
generals of the army, showed lhllm his wound, and said,
r shall never from tllis wound:,. do. you now
m;.kc- your awn anangcroenu." That very -night they
s-ent a 10 'Alltigin, and brought about a recon-
,QIUatiou, and then 1ccurncd to .i<.burasan. The next day
Altuntasb died, his son Hanm wok his place.
Khwaja Ahnuu;l bin Hasan lvlaimandi'
0
died io the year
424 R., aud Mas'ud llaving scm for Alm Nasr Mubrumnnd '
b'iu Abdu-s Sa mad, who was the accountant o Harun,
.appointed llilll rvazir, which post he filled up to the last
.days of the life of Mas'ud.
: , l.n tne midst of all these events, the Saljukians, having
Ulc JillUn, sculcd in the vicinity of Naisba-
pll.l-. When, after a little time, they had obtained
strength, tllcy began to show hostilities toward Mas'ud.
Jn the year 426 (A.D. 1084-5).'' Sultan Mas"ud led his a1my
,towards Jurjan and Tabaristan, because l1is governors in
'Irak bad implored Jullp from him. Ahu Suhail Hama.-
.dutli, the governor of Rc, sent an army to rc<luce to 1

learn from Mi rkho>'d and FMshta that he had
.already received in MGhmud' s time a rvo"'t<l in the .<ame
fJlacc, ftom a man;a11ik, ruhen allacking a fort ;,. India.
'"He been rc/ca.!ed /Jy Mas'tul from the pl'i.!OIJ of
Kaliniar on the frotltitrs nf bKlia, lo which he had bceJ
.<CIIt by Malunull, who was all.<iOtM to o/Jtain lhc tllca/llt
ruhich he had accumulated.
"Khomll!mir futs omitted II u>lice of lite Cl&f>lu.rtt of
Sarsi or Sarsuli, which is a.rcri!Jcd in the- ]o.mi'uL
Tatvarilth to the year 425 H., aud by Mithhon<l and
Pirishta to 421 n, Tlte Tabal<at-i Akbari .rays, "Sarsi,
ruhic/J is one of tho passes to
l
HADlllUS SlY All.

obedience inhabiL:ults of .Kuuuu" and Sawa, who had
rebelled. Sultan M:ls'ud returned from Jurjau 10
GhazL.lin, and theu wished to mart:h to Rind; but some
of the amirs ancl chief men of lhe State hinted co him
U1nt ic would be proper Jim 10 go to and
dislodge the Saljukians; but he listened not to the pro-
p.os_a!, and hastened to Hindusuw. Dwi ng his absence
the Saljukians perfected their powc.r, and 'Alau-d daula
bin Kaku y:t having rebelled, drove Abu Suhall Hamaduui
out of . .
.ln $.(! year 428 H. (A.ll. 1031i7), Mas'ucl rctumcd
!rom his el\l)cdilJon," and wbeu be obtained
of the victories of his enemies, he repcutcd of his attack.
upon .Hllidustau. After he hatl made preparation for
war, be marched to Bnlkh, and the inhabitants of tbnt
place informed him that during his absence the victories
o Tuztigin had scverill ti.mcs crossed over the
river, aucl his men had murdcr''<i aud plumlcrcd 'the
people. Mas'ud told thcut that he would defeat him i11
cold season, and that ln the spring he would
in eradicating the Saljukians. The 110bk-s :md deputies
complained to hint and said: tt is two years siuce the
Saljukians have wkcn Khurasan, and the people scClll
inclined to submit to their govcmmem; it is Jirst
sary to dislodge lhem, and then we will turn our :ttten-
tion w the cxccttion of othct important nattcrs." One
of tbe poets on cornposecl LLc following;
ao<,l sent them to tbe Sultan :
"Your enemies were ams, they grew illlo serpents:
Kill the ams which have become scrpcuts:
Give them no rest, delay no more;
if they time, the scrpcnL will become
dragons."
'"[See vol. ;i., p. 677. (Original Ed.).
'
0
Mirk/lond says Ire ret'tirnefl unsupcessful
lmlinn e,:pedition i11 428, and marched to
430 H.
from his
IJalkh in
KHONDAMIR
As the star of the destiny of Mas'ud had reached the
limits of. -misfortune, he listened not to this advice, and
baving passed the river, he directed his steps in search
of Tuztigin. D\.tring that winter, the rain and the snow
fell very heavily Mawarau-n nahr, on account of which
the (}haznivides were cxnemel:y distressed. ln the middle
of all this, Da.u.d , Saljtiki _ftoJI} $arakhs towards
: . witf.l'. of up()'fi. which
was obhged to beat the drum . of retreat; an.d.
Tuztigin, following in the rear of army of Ghaznii1,
plundered and carded away all the best horses arid
camels of Mas'ud, and thus disgrace fell upon the army
of lhe Ghaznivides.
After Mas'ud had arrived at his royal residence,
having finished repairing the state of confusion into
whiCh his troops bad thrown, he turned his atten-
tion 'towards ' tlie Saljukians, and .several times fighting
,, . the two patties, the end of which was,
. "t liat Mas'ud was defeated, and obliged again to return
to Ghaznin; on his arrival at which place he put to_ death
some of the nobles and chief men of the State, under the
_pretence that they had misbehaved themselves during the
war. He sent son Maudud with an army to Balkh,
while he himself, with Muhammad Makhul and Muham-
mad's sons, Ahmad, 'Abdu-r Rahman and 'Abdur Rahim
moved towards Hin:dustan, with the intention of
ing duiing the winter there, then, when the spring
arrived, of turning his attention towards dislodg-ing the
Sa1jukians.
80
Mas'ud had crossed over the Sind, but all his baggage
and property was on the other side of the river, when
Noshtigin, with some of his attendants, plundered the
. treasury, and put Muhammad Makhul on the throne.
According to Hamdu-lla Mustlmfi, seated him on a:n ...
elephant, and carried him round the camp. Mas'lld' if
''f1\4: ' .. ! " ..:

