QUESTIONS BANK

EE 2403 - SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES

UNIT I SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTORS
PART - A
1. What are the different types of reluctance machines? Compare them.
Reluctance machines are synchronous machines with certain unique features
pertaining primarily to their doubly salient stator and rotor pole design. The machines are
robust, use simple construction, and are suitable for high speeds. They include two types,
switched and synchronous.
2. What is the principle of operation of reluctance machine?
n reluctance machines, torque is produced by the tendency of the rotor to mo!e to a
position where the inductance of the e"cited stator winding is ma"imi#ed $i.e., rotor tooth
aligns with acti!e stator phase to minimi#e reluctance%. The rotor is typically constructed of
soft magnetic iron shaped so as to ma"imi#e the !ariation of inductance with rotor position.
&pposite poles form a phase and the phases are magnetically independent of one another. The
machines tend to be noisy' a characteristic that has limited their applications in the past and
has also limited their use currently in !ehicles. Research has been on(going for years in an
attempt to address the noise issue, but little has been accomplished in actual noise mitigation.
Reluctance machines are relati!ely low(cost machines, and they generally do not contain
)*s.
+. What are the properties of Reluctance motor?
a. Combined reluctance and magnet alignment torque
b. ,ield wea-ening capability
c. .nder e"cited operation for most loaded condition
d. /igh inductance
e. /igh speed capability
f. /igh temperature capability
0.What are the !arious stator current modes used in synchronous reluctance motor?
a. .nipolar current modes
b. 1ipolar current modes
2.*ention the applications of distributed anisotropy cage rotor of synchronous reluctance
motor?
These rotors are used for line 3 start $constant !oltage and frequency% applications.
4.*ention the applications of distributed anisotropy Cageless rotor of synchronous
reluctance motor?
These rotors are used for !ariable speed applications.
5.What is 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
6ynchronous reluctance motor is similar to three 3 phase 6ynchronous
motor e"cept the rotor are demagneti#ed and made with saliency to increase the reluctance
power. t is a motor which de!elops torque due to the difference in reluctance of the two a"is,
namely quadrature and direct a"is.
7.What is meant by reluctance torque?
The torque which is e"hibited on the rotor due to the difference in
Reluctance in the air gap $or% a function of angular position of rotor with respect
to the stator coil is -nown as reluctance torque.
8.What are the ad!antages of 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
Rotor is simple in construction i.e. !ery low inertia
Robust
9ow torque, ripple
Can be operated from standard )W* :C n!erters.
t can be also built with a standard induction motor, stator and windings.
1;.What are the disad!antages of 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
t has poor power factor performance and therefore the efficiency is not as high as
permanent magnet motor.
The con!erter -<: requirement is high.
The pull 3 in and pull 3 out torque of the motor are wea-.
11.What are the characteristics of 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
t has combined reluctance and magnetic alignment torque.
t has field wea-ening capability $ to get higher synchronous speed%
.nder e"cited operation for most load conditions.
/igh inductance
/igh speed capability
/igh temperature capability
12.6tate the applications of 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
t is used for constant speed applications i.e. timing de!ices, signaling de!ices,
Recording instruments and phonograph.
t is used in automatic processors such as in food processing and pac-aging
industries.
.sed in high speed applications.
6ynthetic fibre manufacturing equipment
Wrapping and folding machines.
6ynchroni#ed con!eyors.
1+.What are the types of 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
6ynchronous reluctance motor is classified into three types depending
upon the construction of rotor. They are
6alient type or Radial type rotor.
,lat type or :"ial type rotor.
,lu" 1arrier type or 9aminated type rotor.
10.Write the torque equation of 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
T = $.
2
> 2?
s
% $ 1>@
q
( 1>@
d
% sin 2A
. = 6upply <oltage

s
be the supply current which has two components
d
and
q

d
= Birect a"is current

q
= Cuadrature a"is current
s

= 6ynchronous speed in rad > sec.

@
d
= Birect a"is reactance
@
q
= Cuadrature a"is reactance
12.6-ewing is required for 6ynchronous reluctance motor. Dustify?
:t the time of starting, reluctance motor are subEected to logging due to the saliency
of motor. This can be minimi#ed by the s-ewing of the rotor parts.
14.What are the design considerations in 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
)ower factor
Copper loss and core loss
Cost
Ffficiency
15.What are the ad!antages of increasing 9
d
> 9
q
ratio in 6ynchronous reluctance motor?
*otor power factor increases

2
R losses reduced.
Reduced !olt 3 ampere ratings of the in!erter dri!ing the machine.
17.Compare 6ynchronous reluctance motor and nduction motor.
S.No. Synchono!" #$!c%&nc# 'o%o In(!c%)on 'o%o
1. 1etter efficiency Ffficiency is low
2. /igh cost 9ow cost
+. 9ow power factor /igh power factor
0. .sed for low and medium power
application
.sed for high power application
18.Befine G *agnetic flu"
The amount of magnetic lines of force setup in a magnetic circuit is called magnetic
flu". t is analogous to electric current in electric circuit.
2;.Befine G Reluctance
The opposition offered to the magnetic flu" by a magnetic circuit is called its
reluctance.
21.Befine G )ermeance
t is a measure of the ease with which flu" can be setup in a material. t is the
reciprocal of the reluctance of the material.
PART B
1.F"plain the principle of operation and constructional features of 6ynchronous reluctance
motor.
2.F"plain the torque 3 speed and torque 3 angle characteristics of 6ynchronous reluctance
motor.
+.Braw and e"plain the steady state phasor diagram of 6ynchronous reluctance motor.
0.9ist the ad!antages and disad!antages of a 6ynchronous reluctance motor.
2.Beri!e the e"pression for torque equation of a 6ynchronous reluctance motor.
4.F"plain the !arious types of 6ynchronous reluctance motor based on rotor construction
with neat s-etch.
5.F"plain the Cage and Cageless rotors of 6ynchronous reluctance motor with neat s-etch.
7.Compare a reluctance motor with an equi!alent induction motor and list out the merits and
demerits of reluctance motor o!er induction motor.
8.: 1; /), 0 pole, 20;<, 4;/#, reluctance motor operating under rated load
Condition has a torque angle of +;H. Betermine
$a% 9oad torque on shaft
$b% Torque angle if the !oltage drops to 220<
$c% ,or the abo!e torque angle, will the rotor pullout of synchronism.
UNIT II STEPPIN* MOTORS
PART - A
1.BefineG 6tepper motor?
6tepper motor is a motor which rotates step by step and not continuous
rotation. When the stator is e"cited using a BC supply the rotor poles align with the stator
poles in opposition such that reluctance is less.
2.What are the ad!antages of 6tepper motor?
Io feedbac- is normally required for either position control or speed control
)ositional control is non 3 cumulati!e.
6tepping motor are compatible with modern digital equipment
+.*ention the different types of stepper motor?
<ariable Reluctance stepper motor
1. 6ingle stac-
2. *ulti stac-
)ermanent magnet stepper motor
/ybrid stepper motor
&uter rotor stepper motor
0.What are the different modes of e"citation?
6ingle phase e"citation
Two phase e"citation
/alf step mode
*ini(step dri!e
2.*ention the features of stepper motor?
6mall step angle
/igh positioning accuracy
/igh torque inertia ratio
6tepping rate
)ulse frequency
4.BefineG 6tep :ngle of stepper motor?
: stepping motor rotates through a fi"ed angle for e!ery pulse. The rated !alue of
this angle is called the step angle and e"pressed in degrees.
5.BefineG /olding torque of stepper motor?
/olding torque is defined as the ma"imum static torque that can be applied to the
shaft of an e"cited motor without causing continuous rotation.
7.BefineG Resolution of stepper motor?
t is defined as the accuracy of positioning of the rotor pole at a particular step angle
with respect to stator pole.
8.BefineG Betent torque of stepper motor?
t is defined as the ma"imum static torque that can be applied to the shaft of an
une"cited motor without causing continuous rotation.
1;.BefineG )ull 3 in torque of stepper motor?
These are alternati!ely called the starting characteristics and refer to the range of
frictional load torque at which the motor can start and stop without loosing steps for !arious