80
1'he ]ami'u-t Tawarikh ascribes the conques't- : :t,(' ..
"several fbrts in Hind" to the year 429 H. ' :
' '
;
IIAUlnUS SIVAR
175.
upon hearing this Jled, :md rook refuge ill a certain sarai,
but the rebels seized him. and took blm before
Jnad, who t-on6ned hjm and his dependents in ihe fort
of Kiri. Muhammad relinquished the Suttanship to his
son Ahmnd, upon which Ahmad, who was tainted .with
imanity, without permission o( his fathc1, and in con
junction wirb the so11 o Yusuf bin Subu.ktigin and the
son o 'Ali Kheshawand, went to the fort, and in tbe
year A.n. 433 (A.ll. 10412), murdered that king, who was
the protector of lhc: learned.
Amongst the leamecl men wl1o were coutcmpora1y
vith Mas'ud W>lS Sbajkb Abu Rihan Mul1ammad bin
Ahmnd Biruni Khwarizmi the astrologer, aJtd author of
-the book called Tafilimu-t Tanjim i.e., "Explanation of
'the Science of Astrology," ani! also of the Kamm Mas'udi.
Another was Abu Muhammad Nasihi, who wrote me
Kitabi Ma.s'udi, on the theology oE llnnn\ Abu Hanib,
upon whom let there be tbe mercy of God 1 These books
'vere all compiled in Mas'ud's name.
Shahab11rd daula Mautlud
When Maudud, who was in Bal.kh, tbc tabernacle of the
.faithfu1, heard of the murder of JJis father Mas'ud, he
.hastened with his victorious troops towards the metropolis
.of Ghatuin, and also marched up from tbc
neighbourhood of the Sind in the same direction. A
.battle was fought between the uncle and nephew," but
:the gale of victory blew upon me banner of Maudud,
Muhammad with his children, and Nosbtigin Balkhi
wbo was at , the head of the insurrection, became the
.captives of the powerful decree of fate, and were all P,Ut
"Some say he was thrust alive into a welt which rua.t
Jhetl filled up with earth. Mirhhond says he r6igru1d nine
yean atld months. Firishta, nine years omd nine
months. Other authors o.sJign twelve years to tlis reign.
UFirishta says in the year 433 Maudud depa'l'ted from
Chaznin, and blind Muhammad, af.ter appointing
youngest son Nami to tile gol!j!rnment of Peshawar and
176
to death, with the cxccptiou of . Abdu-r Rahina the SOil
of Muhammad. Tile rcnson o[ bis vation was as
follows :
Duriltg the time tb.at Mas'utl was in prison, it hap-
pened one day that 'Abdu-1 Rahman snatched Mas"ud's
cap ol! his head in <1 very rude manner. upon whicl1
'Abdur Rahim took it from hio1 and placed it back again
on the bead of hisruncle, at me time reproaching
and abusing his In short, b.aviog taken v,epge-
ance on l\is f:tthcr's Muudud built a vUlage
aod a caravunscraj upon thm JoCflOI where he luHt g-dincd
the victory. aud culle-d it J'atllabad." He then hastened
tu Gbawin and where be made linn tl1c
C:tl'j)Ct Of. justice, and exa!lctl Lhc st:H\dard h.is power
by bringing into the kingdom of Ghazniu ami Kuodahur
several of the cities of Hind; but CI'Cn uuril1g the pros-
days of il'lliudud the empire of Khurnsan rc,naincd
j usf fuc same as b'cfore, in pocs:;ion of me Saljukians.
w.hom he could never conqur.r.
Maudud a(ter be had .reigned seven years, OIL
the 20tl\ of Rnjub, #l H. (t049-50
Accowt of e>fmily betruee11 Majdtul and M"'sdud
H.i.sroriaos h:>vc rclatccl that Sultan Mns\td, during tile
latter days of his reign, appointed his son Majdud cv
subdue. some o( the cities o6Hind,. \'(bt> brought into the
courtyard of subjection Mttltan and several othet< ' cities.
l'osscssed or a powerful army, upon hearing of the death
of 1\(:ts'url, he to :tl>s()ltuc dominion, aJld the:
Mull""' cncotlll/ercd Matultld in Ute nt:igllbourllood of
ih6 iver Simi. Tltc action was {ou.gltt in the desert of
Vipu or Di11u.1'.
..,Fi,Lhtu. .rtty. illflf. he co>1iet1 the of his fll/iler
om! brotilcl:r from Kiri and buried them at Gll.llznl .
.. 1'/td Tabaktlli Nasiri says yfars, ;,. thtr
year of hi.s age." The ]a71li'lt Tawaikil
concurs in the "nine years."