frequencies in a pulse strain.
11.BefineG )ull 3 out torque of stepper motor?
These are alternati!ely called the slewing characteristics. :fter the test, motor is
started by a specified dri!er in the specified e"citation mode in the self starting range, the
pulse frequency is gradually increased' the motor will e!entually run out of synchronism.
The relation between the frictional load torque and the minimum pulse frequency with which
the motor can synchroni#e is called pull 3 out characteristics.
12.BefineG 6lewing frequency of stepper motor?
This is defined as the ma"imum frequency $stepping rate% at which the
loaded motor can run without losing steps is alternati!ely called the ma"imum slewing
frequency.
1+.BefineG 6tepping frequency of stepper motor?
The speed of rotation of a stepping motor is gi!en in terms of the number of steps
per second and the term stepping rate is often used to indicate speed.
10.BefineG *a"imum starting torque of stepper motor?
This is alternati!ely called as ma"imum pull 3 in torque and is defined as
the ma"imum frictional load with which the motor can start and synchroni#e with the pulse
train of frequency as low as 1; /#.
12.BefineG *a"imum starting frequency of stepper motor?
t is the ma"imum control frequency at which the unloaded motor can start and stop
without losing steps.
14.BefineG *a"imum starting frequency of stepper motor?
t is the ma"imum control frequency at which the unloaded motor can start and stop
without losing steps.
15.What is rest position or equilibrium position of stepper motor?
t is defined as the position at which as e"cited motor comes to rest at no load.
17.Why interlea!ing is done in a stepper motor?
nterlea!ing is done in the stepper motor to decrease the step angle and thus
increasing the resolution.
18.F"plainG <R type stepper motor?
t is a basic type of stepping motor in which the motor step by step rotation is
achie!ed when the rotor teeth and stator teeth are in alignment such that the magnetic
reluctance is minimi#ed and this state pro!ides a rest or equilibrium position.
2;.F"plainG )* type stepper motor?
: stepping motor using permanent magnet in the rotor for step mo!ement is called a
permanent magnet motor.
21.F"plainG /ybrid type stepper motor?
: hybrid motor has permanent magnet in its rotor. The term hybrid deri!es from the
fact that the motor is operated under the combined principles of permanent magnet and
!ariable reluctance motor.
22.What is micro stepping and how is it achie!ed?
t is possible to subdi!ide on natural step into many small steps by means of
electronics. This method is -nown as mini step or micro step.
2+.What is the effect of magnetic saturation in stepper motor?
The efficiency is impro!ed
:nd the losses are reduced.
20. What are the classifications of dri!e system of stepping motor?
&pen loop system
Closed loop system
22. What is the relationship between the step number and the step angle in a stepper motor?
6tep number $6% = +4;H > J
s
J
s
= step angle
24. What is the relationship between the step number and the rotational speed in a stepper
motor?
Rotational speed in rpm $n% = 4;f > 6
Where,
6 = 6tep number
f = stepping rate in /#.
25. What are the !arious bipolar dri!es used for stepper motor?
1asic 1ipolar dri!es
1ipolar 9>R dri!es
1ipolar chopper dri!es
PART B
1. F"plain the construction and principle of operation of <ariable Reluctance 6tepping
motor?
2. F"plain in detail the !arious applications of stepper motor?
+. Biscuss the !arious ad!antages and disad!antages of stepper motor?
0. F"plain the construction and operation of permanent magnet 6tepping motor?
2. F"plain the construction and operation of hybrid 6tepping motor?
4. Biscuss the static and dynamic characteristics of stepper motor with neat s-etch?
5. F"plain in detail the linear and non 3 linear analysis of stepper motor?
7. F"plain in detail the dri!e system of a stepping motor?
8. F"plain in detail the multi stac- <ariable Reluctance 6tepping motor?
1;.What is the motor torque T
m
required to accelerate an initial load of
+"1;
(0
-g 3 m
2
from f
1
= 1;;;/# to f
2
= 2;;;/# during 1;;msec. The frictional torque
T
f
is ;.;2 Im and the step angle is 1.7H.