111
vapour of pride ascended into the hall 'of his. brain."
f,faudud;,,bc:uing o. this, fomto:d: an army to C;ctinguish
the lire of. the inaurrectioo ot . Majdud, who also moved
out Jyitll .a ) mrnerous , army 'a.nd arrived at Lahore about
rbe, time 9f the '1d"-z zuha, where. having celebrated the.
fll.!ltiv.al
0
f. sacrifices, he was found dead by clJe . cou.rtie"'
iu,rio.is , tent on the morning o the thhd day of ,the
The truth or the cixcumstauce, whatever it Wll$,
l1as not been written.
this aMnar.y pf the as pertained to
,camel- of Maudud;
. Md lhe Kings Mawarhu-n nab also tcstif\edMheit


but the Saljulc.ians, as they ,had
offered, opposition and resistance. In the yeat 43!h u.
(1048-4 A.U.) Maudud sent an army dcsirow of wal;f;u,e,
undCl' his chamberlain, to KbUr:rsan; but Alp Arslan, on
the side of the Saljukians, having come out to the
Ghnnivides, defeated them, an.d in the same year
a horde oE Saljulc. Turkomans broke intn the territories
of Gatmsir. Maudaud having appointed an : :umy,
to dislodge them, a dreadful battle fought on
both sides, and the Gba:rnivides having obtained the vi<:-
tory, took many of the Saljuldans prisoners.
ln the same year some of the rulers of Hindunan,
having entered Labore with . 5,000 ' cavalry at\d 75,(1QO
iiihntry; seized that city. The: Mu$ulmans who
there! sent messenger to Maudud asking for. Jielp. :md
w_u ltd-was obligtd to lead his arrny thither: liut l>efoie'
,JI ::.v-- ,.1\,C ,J._ 4. .. _,:1..., ;; ' ..... i.JI
[hat; su{ifX''eil by ..A.yas'-KitaS; he
to Lahor'e;!<&nd
qf the, whole; -c01;ntry from. the Sind to
Hanii, at which latter place he fixed. his Ayat
died afterwards. Sf.JYJ hf;'#ia .-"'r.
and the .. Mtirata/i.habU:t ,Tawt>J:i#l ,'pf tl(.'Rfi. ko' :Shii'azt . men
tfons the 'Kil.stt,hn Hindi
says tba! A.yiJ% is reported ' 'to ,have .!CII . of thi'J
roleY OJ Kds/l'l'nir. ' '-<- ., ' -
' I , , n , ... t ' ' o..i
12
17.8
,the. atdval: ofl mat army at sptang up
.aaiolJgi the- .!nfidals;,(W!Io
tow.ardsc them Qwril;counr.ry 'Fnc: _men ol> t.:ah<H:e
pursued them, au<l:.tbe Hhldm took. AIIclrel'-on. a ipaciooa
.aml lolty,Jlloun,gafu>- ! l'be avmy.ofui;abore aumJoodtd. tb'lit
afte11 !heft> courage
.awl qua,rto'l'i gtaJ.t&ed them
ove&'eottm
.every fort in the .... j411 'WiMf
iti (i)wiilg to ellis all
of Hind came again. under obedience ro
Nfaudud.
m i.be middle of: Rajah o yea # 'I H: (1049-!SO
Maudu$1, wit.b.l the intention of ' maltill!f war on the
marclll!id rom Gh'alnin at th'e head of a
with -rolicoll' the lill'll
W/'!ICnli .'A:I1cliw Rllt!H:WIUil t'ltl!
t'o':Siltan; . wlticlu,was pOiliesslm
'Wiiiliti,he h'imeel1 ret jjt'IR<IJ he
. 4jiccl: shortly' .L t r ' (
. '
Sul{'rln /JiiJ,-Mo.l'idJI
""'::.1 pi r r JiJ :uy.n.;:
. . .i ..
v,lf-lu.e, okili!rf. ailier f

t)lp

i! the qflicc8 o ro:y;,tlty; .tfie::puef aumsters
of the State removed him, the c;<piration of a month,
agtj:ed , t<i> l:he sovereignty ol hia. uncle
'Ali bin Mas'ud bin, who.m; tlley turnamed
al)d\ w.ltose, feignv to- nearly
T I

11
1'hl! Nt4,iri: trt!d. &libari call
SOfl "MJiJuJin.tiro.4;'' attd" tlfe first saY,s,
t'lljS retgn t!fll, Cruo mo11tlu;
.lll'js three mont4 Tile Tabalr:ilt-i i4.1r:baf.t .Ttl; uia:s l
-on the throTIIl fo-r five an!d was onl'f t'hreb 'JMoS ollt. r
..
two . .y.eaJS; ,at . tbe. end :O which 1 time;,, on of ; tbt!
'Aibdu-r GhW.tin-..
" Sattarn " A bdtt-t _gasHici'. :
1
-
.;,,. .: . I - '.,. : .. V ;..,..,
$af(l,_ !
of.: Mat!ud .. bin Sultan . Ma-hmud; .but
.of the G.usidtl, he .was the son .
' ?tfithmud bin Subnktigin, and his patronymic 'was Ab
Mansur, and :his surname Majdu-d daula. 'Abdu-r
Rashid had,, Mau.dud: in a
.
. . , &.lia<1}.1 !.tWlud.
t(;) and :bastcmed, . :that
Rtashic!lupan the throne, the officers;:& -tl.it'
army .yielding their allegiance. 'Abdu-t .Rashid> . th,erb
moved towards Ghaznin, and
1
Ali, .without .either couch.
ing lance or striking a blow. with the sword, betook llim
setf to the desert of .flight.
' . }Abdu-r Rashid had fully established his au-..
.iJ) Ghaznin,
88
he sent Tughril the chw:xibel'lain, .
wha :wa-s -M-audu:is wifers brother:, .and in whom ht
gx:eat. <>..otifidene, with 1000. cnvalt;)', all of them brave
87
'Ihe 7JabtSkat.i Nasiri styies him d4u41!-,!'
tJ'Ild sa.y.s he_, r.ejpd ttuo years, and :years..:
. Tabaltat;i .&kba-ri gives him only
. _wf!.iah it is followecl by the Ta#kh-i Bada.U11i. . <'. . j_
.rh4f: . ntfrnc
, ,

. . wllh the date. assgned here to the 4e,qUi
Maud_ud; ?tlinlitifu-s slraf; JbnuZ Asir; .ibff!!; ;:.p/ir.O.f,
and .Ib;r.
s Ra.inid' $.
!J'ccesston i-n J'tlrer. y-eiir f4l': It\ ;
. tiSSu.me f1 'lf'i1fct wfthoot
o.f Si e Jti'(tr'fiti(1l.ayi;.l
Society, No. x:iiiii., pp. 278-9, :and. Defr"efi!.'fry, iri
R:evueNflmismatiqlie '1'84-W. ''P 2'!9'( .,. r,._
, : ' . . :I ' t ,
l80
KHONDAMnl ;
!!Oldic111, . to Sistan; and: Tugliril, having over60me Abu-1
Fail and Beghlli 'Saljilgi; in 'a short time obtai lied\' the
entire command of that kingdqm; and imbued with the
idea of rooting out 'the shoot's' ol the prosperity of 'Abdur
Rashid, be marched mwards><?>ha2nio. W!ten- h!l' arrived
five fltJTasaqgs of fhecily, 'Abdu-r R-aillld :discover
eel !lis decciu. and' .treaChery:, aii'd liM to one his forts.
Tug!u;ll.: @lylmin, sene messcngcts
tb:e 1u!twar9 the fot.tl untO'
the g;m:'!soni' getting' distrUstfUI, delivered ovcl' lo )h'in!r
'Abdu-r Rahid
10
and all the desceildants of Mabmud; up-
on which Tughrll, having all the princes, force<l
against her will the daughter of Mas'ud, the son. of Sultan
Mallmud, into the bond of marriage. It was from this
circuiDlltancc that he was sumamcd Tughril Kafir-i
N!'amat-r(i.tt, the uhgrateful). ;
Mlheo :Jnjir; who' was one of the Chief men among.
the n'obles of and who was then' resiaing in
Hindu1itan,.,heatd of, these sliatneful' tprocl:eaings, hb' set
b'is10lindron' getting'rid-.o such an and
forthwith wrote. lc'tters to die daugl:iter of. Sultim Mas'ud,
and to tbe grandees :of Ghaznin, blaming and finding
with them for conniving at the base action of Tughril.
Instigated by reading these a baud of bold men,
wb'd hated. Tugonl ln ' one day
with the foot of.courage tO
sittilig, and dn his>-hodf.ltr')lie'C&:
ing s":ord.'
0
After this having arrived at
Gham1n, took Farrukluad out of prison," where he bad
. .
"The Nitllm,.t. Tarvdrikh fixes hill c14ath in thtt
year 145 u. . .
1'abo.kati No.rii assigns " :separate reign to
T,!fghril, and ca/Lr him eight!i S.ulta.n, and he
iforty. days, committi_ng erm:,. Ttind of oppression. T/!a.
flami'u-t TatiJ(Irikh aud the Torikhi -Gazido. give no reign
t"- :j'jlghn'l. , . . -,, >.
' "The Tabakat-i Nasiri strfs7 he wf.r, lmt;i.roned at
Barghand tvith Ibrahim, who runs .Nib.sequently' remt>vt:d
J81
.been by T ugbfil, and, made hiln, king. Ac-
.cording to the RaUZ(lttN Snfa, farrukhzad was the sop of
Ms'ud bin Sultan Malimud: but accordh\g to Hamdu-lla'
Mustaufi; he 'Was tbe son of!Abdll-r Rashid. <.J
t ' ' 'l.l.l
Sulta11 jamal!Nt daula- Fam1khzad. . .
)!
Farrukluad placed . tl1e crown of sovereignty. Ofl
Jlead, he committed t:h.e adn'linisu,tion of a.(faiL'S L'\)
Jarjir, and it w"s about tbe same lime that Daud Saljuki,
baving obtained intelligence of the change which bad
of .the
. Gfu\zmq, hJm Wlth an
detca:tcll, ,aft;er he hli(l )lJJ best
wlth, sY"ord and: arrow. The people of -Gluunio. $ei;M,-an
immense qtlantity of plunder. After this,
with a well-equipped and army, exalted )lis tti-
umplant 5t:uldards towards Khutasan; aocl Kulsarik,
Jtaving come out on the pu't of the Saljukians to. meet
him, became, along with m:ioy ot:h.ers, the vktiru.s of the
powerfu) di.'Cl'CC of fate. When Jakar neg Saljuki heard
<!f th.is, be, sent his son Alp A11lnn to cncoumer Farrukh-
The Saljukians on thi occasion were victol'ious, and
took prisoncxs many, oE the chief men of 'Ghamin;' upoh
seeing which. Famikhzad clotbcd Ku.lsarik in a robe o(
:honour and sot !iim free. This example was followed by
the Sal juJU with

ilieir p.risonC.s.
1'eigiled six years, and died of colic in ilic yelit" il.
(10589 A.D.)"

to the- t;(O"ft Na{. Barglland lies i:tfs. alu1'
GJi , .... ... ,l. .. b ..., "' .. .... . ... ...
. . . . . \ '' . \
, CfU'" the RQ.!LJain-t Safa to be correct. u
4is1inctlj 1nn7,u'iite(l on them ;,. the "son of 'ika.s/1(1!''
Society, p. ,
. .. Tius 'agrt'es with B!tggs; bu! the text of Ff'!sitli: say!'
"Ja'far Beg." (!n, two MSS; of 'Siyar the. 'ttarne
is giv'm as "BtrjT' M "Balt1.'1' t>c . { ...
' 'The Taltaiwl-i -Ndsiri says & rdgned 'seven yeais;
1111il diU in the ':f5J, tU'the tliifiJfour year.<.

cjq. of Fan;ukbzad, S.ultan Ibrabimu adom-
ed throD;e !)f with his presei!cc.
He was a pqncx: qf such and devoL10n that he joined
together Rajah, Slta' ban arrd the "blessed Ramazan, and
fasted. monllls in the year. "'Ht was occupied during
'Qie days o hi' pov.:u ln'-spteai:lil)g 'the of>juatice,
aild tile. Of b'is su6j<icti, and. he
was hls eh:t.ti'-
qes ana' wo.rk.s. Sqltan Ibrahim ertterM 'into
a 'nltorrcillatlon with the Saljuk.ians, and it was agreed
chat neither party sboul<! entertain design. against the
other's kingdom; Sultan ll(alik. Shah giving his
own daughter in marriage to Ibrahim's son: whose name
was Mas'ud.
."'A:(ter be had sttengtbened the foundations o1 rccon
andl 'fiiendship, Sul tan Ibrahim several times Jed
INs wai' orr Hind,," each tirite relumfug vic-
tOJ;ieus("t(l SUIJ.an- Ibrahim die'd in '492 u.
CI0989'- A.D.), according to 'Sin.ali:iti ansJ 'l:lamdulia Mua-
taufi, and according to the 83Jlle aewunt he reignCa 42
reara;., but other that Ibrahim died in 481
u.(10899 .A.D.) But God all tlrlng!l
. rhe p.o;ets who were with Sllltan
lbtabib\, the chief were AbuI'"Farab( :rnct kz:lli.i:
.. . ;,;.
In the Tabakati Na.'tirl M is siJ.lell. ''Sai'ficlu:] sara.'
tin
1
"zahiru-d dartla."
"The ]ami'ut Taui1'ikh fi xes one of these expedition:
i11 472 H., when lbTahim took the fart of Arl'a, 110 doubt
tlgra, as mentioned in the Extract ' from Masui Sa'd
Sqlman. TM ]ami says that t,JJe capturil occupied tour
11\onths, Qlld that it was by '10.000 mell . .1/.ttdt
t,ha.t he went to Darra arid too/i i(. .
so says the 1'abakati Nasiri, and h.e died i ll
qt tile of .ri=<l')l years, '{' l1e 'l,awarilch
rt(it;n commenced in 450, .n.n.d' c(Qip,':W,ith- 4.
.
..
the poems by Abu-l Farah thee isl.an ode which
ht wrote o. ':Abdu-l Hamid, tbe,oJ.*ningolines of
ll.dnJ:lows; , '' 'Abcltl'l Hamid A\Unad
Saml!OtgllV,e oroeao to wisdom, liberalhy,, .and ta> the d!RJioij
juelifeJ!' t\fzaki wa., surnl)med Aualu-d: din; .. be pme1 oR
Hinr, ancl tbe book culled Alfiya wa< S.htr{


was comp<MJcd by ltim. In the Bailari.stan
ten that the cause of his wri ling Lhis book 'vas a follows.,
'This. verse upon tbc qualities or wine was the pr'oduction
o6 bi.,gyniqe: . '
biOf:llxed wiQ'I' tbe which '
rliinct.ao tt;rlipo b<'<l, a.ud t!ie eye
ll 1<t rtoigbt<n fairy should come within r.lfs, '>;
She would not be concealed rom the eyes o6 rdeil) 1 .
ore fragrant than amber, deeper coloured than tile
carnelinn, p
Brigbtct . than the stars and purer than the soul."
<1nd omits all 11otice of Fanukhtatt.
J'amil'wl 7'awarikh says Ire diect as late' as 508 U.i and
om{(r> mention- of his so11 Miu' ud, and the T'arikM
Gtl,zldll:!.ay.t he dir.d. in 492 H. The rlumlsmJJlologiS(s lielfl
slrow. lhe probability of Ili!'aliim;s reign hamlfg
lasted fort'J'two years.- ]ourun/ Ro-yal Asiatic SocietJ, No:
Xl!ii., p. 280.
Mirkhond, Kltondamir, Nizamud din, and 'Abdu-l
Kailir a,re-very baN;t;n in this intcmtingrcigtl. St>in&t!tjnt
alnimg 'tllJ: Extfdct$ 'froin thi:
1l'll['t1//;lJH ';/!k'b?ifio, qnd' Flruhta: ' Amoftg!l- othir
vic!o'fiei atiti'bureii'l o 'lhrahim; Ablt-1 Farah;
or -K'anauf to him. 'Saryid Gliqi/fiv; says
J bu'ilt a fort . at Sa.nnam, cafj!lbli'!

Sa' d Salman &filers to

lt' int ; . . .. _ 4 .. .
'This poem was &f ldrta.\i;' a'#hysi;
ian_, for Shali; the- king' .dt ,UTho was
aff/aeted' wtth mfJotence,
" An obscene story follows in the original.

18'4 KHONDAMIR
Mas'ud Ill. bin Ibrahim
His , surname, acaording W Hamdulla Mustali,
., Alau-d 'daubi; but . according. to the account whiCh is
written jii the' Rauzatus. Sa fa., it- was Ja!alu-d . daula.
10
o.
All historians agJ;ee that Mas'ud J;eigned ... for siXteep. yeatS'
a.ter', hi.s i.irg. to Tarikhi . Guzida.
l;le .t{),l : .5()8 H.
1
oa
(H ' .
' , , . as;;l!l: .
.. e .throne.
103
But, after the lapse of a year, m
' 509 n:, he was murdered by his own brother, Arslan Shah.
Other historians, who have come afterwards, ltave men-
.. tione<J Mas'ud without any reference to Arslan Shah:
but God knows .everything! .
. ' " Sultanud daula Arslan Shah bin Ma.s'ud.
. . ' '
: .. ArsMa:n :,. Shah become king of Ghazuin, . he
. ;bin Ahmad to t he office of
seized his brothers) threw them.
pP.ihPt: ;.One a his ' orothers?O>l. :ll'ahrarh Shaf( man-
' aged . co flee a:way and .to his uncle San jar; who at
that tiiDe. ruled in'.K.hurasan on,. the part of his brother
Muhammad bin Malik Shah . . S.ultaii, :sanjar hoisted .
. standai:d tor in, .ordr: te 'heJ.p his nephew. bri'
his arrival at Bust,' tlfe ru1e:r Apul . joined.
' "11L I .. It:'); :'
to'orh'e . .. l
and gives a very different account of'tht:\ reign,' in which.
he is followed by M i?khond and Nizarnu-d .. #li
. 't o..'t!_
are equally bm'ren. The coins have " 'Ala.u.-d -!Jl ;'
.
101
So says Mirkhond, b1tt he is inconsistent about, . ilit! .
dates '. of these later reigns. ,:,
. '
102
Tiie Nii.amu-t' Tawdrikh concurs in this .. :'
103
The Tarikh-i Badauni gives him a, separate re'ig'll ). ,i
as'ud Sa' d Salman styles him Shirzad Shah. . . i:
.. '

also calls hi"i' ....
. but the Tabakatt Nasm makes Bahram ShQlh the uncle
, of 4rsl<Zn $hq.h. "' ' . .. .'.ii
- . . . :
.. f
HAJI.I&U-8 SlYA&
. ,. .
with,,a army. A:t'Slan
ous. pliwerful army 10 to _which
ended 111, many of the berng the
and the: rc:st Cl<ca.Jiiug 'tlui .
nuUJlll!;f away m ,a shameful manner to Gbaznm. ,
stat> ,SI}ah, having opened dle doors of
and ,. lowliness sent his motlCJ, who, was the sster of
Sulrari Sanjar, to him, with 2000 tlirw.rs atjd many vatu
:ib1c preserts, anrl proposed a l'cconciliation. The' Sultan
evinced a desire to returll, buc Bahram Shah, not content
with. what had :Rassed, b.im to sud} .a
to per$ttade 'him to set oull fot; 'W!en , the
vtctorious army was encam.ped about one jun'll.Sang from
Gbnznin, Arslnn Shall drew up hiS army in order of bat
,lle,
0
r the purpose of opposing the King of
His consisted of cavalrr, numerous infJntry,
anti 1,90 When the brave hcmcs on both sides
had finished contending wi th swore! aud spear, tluougl\
Lhc prosperity of th.c courage 'Of Abu-1 Fad, ruler o[
Sistan, the Ghaznivides wc:rc. defeated. Sultan San jar,
Gbaznjn on th<e 8th of Shawwal 510 A.H.
(1116-7 A l>.), prvenced his victorious troops [rom pillai
ing and_plllndering the city. He remained f-orty days 'in
Ghaznin, appropriated all tile treasures of the descendants
qf and gave over the realm 'to Babr:ull
Shah, he bimscH h<?isting his standard for Kburasan.
I

lf!P.k a!t10'1g treci

1
0,11$- .thm1f ;live .frowns, ,vrfuia, 2,t!Ob .
ttz'rones mai'Ie oY solttf gold d11d s1lver, and
Sl!4dles .. ald Mtjcles _ i11laid with -feruclt ..
. of Saufar oc.ctrs upoP,
coins of .a.nd that this fettdal ete_rr
,<ij . ,reign. of ,$1Jah.-
J,o,u!JI"L .;Ro:1a! A.na-t1.c. N'o . . > P 2h ... See
also
1
1, ,HttfOtre 4es .f>fl
p. ,248, antJ- }'Jtllm; His.
.. schtth., p. 174. ' ... . ,,

.When Arslan $bah l).eard that Sanjar had gotie 'away,
.he ted out a ilurnerous . army ftom the confines of Hihd'tts-
. tan, and marched towards Gliaznin. Bahtam Shalf,' un-
able to oppose liim, hastened to Bam.iyan, and iinpltlfe'd.
.the ai4 of Sultan. Sanjar, who again turned his
wards Gha-inin. 'Arsfan abaniloned the ea)>ital of


<lily trboP.s'-
1
o'f san jar
wehtr &
. . .
.. dillS fully established ''fn
Mslan S!lah reig11ed for either three or four years. 'But .
Gbd knows I 1
. .
Sultan 'Alau,d daula Bahmm Shah
: ,
The title of Bahram Shah was Yamirtu-d -daula, .
. .coh:lin'g to the belief of-' Ha'nil:iu-1la Mustafi.: but tlie
Safa gives it as u'izzuJci dau1a. :rHe !I\Yas a
6.& in :iYas
, . ai:ld-tcour:tea 'tite,raf:y
. :During his r'eign he' clitrietl ori
war against the infidels'' of Hh\'d; . and lsul:)d.tiM matiy of
.t.l].e forts arid citiek df' that kingqoin. '' In Jatter days
.6 his t eig'n, " 'Afaud alb. Husain Gh'Ori'' led an ar.m'y
to
1
Gl).aznin:, and. causea 'Bahram: Shah to ' lly
.HindbS'tati .. ' 'Alau:d din ap}j0itned fit6ther, ..
whose ri;h'rre,
1
accordil1g 'to r\afid J
to andther . Sani; a!/ and
J1im$df returned to Ghor. Bahram Shah again hastened
to Ghaznin,: and having defeated the brother of 'Alau-d
. ... . .
. to<;Fi?i;hta says -he sought refttge amongst the 3.1-
.ghat'l:r, and that h'is de'tith he was years
old. The Hikayut says he fled to the. Sankran
which arc the .as t-hOse ' mth .
.tn the ht.story of Sultan ]alalu"d dtn. The

m'entions .that rlJhen Bahrain fled to Siit1.ji.tf
iG'h'irini; he drd 'so with only ni'iJe
,their horse,shoes reversed to escape . \ "'," .,
_,.
din H:i.isain/ tie s-eated
1
'bi:tt1 on a . him
round tlie';city.-' ' ' - - . -.. 1
Whe1i "'1\lau-d'din Husain heard of h:e
thirsting :for vengeance; : but befot'e i.he
.coula arrive l here,':the hand of fate f'olded Up the rolib'1Gf
life of 'Bah.ram Shah. Tlle Rauzatu-s Safa giv,e& the
'yeir !547. A.. H. ( 1152-3), as the date of the death ofl
:sl1ah; but Hamdu-lla Mustaufi fixes event at 544.
According to the first his reign lasted thirty-five
years; thirty-two years.u
1
.and great'
With I .

Abu-1 Majid
lrL' the Nafhat, t:ll.e cause of the repentance of' Slitailt!h
Sanai is thus explained: When Sultan Mahmud .bad <se't
out from Ghaznin in the winter season, for the pu.rpPse
of reducing t:,o obedience some of the country of the
Sanai, having composed an ode in praise of
Mahniud, set out for his army, for: the purpose of present-
.ling hisve1ses to the Sultan. In the middle. of his journey,
lie arrived .at the door 'Of a distiller, where a certain tldt-
, eX!perieneed in misfortunes, was saying to his tcu}>-.
b'eare):, . a cup to the bli'ndness of the coritemptil:ile .
Mahmud -'The cup-bearer replied, "M-ah-
mud is a king and a Musulm;m, who is always engaged lin
. making war upon the in!i.dels." The unlucky wretCh
f.

. . lied . . "Hc/ s a contemptible ma11: and never

i a. s'<!vern wll!at :tte al.t'e;td'Y, possessed;
, :': . . ''.ta}Yptopn:a.te au'6thei- .
'imd 'said to :th,l! t uptpreaell;'
tih!e of: the di!'st)iea:Jj}et, 'pcool
replied, "Sanai is .a
...
W'_in:li gt!iiiu:s-.'' .. in.M'l
:answereijl[ 'll!!ff he
. \.:.: .. ,:1. ::.""1=.!\.-:' .t.
t Nfls.ir:i :,tv 552 H.,
. . t o a!:p.ertotl

'Fins'Ma 'coneur.s
lL., .... t;. R&ilzafu. Sitfl:" AbU-'I l.fi!JIIi' ' !541!. . . ''
188
KHONDAMIIl
WP\llli , eiJJ.l!oy h,imsclf in some business whidt would be
to him: he has in a certain paper written
.sev.C131 f.dvo!ous remarks which are of no use to him,
neither qoes be know f9r what reas,on God cn.>atcd bi!Jl.''
Sanai, upon hearing this speech, became a changed mau :
h(l awoke _ from his i_ntpxication of negligence, and em.-
pl.Qycd, hiUJ!i.CIJ. in of the. Prophet.
FJ;gm Qli!JdS_II'Jlic;h objects, the
.asltYTI.,:. of; l.lle!\ and o. cannot
f6IDiliJl.J that tlils. $tOry shOW$ that the rune OJi
Sauai for composing poetry existed during the
days of Sultan Mahmnd of Ghnnin, although the Hadi-
kaJu-1 [iakikn.t, which tu"t mnn t-omposed in verses
which arc uti:rnclcs o[ coumcl, shows that Shaiklt Sanai
,cqmemporary with llahram Sltalt, that book
bci_ng writtelt in the illu$ttious name of that mighty king, .
S\l;ltan: Mahmud Ghaznivi died in the year 421, and tbe
II"'!. as(:eltained from its pages, was co%"
meteX,tll'> )'Car !i25. From IO'oldng at these tWO dateS, in
"'' .... _. . ..... !\-<
of lcarniJ:!g< nU. agree, it is evident that tliis
is .very imporbable; but .God knows everything! Ac-
cording to rhe autb.or of the Guida, Shaikh Sanai died
during the days of Su.ltan Bahram Shah; but acco.tding t<>,
some learned men, that event cool:. place io the year 525
A.H. (1130-1 A.o.), which was .tlte year In which the .fladi-
kat was. completed. ,,.
4
J
Among. the eloquent ad"orne( .And
ar:nong poets abounding m eloquence, ' Nasrulla bin
'.Adul Hamiel IJiu Abu-! M' ali :md Saiyid Hasan Ghar.
nivl contemporadcs wir.h Bahram Shah. Nasru-lla.
wrote the K.ali/.a and .DarnM, in the style which is now
aruoug mankind, and dedicated it to this Sultao)
anq Saiyld Hasnn, ou the day of. Bahram's aCCCS$ion, com-
J?OSCd an ode, the lil:$t line of which is as follows:
" A voice came from the seventh Heaven,
.
11
That Bahram Shah ihe king of the ,wqdd."
it is written, tllat
Ha.sal} went on !l' pilgrimage, to wmb,-

. 1$9
.r.hc best or men (and upon wl)om let. there -be> pj:a'ce and
1), be tra;nsla:tion Of a :J1:tnegyric
whcb 'bad bec11 n honour' of his Holiness; and
.read d)e vcn;es before the Prophet's splendid sept\Jcbre:
Wht:n he arrived at this verse; viz.-
I have not boasted of being among your descendant$',
nut have only m.1de a slight encomium, oh, my beloved I
Send me out from thy pxe;ence a robe of honour,''
-a band holding a .:,\o:UC. soetched itself out from 1:be
vault, and saicl, "Take it, 0 -tny son.'' But Ood knows
'
... ' .... "'1 ; \
Su(tan K<iusru ,,
On the death of Babrrun Sbab; his son Kbusry.
Shah,, .. with the consem of aU tbe nobles, succeeded to
the throne; but having repeated infonnation of
the approach of ' Alaud din Husain, he fled towards
Hindustan_ Hus.1in Ghori entered Gb:unin, and <bowed
d1e slightest Illercy, murdering the inhabitantS, pillag-
ing, burning, and razing to the ground the build-
ings. He lhco appointed his two nephews Ghiyasu-d
-din and Sultan Shahabud din rulers -of the country, and
returned to Gbor.
According to Hamdull:t Mustaufi and some other
historians, these two Sultans, by means of cunning strata
gems, seized Khusru Shah. and imprisoned hlm in a fort,
"jleye be died in 555 A.H. (J 160 A.n.), and thus was term i-
na@ the Yule of tbe Ghamivid'es: In the RdumtiH
Stija,' however, it' is written, that K.hu&ro Sba.h r<!igned at
Lahore two years he ficd from Gha:tnin, aild that on
. bi& death be was succeeded by his son Khusru Malik. tn
the year 583 A.H . . (1187-8), Sulta'n Gbiyasud' din obtained
, " ' T)te 1"abakal-i Nasiri styles him "l'amlnu-d dau-
la." The Tari/th-1 Gu%ida, "Zahiru-d dilula!'
"'Other al4tilors teU us the tombs of Mahmud,
Mns'ud., and Tbrailim were excepted; the first two for the
:valour, the last for the sattctity, of the occupa.nl$.
.,
'

KHONDAW!\
'4 ;viqofy, at efzed !(.husru whom lie: r
. Sl!(lt <;;'hazn.in and Soon after tMs, alt
ilie
1
iamil}<,.qf
1
theGhnzpividj) .kings fell into the han1:ls' of
who .put t\l,em, to .death, and depreMed)he.
standard o the domioion,\lnd pf those Sul tans:
who lia,sJ., been tl\e ; u '
: t ;do f .
1'a!Jla/kli o
1
Khaki Shirax sas
4"'!:' ;1.. ... "' :. f? I ( c 'J H , ..,
t/{tjt w41 fpfi;, of Glt\f'I'Stlln; whf'e-
lle-. his JJafiraon Shah, o.nct nil the Ghaznivide famly,
1uere "f'"t to death.
"'.1 different fltCQuul of tho closiug eigtiS of the-
Gilllmivide clyna.<ty is giten ;., the Estl'lltls from llle-
Tabakati Nasiti mut by Firirhta.
0 " '
... ..
"
-
.


..
.
'i' The End
l > !



l
'. I ..
. .
PUBJ,.lCATIONS' OF
. . '
lndi::a, 2 Vola. r
'1. . I} ,1- " ' ;.,,,. I
\"ogji. Explained' .
Buddhist India .
. O.ha,nunapada . . ':
! l, ' ;
Life 'in' Ancient India
Rauqnoban to Ramakrishna
Mystics. & Magicians of India . -
...
. Life of Buddh_a-. .
;' -lj,; :I i i I'
Danes_of ll)dia.
Studfea in Buddhiim
'"' .. .
* , India "'1.:
, , . . , .n"'
r. H1ouen Thi'ang rm India
,. t' .:
' India : Vedic and ' Post-Vedic
. .
of "Ancient India
.H.irJdu,sm
'Fheatre' of the Hindus
..
Max Mulle:
MQiiiel!
I V
JacoUiot
; . .AJb.,ter.-'
-,' I ' -\-?._1,.
. Ragani Dev1
. Max Muller
Ranjit Singh . . . , . .
_,_{ . and the of : .
' t ..
..
'
.
.
. ';
'
!
4
CEN'f!AL EbLdQIOAL ..
.. , .. NEw' Pl!:LHI . '
......
of
Bol'rniVer No .